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Singer M, Codron D, Lechner I, Rudnik R, Barboza P, Hummel J, Clauss M. The effect of size and density on the mean retention time of particles in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 292:111621. [PMID: 38452969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Particle passage from the reticulorumen (RR) depends on particle density and size. A classic way of assessing these effects is the use of plastic markers of varying density and size that are recovered in the faeces. Here, we report results of an experiment where four fistulated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, 96 ± 12 kg) were fed two different diets (browse, voluntary dry matter intake [DMI] 70 ± 10 g/kg0.75/d; or a pelleted diet, DMI 124 ± 52 g/kg0.75/d) and dosed via fistula with 8 different particle types combining densities of 1.03, 1.22 and 1.44 g/ml and sizes of 1, 10 and 20 mm. Generally, particles that passed the digestive tract intact (not ruminated) did so relatively early after marker dosing, and therefore had shorter mean retention times (MRT) than ruminated particles. On the higher intake, the overall mean retention time (MRT) of particles was shorter, but this was not an effect of shorter MRT for either intact or ruminated particles, but due to a higher proportion of intact particles at the higher intake. This supports the concept that ruminants do not adjust chewing behaviour depending on intake, but that a lower proportion of digesta is submitted to rumination due to pressure-driven escape from the forestomach at higher gut fills. Compared to cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and moose (Alces alces) that had received the same markers, reindeer had a lower proportion of 1 mm particles that passed intact. Our results support the concept that the critical size threshold for particles leaving the ruminant forestomach is dependent on body size. While the results likely do not represent findings peculiar for reindeer, they indicate fundamental mechanisms operating in the forestomach of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Singer
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Isabel Lechner
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Rudnik
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Perry Barboza
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 756100, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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2
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Hummel J. Teeth and the gastrointestinal tract in mammals: when 1 + 1 = 3. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220544. [PMID: 37839451 PMCID: PMC10577037 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Both teeth and the digestive tract show adaptations that are commonly interpreted in the context of trophic guilds-faunivory, herbivory and omnivory. Teeth prepare food for the digestive tract, and dental evolution focuses on increasing durability and functionality; in particular, size reduction of plant particles is an important preparation for microbial fermentative digestion. In narratives of digestive adaptations, microbes are typically considered as service providers, facilitating digestion. That the majority of 'herbivorous' (and possibly 'omnivorous') mammals display adaptations to maximize microbes' use as prey-by harvesting the microbes multiplying in their guts-is less emphasized and not reflected in trophic labels. Harvesting of microbes occurs either via coprophagy after separation from indigestible material by a separation mechanism in the hindgut, or from a forestomach by a 'washing mechanism' that selectively removes fines, including microbes, to the lower digestive tract. The evolution of this washing mechanism as part of the microbe farming niche opened the opportunity for the evolution of another mechanism that links teeth and guts in an innovative way-the sorting and cleaning of not-yet-sufficiently-size-reduced food that is then re-submitted to repeated mastication (rumination), leading to unprecedented chewing and digestive efficiency. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Fritz
- Zugspitzstr. 15 1/2, 82131 Stockdorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Clauss M, Tschuor A, Codron D, Hummel J. Reticular contraction frequency and ruminal gas dome development in goats do not differ between grass and browse diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1208-1215. [PMID: 34791696 PMCID: PMC9788097 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In investigations of differences between ruminant species feeding on browse or grass, it is often unclear whether observed differences are animal- or forage-specific. Ruminant species have been classified as 'moose-type', with little rumen content stratification, or 'cattle-type' with a distinct rumen contents stratification, including a gas layer. To which extent putative differences in forestomach motility are involved in these patterns is unknown. Using sonography, we investigated the frequency of reticular contractions and the stratification of rumen contents in goats fed exclusively on grass hay (n = 6) or dried browse (n = 5) directly after feeding, and after another 6 and 12 h with no access to feed. The frequency of reticular contractions decreased from immediately after feeding (1.8 ± 0.3 min-1 ) to 6 h afterwards (1.2 ± 0.2 min-1 ) and then remained constant, with no difference between diets. A gas dome became more visible over time, but neither its incidence nor its extent differed between diets. The results are in accord with classifying goats as 'cattle-type' in terms of their digestive physiology, and they add to a growing body of evidence that differences in digestive physiology between ruminant species are more due to species characteristics than different kinds of ingested forages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and WildlifeVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Tschuor
- Clinic for RuminantsVetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland,Present address:
Buhnstrasse 3Zürich8052Switzerland
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity GoettingenGöttingenGermany
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4
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Hertaeg J, Sauer C, Bertelsen MF, Hammer S, Lund P, Weisbjerg MR, Clauss M. Physical characteristics of forestomach contents from two nondomestic small ruminants, the blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and the Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110941. [PMID: 33794366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rumen content stratification and the degree of dissociation of particle and fluid retention in the reticulorumen differ between 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' ruminant species. These differences are not strictly linked to diet, except for a seeming limitation of 'moose-type' ruminants to a browsing niche. Nevertheless, these differences can be plausibly linked to other observed differences in ruminants, such as the intraruminal papillation pattern, or the size of the omasum. However, many of the corresponding measures are still only available for a restricted number of species. Here, we investigated the dry matter (i.e., the inverse of the moisture) concentration in forestomach contents of 10 blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and 7 Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and quantified the rumen papillation pattern. The blackbucks had distinct rumen contents stratification, with more moisture in ventral than in dorsal contents (difference 3.6% units, P < 0.001), whereas this difference was much less pronounced in the sand gazelles (0.6% units, P = 0.227). While reticulum contents were particularly moist in both species, omasum contents were particularly dry in sand gazelles, but did not differ in moisture from rumen contents in the blackbuck. This species is an outlier among ruminants due to its extremely small omasum. The intraruminal papillation pattern did not differ between blackbucks and sand gazelles and showed a surface enlargement factor (SEF) in the dorsal rumen of 27-28% of the SEF in the Atrium ruminis. Compared to data on digesta retention in the same species, the findings are in line with the overall concept of a high fluid throughput causing a distinct stratification of rumen contents and intraruminal papillation, and necessitating a large omasum for fluid re-absorption. However, the data also show that individual species may not correspond to all the assumptions of the concept, suggesting taxon-specific differences between species. Reasons for these differences cannot be linked to a dietary grass-browse spectrum, but may lie in evolutionary contingency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hertaeg
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Cathrine Sauer
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 32, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 32, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Sven Hammer
- Naturschutz-Tierpark Görlitz, Zittauerstr. 43, D-02826 Görlitz, Germany.
| | - Peter Lund
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Martin R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ogata T, Kim YH, Iwamoto E, Masaki T, Ikuta K, Sato S. Comparison of pH and bacterial communities in the rumen and reticulum during fattening of Japanese Black beef cattle. Anim Sci J 2021; 91:e13487. [PMID: 33368874 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We used castrated and fistulated Japanese Black beef cattle (n = 9) to measure the pH and bacterial communities in the rumen liquid, rumen solid, and reticulum liquid during early, middle, and late fattening stages (10-14, 15-22, and 23-30 months of age, respectively). The pH was measured in the rumen and reticulum during the last 13 days of each fattening stage and was significantly lower in the rumen at the early and middle fattening stage and in the reticulum during the late stage. Sequencing analysis indicated similar bacterial compositions in the rumen and reticulum liquid fractions and stability of bacterial diversity in the rumen and reticulum liquid fractions and rumen solid fraction. By contrast, major operational taxonomic units (OTUs), such as Ruminococcus bromii strain ATCC 27255 (OTU1, OTU10, and OTU15), were differently correlated to the fermentation parameters among the rumen and reticulum liquid fractions. Therefore, the long-term feeding of Japanese Black beef cattle with a high-concentrate diet might reverse the trend of pH in the rumen and reticulum during the late fattening stage, and the bacterial communities adapted to changes in fermentation by preserving their diversity throughout fattening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ogata
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Iwate Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Eiji Iwamoto
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Masaki
- Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ikuta
- Awaji Agricultural Technology Center, Minami-Awaji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
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Hejcmanová P, Ortmann S, Stoklasová L, Clauss M. Digesta passage in common eland (Taurotragus oryx) on a monocot or a dicot diet. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 246:110720. [PMID: 32387134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The way that fluids and particles move through the forestomach of a ruminant is species-specific, and can be used to classify ruminants according to their digestive physiology into 'moose-types' (with little difference in fluid and small particle passage) and 'cattle-types' (where fluids move through the forestomach much faster than small particles). So far, 'moose-types' appear limited to a dietary niche of browsing, whereas 'cattle-types' are particularly prominent in the intermediate and grazing diet niches. However, some species, including members of the spiral-horned antelopes (the Tragelaphini), have a 'cattle-type' physiology but a browse-dominated diet niche. Eland (Taurotragus oryx), the largest member of the Tragelaphini, are strict browsers in the wild but have been considered intermediate feeders in the past, and can seemingly be maintained on grass diets. We quantified food intake, mean retention time (MRT) in the gastrointestinal tract and the reticulorumen (RR) of a solute, a small and a large particle marker, and diet digestibility in six eland each fed a monocot (grass hay) and a dicot (lucerne silage) forage. Food intake and digestibility was lower on the diet with higher fibre content (grass hay), with corresponding longer MRT. At the higher intakes on lucerne, the difference in MRT between small and large particles was larger, indicating a greater reliance on particle sorting and clearance under this condition of potentially limiting gut capacity. Regardless of diet or intake, the ratio of small particle and solute MRT in the RR was constant and small, at a quotient of 1.54, classifying the eland as a typical 'moose-type' ruminant. This finding is consistent with previous literature reports on low faecal metabolic nitrogen and high apparent protein digestibility in eland. Given the relative ease at which eland can be maintained under farm husbandry conditions, they appear ideal model ruminants to study the effects of differences in rumen physiology compared to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Hejcmanová
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Berlin, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lucie Stoklasová
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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7
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Idalan N, Martin LF, Clauss M. Physical characteristics of gastrointestinal content of llama (Lama glama). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1015-1022. [PMID: 31050031 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Changes in digesta dry matter (DM) and mean digesta particle size (MPS) along the gastrointestinal tract are well known in ruminants, but not in camelids. We collected digesta from the dorsal (d) and ventral (v) first forestomach compartment (C1), the second forestomach compartment (C2), three proximal segments and the subsequent glandular part of the third compartment (C3A-D), the caecum and the faeces twelve llamas (Lama glama). DM analysis indicates the presence of digesta stratification in the C1, the presence of fluid in the C2 to facilitate the sorting function of this compartment, the fluid-absorbing function of the proximal parts of the C3, the secretion of enzymes and digestive acids in the C3D, and the water-resorbing function of the lower intestinal tract. These findings illustrate the functional resemblance between the gastrointestinal tract of camelids and cattle-like ruminants (C1 equivalent to the rumen with stratified contents, C2 to the reticulum, C3A/B/C to the omasum and C3D to the abomasum). MPS analysis revealed a progressive reduction in MPS from the C1 to the distal C3. This gradual transition is different from the clear-cut threshold in ruminants between the reticulum and the omasum and had so far only been described in dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius). These findings indicate that regardless of the convergent property of rumination and resemblance of general mechanisms involved in contents stratification and particle sorting, differences between ruminants and camelids exist that could be interpreted as a more efficient functionality of the ruminant forestomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Idalan
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louise F Martin
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Tahas SA, Martin Jurado O, Hammer S, Arif A, Reese S, Hatt JM, Clauss M. Gross Measurements of the Digestive Tract and Visceral Organs of Addax Antelope (Addax nasomaculatus
) Following a Concentrate or Forage Feeding Regime. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 46:282-293. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Tahas
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - O. Martin Jurado
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - S. Hammer
- Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation; P.O. Box 44069 Doha Qatar
| | - A. Arif
- Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation; P.O. Box 44069 Doha Qatar
| | - S. Reese
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Veterinary Faculty; LMU Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - J.-M. Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Sauer C, Clauss M, Bertelsen MF, Weisbjerg MR, Lund P. Rumen content stratification in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 203:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Tschuor A, Braun U, Hummel J, Codron D. Dry matter and digesta particle size gradients along the goat digestive tract on grass and browse diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:61-69. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Clauss
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Fritz
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Clinic for Zoo Animals; Exotic Pets and Wildlife; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Tschuor
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Department of Farm Animals; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - U. Braun
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Department of Farm Animals; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - J. Hummel
- Department of Animal Sciences; Ruminant Nutrition; University of Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - D. Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
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Zeitz J, Ineichen S, Soliva C, Leiber F, Tschuor A, Braun U, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. Variability in microbial population and fermentation traits at various sites within the forestomach and along the digestive tract as assessed in goats fed either grass or browse. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Munn A, Stewart M, Price E, Peilon A, Savage T, Van Ekris I, Clauss M. Comparison of gut fill in sheep (Ovis aries) measured by intake, digestibility, and digesta retention compared with measurements at harvest. CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut capacity is an important factor in digestive physiology and is often measured as dry matter fill (DMF) following dissection, which prevents repeated measures in the same animal. It was proposed to calculate DMF from food intake, digestibility, and gut mean retention time (MRT), but empirical tests of this are few. We calculated DMF from intake, digestibility, and the MRT of small-particle (1 mm) and large-particle (20 mm) markers in 20 sheep (Ovis aries L., 1758) fed at different intake levels and compared results with DMF at dissection at the end of the feeding trial. MRT for smaller particles was significantly shorter than for larger particles (34.4 ± 6.1 vs. 42.5 ± 7.6 h, respectively). Correspondingly, DMF calculated from smaller particles (0.98 ± 0.27 kg) was significantly lower than DMF calculated from larger particles (1.20 ± 0.30 kg). The latter was not significantly different from DMF measured at dissection (1.18 ± 0.34 kg). These results suggest that DMF can be estimated from measures of digestive physiology. The choice of particle marker to determine MRT is crucial for the accuracy of the proxy. In ruminants, where small particles are consistently eliminated faster than larger particles, considerations of marker particle size are particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Munn
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mathew Stewart
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Price
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Alice Peilon
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tom Savage
- School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Irene Van Ekris
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hummel J, Hammer S, Hammer C, Ruf J, Lechenne M, Clauss M. Solute and particle retention in a small grazing antelope, the blackbuck ( Antilope cervicapra ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 182:22-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schulze AKS, Weisbjerg MR, Storm AC, Nørgaard P. Forage fiber effects on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2511-21. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. S. Schulze
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M. R. Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A. C. Storm
- Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P. Nørgaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Schwarm A, Ortmann S, Fritz J, Flach E, Rietschel W, Clauss M. No distinct stratification of ingesta particles and no distinct moisture gradient in the fore-stomach of non-ruminants: The wallaby, peccary, hippopotamus, and sloth. Mamm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ritz J, Hofer K, Hofer E, Hackländer K, Immekus D, Codron D, Clauss M. Forestomach pH in hunted roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in relation to forestomach region, time of measurement and supplemental feeding and comparison among wild ruminant species. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lauper M, Lechner I, Barboza PS, Collins WB, Hummel J, Codron D, Clauss M. Rumination of different-sized particles in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and moose (Alces alces) on grass and browse diets, and implications for rumination in different ruminant feeding types. Mamm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sato S, Ikeda A, Tsuchiya Y, Ikuta K, Murayama I, Kanehira M, Okada K, Mizuguchi H. Diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by continuous reticular pH measurements in cows. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:201-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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KIMURA A, SATO S, GOTO H, YAMAGISHI N, OKADA K, MIZUGUCHI H, ITO K. Simultaneous Estimation of the pH of Rumen and Reticulum Fluids of Cows Using a Radio-Transmission pH-Measurement System. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:531-5. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi KIMURA
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shigeru SATO
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroko GOTO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Norio YAMAGISHI
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Keiji OKADA
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori ITO
- DKK-Toa Yamagata Co., Shinjo, Yamagata 996-0053, Japan
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Codron D, Sponheimer M, Codron J, Hammer S, Tschuor A, Braun U, Bernasconi SM, Clauss M. Tracking the fate of digesta 13C and 15N compositions along the ruminant gastrointestinal tract: Does digestion influence the relationship between diet and faeces? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-011-0581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Codron D, Codron J, Sponheimer M, Bernasconi SM, Clauss M. When animals are not quite what they eat: diet digestibility influences 13C-incorporation rates and apparent discrimination in a mixed-feeding herbivore. CAN J ZOOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The stable carbon isotope composition of animal tissues represents the weighted sum of the variety of food sources eaten. If sources differ in digestibility, tissues may overrepresent intake of more digestible items and faeces may overrepresent less digestible items. We tested this idea using whole blood and faeces of goats ( Capra hircus L., 1758) fed different food mixtures of C3 lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) and C4 grass ( Themeda triandra Forssk.). Although blood and faecal δ13C values were broadly consistent with diet, results indicate mismatch between consumer and diet isotope compositions: both materials overrepresented the C3 (lucerne) component of diets. Lucerne had lower fibre digestibility than T. triandra, which explains the results for faeces, whereas underrepresentation of dietary C4 in blood is consistent with low protein content of the grass hay. A diet switch experiment revealed an important difference in 13C-incorporation rates across diets, which were slower for grass than lucerne diets, and in fact equilibrium states were not reached for all diets. Although more research is needed to link digestive kinetics with isotope incorporation, these results provide evidence for nonlinear relationships between consumers and their diets, invoking concerns about the conceptual value of “discrimination factors” as the prime currency for contemporary isotope ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jacqui Codron
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, Republic of South Africa
| | - Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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The effect of size and density on the mean retention time of particles in the reticulorumen of cattle ( Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus) and moose ( Alces alces). Br J Nutr 2010; 105:634-44. [PMID: 21144130 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Particle passage from the reticulorumen (RR) depends on particle density and size. Forage particle density and size are related and change over time in the RR. Particle density mainly influences sorting in the reticulum, whereas particle size influences particle retention in the fibre mat of stratified rumen contents ('filter-bed' effect). We investigated these effects independently, by inserting plastic particles of different sizes (1, 10 and 20 mm) and densities (1·03, 1·20 and 1·44 mg/ml) in the RR of cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus) as a pilot study, and of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus; n 4) and moose (Alces alces; n 2) both fed two diets (browse and grass). Faeces were analysed for plastic residues for 13 d after dosing to calculate mean retention times (MRT). The results confirmed previous findings of differences in absolute MRT between species. Comparing muskoxen with moose, there was no difference in the effect of particle density on the MRT between species but particle size had a more pronounced effect on the MRT in muskoxen than in moose. This indicated a stronger 'filter-bed effect' in muskoxen, in accord with the reports of stratified RR contents in this species v. the absence of RR content stratification in moose. Low-density particles were retained longer in both species fed on grass diets, indicating a contribution of forage type to the 'filter-bed effect'. The results indicate that retention based on particle size may differ between ruminant species, depending on the presence of a fibre mat in the RR, whereas the density-dependent mechanism of sedimentation in the RR is rather constant across species.
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Codron D, Clauss M. Rumen physiology constrains diet niche: linking digestive physiology and food selection across wild ruminant species. CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z10-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We propose a hypothesis for digestive constraints on the browsing and grazing options available to ruminants: that the diet-niche range (maximum and minimum grass intake) of a species is dependent upon its predisposition to stratified rumen contents, based on observations that this characteristic is a critical step towards enhanced fibre digestion and greater fluid throughput. We compare a physiological (heterogeneity of ingesta fluid content) and an anatomical (the intraruminal papillation pattern) measure with dietary evidence for a range of African and temperate species. Both measures are strongly related to the mean percentage of grass in species’ natural diets, as well as to the maximum and minimum levels of grass intake, respectively. The nature of these effects implies a stratification-level threshold, below which a species will not use a grass-based diet, but above which grass consumption can increase exponentially. However, above this threshold, a minimum percentage of grass in the diet is a prerequisite for optimal performance. We argue that this second constraint is crucial, as it depicts how a greater fluid throughput reduces potential for detoxification of plant secondary compounds, and therefore limits the maximum amount of browse a stratifying species will consume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Codron
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
- Florisbad Quaternary Research, National Museum, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
- Florisbad Quaternary Research, National Museum, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Schulz E, Calandra I, Kaiser TM. Applying tribology to teeth of hoofed mammals. SCANNING 2010; 32:162-82. [PMID: 20949615 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mammals inhabit all types of environments and have evolved chewing systems capable of processing a huge variety of structurally diverse food components. Surface textures of cheek teeth should thus reflect the mechanisms of wear as well as the functional traits involved. We employed surface textures parameters from ISO/DIS 25178 and scale-sensitive fractal analysis (SSFA) to quantify dental wear in herbivorous mammals at the level of an individual wear enamel facet. We evaluated cheek dentitions of two grazing ungulates: the Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and the Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi). Both inhabit the east African grassland savanna habitat, but they belong to fundamentally different taxonomic units. We tested the hypothesis that the foregut fermenting wildebeest and the hindgut fermenting zebra show functional traits in their dentitions that relate to their specific mode of food-composition processing and digestion. In general, surface texture parameters from SSFA as well as ISO/DIS 25178 indicated that individual enamel ridges acting as crushing blades and individual wear facets of upper cheek teeth are significantly different in surface textures in the zebra when compared with the wildebeest. We interpreted the complexity and anisotropy signals to be clearly related to the brittle, dry grass component in the diet of the zebra, unlike the wildebeest, which ingests a more heterogeneous diet including fresh grass and herbs. Thus, SSFA and ISO parameters allow distinctions within the subtle dietary strategies that evolved in herbivorous ungulates with fundamentally different systematic affinities but which exploit a similar dietary niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Schulz
- Biocenter Grindel and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Lechner I, Barboza P, Collins W, Fritz J, Günther D, Hattendorf B, Hummel J, Südekum KH, Clauss M. Differential passage of fluids and different-sized particles in fistulated oxen (Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and moose (Alces alces): Rumen particle size discrimination is independent from contents stratification. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 155:211-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Evolutionary adaptations of ruminants and their potential relevance for modern production systems. Animal 2010; 4:979-92. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Clauss M, Hofmann RR, Streich WJ, Fickel J, Hummel J. Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schwarm A, Ortmann S, Wolf C, Streich WJ, Clauss M. Passage marker excretion in red kangaroo (Macropus rufus), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and colobine monkeys (Colobus angolensis,C. polykomos,Trachypithecus johnii). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 311:647-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Clauss M, Hofmann RR, Fickel J, Streich WJ, Hummel J. The intraruminal papillation gradient in wild ruminants of different feeding types: Implications for rumen physiology. J Morphol 2009; 270:929-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Bayer D, Hummel J, Streich WJ, Südekum KH, Hatt JM. Physical characteristics of rumen contents in two small ruminants of different feeding type, the mouflon (Ovis ammon musimon) and the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). ZOOLOGY 2009; 112:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Tschuor A, Clauss M. Investigations on the stratification of forestomach contents in ruminants: an ultrasonographic approach. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-008-0188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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