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McCowan C, Garb JE. Recruitment and diversification of an ecdysozoan family of neuropeptide hormones for black widow spider venom expression. Gene 2014; 536:366-75. [PMID: 24316130 PMCID: PMC4172349 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Venoms have attracted enormous attention because of their potent physiological effects and dynamic evolution, including the convergent recruitment of homologous genes for venom expression. Here we provide novel evidence for the recruitment of genes from the Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH) and arthropod Ion Transport Peptide (ITP) superfamily for venom expression in black widow spiders. We characterized latrodectin peptides from venom gland cDNAs from the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus), the brown widow (Latrodectus geometricus) and cupboard spider (Steatoda grossa). Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences with homologs from other spider, scorpion and wasp venom cDNAs, as well as CHH/ITP neuropeptides, show latrodectins as derived members of the CHH/ITP superfamily. These analyses suggest that CHH/ITP homologs are more widespread in spider venoms, and were recruited for venom expression in two additional arthropod lineages. We also found that the latrodectin 2 gene and nearly all CHH/ITP genes include a phase 2 intron in the same position, supporting latrodectin's placement within the CHH/ITP superfamily. Evolutionary analyses of latrodectins suggest episodes of positive selection along some sequence lineages, and positive and purifying selection on specific codons, supporting its functional importance in widow venom. We consider how this improved understanding of latrodectin evolution informs functional hypotheses regarding its role in black widow venom as well as its potential convergent recruitment for venom expression across arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn McCowan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Jessica E Garb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Lucas SJ, Baştaş K, Budak H. Exploring the interaction between small RNAs and R genes during Brachypodium response to Fusarium culmorum infection. Gene 2014; 536:254-64. [PMID: 24368332 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate small RNA interactions with putative disease response genes in the model grass species Brachypodium distachyon. The fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum (Fusarium herein) and phytohormone salicylic acid treatment were used to induce the disease response in Brachypodium. Initially, 121 different putative disease response genes were identified using bioinformatic and homology based approaches. Computational prediction was used to identify 33 candidate new miRNA coding sequences, of which 9 were verified by analysis of small RNA sequence libraries. Putative Brachypodium miRNA target sites were identified in the disease response genes, and a subset of which were screened for expression and possible miRNA interactions in 5 different Brachypodium lines infected with Fusarium. An NBS-LRR family gene, 1g34430, was polymorphic among the lines, forming two major genotypes, one of which has its miRNA target sites deleted, resulting in altered gene expression during infection. There were siRNAs putatively involved in regulation of this gene, indicating a role of small RNAs in the B. distachyon disease response.
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Cavalcanti JHF, Oliveira GM, Saraiva KDDC, Torquato JPP, Maia IG, de Melo DF, Costa JH. Identification of duplicated and stress-inducible Aox2b gene co-expressed with Aox1 in species of the Medicago genus reveals a regulation linked to gene rearrangement in leguminous genomes. J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:1609-19. [PMID: 23891563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, alternative oxidase (Aox) is encoded by 3-5 genes distributed in 2 subfamilies (Aox1 and Aox2). In several species only Aox1 is reported as a stress-responsive gene, but in the leguminous Vigna unguiculata Aox2b is also induced by stress. In this work we investigated the Aox genes from two leguminous species of the Medicago genus (Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula) which present one Aox1, one Aox2a and an Aox2b duplication (named here Aox2b1 and Aox2b2). Expression analyses by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in M. sativa revealed that Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 transcripts increased during seed germination. Similar analyses in leaves and roots under different treatments (SA, PEG, H2O2 and cysteine) revealed that these genes are also induced by stress, but with peculiar spatio-temporal differences. Aox1 and Aox2b1 showed basal levels of expression under control conditions and were induced by stress in leaves and roots. Aox2b2 presented a dual behavior, i.e., it was expressed only under stress conditions in leaves, and showed basal expression levels in roots that were induced by stress. Moreover, Aox2a was expressed at higher levels in leaves and during seed germination than in roots and appeared to be not responsive to stress. The Aox expression profiles obtained from a M. truncatula microarray dataset also revealed a stress-induced co-expression of Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 in leaves and roots. These results reinforce the stress-inducible co-expression of Aox1/Aox2b in some leguminous plants. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that this regulation is linked to Aox1/Aox2b proximity in the genome as a result of the gene rearrangement that occurred in some leguminous plants during evolution. The differential expression of Aox2b1/2b2 suggests that a second gene has been originated by recent gene duplication with neofunctionalization.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Genes, Duplicate/genetics
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant/genetics
- Germination/genetics
- Medicago/drug effects
- Medicago/enzymology
- Medicago/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
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Liu S, Zhang W, Shi H, Meng Y, Qiu Z. Three novel homozygous mutations in the GNPTG gene that cause mucolipidosis type III gamma. Gene 2013; 535:294-8. [PMID: 24316125 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucolipidosis type III gamma (MLIII gamma) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation in the GNPTG gene, which encodes the γ subunit of the N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase). This protein plays a key role in the transport of lysosomal hydrolases to the lysosome. METHODS Three Chinese children with typical skeletal abnormalities of MLIII were identified, who were from unrelated consanguineous families. After obtaining informed consent, genomic DNA was isolated from the patients and their parents. Direct sequencing of the GNPTG and GNPTAB genes was performed using standard PCR reactions. RESULTS The three probands showed clinical features typical of MLIII gamma, such as joint stiffness and vertebral scoliosis without coarsened facial features. Mutation analysis of the GNPTG gene showed that three novel mutations were identified, two in exon seven [c.425G>A (p.Cys142Val)] and [c.515dupC (p.His172Profs27X)], and one in exon eight [c.609+1G>C]. Their parents were determined to be heterozygous carriers when compared to the reference sequence in GenBank on NCBI. CONCLUSIONS Mutation of the GNPTG gene is the cause of MLIII gamma in our patients. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum of the GNPTG gene and extend the knowledge of the phenotype-genotype correlation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, PUMC Hospital, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huiping Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Zhengqing Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, PUMC Hospital, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing 100730, PR China.
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5
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Ding M, Jiang Y, Cao Y, Lin L, He S, Zhou W, Rong J. Gene expression profile analysis of Ligon lintless-1 (Li1) mutant reveals important genes and pathways in cotton leaf and fiber development. Gene 2013; 535:273-85. [PMID: 24279997 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ligon lintless-1 (Li1) is a monogenic dominant mutant of Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) with a phenotype of impaired vegetative growth and short lint fibers. Despite years of research involving genetic mapping and gene expression profile analysis of Li1 mutant ovule tissues, the gene remains uncloned and the underlying pathway of cotton fiber elongation is still unclear. In this study, we report the whole genome-level deep-sequencing analysis of leaf tissues of the Li1 mutant. Differentially expressed genes in leaf tissues of mutant versus wild-type (WT) plants are identified, and the underlying pathways and potential genes that control leaf and fiber development are inferred. The results show that transcription factors AS2, YABBY5, and KANDI-like are significantly differentially expressed in mutant tissues compared with WT ones. Interestingly, several fiber development-related genes are found in the downregulated gene list of the mutant leaf transcriptome. These genes include heat shock protein family, cytoskeleton arrangement, cell wall synthesis, energy, H2O2 metabolism-related genes, and WRKY transcription factors. This finding suggests that the genes are involved in leaf morphology determination and fiber elongation. The expression data are also compared with the previously published microarray data of Li1 ovule tissues. Comparative analysis of the ovule transcriptomes of Li1 and WT reveals that a number of pathways important for fiber elongation are enriched in the downregulated gene list at different fiber development stages (0, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18dpa). Differentially expressed genes identified in both leaf and fiber samples are aligned with cotton whole genome sequences and combined with the genetic fine mapping results to identify a list of candidate genes for Li1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Ding
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yurong Jiang
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuefen Cao
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- Nanosphere Inc., 4088 Commercial Drive, Northbrook, IL 60062, USA
| | - Shae He
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junkang Rong
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Linan, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China; The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, China.
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6
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Ubeda-Manzanaro M, Merlo MA, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Rebordinos L, Sarasquete C. Expression profiling of the sex-related gene Dmrt1 in adults of the Lusitanian toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801). Gene 2013; 535:255-65. [PMID: 24275345 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1) gene is a widely conserved gene involved in sex determination and differentiation across phyla. To gain insights on Dmrt1 implication for fish gonad cell differentiation and gametogenesis development, its mRNA was isolated from testis and ovary from the Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus). The cDNA from Dmrt1 was synthesized and cloned, whereas its quantitative and qualitative gene expression, as well as its protein immunolocalization, were analyzed. A main product of 1.38 kb, which encodes a protein of 295 aa, was reported, but other minority Dmrt1 products were also identified by RACE-PCR. This gene is predominantly expressed in testis (about 20 times more than in other organs or tissues), specially in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids, as well as in somatic Sertoli cells, indicating that Dmrt1 plays an important role in spermatogenesis. Although Dmrt1 transcripts also seem to be involved in oogenesis development, and it cannot be excluded that toadfish Dmrt1 could be functionally involved in other processes not related to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ubeda-Manzanaro
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN.CSIC), University Campus, 11519 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Manuel A Merlo
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN.CSIC), University Campus, 11519 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Laureana Rebordinos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN.CSIC), University Campus, 11519 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
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7
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Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Tocher DR, Martinez-Rubio L, Leaver MJ. Conservation of lipid metabolic gene transcriptional regulatory networks in fish and mammals. Gene 2014; 534:1-9. [PMID: 24177230 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid content and composition in aquafeeds have changed rapidly as a result of the recent drive to replace ecologically limited marine ingredients, fishmeal and fish oil (FO). Terrestrial plant products are the most economic and sustainable alternative; however, plant meals and oils are devoid of physiologically important cholesterol and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosahexaenoic (DHA) and arachidonic (ARA) acids. Although replacement of dietary FO with vegetable oil (VO) has little effect on growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), several studies have shown major effects on the activity and expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. In vertebrates, sterols and LC-PUFA play crucial roles in lipid metabolism by direct interaction with lipid-sensing transcription factors (TFs) and consequent regulation of target genes. The primary aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of key TFs in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism in fish by transfection and overexpression of TFs. The results show that the expression of genes of LC-PUFA biosynthesis (elovl and fads2) and cholesterol metabolism (abca1) are regulated by Lxr and Srebp TFs in salmon, indicating highly conserved regulatory mechanism across vertebrates. In addition, srebp1 and srebp2 mRNA respond to replacement of dietary FO with VO. Thus, Atlantic salmon adjust lipid metabolism in response to dietary lipid composition through the transcriptional regulation of gene expression. It may be possible to further increase efficient and effective use of sustainable alternatives to marine products in aquaculture by considering these important molecular interactions when formulating diets.
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Rohlfing AK, Rust S, Reunert J, Tirre M, Du Chesne I, Wemhoff S, Meinhardt F, Hartmann H, Das AM, Marquardt T. ALG1-CDG: a new case with early fatal outcome. Gene 2014; 534:345-51. [PMID: 24157261 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a growing group of inherited metabolic disorders where enzymatic defects in the formation or processing of glycolipids and/or glycoproteins lead to variety of different diseases. The deficiency of GDP-Man:GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol mannosyltransferase, encoded by the human ortholog of ALG1 from yeast, is known as ALG1-CDG (CDG-Ik). The phenotypical, molecular and biochemical analysis of a severely affected ALG1-CDG patient is the focus of this paper. The patient's main symptoms were feeding problems and diarrhea, profound hypoproteinemia with massive ascites, muscular hypertonia, seizures refractory to treatment, recurrent episodes of apnoea, cardiac and hepatic involvement and coagulation anomalies. Compound heterozygosity for the mutations c.1145T>C (M382T) and c.1312C>T (R438W) was detected in the patient's ALG1-coding sequence. In contrast to a previously reported speculation on R438W we confirmed both mutations as disease-causing in ALG1-CDG.
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9
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Ndika JD, Lusink V, Beaubrun C, Kanhai W, Martinez-Munoz C, Jakobs C, Salomons GS. Cloning and characterization of the promoter regions from the parent and paralogous creatine transporter genes. Gene 2014; 533:488-93. [PMID: 24144841 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion between phosphocreatine and creatine, catalyzed by creatine kinase is crucial in the supply of ATP to tissues with high energy demand. Creatine's importance has been established by its use as an ergogenic aid in sport, as well as the development of intellectual disability in patients with congenital creatine deficiency. Creatine biosynthesis is complemented by dietary creatine uptake. Intracellular transport of creatine is carried out by a creatine transporter protein (CT1/CRT/CRTR) encoded by the SLC6A8 gene. Most tissues express this gene, with highest levels detected in skeletal muscle and kidney. There are lower levels of the gene detected in colon, brain, heart, testis and prostate. The mechanism(s) by which this regulation occurs is still poorly understood. A duplicated unprocessed pseudogene of SLC6A8-SLC6A10P has been mapped to chromosome 16p11.2 (contains the entire SLC6A8 gene, plus 2293 bp of 5'flanking sequence and its entire 3'UTR). Expression of SLC6A10P has so far only been shown in human testis and brain. It is still unclear as to what is the function of SLC6A10P. In a patient with autism, a chromosomal breakpoint that intersects the 5'flanking region of SLC6A10P was identified; suggesting that SLC6A10P is a non-coding RNA involved in autism. Our aim was to investigate the presence of cis-acting factor(s) that regulate expression of the creatine transporter, as well as to determine if these factors are functionally conserved upstream of the creatine transporter pseudogene. Via gene-specific PCR, cloning and functional luciferase assays we identified a 1104 bp sequence proximal to the mRNA start site of the SLC6A8 gene with promoter activity in five cell types. The corresponding 5'flanking sequence (1050 bp) on the pseudogene also had promoter activity in all 5 cell lines. Surprisingly the pseudogene promoter was stronger than that of its parent gene in 4 of the cell lines tested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of a pseudogene with stronger promoter activity than its parental gene.
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Ahn YK, Tripathi S, Kim JH, Cho YI, Lee HE, Kim DS, Woo JG, Cho MC. Transcriptome analysis of Capsicum annuum varieties Mandarin and Blackcluster: assembly, annotation and molecular marker discovery. Gene 2014; 533:494-9. [PMID: 24125952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing technologies have proven to be a rapid and cost-effective means to assemble and characterize gene content and identify molecular markers in various organisms. Pepper (Capsicum annuum L., Solanaceae) is a major staple vegetable crop, which is economically important and has worldwide distribution. High-throughput transcriptome profiling of two pepper cultivars, Mandarin and Blackcluster, using 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing yielded 279,221 and 316,357 sequenced reads with a total 120.44 and 142.54Mb of sequence data (average read length of 431 and 450 nucleotides). These reads resulted from 17,525 and 16,341 'isogroups' and were assembled into 19,388 and 18,057 isotigs, and 22,217 and 13,153 singletons for both the cultivars, respectively. Assembled sequences were annotated functionally based on homology to genes in multiple public databases. Detailed sequence variant analysis identified a total of 9701 and 12,741 potential SNPs which eventually resulted in 1025 and 1059 genotype specific SNPs, for both the varieties, respectively, after examining SNP frequency distribution for each mapped unigenes. These markers for pepper will be highly valuable for marker-assisted breeding and other genetic studies.
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Rossi A, Ross EJ, Jack A, Sánchez Alvarado A. Molecular cloning and characterization of SL3: a stem cell-specific SL RNA from the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Gene 2013; 533:156-67. [PMID: 24120894 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing is a biological phenomenon, common among many metazoan taxa, consisting in the transfer of a short leader sequence from a small SL RNA to the 5' end of a subset of pre-mRNAs. While knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms driving this process has accumulated over the years, the functional consequences of such post-transcriptional event at the organismal level remain unclear. In addition, the fact that functional analyses have been undertaken mainly in trypanosomes and nematodes leaves a somehow fragmented picture of the possible biological significance and evolution of SL trans-splicing in eukaryotes. Here, we analyzed the spatial expression of SL RNAs in the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea, with the goal of identifying novel developmental paradigms for the study of trans-splicing in metazoans. Besides the previously identified SL1 and SL2, S. mediterranea expresses a third SL RNA described here as SL3. While, SL1 and SL2 are collectively expressed in a broad range of planarian cell types, SL3 is highly enriched in a subset of the planarian stem cells engaged in regenerative responses. Our findings provide new opportunities to study how trans-splicing may regulate the phenotype of a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rossi
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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12
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Mauri L, Barone L, Al Oum M, Del Longo A, Piozzi E, Manfredini E, Stanzial F, Benedicenti F, Penco S, Patrosso MC. SLC45A2 mutation frequency in Oculocutaneous Albinism Italian patients doesn't differ from other European studies. Gene 2013; 533:398-402. [PMID: 24096233 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculocutaneous Albinism (OCA) is a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases involving hair, skin and eyes. To date, six forms are recognized on the effects of different melanogenesis genes. OCA4 is caused by mutations in SLC45A2 showing a heterogeneous phenotype ranging from white hair, blue irides and nystagmus to brown/black hair, brown irides and no nystagmus. The high clinic variety often leads to misdiagnosis. Our aim is to contribute to OCA4 diagnosis defining SLC45A2 genetic variants in Italian patients with OCA without any TYR, OCA2 and TYRP1 gene defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS After the clinical diagnosis of OCA, all patients received genetic counseling and genetic test. Automatic sequencing of TYR, OCA2, and TYRP1 genes was performed on DNA of 117 albino patients. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) was carried out on TYR and OCA2 genes to increase the mutation rate. SLC45A2 gene sequencing was then executed in the patients with a single mutation in one of the TYR, OCA2, TYRP1 genes and in the patients, which resulted negative at the screening of these genes. RESULTS SLC45A2 gene analysis was performed in 41 patients and gene alterations were found in 5 patients. Four previously reported SLC45A2 mutations were found: p.G100S, p.W202C, p.A511E and c.986delC, and three novel variants were identified: p.M265L, p.H94D, and c.1156+1G>A. All the alterations have been detected in the group of patients without mutations in the other OCA genes. CONCLUSIONS Three new variants were identified in OCA4 gene; the analysis allowed the classification of a patient previously misdiagnosed as OA1 because of skin and hair pigmentation presence. The molecular defects in SLC45A2 gene represent the 3.4% in this cohort of Italian patients, similar to other Caucasian populations; our data differ from those previously published by an Italian researcher group, obtained on a smaller cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mauri
- Medical Genetics Unit, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Libisch MG, Casás M, Chiribao M, Moreno P, Cayota A, Osinaga E, Oppezzo P, Robello C. GALNT11 as a new molecular marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Gene 2013; 533:270-9. [PMID: 24076351 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant mucin O-glycosylation often occurs in different cancers and is characterized by immature expression of simple mucin-type carbohydrates. At present, there are some controversial reports about the Tn antigen (GalNAcα-O-Ser/Thr) expression and there is a great lack of information about the [UDP-N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-Ts)] expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To gain insight in these issues we evaluated the Tn antigen expression in CLL patient samples using two Tn binding proteins with different fine specificity. We also studied the expression from 14 GalNAc-Ts genes in CLL patients by RT-PCR. Our results have provided additional information about the expression level of the Tn antigen, suggesting that a low density of Tn residues is expressed in CLL cells. We also found that GALNT11 was expressed in CLL cells and normal T cell whereas little or no expression was found in normal B cells. Based on these results, GALNT11 expression was assessed by qPCR in a cohort of 50 CLL patients. We found significant over-expression of GALNT11 in 96% of B-CLL cells when compared to normal B cells. Moreover, we confirmed the expression of this enzyme at the protein level. Finally we found that GALNT11 expression was significantly associated with the mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV), [א(2)(1)=18.26; P<0.0001], lipoprotein lipase expression [א(2)(1)=13.72; P=0.0002] and disease prognosis [א(2)(1)=15.49; P<0.0001]. Our evidence suggests that CLL patient samples harbor aberrant O-glycosylation highlighted by Tn antigen expression and that the over-expression of GALNT11 constitutes a new molecular marker for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Libisch
- Molecular Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Lee KR, In Sohn S, Jung JH, Kim SH, Roh KH, Kim JB, Suh MC, Kim HU. Functional analysis and tissue-differential expression of four FAD2 genes in amphidiploid Brassica napus derived from Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea. Gene 2013; 531:253-62. [PMID: 24029080 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays a crucial role in producing linoleic acid (18:2) through catalyzing the desaturation of oleic acid (18:1) by double bond formation at the delta 12 position. FAD2 catalyzes the first step needed for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the glycerolipids of cell membranes and the triacylglycerols in seeds. In this study, four FAD2 genes from amphidiploid Brassica napus genome were isolated by PCR amplification, with their enzymatic functions predicted by sequence analysis of the cDNAs. Fatty acid analysis of budding yeast transformed with each of the FAD2 genes showed that whereas BnFAD2-1, BnFAD2-2, and BnFAD2-4 are functional enzymes, and BnFAD2-3 is nonfunctional. The four FAD2 genes of B. napus originated from synthetic hybridization of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, each of which has two FAD2 genes identical to those of B. napus. The BnFAD2-3 gene of B. napus, a nonfunctional pseudogene mutated by multiple nucleotide deletions and insertions, was inherited from B. rapa. All BnFAD2 isozymes except BnFAD2-3 localized to the ER. Nonfunctional BnFAD2-3 localized to the nucleus and chloroplasts. Four BnFAD2 genes can be classified on the basis of their expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
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15
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Song YN, Lu CY, Chen J, Qiu GF. Characterization of a novel nm23 gene and its potential roles in gametogenesis in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) (Crustacea: Decapoda). Gene 2013; 531:1-7. [PMID: 23994193 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nm23 is a family of genes encoding the nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase, which functions in a wide variety of biological processes, including growth, development, differentiation and tumor metastasis. In this study, a novel nm23 gene, designated as Mrnm23, was identified from the freshwater giant prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The full-length cDNA was 776bp in length, encoding for a protein of 176 amino acids with one typical NDP kinase domain that harbored all the crucial residues for nucleotide binding and enzymatic activity. Like human novel nm23-H1B, the putative protein contained a unique 21-amino-acid NH2-terminal extension as compared to human nm23 (nm23-H1) homologs. Further, 3 extra amino acid residues prolonged the COOH-terminus. The Mrnm23 was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, including androgenic gland, gill, heart, liver, muscle, ovary, and testis. In situ hybridization to gonad sections indicated that the Mrnm23 mRNA was localized in the cytoplasm of cup-base of differentiating spermatids, in the spike of the umbrella-shaped spermatozoa and in the cytoplasm of the early previtellogenic oocytes, suggesting that the Mrnm23 has potential roles in spermiogenesis and early differentiation of oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Song
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
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16
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Casique L, Kabil O, Banerjee R, Martinez JC, De Lucca M. Characterization of two pathogenic mutations in cystathionine beta-synthase: different intracellular locations for wild-type and mutant proteins. Gene 2013; 531:117-24. [PMID: 23981774 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine with serine to generate cystathionine. Homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder commonly caused by a deficiency of CBS activity. Here, we characterized a novel CBS mutation (c.260C>A (p.T87N)) and a previously reported variant (c.700G>A (p.D234N)) found in Venezuelan homocystinuric patients, one nonresponsive and one responsive to vitamin B6. Both mutant proteins were expressed in vitro in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, finding lower soluble expression in HEK-293 cells (19% T87N and 23% D234N) compared to wild-type CBS. Residual activities obtained for the mutant proteins were 3.5% T87N and 43% D234N. Gel exclusion chromatography demonstrated a tendency of the T87N mutant to aggregate while the distribution of the D234N mutant was similar to wild-type enzyme. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, an unexpected difference in intracellular localization was observed between the wild-type and mutant proteins. While the T87N mutant exhibited a punctate appearance, the wild-type protein was homogeneously distributed inside the cell. Interestingly, the D234N protein showed both distributions. This study demonstrates that the pathogenic CBS mutations generate unstable proteins that are unable (T87N) or partially unable (D234N) to assemble into a functional enzyme, implying that these mutations might be responsible for the homocystinuria phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Casique
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas 1081-A, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Estudio Molecular de Enfermedades Hereditarias, Fundación IDEA, Caracas 1080-A, Venezuela.
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17
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Ben Mahmoud A, Siala O, Mansour RB, Driss F, Baklouti-Gargouri S, Mkaouar-Rebai E, Belguith N, Fakhfakh F. First functional analysis of a novel splicing mutation in the B3GALTL gene by an ex vivo approach in Tunisian patients with typical Peters plus syndrome. Gene 2013; 532:13-7. [PMID: 23954224 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Peters plus syndrome is a rare recessive autosomal disorder comprising ocular anterior segment dysgenesis, short stature, hand abnormalities and distinctive facial features. It was related only to mutations in the B3GALTL gene in the 13q12.3 region. In this study, we undertook the first functional analysis of a novel c.597-2 A>G splicing mutation within the B3GALTL gene using an ex-vivo approach. The results showed a complete skipping of exon 8 in the B3GALTL cDNA, which altered the open reading frame of the mutant transcript and generated a PTC within exon 9. This finding potentially elicits the nonsense mRNA to degradation by NMD (nonsense-mediated mRNA decay). The theoretical consequences of splice site mutations, predicted with the bioinformatics tool Human Splice Finder, were investigated and evaluated in relation to ex-vivo results. The findings confirmed the key role played by the B3GALTL gene in typical Peters-plus syndromes and the utility of mRNA analysis to understand the primary impacts of this mutation and the phenotype of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Ben Mahmoud
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Humaine, Faculté de Médecine de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia.
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18
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Lucci V, Di Palma T, D'Ambrosio C, Scaloni A, Zannini M. AMOTL2 interaction with TAZ causes the inhibition of surfactant proteins expression in lung cells. Gene 2013; 529:300-6. [PMID: 23911299 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TAZ (Transcriptional co-Activator with PDZ-binding motif), is a biologically potent transcriptional coactivator and functions by binding to the PPXY motif present in several transcription factors. Notably, TAZ behaves as a transducer linking cytoplasmic signaling events to transcriptional regulation in the nucleus. Several different factors regulate TAZ expression and/or function. In particular, a major regulation of TAZ activity occurs through the Hippo pathway by a phosphorylation-mediated mechanism that causes its cytoplasmic sequestration or degradation. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that AMOTL2 robustly co-immunoprecipitates with TAZ, and their interaction is dependent on the WW domain of TAZ and the PPXY motif in the N-terminus of AMOTL2. Furthermore, we show that AMOTL2 colocalizes with TAZ in the cytoplasm of H441 human lung cells and regulates TAZ cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation through direct protein-protein interaction. Interestingly, the overexpression of AMOTL2 inhibits the functional cooperation between the transcription factor TTF-1 and TAZ on the Surfactant C gene promoter, as well as the expression of other known target genes of these regulatory factors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest an inhibitory role of AMOTL2 on TAZ ability to co-activate transcription and describe a different mechanism, Hippo pathway-independent, that modulates the activity of TAZ in lung cells through the interaction with Angiomotin-like 2 (AMOTL2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lucci
- CNR - National Research Council, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), Naples, Italy.
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19
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Chen J, Yang JT, Doctor DL, Rawlins BA, Shields BC, Vaughn JC. 5'-UTR mediated translational control of splicing assembly factor RNP-4F expression during development of the Drosophila central nervous system. Gene 2013; 528:154-62. [PMID: 23892091 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila RNP-4F is a highly conserved protein from yeast to human and functions as a spliceosome assembly factor during pre-mRNA splicing. Two major developmentally regulated rnp-4f mRNA isoforms have been described during fly development, designated "long" and "short," differing by a 177-nt tract in the 5'-UTR. This region potentially folds into a single long stable stem-loop by pairing of intron 0 and part of exon 2. Since the coding potential for the two isoforms is identical, the interesting question arises as to the functional significance of this evolutionarily-conserved 5'-UTR feature. Here we describe the effects of wild-type and mutated stem-loop on modulation of rnp-4f gene expression in embryos using a GFP reporter assay. In this work, a new GFP expression vector designated pUAS-Neostinger was constructed. The UAS-GAL4 system was utilized to trigger GFP expression using tissue-specific promoter driver fly lines. Fluorescence microscopy visualization, Western blotting and real-time qRT-PÇR were used to study and quantify GFP reporter protein and mRNA levels. A significant increase in GFP reporter protein expression due to presence of the wild-type stem-loop sequence/structure was unexpectedly observed with no concomitant increase in GFP reporter mRNA levels, showing that the 177-nt region enhancement acts posttranscriptionally. The effects of potential cis-acting elements within the stem-loop were evaluated using the reporter assay in two mutant constructs. Results of GFP reporter over-expression show that RNP-4F translational regulation is highly sensitive in the developing fly central nervous system. The potential molecular mechanism behind the observed translational enhancement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Biology, Cell Molecular and Structural Biology Program, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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20
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Nabokina SM, Valle JE, Said HM. Characterization of the human mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate transporter SLC25A19 minimal promoter: a role for NF-Y in regulating basal transcription. Gene 2013; 528:248-55. [PMID: 23872534 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of expression of the human mitochondrial thiamine pyrophosphate transporter (the product of the SLC25A19 gene) is unknown. To understand this regulation, we cloned and characterized the 5'-regulatory region of the SLC25A19 gene (1,080 bp). The cloned fragment was found to possess promoter activity in transiently transfected human-derived liver HepG2 cells. 5'- and 3'-deletion analysis has identified the minimal region required for basal SLC25A19 promoter activity to be between -131 and +20 (using the distal transcriptional start site as +1). The minimal promoter lacks typical TATA motif and contains two inverted CCAAT boxes (binding sites for NF-Y transcriptional factor). By means of mutational analysis, the critical role of both the upstream and downstream CCAAT boxes in basal SLC25A19 promoter activity was established; however, each of these boxes alone was found to be unable to support promoter activity. EMSA and supershift EMSA (with the use of specific antibodies against NF-Y subunits) studies, as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, demonstrated the binding of NF-Y to both CCAAT boxes in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The requirement for NF-Y in SLC25A19 promoter activity in vivo was directly confirmed by the use of a dominant negative NF-YA mutant in transiently transfected HepG2 cells. These studies report for the first time the characterization of the SLC25A19 promoter and demonstrate an essential role for NF-Y in its basal activity.
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Tao Y, Xie B, Yang Z, Chen Z, Chen B, Deng Y, Jiang Y, van Peer AF. Identification and expression analysis of a new glycoside hydrolase family 55 exo-β-1,3-glucanase-encoding gene in Volvariella volvacea suggests a role in fruiting body development. Gene 2013; 527:154-60. [PMID: 23751305 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The edible straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea is an important crop in South East Asia and is predominantly harvested in the egg stage. Rapid stipe elongation and cap expansion result in a swift transition from the egg to elongation and maturation stage, which are subjected to fast senescence and deterioration. In other mushrooms, β-1,3-glucanases have been associated with degradation (softening) of the cell wall during stipe elongation and senescence. We present a new glycoside hydrolase family 55 (GH55) exo-β-1,3-glucanase gene, exg2, and highly conserved deduced EXG2 protein. The 3D model and presumed catalytic residues of V. volvacea EXG2 are identical to Lentinula edodes EXG2 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Lam55A, supporting similar enzymatic functions. In addition to previous association to stipe elongation and senescence, our data clearly indicates a role for cap (pileus) expansion. Digital gene expression, quantitative PCR and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis showed low exg2 and EXG2 levels in primordia, button, egg and elongation stages and significantly increased levels in the maturation stage. Subsequent relative quantitative PCR analysis designated expression of exg2 to the stipe in the elongation stage and to the pileus and stipe in the maturation stage. EXG2 cell wall softening activity, close correlation of exg2 expression with the principal expanding mushroom tissues and a strong conservation of expression patterns and protein sequences in other mushrooms, make V. volvacea exg2 an important candidate for future studies on mechanisms of fruiting body expansion and senescence causing commodity value loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Tao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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22
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Brusius-Facchin AC, Abrahão L, Schwartz IVD, Lourenço CM, Santos ES, Zanetti A, Tomanin R, Scarpa M, Giugliani R, Leistner-Segal S. Extension of the molecular analysis to the promoter region of the iduronate 2-sulfatase gene reveals genomic alterations in mucopolysaccharidosis type II patients with normal coding sequence. Gene 2013; 526:150-4. [PMID: 23707223 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hunter disease or mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an X-linked recessive lysosomal disorder caused by the deficit of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS), involved in the catabolism of the glycosaminoglycans heparan and dermatan sulfate. Our aim was to search for molecular defects in the promoter region of the IDS gene in patients with previous biochemical diagnosis of MPS II and after we sequenced the whole IDS coding region and the exon/intron boundaries without detecting any pathogenic mutations. Screening of the promoter region of four patients detected in two of them a 178 bp deletion and in the other two a single nucleotide substitution 818 bp upstream of the coding region. The latter had never been described before in MPS II patients and it turned out to be a polymorphism. Our experience suggests that MPS II patients with no mutations detected in the IDS coding region should be screened in the promoter region of the gene. Findings will hopefully help to clarify the relationship between genotype and phenotype and will be useful for the correct molecular diagnosis of Hunter patients and the identification of female carriers, the latter particularly important for genetic counseling.
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