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Gaggioli MR, Jones AG, Panagi I, Washington EJ, Loney RE, Muench JH, Brennan RG, Thurston TLM, Ko DC. A single amino acid in the Salmonella effector SarA/SteE triggers supraphysiological activation of STAT3 for anti-inflammatory target gene expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580367. [PMID: 38405869 PMCID: PMC10888966 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica cause an estimated 1 million cases of gastroenteritis annually in the United States. These serovars use secreted protein effectors to mimic and reprogram host cellular functions. We previously discovered that the secreted effector SarA (Salmonella anti-inflammatory response activator; also known as SteE) was required for increased intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium and production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). SarA facilitates phosphorylation of STAT3 through a region of homology with the host cytokine receptor gp130. Here, we demonstrate that a single amino acid difference between SarA and gp130 is critical for the anti-inflammatory bias of SarA-STAT3 signaling. An isoleucine at the pY+1 position of the YxxQ motif in SarA (which binds the SH2 domain in STAT3) causes increased STAT3 phosphorylation and expression of anti-inflammatory target genes. This isoleucine, completely conserved in ~4000 Salmonella isolates, renders SarA a better substrate for tyrosine phosphorylation by GSK-3. GSK-3 is canonically a serine/threonine kinase that nonetheless undergoes tyrosine autophosphorylation at a motif that has an invariant isoleucine at the pY+1 position. Our results provide a molecular basis for how a Salmonella secreted effector achieves supraphysiological levels of STAT3 activation to control host genes during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Gaggioli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Angela G. Jones
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ioanna Panagi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Erica J. Washington
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel E. Loney
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Richard G. Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Teresa L. M. Thurston
- Department of Infectious Disease, Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dennis C. Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Lead contact
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Vaz-Rodrigues R, Ferreras-Colino E, Ugarte-Ruíz M, Pesciaroli M, Thomas J, García-Seco T, Sevilla IA, Pérez-Sancho M, Mateo R, Domínguez L, Gortazar C, Risalde MA. Nonspecific protection of heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis against Salmonella Choleraesuis infection in pigs. Vet Res 2022; 53:31. [PMID: 35436975 PMCID: PMC9014587 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTrained immunity is the capacity of innate immune cells to produce an improved response against a secondary infection after a previous unrelated infection. Salmonellosis represents a public health issue and affects the pig farming industry. In general, vaccination against salmonellosis is still facing problems regarding the control of distinct serovars. Therefore, we hypothesized that an immunostimulant based on heat inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (HIMB) could have an immune training effect in pigs challenged with Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) and decided to explore the amplitude of this non-specific immune response. For this purpose, twenty-four 10 days-old female piglets were randomly separated in three groups: immunized group (n = 10) received orally two doses of HIMB prior to the intratracheal S. Choleraesuis-challenge, positive control group (n = 9) that was only challenged with S. Choleraesuis, and negative control group (n = 5) that was neither immunized nor infected. All individuals were necropsied 21 days post-challenge. HIMB improved weight gain and reduced respiratory symptoms and pulmonary lesions caused by S. Choleraesuis in pigs. Pigs immunized with HIMB showed higher cytokine production, especially of serum TNFα and lung CCL28, an important mediator of mucosal trained immunity. Moreover, immunized pigs showed lower levels of the biomarker of lipid oxidation malondialdehyde and higher activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase than untreated challenged pigs. However, the excretion and tissue colonization of S. Choleraesuis remained unaffected. This proof-of-concept study suggests beneficial clinical, pathological, and heterologous immunological effects against bacterial pathogens within the concept of trained immunity, opening avenues for further research.
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Kwak MJ, Choi SW, Choi YS, Lee H, Whang KY. Sophorolipid protects against early-weaning syndrome by improving the gut microenvironment in early-weaned piglets. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:8. [PMID: 34980133 PMCID: PMC8722003 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In animals, weaning stress is the first and most critical stress. Weaning can negatively affect the growth performance of animals physically, psychologically, and pathologically. Our previous studies on the HT-29 cell line and early-weaned rats demonstrated that adequate sophorolipid (SPL) supplementation in feed could enhance the mucin-producing and wound healing capacities of the gut defense system by modulating gut microbiota. Methods We conducted an experiment with one hundred forty 21-day-old early weaned piglets (L x Y x D). They were allocated into 4 treatment and 7 replications (4 pigs per pen) according to their initial body weight. Body weight and feed intake were measured biweekly during experimental period. After 6 weeks, 28 pigs were randomly selected and sacrificed to collect plasma, jejunum, and cecal content samples. Results Dietary SPL supplementation at 5 and 10 mg/kg quadratically increased the average daily gain during the experimental period in the treatment groups when compared with the control group. The albumin levels of piglets fed with the SPL supplemented diet were downregulated to the normal range. Moreover, in feed, SPL supplementation at 5 and 10 mg/kg improved jejunal histological indices and gene expression levels related to mucin secretion and local inflammation markers. Consistent with these results, adequate SPL supplementation (5 and 10 mg/kg) increased the population of Prevotella, a beneficial bacterium, and its short-chain fatty acid production in the ceca of piglets. Conclusions The occurrence of diarrhea after weaning in piglets could be reduced by feeding a 10 ppm of SPL supplemented diet which improves the gut defense system by improving the microbial population and enhancing mucin layer integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.,Division of Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health (BK21 FOUR Program), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbae Lee
- Pathway Intermediates, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Whang
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Kanmani P, Kim H. Beneficial effect of immunobiotic strains on attenuation of Salmonella induced inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229647. [PMID: 32150574 PMCID: PMC7062243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have the ability to modulate host immune responses and have potent therapeutic functional effects against several diseases, including inflammatory diseases. However, beneficial effects of probiotics are strain specific and their interactions with host immune cells to modulate inflammatory response are largely unknown. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which are the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and connects between commensals/probiotics and immune system; therefore, in this study, we used human IECs to assess the probiotic effects of three selected Lactobacillus strains in vitro. An HT-29 colonic epithelial cell and HT-29/blood mononuclear cells co-culture system were stimulated with Lactobacillus followed by Salmonella for different hours, after which the mRNA level of cytokines, β-defensin-2 and negative regulators for TLR signaling and protein levels of ZO-1 and IκB-α were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. L. brevis decreased Salmonella induced IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-1β levels, whereas L. pentosus suppressed IL-6 and MCP-1 in HT-29 cells. Moreover, L. brevis was able to increase the mRNA levels of A20, Tollip, SIGIRR and IRAKM, while L. pentosus reduced the levels of A20, and IRAKM in response to Salmonella. In addition, decrease in protein level of TNF-α and increase in mRNA level of IL-10 was observed in L. brevis and L. pentosus treated HT-29 cells. Lactobacillus strains were differentially modulated ZO-1 and p-IκB-α in HT-29 cells treated with Salmonella. Overall, the results of this study indicate that Lactobacillus strains attenuate Salmonella induced inflammatory responses through beneficial modulation of TLR negative regulators and the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulraj Kanmani
- Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojun Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Mhp597 is a cytotoxicity, inflammation and immunosuppression associated nuclease. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:53-62. [PMID: 31282379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleases are ubiquitously recognized as essential proteins in mycoplasmas because these organisms lack most capacities for de novo synthesis of nucleotides. Some of these proteins were proved to be important pathogenic factors during the infection of mycoplasms. In this study, the protein Mhp597 from M. hyopneumoniae was expressed and purified in Escherichia coli. Analysis of nuclease activity showed that recombinant Mhp597 (rMhp597) was a Ca2+ or Mg2+ dependent thermostable nuclease with very high activity and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induced by M. hyopneumoniae were completely degraded by this nuclease. In addition, when PK15 cells were incubated with different concentrations of rMhp597, their viability was reduced and cell apoptosis was observed in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate the host immune system response, we report that rMhp597 up-regulated the exression of inflammatory genes showing that TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway was involved. On the other hand, rMhp597 down-regulated the expression of type I IFN (IFN-α/β) and promoted the multiplication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Recombinant rMhp597δ315-377 lacking C-terminal 63 amino acids exhibited all biological functions mentioned above except for nuclease activity. In summary, Mhp597 is a dynamic secreted nuclease involved in cytotoxicity, inflammation and immunosuppression.
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Inflammation and the chemical carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene: Partners in crime. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 774:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Wang J, Hu G, Lin Z, He L, Xu L, Zhang Y. Characteristic and functional analysis of a newly established porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110916. [PMID: 25337908 PMCID: PMC4206455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of intestine is continuously exposed to both potential pathogens and beneficial commensal microorganisms. Recent findings suggest that intestinal epithelial cells, which once considered as a simple physical barrier, are a crucial cell lineage necessary for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. Therefore, establishing a stable and reliable intestinal epithelial cell line for future research on the mucosal immune system is necessary. In the present study, we established a porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (ZYM-SIEC02) by introducing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene into small intestinal epithelial cells derived from a neonatal, unsuckled piglet. Morphological analysis revealed a homogeneous cobblestone-like morphology of the epithelial cell sheets. Ultrastructural indicated the presence of microvilli, tight junctions, and a glandular configuration typical of the small intestine. Furthermore, ZYM-SIEC02 cells expressed epithelial cell-specific markers including cytokeratin 18, pan-cytokeratin, sucrase-isomaltase, E-cadherin and ZO-1. Immortalized ZYM-SIEC02 cells remained diploid and were not transformed. In addition, we also examined the host cell response to Salmonella and LPS and verified the enhanced expression of mRNAs encoding IL-8 and TNF-α by infection with Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Results showed that IL-8 protein expression were upregulated following Salmonella invasion. TLR4, TLR6 and IL-6 mRNA expression were upregulated following stimulation with LPS, ZYM-SIEC02 cells were hyporeponsive to LPS with respect to IL-8 mRNA expression and secretion. TNFα mRNA levels were significantly decreased after LPS stimulation and TNF-α secretion were not detected challenged with S. Typhimurium neither nor LPS. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that ZYM-SIEC02 cells retained the morphological and functional characteristics typical of primary swine intestinal epithelial cells and thus provide a relevant in vitro model system for future studies on porcine small intestinal pathogen-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangdong Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Yin F, Farzan A, Wang Q(C, Yu H, Yin Y, Hou Y, Friendship R, Gong J. Reduction ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium DT104 Infection in Experimentally Challenged Weaned Pigs Fed aLactobacillus-Fermented Feed. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:628-34. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fugui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qi (Chuck) Wang
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hai Yu
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Kritas S, Saggini A, Cerulli G, Speziali A, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Pantalone A, Rosati M, Tei M, Saggini R, Conti P. Asthma and Mast Cell Biology. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung and its pathophysiology is initiated by mast cell activation in response to the antigen binding to IgE receptor as well as by TH2 cell activation. Mast cells are well established effector cells in asthma where they exacerbate the inflammatory response, playing a key role in early phase, degranulating and increasing histamine. Human mast cells possess high affinity IgE receptors and are ubiquitous but predominantly localized in mucosal and connective tissue and are distributed along blood vessels. There are two types of mast cells: connective tissue mast cells (TC) and mucosal mast cells (T mast cells). TC mast cells contain more heparin, whereas T mast cells contain more chondroitin sulfate. In asthma, mast cell activation can trigger degranulation, releasing secretory granule complex and preformed mediators, such as histamine and proteases, along with the synthesis of leukotrines and prostaglandins, and induction of cytokines and chemokines. Leukotrine inhibitors and omalizumab, which inhibits IgE, both relieve the asthma exacerbation when administered to humans and permit to reduce the use of other drugs. The release of cytokines by mast cells, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-33, participate in the pathogenesis of asthma. Stress worsens asthma, and this effect is also mediated by mast cell activation through the release of cytokines. Administration of IL-33 in experimental animals provokes pathological effects in the mucosal tissues and augments antibody IgE and IgA in blood vessels. Here, we report the impact of mast cell biology in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - A. Saggini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Cerulli
- Nicola's Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | | | - A. Caraffa
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Antinolfi
- Orthopedic Division, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Pantalone
- Orthopedic Division, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - M. Rosati
- Gynecology Clinic, Pescara Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - M. Tei
- Nicola's Foundation, Onlus, Arezzo, Italy
| | - R. Saggini
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, G. d'Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - P. Conti
- Immunology Division, Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Flagellin from recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium reveals a fundamental role in chicken innate immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:304-12. [PMID: 22237893 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05569-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been extensively studied, with a focus on eliciting specific immune responses against foreign antigens. However, very little is known about the innate immune responses, particularly the role of flagellin, in the induction of innate immunity triggered by recombinant attenuated Salmonella in chickens. In the present report, we describe two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strains, wild-type (WT) or flagellin-deficient (flhD) Salmonella, both expressing the fusion protein (F) gene of Newcastle disease virus. We examined the bacterial load and spatiotemporal kinetics of expression of inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) genes in the cecum, spleen, liver, and heterophils following oral immunization of chickens with the two Salmonella strains. The flhD mutant exhibited an enhanced ability to establish systemic infection compared to the WT. In contrast, the WT strain induced higher levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), CXCLi2, and TLR5 mRNAs in cecum, the spleen, and the heterophils than the flhD mutant at different times postinfection. Collectively, the present data reveal a fundamental role of flagellin in the innate immune responses induced by recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines in chickens that should be considered for the rational design of novel vaccines for poultry.
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Chen ZW, Chien MS, Chang NY, Chen TH, Wu CM, Huang C, Lee WC, Hsuan SL. Mechanisms underlying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI induced expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in porcine alveolar macrophages. Vet Res 2011; 42:25. [PMID: 21314908 PMCID: PMC3041667 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) causes fibrino-hemorrhagic necrotizing pleuropneumonia in pigs. Production of proinflammatory mediators in the lungs is an important feature of A. pleuropneumoniae infection. However, bacterial components other than lipopolysaccharide involved in this process remain unidentified. The goals of this study were to determine the role of A. pleuropneumoniae exotoxin ApxI in cytokine induction and to delineate the underlying mechanisms. Using real-time quantitative PCR analysis, we found native ApxI stimulated porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to transcribe mRNAs of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Heat-inactivation or pre-incubation of ApxI with a neutralizing antiserum attenuated ApxI bioactivity to induce cytokine gene expression. The secretion of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α protein from PAMs stimulated with ApxI was also confirmed by quantitative ELISA. In delineating the underlying signaling pathways contributing to cytokine expression, we observed mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) were activated upon ApxI stimulation. Administration of an inhibitor specific to p38 or JNK resulted in varying degrees of attenuation on ApxI-induced cytokine expression, suggesting the differential regulatory roles of p38 and JNK in IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α production. Further, pre-incubation of PAMs with a CD18-blocking antibody prior to ApxI stimulation significantly reduced the activation of p38 and JNK, and subsequent expression of IL-1β, IL-8 or TNF-α gene, indicating a pivotal role of β2 integrins in the ApxI-mediated effect. Collectively, this study demonstrated ApxI induces gene expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α in PAMs that involves β2 integrins and downstream MAPKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Weng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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12
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Burkey TE, Skjolaas KA, Dritz SS, Minton JE. Expression of porcine Toll-like receptor 2, 4 and 9 gene transcripts in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Choleraesuis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:96-101. [PMID: 19200608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Choleraesuis (SC) are among the most frequently isolated salmonellae serovars causing enteric disease in swine. Enteric disease in young pigs is of major concern in modern production systems due to the negative implications on animal health, food safety and economic return. Epithelial cells express Toll-like receptors (TLR) that recognize conserved microbial structures and act as mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, little is known about the expression of TLR gene transcripts in swine. The objective of the current study was to characterize the relative abundance of porcine TLR2, 4 and 9 gene transcripts in vitro in a porcine jejunal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) and in porcine mononuclear phagocytes (pMP) in the presence of ST or SC, as well as in vivo in the distal ileum of pigs orally challenged with ST. Our results indicate that TLR2, 4 and 9 are constitutively expressed in vitro in IPEC-J2 cells and pMP and in vivo in the distal ileum. Additionally, transient modulation of porcine TLR was observed in vitro and in vivo in the presence of ST and SC. Further investigation is warranted to determine the effects of ST and SC on functional TLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Burkey
- Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, C206F Animal Science, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D, Van Immerseel F, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs: a closer look at epidemiology, pathogenesis and control. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:1-19. [PMID: 18243591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated pork is an important source of Salmonella infections in humans. The increasing multiple antimicrobial resistance associated with pork-related serotypes such as Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby may become a serious human health hazard in the near future. Governments try to anticipate the issue of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pork by starting monitoring programmes and coordinating control measures worldwide. A thorough knowledge of how these serotypes interact with the porcine host should form the basis for the development and optimisation of these monitoring and control programmes. During recent years, many researchers have focussed on different aspects of the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs. The present manuscript reviews the importance of pigs and pork as a source for salmonellosis in humans and discusses commonly accepted and recent insights in the pathogenesis of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in pigs, with emphasis on Salmonella Typhimurium, and to relate this knowledge to possible control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Volf J, Boyen F, Faldyna M, Pavlova B, Navratilova J, Rychlik I. Cytokine response of porcine cell lines to Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and its hilA and ssrA mutants. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:286-93. [PMID: 17894638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a facultative intracellular bacterium which can infect and colonize pigs. After contact with enterocytes and macrophages, S. Typhimurium induces production of cytokines thus triggering the innate immune response. In this study we evaluated the cytokine response of two porcine cell lines, IPI-2I and 3D4/31, of epithelial or macrophage origins, respectively, to the wild-type S. Typhimurium and its hilA and ssrA mutants. We observed that the 3D4/31 cell line essentially did not respond to S. Typhimurium infection when a medium with foetal calf serum was used. However when the 3D4 cell line was incubated overnight in the presence of porcine serum, it efficiently responded to the wild-type strain and the ssrA mutant but not to the noninvasive hilA mutant as measured by mRNA quantification of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and GM-CSF by the real-time RT-PCR. In IPI-2I, all the cytokines were also induced by the wild-type S. Typhimurium and the ssrA mutant although the induction of TNF-alpha was lower than that induced by the wild-type strain. The hilA mutant was unable to induce any of the cytokines tested. The ssrA mutant can therefore be considered as more suitable for further vaccine development as the stimulation of innate immune response is important for animal protection against a challenge with virulent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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The relationship of mucosal bacteria to duodenal histopathology, cytokine mRNA, and clinical disease activity in cats with inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Microbiol 2007; 128:178-93. [PMID: 18054447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the term applied to a group of poorly understood enteropathies that are considered a consequence of uncontrolled intestinal inflammation in response to a combination of elusive environmental, enteric microbial, and immunoregulatory factors in genetically susceptible cats. The present study sought to examine the relationship of mucosal bacteria to intestinal inflammation and clinical disease activity in cats with inflammatory bowel disease. Duodenal biopsies were collected from 27 cats: 17 undergoing diagnostic investigation of signs of gastrointestinal disease, and 10 healthy controls. Subjective duodenal histopathology ranged from normal (10), through mild (6), moderate (8), and severe (3) IBD. The number and spatial distribution of mucosal bacteria was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes to 16S rDNA. Mucosal inflammation was evaluated by objective histopathology and cytokine profiles of duodenal biopsies. The number of mucosa-associated Enterobacteriaceae was higher in cats with signs of gastrointestinal disease than healthy cats (P<0.001). Total numbers of mucosal bacteria were strongly associated with changes in mucosal architecture (P<0.001) and the density of cellular infiltrates, particularly macrophages (P<0.002) and CD3(+)lymphocytes (P<0.05). The number of Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and Clostridium spp. correlated with abnormalities in mucosal architecture (principally atrophy and fusion), upregulation of cytokine mRNA (particularly IL-1, -8 and -12), and the number of clinical signs exhibited by the affected cats. These data establish that the density and composition of the mucosal flora is related to the presence and severity of intestinal inflammation in cats and suggest that mucosal bacteria are involved in the etiopathogenesis of feline IBD.
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Johannisson A, Jonasson R, Dernfalk J, Jensen-Waern M. Simultaneous detection of porcine proinflammatory cytokines using multiplex flow cytometry by the xMAP technology. Cytometry A 2006; 69:391-5. [PMID: 16604540 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiplex flow cytometry is in widespread use for detection of cytokines in human samples. However, no report on the measurement of porcine cytokines using this method has previously been published. We report on the detection of the porcine proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-8, and IL-1beta by the xMap-assay for multiplex flow cytometry. METHODS Commercially available antibodies to porcine cytokines were used as capture antibodies by attaching them to goat anti-mouse IgG coated microspheres with different fluorescent signatures. By the use of biotinylated detection antibodies and SAv-PE the amount of cytokines bound to the spheres were measured. Experiments were performed to determine the limits of detection and the amount of crossreactivity in buffer, serum, and plasma, using spiking with recombinant porcine cytokines. RESULTS The limit of detection ranged from 0.18 to 12 ng/ml. Generally, the detection limit was higher in serum and plasma, than in buffer. No crossreactivity between reagents was found. CONCLUSIONS Porcine proinflammatory cytokines can be detected utilizing this method with satisfactory detection limits, and no crossreaction between the reagents involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johannisson
- Unit of cell analysis, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Boyen F, Pasmans F, Donné E, Van Immerseel F, Adriaensen C, Hernalsteens JP, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. Role of SPI-1 in the interactions of Salmonella Typhimurium with porcine macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2005; 113:35-44. [PMID: 16310983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) genes are indispensable for virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium in mice after oral challenge. These genes mediate invasion in intestinal epithelial cells and induce cell death in murine macrophages. The role of SPI-1 in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium infections in food producing animals is not known. It was the aim of the present study to characterize the interactions of a porcine Salmonella Typhimurium field strain and its isogenic mutants in the SPI-1 genes hilA, sipA and sipB with porcine macrophages. SPI-1 was found to be important in the invasion of porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and the induction of the formation of spacious phagosomes. Both early and delayed cytotoxicity were seen in PAM, but only the early cytotoxicity was SPI-1 dependent. Exposure of PAM to Salmonella Typhimurium induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin-8, but no differences were noticed between the induction mediated by the wild type strain and its SPI-1 mutant strains. In conclusion, invasion of porcine macrophages and the induction of early, but not delayed, cytotoxicity by Salmonella Typhimurium is SPI-1 dependent. SPI-1 dependent invasion, however, is not a prerequisite to induce a pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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