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Wang J, Feng H, Zhang C, Zhong S, Wang L, Zhu L, Chen S, Chen G. Establishment of a Hyperacute Rejection Model of ABO-Incompatible Renal Transplantation in Nonhuman Primates. Front Immunol 2022; 12:807604. [PMID: 34970278 PMCID: PMC8712559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.807604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a hyperacute rejection (HAR) model of ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi-KTx) in nonhuman primates is of great significance for the study of the relevant clinical pathophysiological processes and related interventions in ABOi-KTx. In this study, blood group B cynomolgus monkeys were presensitized with synthetic blood group A-antigen conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (A-KLH) to boost circulating anti-A antibody levels. The serum anti-A antibody levels were measured by flow cytometry using type A human reagent red blood cells (RBCs) or monkey primary renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) as target cells. ABOi-KTx was performed in type B monkeys using type A monkeys as donors. After 14 days of A-KLH sensitization, 12 of 16 (75%) type B monkeys had significantly elevated anti-A antibody levels. We found that in order to avoid irregular results in the detection of blood group antibodies by flow cytometry, it was more effective to use RTECs rather than RBCs as target cells. In the absence of presensitization, ABOi-KTx in three monkeys with relatively high levels of natural anti-A antibodies did not produce HAR. However, when four Type B monkeys with significantly increased anti-A antibodies after presensitization were randomly selected as recipients for ABOi-KTx, the allografts in all four monkeys developed HAR with typical pathologic characteristics. Thus, we have successfully established a monkey model of HAR in ABOi-KTx via blood group antigen presensitization, which will be helpful for the further study of rejection, accommodation, and clinical intervention in ABOi-KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Choi YJ, Ryu RH, Park HJ, Lee JI. Comparison of a PCR assay using novel selective primers with current methods in terms of ABO blood phenotyping in rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1957. [PMID: 29386549 PMCID: PMC5792491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are important animal models in transplantation. To prevent fatal transplantation-induced immune responses, it is necessary to accurately phenotype the monkey ABH antigens, which are the same as those in humans but (unlike in humans) are not expressed on red blood cells (RBCs). We compared the ability of two established ABO-typing methods, namely, serological testing and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and our novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to type 66 rhesus monkeys. The serological test assessed the ability of monkey sera to hemagglutinate human RBCs. The IHC assay measured the binding of murine anti-A and anti-B antibodies to monkey buccal mucosa cells. The whole blood-based PCR assay involved selective primers that were derived from the exon 7 sequences of A+, B+, and O+ monkeys. IHC and PCR unequivocally yielded the same types in all monkeys. Serological testing yielded inconsistent types in seven (10.6%). FACS analysis with monkey sera preabsorbed with O+ RBCs showed that the incorrect serological results related to nonspecific or xenoreactive binding of the human RBCs. Unlike previous PCR-based assay, our algorithm directly detected O+ monkeys and A and B homozygotes and heterozygotes. Given the logistical limitations of IHC, this PCR assay may be useful for typing rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Choi
- Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae Hyung Ryu
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Il Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Kanthaswamy S, Ng J, Oldt RF, Valdivia L, Houghton P, Smith DG. ABO blood group phenotype frequency estimation using molecular phenotyping in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. HLA 2017; 90:295-299. [PMID: 28800212 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A much larger sample (N = 2369) was used to evaluate a previously reported distribution of the A, AB and B blood group phenotypes in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques from six different regional populations. These samples, acquired from 15 different breeding and research facilities in the United States, were analyzed using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay that targets single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for the macaque A, B and AB phenotypes. The frequency distributions of blood group phenotypes of the two species differ significantly from each other and significant regional differentiation within the geographic ranges of each species was also observed. The B blood group phenotype was prevalent in rhesus macaques, especially those from India, while the frequencies of the A, B and AB phenotypes varied significantly among cynomolgus macaques from different geographic regions. The Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, despite having originated in Indonesia, showed significant (P ≪ .01) divergence from the Indonesian animals at the ABO blood group locus. Most Mauritian animals belonged to the B blood group while the Indonesian animals were mostly A. The close similarity in blood group frequency distributions between the Chinese rhesus and Indochinese cynomolgus macaques demonstrates that the introgression between these two species extends beyond the zone of intergradation in Indochina. This study underscores the importance of ABO blood group phenotyping of the domestic supply of macaques and their biospecimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanthaswamy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California.,School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU) at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona
| | - J Ng
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU) at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona
| | - R F Oldt
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU) at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona.,Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - L Valdivia
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU) at the West Campus, Glendale, Arizona
| | | | - D G Smith
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
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ABO typing in experimental cynomolgus monkeys using non-invasive methods. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41274. [PMID: 28112245 PMCID: PMC5256026 DOI: 10.1038/srep41274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABH antigens are not expressed on the red blood cells of monkeys, making it difficult to accurately determine their blood type. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility, convenience, and stability of two non-invasive methods for ABO typing (a reverse gel system assay and a buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay) in cynomolgus monkeys (n = 72). The renal tissue immunofluorescent assay was used to obtain an accurate blood type in the monkeys. Using the reverse gel system assay and preabsorbed serum, we achieved accurate detection of ABO blood groups in 65 of the 72 monkeys but obtained confusing results in the remaining 7. The original immunofluorescent staining of the buccal mucosal smears clearly and correctly identified the ABO blood groups in 50 of the 72 monkeys. After repeated smearing and staining, the ABO group type could be correctly identified in samples from the rest of the monkeys, which were either lacking sufficient buccal mucosal cells or contained impurities. Based on our findings, we recommend the reverse gel system assay as the first choice for primate blood type analysis, and the buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay as a Supplementary Method whenever the reverse gel system assay fails to give a clear result.
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Failure of neonatal B-cell tolerance induction by ABO-incompatible kidney grafts in piglets. Transplantation 2013; 96:519-28. [PMID: 23860083 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829b0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ABO-incompatible (ABOi) infant heart transplantation results in B-cell tolerance to graft A/B antigens, confirming human susceptibility to acquired immunologic or "neonatal" tolerance as described originally in murine models. Starting with this clinical observation, we sought to model neonatal ABOi organ transplantation to allow mechanistic studies of tolerance. METHODS Plasma anti-A/B antibodies were measured over time in piglets to establish developmental antibody kinetics. Blood group O piglets received kidney allografts from group A (AO-incompatible) or group O (AO-compatible) donors under cyclosporine immunosuppression. Anti-A antibodies were measured serially after transplantation; A/H antigen expression and allograft rejection were assessed in graft biopsies. RESULTS Anti-A antibodies developed in naïve piglets in a kinetic pattern analogous to human infants; anti-B remained low. After transplantation, anti-A antibodies developed similarly in AO-incompatible and AO-compatible groups and were not suppressed by cyclosporine. A/H antigen expression was persistent in all graft biopsies; however, A/H antigens were not detected in vascular endothelium. Cellular and antibody-mediated rejection was absent or minimal in early and late biopsies in both groups, with one exception. CONCLUSIONS Naturally delayed isohemagglutinin production in piglets is analogous to the developmental kinetics in human infants. However, in contrast to deficient anti-A antibody production as seen long-term after "A-into-O" infant heart transplant recipients, normal anti-A antibody production after "A-into-O" piglet kidney transplantation indicates that tolerance did not develop despite graft A antigen persistence. These findings suggest that the impact on the host immune system of exposure to nonself ABH antigens during early life in human heart versus porcine kidney grafts may depend on expression in vascular endothelium.
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Bui T, Kocher J, Li Y, Wen K, Li G, Liu F, Yang X, LeRoith T, Tan M, Xia M, Zhong W, Jiang X, Yuan L. Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2005-2016. [PMID: 23804568 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs), a major cause of viral gastroenteritis, are difficult to study due to the lack of a cell-culture and a small-animal model. Pigs share with humans the types A and H histo-blood group antigens on the intestinal epithelium and have been suggested as a potential model for studies of NoV pathogenesis, immunity and vaccines. In this study, the effects of age and a cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, on the susceptibility of pigs to NoV infection were evaluated. The median infectious dose (ID50) of a genogroup II, genotype 4 (GII.4) 2006b variant was determined. The ID50 in neonatal (4-5 days of age) pigs was ≤2.74×10(3) viral RNA copies. In older pigs (33-34 days of age), the ID50 was 6.43×10(4) but decreased to <2.74×10(3) in simvastatin-fed older pigs. Evidence of NoV infection was obtained by increased virus load in the intestinal contents, cytopathological changes in the small intestine, including irregular microvilli, necrosis and apoptosis, and detection of viral antigen in the tip of villi in duodenum. This GII.4 variant was isolated in 2008 from a patient from whom a large volume of stool was collected. GII.4 NoVs are continuously subjected to selective pressure by human immunity, and antigenically different GII.4 NoV variants emerge every 1-2 years. The determination of the ID50 of this challenge virus is valuable for evaluation of protection against different GII.4 variants conferred by NoV vaccines in concurrence with other GII.4 variants in the gnotobiotic pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Yanru Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Fangning Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Weiming Zhong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Integrated Life Science Building, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0913, USA
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7
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Dons EM, Montoya C, Long CE, Hara H, Echeverri GJ, Ekser B, Ezzelarab C, Medellin DR, van der Windt DJ, Murase N, Rigatti LH, Wagner R, Wolf RF, Ezzelarab M, West LJ, Ijzermans JNM, Cooper DKC. T-cell-based immunosuppressive therapy inhibits the development of natural antibodies in infant baboons. Transplantation 2012; 93:769-76. [PMID: 22441321 PMCID: PMC3776575 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182481168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We set out to determine whether B-cell tolerance to A/B-incompatible alloantigens and pig xenoantigens could be achieved in infant baboons. METHODS Artery patch grafts were implanted in the abdominal aorta in 3-month-old baboons using A/B-incompatible (AB-I) allografts or wild-type pig xenografts (pig). Group 1 (Gp1) (controls, n=6) received no immunosuppressive therapy (IS) and no graft. Gp2 (n=2) received an AB-I or pig graft but no IS. Gp3 received AB-I grafts+IS (Gp3A: n=2) or pig grafts+IS (Gp3B: n=2). IS consisted of ATG, anti-CD154mAb, and mycophenolate mofetil until age 8 to 12 months. Gp4 (n=2) received IS only but no graft. RESULTS In Gp1, anti-A/B and cytotoxic anti-pig immunoglobulin-M increased steadily during the first year. Gp2 became sensitized to donor-specific AB-I or pig antigens within 2 weeks. Gp3 and Gp4 infants that received anti-CD154mAb made no or minimal anti-A/B and anti-pig antibodies while receiving IS. DISCUSSION The production of natural anti-A/B and anti-pig antibodies was inhibited by IS with anti-CD154mAb, even in the absence of an allograft or xenograft, suggesting that natural antibodies may not be entirely T-cell independent. These data are in contrast to clinical experience with AB-I allotransplantation in infants, who cease producing only donor-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eefje M. Dons
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Montoya
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cassandra E. Long
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gabriel J. Echeverri
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Corin Ezzelarab
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dasha Roa Medellin
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dirk J. van der Windt
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noriko Murase
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lora H. Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert Wagner
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Roman F. Wolf
- Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Mohamed Ezzelarab
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lori J. West
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiac Transplant Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada
| | - Jan N. M. Ijzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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9
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Chen S, Wei Q, Li J, Xiang Y, Guo H, Ichim TE, Chen S, Chen G. A simple and reliable method to blood type monkeys using serum samples. Transpl Int 2009; 22:999-1004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2009.00859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Investigation of Blood Typing Method for Seoul National University Miniature Pig. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1921-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Expression of tissue factor and initiation of clotting by human platelets and monocytes after incubation with porcine endothelial cells. Transplantation 2008; 86:702-9. [PMID: 18791452 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31818410a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intravascular thrombosis remains a major barrier to successful pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. However, the precise factors initiating thrombosis are unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of recipient platelets and monocytes. METHODS Primary pig aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) were incubated with combinations of fresh or heat-inactivated human plasma, platelets, or monocytes, after which they were separated and analyzed individually by flow cytometry for tissue factor (TF) expression and for their ability to clot recalcified normal or factor-VII-deficient plasma. RESULTS Procoagulant porcine TF was induced in PAECs only by fresh human plasma, and not by heat-inactivated plasma, platelets, or monocytes. In contrast, procoagulant human TF was induced on platelets and monocytes after incubation with PAEC, irrespective of whether the plasma was present or not. In addition, human platelets caused the shedding of procoagulant TF-expressing aggregates from PAEC. CONCLUSIONS This work defines a cell-based in vitro assay system to address complex interactions among PAECs, human platelets, and monocytes. The induction of procoagulant TF on PAECs by fresh human plasma was most likely dependent on xenoreactive natural antibody and complement present in fresh human plasma. In contrast, the shedding of procoagulant platelet-PAEC aggregates, induced by human platelets, and the induction of procoagulant TF on human platelets and monocytes by PAEC, occurred independently of these factors. These results suggest that different mechanisms may contribute to the initiation of thrombosis after xenotransplantation, some of which may not be influenced by the further manipulation of the immune response against pig xenografts.
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Rood PPM, Tai HC, Hara H, Long C, Ezzelarab M, Lin YJ, van der Windt DJ, Busch J, Ayares D, Ijzermans JNM, Wolf RF, Manji R, Bailey L, Cooper DKC. Late onset of development of natural anti-nonGal antibodies in infant humans and baboons: implications for xenotransplantation in infants. Transpl Int 2007; 20:1050-8. [PMID: 17850234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2007.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
If an ABO-incompatible heart is transplanted into an infant before natural antibodies have developed to the specific donor carbohydrate A/B antigen(s), then B-cell tolerance to the donor A/B antigen is achieved, and these antibodies never develop. Anti-carbohydrate antibodies play a role in the rejection of wild type (WT) and alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GT-KO) pig xenografts. We investigated development of these antibodies in infant baboons and humans. Serum samples from infant baboons (n = 42) and humans (n = 42) were tested by flow cytometry for immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from WT and GT-KO pigs, and for complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The presence of anti-blood group antibodies was tested in baboon serum. In infant baboons and humans, cytotoxic anti-Galalpha1,3Gal antibodies develop during the first 3 months, and steadily increase with age, whereas cytotoxic anti-nonGal antibodies are either absent or minimal in the majority of cases throughout the first year of life. Anti-blood group antibodies were not detected before 16 weeks of age. Our data suggest GT-KO pig organ/cell transplants could be carried out in early infancy in the absence of preformed cytotoxic anti-nonGalalpha1,3Gal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleunie P M Rood
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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13
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Cheetham S, Souza M, McGregor R, Meulia T, Wang Q, Saif LJ. Binding patterns of human norovirus-like particles to buccal and intestinal tissues of gnotobiotic pigs in relation to A/H histo-blood group antigen expression. J Virol 2007; 81:3535-44. [PMID: 17215284 PMCID: PMC1866037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01306-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) phenotypes have been associated with susceptibility to human noroviruses (HuNoVs). Our aims were: (i) to determine the patterns of A/H HBGA expression in buccal and intestinal tissues of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs; (ii) to determine if virus-like particles (VLPs) of HuNoV genogroup I (GI) and GII bind to A- or H-type tissues; (iii) to compare A/H expression and VLP binding patterns and confirm their binding specificities by blocking assays; (iv) to develop a hemagglutination inhibition test using buccal cells from live pigs to determine the Gn pig's A/H phenotype and to match viral strains with previously determined HuNoV VLP binding specificities; and (v) to determine the A/H phenotypes and compare these data to the infection outcomes of a previous study of 65 Gn pigs inoculated with HuNoV GII/4 strain HS66 and expressing A and/or H or neither antigen on their buccal and intestinal tissues (S. Cheetham, M. Souza, T. Meulia, S. Grimes, M. G. Han, and L. J. Saif, J. Virol. 80:10372-10381, 2006). We found that the HuNoV GI/GII VLPs of different clusters bound to tissues from four pigs tested (two A+ and two H+). The GI/1 and GII/4 VLPs bound extensively to duodenal and buccal tissues from either A+ or H+ pigs, but surprisingly, GII/1 and GII/3 VLPs bound minimally to the duodenum of an A+ pig. The VLP binding was partially inhibited by A-, H1-, or H2-specific monoclonal antibodies, but was completely blocked by porcine mucin. Comparing the A/H phenotypes of 65 HS66-inoculated Gn pigs from our previous study, we found that significantly more A+ and H(+) pigs (51%) than non-A+ and non-H+ pigs (12.5%) shed virus. From the 22 convalescent pigs, significantly more A+ or H+ pigs (66%) than non-A+ or H+ pigs (25%) seroconverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cheetham
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Abstract
The blood groups of pigs are important to transplantation research because some are also important transplantation antigens and because pigs undergoing organ or hematopoietic transplantation may require transfusion support. There is considerable literature on the subject but much of it is not in transplant related journals. We will review this literature and also give some practical advice on transfusion support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Smith
- Department of Pathology, Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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