1
|
Ambhore NS, Balraj P, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Sathish V. Estrogen receptors differentially modifies lamellipodial and focal adhesion dynamics in airway smooth muscle cell migration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 579:112087. [PMID: 37827228 PMCID: PMC10842142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Sex-steroid signaling, especially estrogen, has a paradoxical impact on regulating airway remodeling. In our previous studies, we demonstrated differential effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) towards estrogen receptors (ERs: α and β) in regulating airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. However, the role of ERs and their signaling on ASM migration is still unexplored. In this study, we examined how ERα versus ERβ affects the mitogen (Platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF)-induced human ASM cell migration as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. We used Lionheart-FX automated microscopy and transwell assays to measure cell migration and found that activating specific ERs had differential effects on PDGF-induced ASM cell migration. Pharmacological activation of ERβ or shRNA mediated knockdown of ERα and specific activation of ERβ blunted PDGF-induced cell migration. Furthermore, specific ERβ activation showed inhibition of actin polymerization by reducing the F/G-actin ratio. Using Zeiss confocal microscopy coupled with three-dimensional algorithmic ZEN-image analysis showed an ERβ-mediated reduction in PDGF-induced expressions of neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and actin-related proteins-2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, thereby inhibiting actin-branching and lamellipodia. In addition, ERβ activation also reduces the clustering of actin-binding proteins (vinculin and paxillin) at the leading edge of ASM cells. However, cells treated with E2 or ERα agonists do not show significant changes in actin/lamellipodial dynamics. Overall, these findings unveil the significance of ERβ activation in regulating lamellipodial and focal adhesion dynamics to regulate ASM cell migration and could be a novel target to blunt airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Premanand Balraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao H, Duan L. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates connective tissue growth factor expression in myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211015586. [PMID: 34082585 PMCID: PMC8182188 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211015586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate regulation of the cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway on connective tissue
growth factor (CTGF) during myocardial fibrosis (MF) in mice
after myocardial infarction (MI). Methods An MI mouse model was established and cardiac function indices were
detected by ultrasound. Quantitative reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to
determine CTGF and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)
cardiac expression. Mouse cardiac fibroblasts (MCFs) were used
to study the mechanism of MF after MI. Results Cardiac function indices were lower after MI. Cardiac function
indices were better in the MI + meglumine adenosine
cyclophosphate (MAC) group than in the MI group, and CTGF
expression in the MI + MAC group was downregulated. TGF-β1
expression was not different among the MI groups. Forskolin
increased intracellular cAMP levels and inhibited CTGF
expression in MCFs. Expression of p44/42 mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) was significantly lower in the
TGF-β1 + forskolin group than in the TGF-β1 group, while protein
kinase A was significantly upregulated. CTGF expression was
significantly lower in the TGF-β1 + forskolin + PD98509 group
than in the TGF-β1 + forskolin group. Conclusions This study shows that cAMP upregulates protein kinase A expression
through the p44/42MAPK signaling pathway and decreases
p44/42MAPK phosphorylation levels, inhibiting CTGF
expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Function, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Linan Duan
- The First Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ambhore NS, Kalidhindi RSR, Pabelick CM, Hawse JR, Prakash YS, Sathish V. Differential estrogen-receptor activation regulates extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle remodeling via NF-κB pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:13935-13950. [PMID: 31638834 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901340r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in airways are characteristic features of remodeling in asthma. Increased ECM production modulates ASM cell proliferation and leads to airway remodeling. Our previous studies showed that ASM from patients with asthma exhibited increased expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-β, which upon activation down-regulated ASM proliferation, implicating an important role for estrogen signaling in airway physiology. There is no current information on the effect of differential ER activation on ECM production. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ER-α vs. ER-β activation on ECM production, deposition, and underlying pathways. Primary human ASM cells isolated from asthmatics and nonasthmatics were treated with E2, an ER-α agonist [propylpyrazoletriol (PPT)], and an ER-β agonist [WAY-200070 (WAY)] with TNF-α or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) followed by evaluation of ECM production and deposition. Expression of proteins and genes corresponding to ECM were measured using Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR with subsequent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Molecular mechanisms of ER activation in regulating ECM were evaluated by luciferase reporter assays for activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-κB. TNF-α or PDGF significantly (P < 0.001) increased ECM deposition and MMP activity in human ASM cells, which was significantly reduced with WAY treatment but not with PPT. Furthermore, TNF-α- or PDGF-induced ECM gene expression in ASM cells was significantly reduced with WAY (P < 0.001). Moreover, WAY significantly down-regulated the activation of NF-κB (P < 0.001) and AP-1 (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in ASM cells from asthmatics and nonasthmatics. Overall, we demonstrate differential ER signaling in controlling ECM production and deposition. Activation of ER-β diminishes ECM deposition via suppressing the NF-κB pathway activity and might serve as a novel target to blunt airway remodeling.-Ambhore, N. S., Kalidhindi, R. S. R., Pabelick, C. M., Hawse, J. R., Prakash, Y. S., Sathish, V. Differential estrogen-receptor activation regulates extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle remodeling via NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Sudhakar Ambhore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | | | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao W, Cai L, Xu X, Fan J, Xue X, Yan X, Qu Q, Wang X, Zhang C, Wu G. Anti-CTGF single-chain variable fragment dimers inhibit human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation by down-regulating p-Akt and p-mTOR levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113980. [PMID: 25478966 PMCID: PMC4257608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) contributes to airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell hyperplasia in asthma. Humanized single-chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) was well characterized as a CTGF antagonist in the differentiation of fibroblast into myofibroblast and pulmonary fibrosis in our previous studies. To further improve the bioactivity of scFv, we constructed a plasmid to express scFv-linker-matrilin-6×His fusion proteins that could self-assemble into the scFv dimers by disulfide bonds in matrilin under non-reducing conditions. An immunoreactivity assay demonstrated that the scFv dimer could highly bind to CTGF in a concentration-dependent manner. The MTT and EdU assay results revealed that CTGF (≥10 ng/mL) promoted the proliferation of ASM cells, and this effect was inhibited when the cells were treated with anti-CTGF scFv dimer. The western blot analysis results showed that increased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR induced by CTGF could be suppressed by this scFv dimer. Based on these findings, anti-CTGF scFv dimer may be a potential agent for the prevention of airway remodeling in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liting Cai
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Department of Biological engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juxiang Fan
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiulei Xue
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuejiao Yan
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qinrong Qu
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xihua Wang
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kato M, Fujisawa T, Hashimoto D, Kono M, Enomoto N, Nakamura Y, Inui N, Hamada E, Miyazaki O, Kurashita S, Maekawa M, Suda T. Plasma connective tissue growth factor levels as potential biomarkers of airway obstruction in patients with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:295-300. [PMID: 24973271 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and airflow limitation. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), one of the key profibrotic factors associated with transforming growth factor β, may be related to airway remodeling in asthma. However, no data are available on the association between plasma CTGF levels and clinical and physiologic parameters in patients with asthma. Recently, we developed a novel subtraction method for determination of plasma CTGF levels. OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of plasma CTGF level as a surrogate biomarker in asthma. METHODS Plasma CTGF levels were measured in 67 patients with stable asthma and 81 healthy volunteers, using the subtraction method. We evaluated correlations between plasma CTGF levels and clinical and physiologic parameters in patients with asthma. RESULTS Plasma CTGF levels were higher in patients with asthma than in healthy volunteers. Asthmatic patients with a percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) less than 80% had significantly higher levels of plasma CTGF than those with a percentage of predicted FEV1 of 80% or more. In patients with asthma, plasma CTGF levels had significantly negative correlations with forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1, percentage of predicted FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, forced expiratory flow at 50% of the FVC (FEF50%), percentage of predicted FEF50%, forced expiratory flow at 75% of the FVC (FEF75%), and percentage of predicted FEF75%, parameters that reflect the degree of airway obstruction. Plasma CTGF levels were negatively correlated with Asthma Control Test scores, a patient-based index of clinical control of asthma. CONCLUSION Plasma CTGF may be a potential biomarker for stable asthma when evaluating the degree of persistent airway obstruction. TRIAL REGISTRATION umin.ac.jp/ctr Identifier: UMIN000013081.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kato
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujisawa
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Dai Hashimoto
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Kono
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Enomoto
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yutaro Nakamura
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoki Inui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Etsuko Hamada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Osamu Miyazaki
- Tsukuba Research Institute, Research & Development Division, Sekisui Medical Company Ltd, Ryugasaki, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Kurashita
- Diagnostic Products Development Department, Research & Development Division, Sekisui Medical Company Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Maekawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suda
- Second Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Laug R, Fehrholz M, Schütze N, Kramer BW, Krump-Konvalinkova V, Speer CP, Kunzmann S. IFN-γ and TNF-α synergize to inhibit CTGF expression in human lung endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45430. [PMID: 23029004 PMCID: PMC3447888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is an angiogenetic and profibrotic factor, acting downstream of TGF-β, involved in both airway- and vascular remodeling. While the T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is well characterized as immune-modulatory and anti-fibrotic cytokine, the role of IFN-γ in lung endothelial cells (LEC) is less defined. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is another mediator that drives vascular remodeling in inflammation by influencing CTGF expression. In the present study we investigated the influence of IFN-γ and TNF-α on CTGF expression in human LEC (HPMEC-ST1.6R) and the effect of CTGF knock down on human LEC. IFN-γ and TNF-α down-regulated CTGF in human LEC at the promoter-, transcriptional- and translational-level in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on CTGF-expression could be almost completely compensated by the Jak inhibitor AG-490, showing the involvement of the Jak-Stat signaling pathway. Besides the inhibitory effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α alone on CTGF expression and LEC proliferation, these cytokines had an additive inhibitory effect on proliferation as well as on CTGF expression when administered together. To study the functional role of CTGF in LEC, endogenous CTGF expression was down-regulated by a lentiviral system. CTGF silencing in LEC by transduction of CTGF shRNA reduced cell proliferation, but did not influence the anti-proliferative effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that CTGF was negatively regulated by IFN-γ in LEC in a Jak/Stat signaling pathway-dependent manner. In addition, an additive effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α on inhibition of CTGF expression and cell proliferation could be found. The inverse correlation between IFN-γ and CTGF expression in LEC could mean that screwing the Th2 response to a Th1 response with an additional IFN-γ production might be beneficial to avoid airway remodeling in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roderich Laug
- Orthopedic Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Molecular Orthopedics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arnott JA, Lambi AG, Mundy C, Hendesi H, Pixley RA, Owen TA, Safadi FF, Popoff SN. The role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in skeletogenesis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2012; 21:43-69. [PMID: 21967332 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v21.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 38 kDa, cysteine rich, extracellular matrix protein composed of 4 domains or modules. CTGF has been shown to regulate a diverse array of cellular functions and has been implicated in more complex biological processes such as angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. A role for CTGF in the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues first came to light in studies demonstrating its expression in cartilage and bone cells, which was dramatically increased during skeletal repair or regeneration. The physiological significance of CTGF in skeletogenesis was confirmed in CTGF-null mice, which exhibited multiple skeletal dysmorphisms as a result of impaired growth plate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and bone formation/mineralization. Given the emerging importance of CTGF in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, this review will focus on its expression in skeletal tissues, its effects on osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and function, and the skeletal implications of ablation or over-expression of CTGF in knockout or transgenic mouse models, respectively. In addition, this review will examine the role of integrin-mediated signaling and the regulation of CTGF expression as it relates to skeletogenesis. We will emphasize CTGF studies in bone or bone cells, and will identify opportunities for future investigations concerning CTGF and chondrogenesis/osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Arnott
- Basic Sciences Department, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a central feature of asthma. It is exemplified by thickening of the lamina reticularis and structural changes to the epithelium, submucosa, smooth muscle, and vasculature of the airway wall. Airway remodeling may result from persistent airway inflammation. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an important mediator of allergic reactions and has a central role in airway inflammation and asthma-related symptoms. Anti-IgE therapies (such as omalizumab) have the potential to block an early step in the allergic cascade and therefore have the potential to reduce airway remodeling. The reduction in free IgE levels following anti-IgE therapy leads to reductions in high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expression on mast cells, basophils, and dendritic cells. This combined effect results in attenuation of several markers of inflammation, including peripheral and bronchial tissue eosinophilia and levels of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Considering the previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of anti-IgE therapy, along with results from a small study showing continued benefit after discontinuation of long-term treatment, a larger study to assess its effect on markers of airway remodeling is underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Rabe
- Department of Medicine, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany and Krankenhaus Grosshansdorf, Center for Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery, Wöhrendamm 80, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Extracellular acidification induces connective tissue growth factor production through proton-sensing receptor OGR1 in human airway smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:499-503. [PMID: 21907704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness and remodeling. Extracellular acidification is known to be associated with severe asthma; however, the role of extracellular acidification in airway remodeling remains elusive. In the present study, the effects of acidification on the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a critical factor involved in the formation of extracellular matrix proteins and hence airway remodeling, were examined in human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Acidic pH alone induced a substantial production of CTGF, and enhanced transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced CTGF mRNA and protein expression. The extracellular acidic pH-induced effects were inhibited by knockdown of a proton-sensing ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor (OGR1) with its specific small interfering RNA and by addition of the G(q/11) protein-specific inhibitor, YM-254890, or the inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor antagonist, 2-APB. In conclusion, extracellular acidification induces CTGF production through the OGR1/G(q/11) protein and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in human ASMCs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mamber SW, Gurel V, Rhodes RG, McMichael J. Effects of streptolysin o on extracellular matrix gene expression in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Dose Response 2011; 9:554-78. [PMID: 22461761 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-050.mamber] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ML-05 is a non-hemolytic form of streptolysin O, the membrane-damaging extracellular toxin produced by certain streptococci. ML-05 stimulates keratinocyte migration and proliferation in wound-healing scratch assays and promotes wound healing in a human skin organ culture wound model. Pathway-focused DNA microarrays were used to elucidate ML-05's mechanism of action in wound healing processes. Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) were treated with varying concentrations of ML-05 for 24 hours, followed by RNA extraction and cRNA production. Gene expression profiling utilized microarrays containing nucleic acid probes for 113 extracellular matrix (ECM) genes. Microarrays yielded 6 upregulated and 4 downregulated genes with ≥2-fold changes and p<0.05 in t-tests. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) were used to verify gene regulation. Upregulated genes of interest were VCAN (formerly CSPG2, encoding versican), CD44 (encoding hyaluronan receptor), ICAM1 (encoding intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and CTGF (encoding connective tissue growth factor). All four upregulated genes encode proteins involved in promoting keratinocyte migration and proliferation. Downregulated genes of interest were MMP9 (encoding matrix metalloproteinase 9) and SPP1 (encoding osteopontin). ML-05 may enhance wound healing through the expression of specific genes encoding proteins capable of promoting keratinocyte migration, proliferation, and other activities related to maintaining ECM structure and function.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pegorier S, Campbell GA, Kay AB, Lloyd CM. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4 and BMP-7 regulate differentially transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). Respir Res 2010; 11:85. [PMID: 20573231 PMCID: PMC2898775 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Airway remodelling is thought to be under the control of a complex group of molecules belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-superfamily. The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) belong to this family and have been shown to regulate fibrosis in kidney and liver diseases. However, the role of BMPs in lung remodelling remains unclear. BMPs may regulate tissue remodelling in asthma by controlling TGF-β-induced profibrotic functions in lung fibroblasts. Methods Cell cultures were exposed to TGF-β1 alone or in the presence of BMP-4 or BMP-7; control cultures were exposed to medium only. Cell proliferation was assessed by quantification of the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine. The expression of the mRNA encoding collagen type I and IV, tenascin C and fibronectin in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and the main results were confirmed by ELISA. Cell differentiation was determined by the analysis of the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The effect on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity was assessed by zymography. Results We have demonstrated TGF-β1 induced upregulation of mRNAs encoding the extracellular matrix proteins, tenascin C, fibronectin and collagen type I and IV when compared to unstimulated NHLF, and confirmed these results at the protein level. BMP-4, but not BMP-7, reduced TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix protein production. TGF-β1 induced an increase in the activity of the pro-form of MMP-2 which was inhibited by BMP-7 but not BMP-4. Both BMP-4 and BMP-7 downregulated TGF-β1-induced MMP-13 release compared to untreated and TGF-β1-treated cells. TGF-β1 also induced a myofibroblast-like transformation which was partially inhibited by BMP-7 but not BMP-4. Conclusions Our study suggests that some regulatory properties of BMP-7 may be tissue or cell type specific and unveil a potential regulatory role for BMP-4 in the regulation of lung fibroblast function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pegorier
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Székely JI, Pataki A. Recent findings on the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 96:385-405. [PMID: 19942547 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.96.2009.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the first part of this series of papers (Székely and Pataki, 102) the pathogenesis of asthma was approached as a pathological antigen-antibody complex induced vago-vagal axon reflex. In the next part (103) the contribution of individual hormonal predisposition, the environmental and the most frequent allergizing factors have been reviewed. In the first section of this last (third) part of the review the genetic factors contributing to the asthma are surveyed. In this field a great progress has been made during the last decade, a lot of genes have been pinpointed which contribute to the heredity of the disease. In the second section of this last paper on the etiology of asthma an attempt is made to summarize the previously reviewed data and some new ones. Actually a new hypothesis is proposed that beyond the multitude of genetic, environmental and hormonal factors the underlying biochemical mechanism is simple: the disequilibrium of two functionally opposing second messenger systems in the airways: the Ca i ++ liberating PLC-PKC cascade and the Ca i ++ level reducing cAMP mediated one with preponderance of the former.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Székely
- Human Physiology Department, Medical School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yu F, Chou CW, Chen CC. TNF-α suppressed TGF-β-induced CTGF expression by switching the binding preference of p300 from Smad4 to p65. Cell Signal 2009; 21:867-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Cicha I, Goppelt-Struebe M. Connective tissue growth factor: context-dependent functions and mechanisms of regulation. Biofactors 2009; 35:200-8. [PMID: 19449449 DOI: 10.1002/biof.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) is a secreted matricellular protein, the functions of which depend on the interactions with other molecules in the microcellular environment. As an example of context-dependent activity of CTGF, this review will outline different aspects of CTGF function in relation to angiogenesis. CTGF is barely expressed in normal adult tissue, but is strongly upregulated in fibrotic tissue and is also increased during development, in wound healing, or in certain types of cancer. Accordingly, gene expression of CTGF is tightly regulated. To highlight the complexity of the regulation of CTGF gene expression, we discuss here the mechanisms involved in CTGF regulation by TGFbeta in different cell types, and the mechanisms related to CTGF gene expression in cells exposed to mechanical forces. Finally, we will touch upon novel aspects of epigenetic regulation of CTGF gene expression. (c) 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shin JH, Shim JW, Kim DS, Shim JY. TGF-beta effects on airway smooth muscle cell proliferation, VEGF release and signal transduction pathways. Respirology 2009; 14:347-53. [PMID: 19192227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell hyperplasia is a key feature of airway remodelling. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) are key components in signal transduction associated with cell proliferation; MAPK consists of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38MAPK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). The effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta on the proliferation of ASM cells, the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by ASM cells and relevant signal transduction pathways were investigated. METHODS ASM cells were growth-arrested for 48 h then stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-beta and dexamethasone. ASM cells were also treated with specific inhibitors of MAPK (PD98059), PI3K (wortmannin) and JNK (SP600125). Cell proliferation and VEGF concentrations were measured. RESULTS TGF-beta neither augmented ASM cell proliferation nor showed a synergistic effect on PDGF-mediated ASM cell proliferation. Dexamethasone did not suppress ASM cell proliferation. VEGF release was augmented by TGF-beta stimulation in a time-dependent manner, and was further enhanced by co-stimulation with PDGF and TGF-beta. Dexamethasone suppressed VEGF release significantly. TGF-beta enhanced PI3K phosphorylation, while PDGF augmented both ERK and PI3K phosphorylation. Wortmannin inhibited both TGF-beta- and PDGF-stimulated VEGF release. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta may facilitate airway remodelling by promoting VEGF release through the PI3K pathway, rather than via ASM cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwa Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ono A, Utsugi M, Masubuchi K, Ishizuka T, Kawata T, Shimizu Y, Hisada T, Hamuro J, Mori M, Dobashi K. Glutathione redox regulates TGF-beta-induced fibrogenic effects through Smad3 activation. FEBS Lett 2008; 583:357-62. [PMID: 19101551 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a pivotal role in the fibrogenic action involved in the induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), extracellular matrix and fibroblast transformation. Smad3 mediates TGF-beta signaling related to the fibrotic response. In human lung fibroblasts or bronchial smooth muscle cells, we demonstrated that an increase in the intracellular glutathione level suppressed TGF-beta1-induced phosphorylation of Smad3, while inhibiting TGF-beta1-induced expressions of CTGF, collagen type1, fibronectin and transformation into myofibroblasts, which are characterized by the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin. These data indicate that the intracellular glutathione redox status regulates TGF-beta-induced fibrogenic effects through Smad3 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ono
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15, Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vroling AB, Jonker MJ, Breit TM, Fokkens WJ, van Drunen CM. Comparison of expression profiles induced by dust mite in airway epithelia reveals a common pathway. Allergy 2008; 63:461-7. [PMID: 18315734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells have shown to be active participants in the defense against pathogens by producing signaling and other regulatory molecules in response to the encounter. METHODS In previous manuscripts, we have studied the effect of house dust mite (HDM) extract on both an epithelial cell-line (H292) and primary nasal epithelial cell. When we compare these responses we conclude that the H292 cells more closely resemble nasal epithelium of healthy controls (share 107 probe-sets) than of allergic individuals (share 17 probe-sets). RESULTS Interestingly, probably because of an absent intraindividual variation between samples, more probe-sets (8280) change expression significantly in H292 than in either healthy (555) or allergic (401) epithelium. CONCLUSIONS A direct comparison of all the responses in these epithelial cells reveals a core-response to HDM of just 29 genes. These genes (CCL20, IL-8, CXCL2, CXCL1, IL-1B, AREG, TNFAIP3, HBEGF, PTGS2, BMP2, LDLR, PLAUR, PLAU, NFKB2, NFKB1, JUN, ATF3, EGR1, NPC1, TICAM1, EPHA2, CTGF, DUSP1, SPRY1, TLR-3, complement factor C3, IVNS1ABP, SerpinB3, and PSAT1) have described links with allergy or inflammation and may even describe the well-established relationship between viral infections and allergic exacerbations or allergy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Vroling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi-Wen X, Leask A, Abraham D. Regulation and function of connective tissue growth factor/CCN2 in tissue repair, scarring and fibrosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:133-44. [PMID: 18358427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shi-Wen
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hampstead Campus, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Min MG, Song DJ, Miller M, Cho JY, McElwain S, Ferguson P, Broide DH. Coexposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases levels of allergen-induced airway remodeling in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5321-8. [PMID: 17404317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can increase asthma symptoms and the frequency of asthma attacks. However, the contribution of ETS to airway remodeling in asthma is at present unknown. In this study, we have used a mouse model of allergen-induced airway remodeling to determine whether the combination of chronic exposure to ETS and chronic exposure to OVA allergen induces greater levels of airway remodeling than exposure to either chronic ETS or chronic OVA allergen alone. Mice exposed to chronic ETS alone did not develop significant eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway remodeling, or increased airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. In contrast, mice exposed to chronic OVA allergen had significantly increased levels of peribronchial fibrosis, increased thickening of the smooth muscle layer, increased mucus, and increased airway hyperreactivity which was significantly enhanced by coexposure to the combination of chronic ETS and chronic OVA allergen. Mice coexposed to chronic ETS and chronic OVA allergen had significantly increased levels of eotaxin-1 expression in airway epithelium which was associated with increased numbers of peribronchial eosinophils, as well as increased numbers of peribronchial cells expressing TGF-beta1. These studies suggest that chronic coexposure to ETS significantly increases levels of allergen-induced airway remodeling (in particular smooth muscle thickness) and airway responsiveness by up-regulating expression of chemokines such as eotaxin-1 in airway epithelium with resultant recruitment of cells expressing TGF-beta1 to the airway and enhanced airway remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Goo Min
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van den Brûle S, Heymans J, Havaux X, Renauld JC, Lison D, Huaux F, Denis O. Profibrotic effect of IL-9 overexpression in a model of airway remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:202-9. [PMID: 17446528 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0397oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9 overexpression protects against alveolar fibrosis induced by crystalline silica particles. This cytokine is also involved in allergic asthma. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL-9 overexpression on the subepithelial fibrotic response, a feature of asthmatic remodeling, induced by chronic exposure to Alternaria alternata extract. IL-9-overexpressing mice (Tg5) and their wild-type counterparts (FVB) were intranasally exposed to A. alternata extract or PBS (controls) twice a week during 3 mo. At the end of the allergic challenge, enhanced pause (Penh) measured in response to methacholine and fibrotic parameters, such as collagen and fibronectin lung content, were significantly higher in Tg5 compared with FVB. Staining of lung sections with Masson's Trichrome also showed more collagen fibers in peribronchial areas of treated Tg5 mice. A similar recruitment of inflammatory cells was observed in challenged FVB and Tg5 mice, except for eosinophils, which were significantly more abundant in the lung of Tg5. High serum levels of IgE and IgG1 in both strains indicated that FVB and Tg5 developed a strong type 2 immune response. The concentration of the eosinophil chemoattractant RANTES and the profibrotic mediator connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was higher in the BAL of challenged Tg5 than FVB. These results demonstrate a profibrotic role of IL-9 in an airway remodeling model, possibly involving eosinophils and CTGF. These data also highlight a dual role of IL-9 in lung fibrosis, being anti- or profibrotic depending on the alveolar or airway localization of the process, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybille van den Brûle
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 53.02, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kunzmann S, Schmidt-Weber C, Zingg JM, Azzi A, Kramer BW, Blaser K, Akdis CA, Speer CP. Connective tissue growth factor expression is regulated by histamine in lung fibroblasts: potential role of histamine in airway remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1398-407. [PMID: 17412405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 01/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the inflamed lung of allergic asthma, an aberrant injury-repair response is accompanied by structural changes in the airway, known as airway remodeling. TGF-beta and its downstream mediator connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are playing a key role in these processes, resulting in irreversible airway remodelling. OBJECTIVE As histamine is a key mediator of allergic reactions, we investigated whether histamine is involved in airway remodeling. METHODS The effect of histamine and TGF-beta1 on proliferation of lung fibroblast cells IMR-90 was studied by [(3)H]-thymidine proliferation assay. The regulation of CTGF by histamine and TGF-beta1 in lung fibroblasts was analyzed by RT-PCR, real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and promoter analysis and characterized by specific histamine-receptor antagonists. RESULTS Histamine and TGF-beta1 enhanced proliferation of lung fibroblast cells IMR-90. Both induced CTGF mRNA and protein expression with different time kinetics. Whereas TGF-beta1 induced maximal CTGF expression after 12 hours (347% +/- 23%), histamine-induced maximal CTGF expression was lower and delayed (maximum expression of 204% +/- 11% after 48 hours). Histamine and TGF-beta1 stimulated the CTGF promoter and the TGF-beta-response element in the CTGF promoter. The histamine-induced CTGF expression was mediated through the histamine receptor (HR1) and could be completely abolished by TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that histamine plays a potential role in the induction of airway remodeling mediated by the induction of lung fibroblasts proliferation and CTGF expression. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This mechanism could be important for prophylactic strategies aiming at airway remodeling and could be a new indication for antihistamine treatment.
Collapse
|