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Rouvroye MD, Bontkes HJ, Bol JGJM, Lissenberg-Witte B, Byrnes V, Bennani F, Jordanova ES, Wilhelmus MMM, Mulder CJ, van der Valk P, Rozemuller AJM, Bouma G, Van Dam AM. Cerebellar presence of immune cells in patients with neuro-coeliac disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:51. [PMID: 36966322 PMCID: PMC10040112 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although various neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with coeliac disease (CD), the underlying neuropathological link between these brain and gut diseases remains unclear. We postulated that the neuronal damage sporadically observed in CD patients is immune-mediated. Our aim was to determine if the loss of neurons, especially Purkinje cells, coincides with microglia activation and T- and B-cell infiltration in the cerebellum of patients with CD and a concomitant idiopathic neurological disease affecting the cerebellum (NeuroCD). Post-mortem cerebellar tissue was collected of validated NeuroCD cases. Gender- and age-matched genetic spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) controls and non-neurological controls (NNC) were selected based on clinical reports and pathological findings. Cerebellar tissue of seventeen patients was included (6 NeuroCD, 5 SCA, 6 NNC). In SCA cases we found that the Purkinje cell layer was 58.6% reduced in comparison with NNC. In NeuroCD cases this reduction was even more prominent with a median reduction of 81.3% compared to NNC. Marked increased numbers of both CD3+ and CD8+ cells were observed in the NeuroCD but not in SCA patients. This coincided with significantly more microglial reactivity in NeuroCD patients. These findings demonstrate that the massive loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of neuro CD patients is accompanied by local innate and T-cell mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine D Rouvroye
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Boerhavelaan 22, 2035 RC, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Medical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John G J M Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgit Lissenberg-Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie Byrnes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fadel Bennani
- Department of Pathology, Mayo University Hospital, National University of Ireland Galway Affiliated Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hampe CS, Mitoma H. A Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in the Cerebellum. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030328. [PMID: 35326284 PMCID: PMC8946792 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar dysfunction can be associated with ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria, nystagmus and cognitive deficits. While cerebellar dysfunction can be caused by vascular, traumatic, metabolic, genetic, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic events, the cerebellum is also a frequent target of autoimmune attacks. The underlying cause for this vulnerability is unclear, but it may be a result of region-specific differences in blood–brain barrier permeability, the high concentration of neurons in the cerebellum and the presence of autoantigens on Purkinje cells. An autoimmune response targeting the cerebellum—or any structure in the CNS—is typically accompanied by an influx of peripheral immune cells to the brain. Under healthy conditions, the brain is protected from the periphery by the blood–brain barrier, blood–CSF barrier, and blood–leptomeningeal barrier. Entry of immune cells to the brain for immune surveillance occurs only at the blood-CSF barrier and is strictly controlled. A breakdown in the barrier permeability allows peripheral immune cells uncontrolled access to the CNS. Often—particularly in infectious diseases—the autoimmune response develops because of molecular mimicry between the trigger and a host protein. In this review, we discuss the immune surveillance of the CNS in health and disease and also discuss specific examples of autoimmunity affecting the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S. Hampe
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-206-554-9181
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Department of Medical Education, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan;
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3
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The Neuropathology of Autoimmune Ataxias. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020257. [PMID: 35204019 PMCID: PMC8869941 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune-mediated ataxia has been associated with paraneoplastic disease, gluten enteropathy, Hashimoto thyroiditis as well as autoimmune disorders without a known associated disease. There have been relatively few reports describing the neuropathology of these conditions. This review is an attempt to consolidate those reports and determine the ways in which autoimmune ataxias can be neuropathologically differentiated from hereditary or other sporadic ataxias. In most instances, particularly in paraneoplastic forms, the presence of inflammatory infiltrates is a strong indicator of autoimmune disease, but it was not a consistent finding in all reported cases. Therefore, clinical and laboratory findings are important for assessing an autoimmune mechanism. Such factors as rapid rate of clinical progression, presence of known autoantibodies or the presence of a malignant neoplasm or other autoimmune disease processes need to be considered, particularly in cases where inflammatory changes are minimal or absent and the pathology is largely confined to the cerebellum and its connections, where the disease can mimic hereditary or other sporadic ataxias.
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4
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Rouvroye MD, Zis P, Van Dam AM, Rozemuller AJ, Bouma G, Hadjivassiliou M. The Neuropathology of Gluten-Related Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030822. [PMID: 32244870 PMCID: PMC7146117 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten-related neurological disorders (GRND) represent a spectrum of neurological manifestations that are triggered by gluten. In coeliac disease, a T-cell mediated enteropathy is triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. The underlying pathological mechanism of the neurological dysfunction is not yet clear. The aim of this review is to collate existing neuropathological findings in GRND as a means of aiding the understanding of the pathophysiology. A systematic search of the Pubmed Database yielded 188 articles, of which 32 were included, containing 98 eligible cases with a description of pathological findings in GRND. In gluten ataxia, loss of Purkinje cells, atrophy, gliosis and astrocytosis were apparent, as well as diffuse lymphocytic infiltration and perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes. In patients with large-fiber neuropathy, nerve biopsies revealed axonopathy, loss of myelinated fibers and focal and perivascular infiltration by inflammatory cells. Inflammatory infiltrate was also observed in muscle in myopathy and in cerebrum of patients with encephalopathy and patients with epilepsy. Such changes were not seen in skin biopsies from patients with small fiber neuropathies. The findings from this systematic review suggest an immune mediated pathogenesis for GRND. Future research should focus on the characterization of the inflammatory cell infiltrates and identifying target epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine D Rouvroye
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M research institute, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Panagiotis Zis
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AG&M research institute, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2JF South Yorkshire, UK;
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5
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Transglutaminase 6 antibodies are not yet mainstream in neuro-coeliac disease. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:96-97. [PMID: 29089264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Daulatzai MA. “Boomerang Neuropathology” of Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease is Shrouded in Harmful “BDDS”: Breathing, Diet, Drinking, and Sleep During Aging. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:55-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Kim YS, Sayers TJ, Colburn NH, Milner JA, Young HA. Impact of dietary components on NK and Treg cell function for cancer prevention. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:669-78. [PMID: 25845339 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An important characteristic of cancer is that the disease can overcome the surveillance of the immune system. A possible explanation for this resistance arises from the ability of tumor cells to block the tumoricidal activity of host immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells by inducing the localized accumulation of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Evidence exists that components in commonly consumed foods including vitamins A, D, and E, water-soluble constituents of mushrooms, polyphenolics in fruits and vegetables, and n-3 fatty acids in fish oil can modulate NK cell activities, Treg cell properties, and the interactions between those two cell types. Thus, it is extremely important for cancer prevention to understand the involvement of dietary components with the early stage dynamics of interactions among these immune cells. This review addresses the potential significance of diet in supporting the function of NK cells, Treg cells, and the balance between those two cell types, which ultimately results in decreased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Kim
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas J Sayers
- Frederick National Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Nancy H Colburn
- Frederick National Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John A Milner
- Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Howard A Young
- Frederick National Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
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Jackson J, Eaton W, Cascella N, Fasano A, Santora D, Sullivan K, Feldman S, Raley H, McMahon RP, Carpenter WT, Demyanovich H, Kelly DL. Gluten sensitivity and relationship to psychiatric symptoms in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:539-42. [PMID: 25311778 PMCID: PMC4476307 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between gluten sensitivity and schizophrenia has been of increasing interest and novel mechanisms explaining this relationship continue to be described. Our study in 100 people with schizophrenia compared to 100 matched controls replicates a higher prevalence of gluten sensitivity and higher mean antigliadin IgG antibody levels schizophrenia (2.9 ± 7.7 vs. 1.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.046, controlled for age). Additionally, we examined symptoms within the schizophrenia group and found that while positive symptoms are significantly lower in people who have elevated antigliadin antibodies (AGA; 4.11 ± 1.36 vs. 6.39 ± 2.99, p = 0.020), no robust clinical profile differentiates between positive and negative antibody groups. Thus, identifying people in schizophrenia who may benefit from a gluten-free diet remains possible by blood test only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jackson
- Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - William Eaton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicola Cascella
- Neuropsychiatry Program Sheppard Pratt Hospital, 6501 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21285, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, 175 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital East, 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Debby Santora
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kelli Sullivan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - Stephanie Feldman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - Heather Raley
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21223, USA
| | - Robert P McMahon
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - William T Carpenter
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - Haley Demyanovich
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - Deanna L Kelly
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
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9
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Neuroprotective role of liver growth factor "LGF" in an experimental model of cerebellar ataxia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19056-73. [PMID: 25338046 PMCID: PMC4227260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias (CA) comprise a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by a lack of motor coordination. They are caused by disturbances in the cerebellum and its associated circuitries, so the major therapeutic goal is to correct cerebellar dysfunction. Neurotrophic factors enhance the survival and differentiation of selected types of neurons. Liver growth factor (LGF) is a hepatic mitogen that shows biological activity in neuroregenerative therapies. We investigate the potential therapeutic activity of LGF in the 3-acetylpiridine (3-AP) rat model of CA. This model of CA consists in the lesion of the inferior olive-induced by 3-AP (40 mg/kg). Ataxic rats were treated with 5 µg/rat LGF or vehicle during 3 weeks, analyzing: (a) motor coordination by using the rota-rod test; and (b) the immunohistochemical and biochemical evolution of several parameters related with the olivo-cerebellar function. Motor coordination improved in 3-AP-lesioned rats that received LGF treatment. LGF up-regulated NeuN and Bcl-2 protein levels in the brainstem, and increased calbindin expression and the number of neurons receiving calbindin-positive projections in the cerebellum. LGF also reduced extracellular glutamate and GABA concentrations and microglia activation in the cerebellum. In view of these results, we propose LGF as a potential therapeutic agent in cerebellar ataxias.
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Stowe RC, Karkare S, Puri V. Case report of subacute cerebellar ataxia of adolescence with long-term sequelae. J Child Neurol 2013; 28:1653-60. [PMID: 23034974 DOI: 10.1177/0883073812460583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute ataxia is not an uncommon childhood complaint. It most commonly occurs in young patients secondary to a postinfectious cerebellitis, which is typically associated with a very good prognosis and recovery. In adolescence, acute cerebellar ataxia is more often the product of an etiology likely to progress into a chronic disorder without recovery to preillness baseline. In the present case, the authors describe a 15-year-old girl with subacute cerebellar ataxia of presumed immune-mediated etiology that advanced into a chronic cerebellar ataxia. Due to a family history, celiac disease was suspected as the origin of the ataxia; biopsy ruled out enteropathy, and the severe, abrupt radiological changes to the patient's cerebellum are inconsistent with the reported sequelae of gluten ataxia. This case serves as a discussion for diagnostic challenges in adolescent patients with acute cerebellar ataxia with long-term sequelae as well as providing an adjunct discussion on the neurological complications of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Stowe
- 1Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, KY, USA
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11
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Calatrava-Ferreras L, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Herranz AS, Reimers D, Montero Vega T, Jiménez-Escrig A, Richart López LA, Bazán E. Effects of intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood stem cells in 3-acetylpyridine-lesioned rats. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:135187. [PMID: 23150735 PMCID: PMC3488418 DOI: 10.1155/2012/135187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias include a heterogeneous group of infrequent diseases characterized by lack of motor coordination caused by disturbances in the cerebellum and its associated circuits. Current therapies are based on the use of drugs that correct some of the molecular processes involved in their pathogenesis. Although these treatments yielded promising results, there is not yet an effective therapy for these diseases. Cell replacement strategies using human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (HuUCBMCs) have emerged as a promising approach for restoration of function in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential therapeutic activity of HuUCBMCs in the 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) rat model of cerebellar ataxia. Intravenous administered HuUCBMCs reached the cerebellum and brain stem of 3-AP ataxic rats. Grafted cells reduced 3-AP-induced neuronal loss promoted the activation of microglia in the brain stem, and prevented the overexpression of GFAP elicited by 3-AP in the cerebellum. In addition, HuUCBMCs upregulated the expression of proteins that are critical for cell survival, such as phospho-Akt and Bcl-2, in the cerebellum and brain stem of 3-AP ataxic rats. As all these effects were accompanied by a temporal but significant improvement in motor coordination, HuUCBMCs grafts can be considered as an effective cell replacement therapy for cerebellar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Calatrava-Ferreras
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio S. Herranz
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Montero Vega
- Servicio de Bioquímica, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Km. 9, 1, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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HLA-DR3-DQ2 Mice Do Not Develop Ataxia in the Presence of High Titre Anti-gliadin Antibodies. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 12:370-6. [PMID: 23086706 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Sanz Y, De Pama G, Laparra M. Unraveling the ties between celiac disease and intestinal microbiota. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:207-18. [PMID: 21787226 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.599084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a multifactorial disorder that involves interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Gluten proteins are responsible for the symptoms of celiac disease, but other environmental factors that influence the intestinal ecosystem, including the milk-feeding type and gastrointestinal infections, may also play a role. Moreover, intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by increased Gram-negative bacteria and reduced bifidobacteria, has been detected in celiac disease patients. This review summarizes current knowledge of the associations between the intestinal microbiota and celiac disease and its possible modes of action in pathogenesis. Deeper understanding of these interactions can help redefine how this disorder is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Sanz
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Valencia, Spain.
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Real-time profiling of NK cell killing of human astrocytes using xCELLigence technology. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 200:173-80. [PMID: 21781988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have conducted the first profiling of human Natural Killer (NK) cell mediated killing of astrocytes using xCELLigence technology. The sensitivity and applicability of xCELLigence was compared to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and time-lapsed microscopy to validate the killing events. The xCELLigence technology uses electrical impedance measurements from adherent cells and converts into Cell Index (CI). NK cells did not register any Cell Index signal directly, therefore all changes in Cell Index are a direct measure of astrocyte responses. Astrocytes are insensitive to basal NK cells (non-activated NKs). Whereas NK cells activated by IL-2 prior to culture with targets rapidly kill astrocytes. This observation was supported by all methods of analysis. Using the xCELLigence we were able to monitor the longer term killing profile. This demonstrated that at all NK ratios, death was achieved if given long enough. In addition, the development of the killing phenotype was investigated by inducing lymphokine activated killing with IL-2 in the presence of the target astrocytes. In this paradigm of killing, the xCELLigence was the only assay suitable due to the prolonged time-course required for killing, which required 4-5 days to achieve maximal killing (100%). This suggested that the astrocytes can directly suppress the killing activity of the NK cells. These data highlight the sensitivity, applicability and profiling power of the xCELLigence system and support its use for further investigation of NK-killing of healthy and/or tumourogenic astrocytic cells.
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Nanri K, Shibuya M, Taguchi T, Hasegawa A, Tanaka N. Selective loss of Purkinje cells in a patient with anti-gliadin-antibody-positive autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:14. [PMID: 21294863 PMCID: PMC3042899 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The patient was an 84-year-old woman who had the onset of truncal ataxia at age 77 and a history of Basedow's disease. Her ataxic gait gradually deteriorated. She could not walk without support at age 81 and she was admitted to our hospital at age 83. Gaze-evoked nystagmus and dysarthria were observed. Mild ataxia was observed in all limbs. Her deep tendon reflex and sense of position were normal. IgA anti-gliadin antibody, IgG anti-gliadin antibody, anti-SS-A/Ro antibody, anti-SS-B/La antibody and anti-TPO antibody were positive. A conventional brain MRI did not show obvious cerebellar atrophy. However, MRI voxel based morphometry (VBM) and SPECT-eZIS revealed cortical cerebellar atrophy and reduced cerebellar blood flow. IVIg treatment was performed and was moderately effective. After her death at age 85, the patient was autopsied. Neuropathological findings were as follows: selective loss of Purkinje cells; no apparent degenerative change in the efferent pathways, such as the dentate nuclei or vestibular nuclei; no prominent inflammatory reaction. From these findings, we diagnosed this case as autoimmune cerebellar atrophy associated with gluten ataxia. All 3 autopsies previously reported on gluten ataxia have noted infiltration of inflammatory cells in the cerebellum. In this case, we postulated that the infiltration of inflammatory cells was not found because the patient's condition was based on humoral immunity. The clinical conditions of gluten ataxia have not yet been properly elucidated, but are expected to be revealed as the number of autopsied cases increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nanri
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center 1163 Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 193-0998, Japan.
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