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Albrakati A. The potential neuroprotective of luteolin against acetamiprid-induced neurotoxicity in the rat cerebral cortex. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1361792. [PMID: 38818490 PMCID: PMC11138160 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1361792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetamiprid is a class of neuroactive insecticides widely used to control insect pests. The current study aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of luteolin against acetamiprid-induced neurotoxicity in the rat cerebral cortex. Four equal groups of adult male rats (10 in each): control, acetamiprid (40 mg/kg for 28 days), luteolin (50 mg/kg for 28 days), and acetamiprid+luteolin cotreatment were used. Acetamiprid was shown to alter the oxidative state by increasing oxidant levels [nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] and decreasing antioxidants [glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase-(CAT)], with increased activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-(Nrf2). Likewise, acetamiprid increases the inflammatory response, as evidenced by increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B-(NF-κB). In contrast, the treatment with luteolin brought these markers back to levels close to normal, showing that it protects neurocytes from oxidative damage and the neuroinflammation effects of acetamiprid-induced inflammation. Luteolin also demonstrated a neuroprotective role via the modulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the cerebral cortex tissue. Histopathology showed severe neurodegenerative changes, and apoptotic cells were seen in the acetamiprid-induced cerebral cortex layer, which was evident by increased protein expression levels of Bax and caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 levels. Histochemistry confirmed the neuronal degeneration, as proven by the change in neurocyte colour from brown to black when stained with a silver stain. Luteolin may have a neuroprotective effect against biochemical and histopathological changes induced by acetamiprid in the rat cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Andrew PM, Feng W, Calsbeek JJ, Antrobus SP, Cherednychenko GA, MacMahon JA, Bernardino PN, Liu X, Harvey DJ, Lein PJ, Pessah IN. The α4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Necessary for the Initiation of Organophosphate-Induced Neuronal Hyperexcitability. TOXICS 2024; 12:263. [PMID: 38668486 PMCID: PMC11054284 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors can produce seizures that rapidly progress to life-threatening status epilepticus. Significant research effort has been focused on investigating the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in OP-induced seizure activity. In contrast, there has been far less attention on nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs) in this context. Here, we address this data gap using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. Pharmacological antagonism and genetic deletion of α4, but not α7, nAChR subunits prevented or significantly attenuated OP-induced electrical spike activity in acute hippocampal slices and seizure activity in mice, indicating that α4 nAChR activation is necessary for neuronal hyperexcitability triggered by acute OP exposures. These findings not only suggest that therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the α4 nAChR subunit warrant further investigation as prophylactic and immediate treatments for acute OP-induced seizures, but also provide mechanistic insight into the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system in seizure generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Jonas J. Calsbeek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Shane P. Antrobus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Gennady A. Cherednychenko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Jeremy A. MacMahon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Pedro N. Bernardino
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiuzhen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.M.A.); (W.F.); (J.J.C.); (S.P.A.); (G.A.C.); (J.A.M.); (P.N.B.); (X.L.)
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3
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Müller S, Kartheus M, Hendinger E, Hübner DC, Schnell E, Rackow S, Bertsche A, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Persistent Kv7.2/7.3 downregulation in the rat pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2024; 200:107296. [PMID: 38219422 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Mutations within the Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 genes are well described causes for genetic childhood epilepsies. Knowledge on these channels in acquired focal epilepsy, especially in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), however, is scarce. Here, we used the rat pilocarpine model of drug-resistant mTLE to elucidate both expression and function by quantitative polymerase-chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and electrophysiology, respectively. We found transcriptional downregulation of Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 as well as reduced Kv7.2 expression in epileptic CA1. Consequences were altered synaptic transmission, hyperexcitability which consisted of epileptiform afterpotentials, and increased susceptibility to acute GABAergic disinhibition. Importantly, blocking Kv7 channels with XE991 increased hyperexcitability in control tissue, but not in chronically epileptic tissue suggesting that the Kv7 deficit had precluded XE991 effects in this tissue. Conversely, XE991 resulted in comparable reduction of the paired-pulse ratio in both experimental groups implying preserved presynaptic Kv7.2 function of Schaffer collateral terminals. Consistent with Kv7.2/7.3 downregulation, the Kv7.3 channel opener β-hydroxybutyrate failed to mitigate hyperexcitability. Our findings demonstrate that compromised Kv7 function is not only relevant in genetic epilepsy, but also in acquired focal epilepsy. Moreover, they help explain reduced anti-seizure efficacy of Kv7 channel openers in drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Müller
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Kartheus
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hendinger
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Emma Schnell
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
| | - Simone Rackow
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany
| | - Astrid Bertsche
- Department Neuropaediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany; Center of Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medicine Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Rostock, Germany; Center of Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medicine Rostock, Germany.
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Radaković M, Andrić JF, Spariosu K, Vejnović B, Filipović MK, Andrić N. Serum oxidant-antioxidant status and butyrylcholinesterase activity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy - A pilot study. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105076. [PMID: 37939632 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Although IE is the most common neurological condition, oxidant-antioxidant status in epileptic dogs is still unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serum oxidant-antioxidant status in dogs with newly diagnosed IE. The status in 15 dogs with IE and 15 healthy dogs is estimated through spectrophotometric determination of two oxidant markers: advanced oxidation protein products-albumin index (AOPP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); and three antioxidant markers: total thiols (R-SH) level, glutathione (GSH) level, and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity. Also, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity is assessed in both groups of dogs. Higher AOPP is observed in the dogs with newly diagnosed IE, while TBARS level shows no difference when compared to the healthy dogs. In contrast, lower levels of antioxidants (R-SH, GSH, and PON-1) and BChE activity are found in the dogs with IE. No significant differences are observed in the oxidant and antioxidant markers and BChE activity across the investigated IE cases with focal and generalized seizures. Our findings provide evidence that dogs with IE are characterized by an impaired serum oxidant-antioxidant balance and lower BChE activity, which may contribute to a better understanding of IE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Radaković
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Francuski Andrić
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Kristina Spariosu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Branislav Vejnović
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Milica Kovačević Filipović
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Nenad Andrić
- Department of Equine, Small Аnimal, Poultry and Wild Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bul. oslobodjenja 18, Belgrade s, Serbia.
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Reichelt L, Efthimiou O, Leucht S, Schneider-Thoma J. Second-generation antipsychotics and seizures - a systematic review and meta-analysis of serious adverse events in randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 68:33-46. [PMID: 36640732 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are suspected to be side effects of antipsychotics. To examine a possible causal relationship, we compared the risk of seizures on second-generation antipsychotics to the risk on placebo in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) across diagnostic groups. The primary outcome was any seizure reported as International Conference on Harmonisation-Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP)-defined serious adverse event (SAEs). The risk ratio (RR) with antipsychotics versus placebo was synthesized in a pairwise common effects Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis. For 314 of 597 idenitified placebo-controlled RCTs information about all SAEs could be retrieved from publications, original investigators, pharmaceutical companies and the European Medical Agency. In those, 37 seizures occurred in 42,600 participants on antipsychotics (0.09%) and 28 in 25,042 participants on placebo (0.11%). The meta-analytic results (RR 0,68; 95% Confidence Interval 0.41-1.12) indicated a reduced risk on antipsychotics with a confidence interval including no difference (i.e. RR=1). Neither in sensitivity analyses (excluding events in the safety-follow-up of trials or first-generation antipsychotics; using odds ratios) nor in subgroup analyses (on specific antipsychotics, drug combinations, diagnostic categories, age groups, and study duration) there was evidence for an increased risk on antipsychotics, except for some weak indications of an increased risk on antipsychotics in older and/or demented participants (RRs 1.11 and 1.48, respectively, but with 95% CIs of 0.35-3.49 and 0.41-5.26 including no difference and subgroup tests with p=0.54 and p=0.66 not indicating differences between age groups or diagnostic categories). Consequently, there are no indications that second-generation antipsychotics cause seizures in middle-aged adults and children in most diagnostic groups; rather our results provide some weak evidence for a protective effect. However, there was no data on SAEs available for clozapine, for which observational studies provide the strongest associations with increased seizure rates, and for older and/or demented patients a small additional risk on antipsychotics cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Reichelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute for Radiology, Krankenhaus Landshut -Achdorf, Landshut, Germany
| | - Orestis Efthimiou
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Leucht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Johannes Schneider-Thoma
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich 81675, Germany.
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Bojja SL, Singh N, Kolathur KK, Rao CM. What is the Role of Lithium in Epilepsy? Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1850-1864. [PMID: 35410603 PMCID: PMC9886805 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220411081728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is a well-known FDA-approved treatment for bipolar and mood disorders. Lithium has been an enigmatic drug with multifaceted actions involving various neurotransmitters and intricate cell signalling cascades. Recent studies highlight the neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of lithium in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, intracerebral hemorrhage, and epilepsy. Of note, lithium holds a significant interest in epilepsy, where the past reports expose its non-specific proconvulsant action, followed lately by numerous studies for anti-convulsant action. However, the exact mechanism of action of lithium for any of its effects is still largely unknown. The present review integrates findings from several reports and provides detailed possible mechanisms of how a single molecule exhibits marked pro-epileptogenic as well as anti-convulsant action. This review also provides clarity regarding the safety of lithium therapy in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka-576104, India; E-mails: ,
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Carver CM, DeWitt HR, Stoja AP, Shapiro MS. Blockade of TRPC Channels Limits Cholinergic-Driven Hyperexcitability and Seizure Susceptibility After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:681144. [PMID: 34489621 PMCID: PMC8416999 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.681144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of excitatory transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) cation channels to posttraumatic hyperexcitability in the brain 7 days following controlled cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the parietal cortex in male adult mice. We investigated if TRPC1/TRPC4/TRPC5 channel expression is upregulated in excitatory neurons after TBI in contribution to epileptogenic hyperexcitability in key hippocampal and cortical circuits that have substantial cholinergic innervation. This was tested by measuring TRPC1/TRPC4/TRPC5 protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, assays of cholinergic function, neuronal Ca2+ imaging in brain slices, and seizure susceptibility after TBI. We found region-specific increases in expression of TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC5 subunits in the hippocampus and cortex following TBI. The dentate gyrus, CA3 region, and cortex all exhibited robust upregulation of TRPC4 mRNA and protein. TBI increased cFos activity in dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) and layer 5 pyramidal neurons both at the time of TBI and 7 days post-TBI. DGGCs displayed greater magnitude and duration of acetylcholine-induced rises in intracellular Ca2+ in brain slices from mice subjected to TBI. The TBI mice also exhibited greater seizure susceptibility in response to pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling. Blockade of TRPC4/TRPC5 channels with M084 reduced neuronal hyperexcitation and impeded epileptogenic progression of kindling. We observed that the time-dependent upregulation of TRPC4/TRPC5-containing channels alters cholinergic responses and activity of principal neurons acting to increase proexcitatory sensitivity. The underlying mechanism includes acutely decreased acetylcholinesterase function, resulting in greater Gq/11-coupled muscarinic receptor activation of TRPC channels. Overall, our evidence suggests that TBI-induced plasticity of TRPC channels strongly contributes to overt hyperexcitability and primes the hippocampus and cortex for seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Carver
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Haley R DeWitt
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Aiola P Stoja
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark S Shapiro
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Scopolamine prevents aberrant mossy fiber sprouting and facilitates remission of epilepsy after brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105446. [PMID: 34280524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention or modification of acquired epilepsy in patients at risk is an urgent, yet unmet, clinical need. Following acute brain insults, there is an increased risk of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), which is often associated with debilitating comorbidities and reduced life expectancy. The latent period between brain injury and the onset of epilepsy may offer a therapeutic window for interfering with epileptogenesis. The pilocarpine model of mTLE is widely used in the search for novel antiepileptogenic treatments. Recent biochemical studies indicated that cholinergic mechanisms play a role in the epileptogenic alterations induced by status epilepticus (SE) in this and other models of mTLE, which prompted us to evaluate whether treatment with the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine during the latent period after SE is capable of preventing or modifying epilepsy and associated behavioral and cognitive alterations in female Sprague-Dawley rats. First, in silico pharmacokinetic modeling was used to select a dosing protocol by which M-receptor inhibitory brain levels of scopolamine are maintained during prolonged treatment. This protocol was verified by drug analysis in vivo. Rats were then treated twice daily with scopolamine over 17 days after SE, followed by drug wash-out and behavioral and video/EEG monitoring up to ~6 months after SE. Compared to vehicle controls, rats that were treated with scopolamine during the latent period exhibited a significantly lower incidence of spontaneous recurrent seizures during periods of intermittent recording in the chronic phase of epilepsy, less behavioral excitability, less cognitive impairment, and significantly reduced aberrant mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampus. The present data may indicate that scopolamine exerts antiepileptogenic/disease-modifying activity in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model, possibly involving increased remission of epilepsy as a new mechanism of disease-modification. For evaluating the rigor of the present data, we envision a study that more thoroughly addresses the gender bias and video-EEG recording limitations of the present study.
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Vera J, Lippmann K. Post-stroke epileptogenesis is associated with altered intrinsic properties of hippocampal pyramidal neurons leading to increased theta resonance. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105425. [PMID: 34119635 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain insults like stroke, trauma or infections often lead to blood-brain barrier-dysfunction (BBBd) frequently resulting into epileptogenesis. Affected patients suffer from seizures and cognitive comorbidities that are potentially linked to altered network oscillations. It has been shown that a hippocampal BBBd in rats leads to in vivo seizures and increased power at theta (3-8 Hz), an important type of network oscillations. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. At membrane potentials close to the threshold for action potentials (APs) a subpopulation of CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) displays intrinsic resonant properties due to an interplay of the muscarine-sensitive K+-current (IM) and the persistent Na+-current (INaP). Such resonant neurons are more excitable and generate more APs when stimulated at theta frequencies, being strong candidates for contributing to hippocampal theta oscillations during epileptogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by characterizing changes in intrinsic properties of hippocampal PCs one week after post-stroke epileptogenesis, a model associated with BBBd, using slice electrophysiology and computer modeling. We find a higher proportion of resonant neurons in BBBd compared to sham animals (47 vs. 29%), accompanied by an increase in their excitability. In contrast, BBBd non-resonant neurons showed a reduced excitability, presented with lower impedance and more positive AP threshold. We identify an increase in IM combined with either a reduction in INaP or an increase in ILeak as possible mechanisms underlying the observed changes. Our results support the hypothesis that a higher proportion of more excitable resonant neurons in the hippocampus contributes to increased theta oscillations and an increased likelihood of seizures in a model of post-stroke epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vera
- Grass Laboratory, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kristina Lippmann
- Grass Laboratory, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Miziak B, Czuczwar S. Advances in the design and discovery of novel small molecule drugs for the treatment of Dravet Syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:579-593. [PMID: 33275464 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1857722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Dravet syndrome (severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy) begins in the first year of life characterized by generalized or unilateral clonic seizures that are frequently triggered by high fever. A subsequent worsening stage occurs (in years 1-4 of life) and seizure activity is accompanied by disturbed psychomotor development. The third stage of the disease, known as the 'stabilization phase,' is associated with seizures and intellectual impairment. Of note, a mutation in the voltage-gated sodium-channel gene α 1 subunit (SCN1A) has been found in around 85% of patients with Dravet syndrome.Areas covered: The authors review the current treatment strategies as well as potential drugs in the initial stages of clinical evaluation. The authors also review drugs with protective activity in mice models of Dravet syndrome.Expert opinion: Experimental data and results from initial clinical studies have brought attention to several drugs with various mechanisms of action including: ataluren (a suppressant of premature stop codons; under clinical evaluation), EPX-100, EPX-200, fenfluramine (serotonin modulators), soticlestat (an 24-hydroxylase cholesterol enzyme inhibitor), SPN-817 (an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase), verapamil (a voltage-dependent calcium channel inhibitor) and STK-001 (an antisense oligonucleotide). The latter is scheduled for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Miziak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Stanisław Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Zupcic SG, Zupcic M, Duzel V, Simurina T, Sakic L, Grubjesic I, Tonković D, Udovic IS, Ferreri VM. The potential role of micro-RNA-211 in the pathogenesis of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110115. [PMID: 32763656 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE) is a rare epileptic syndrome characterized by epileptic seizures which occur during the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage of sleep. It manifests with hypermotor semiology resembling violent limb movements and an asymmetric tonic-dystonic posture. The genes which are responsible for the autosomal dominant form of SHE (ADSHE) and whose function is to code the sub-unit of the neuronal acetylcholine receptor are well known. Considering that ADSHE is a prototype of SHE, it is thought that the dysfunction of the cortico-subcortical cholinergic network, which regulates the cycle of sleep, has a key role in the epileptogenesis of this syndrome. Namely, studies to date, have shown that the hypercholinergic activity is sufficient for the development of epileptic seizures, even though the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated. NREM parasomnias are sleep disorders that are the most difficult to differentiate from SHE due to a similar clinical presentation. Considering the clinical similarities, NREM occurrence and probable genetic connection, it is considered that fundamentally, both of these conditions share a common pathophysiological mechanism i.e. cholinergic dysfunction. The main difference between SHE and NREM parasomnias are the genuine epileptic seizures that are responsible for the semiology in SHE. These genuine seizures are not present in NREM parasomnias. Why this is so, remains to be elucidated. Considering that animal studies have shown that dynamic changes and the decreased levels of microRNA-211 contribute to epileptic seizures and to changes in cholinergic pathways, our hypothesis is that epileptic seizures and the development of epileptogenesis in SHE are a consequence of cholinergic dysfunction and decreased levels of microRNA-211 as opposed to NREM parasomnias where there is a stable level of microRNA-211, preventing epileptogenesis despite the cholinergic system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Graf Zupcic
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Clinic of Neurology, Rijeka, Croatia; University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Miroslav Zupcic
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Rijeka, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia; J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Viktor Duzel
- Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Anaesthesia, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Simurina
- J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, General Hospital Zadar, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Livija Sakic
- J. J. Strossmayer University, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Osijek, Croatia; University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Grubjesic
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dinko Tonković
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Clinic of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ingrid Sutic Udovic
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Immunology, Rijeka, Croatia
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Increased ACh-Associated Immunoreactivity in Autonomic Centers in PTZ Kindling Model of Epilepsy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050113. [PMID: 32397136 PMCID: PMC7277646 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies of cardiac pathology associated with epilepsy have demonstrated an impact on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Molecular investigation of the neurotransmitters related receptor and ion channel directing ANS might help in understanding the associated mechanism. In this paper, we investigated the role of acetylcholine (ACh), which demonstrates both sympathetic and parasympathetic roles in targeted expression in terms of the relevant receptor and ion channel. Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels play a significant role in maintaining the resting membrane potential and controlling cell excitability and are prominently expressed in both the excitable and non-excitable tissues. The immunoreactivity of ACh-activated Kir3.1 channel and muscarinic ACh receptors (M2) in autonomic centers such as the brainstem, vagus nerve (VN) and atria of heart was confirmed by both histological staining and pathological tissue analysis. Significant upregulations of Kir3.1 and M2 receptors were observed in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled epileptic rats for all related tissues investigated, whereas no pathological difference was observed. These findings provide proof-of-concept that changes in ACh-associated immunoreactivity might be linked to the ANS dysfunctions associated with epilepsy.
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Wang S, Tan N, Chen C, Chen L, Wu X, Fei F, Cheng H, Lin W, Qi Y, Chen B, Liang J, Zhao J, Xu Z, Guo Y, Zhang S, Li X, Zhou Y, Duan S, Chen Z. Direct Septum-Hippocampus Cholinergic Circuit Attenuates Seizure Through Driving Somatostatin Inhibition. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:843-856. [PMID: 31987494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicated the involvement of cholinergic neurons in seizure; however, the specific role of the medial septum (MS)-hippocampus cholinergic circuit in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has not yet been completely elucidated. METHODS In the current study, we used magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging to characterize the pathological change of the MS-hippocampus circuit in 42 patients with TLE compared with 22 healthy volunteers. Using optogenetics and chemogenetics, combined with in vivo or in vitro electrophysiology and retrograde rabies virus tracing, we revealed a direct MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit that potently attenuates seizure through driving somatostatin inhibition in animal TLE models. RESULTS We found that patients with TLE with hippocampal sclerosis showed a decrease of neuronal fiber connectivity of the MS-hippocampus compared with healthy people. In the mouse TLE model, MS cholinergic neurons ceased firing during hippocampal seizures. Optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of MS cholinergic neurons (but not glutamatergic or GABAergic [gamma-aminobutyric acidergic] neurons) significantly attenuated hippocampal seizures, while specific inhibition promoted hippocampal seizures. Electrophysiology combined with modified rabies virus tracing studies showed that direct (but not indirect) MS-hippocampal cholinergic projections mediated the antiseizure effect by preferentially targeting hippocampal GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of hippocampal somatostatin-positive (rather than parvalbumin-positive) subtype of GABAergic neurons reversed the antiseizure effect of the MS-hippocampus cholinergic circuit, which was mimicked by activating somatostatin-positive neurons. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the notable antiseizure role of the direct cholinergic MS-hippocampus circuit in TLE through driving the downstream somatostatin effector. This may provide a better understanding of the changes of the seizure circuit and the precise spatiotemporal control of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fei
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heming Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingbei Qi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Liang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenghao Xu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yudong Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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Gruenbaum SE, Chen EC, Sandhu MRS, Deshpande K, Dhaher R, Hersey D, Eid T. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Seizures: A Systematic Review of the Literature. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:755-770. [PMID: 31313139 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. RESULTS Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. CONCLUSIONS The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Eric C Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ketaki Deshpande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise Hersey
- Lewis Science Library, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Soares JI, Da Costa C, Ferreira MH, Andrade PA, Maia GH, Lukoyanov NV. Partial depletion of septohippocampal cholinergic cells reduces seizure susceptibility, but does not mitigate hippocampal neurodegeneration in the kainate model of epilepsy. Brain Res 2019; 1717:235-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Meller S, Brandt C, Theilmann W, Klein J, Löscher W. Commonalities and differences in extracellular levels of hippocampal acetylcholine and amino acid neurotransmitters during status epilepticus and subsequent epileptogenesis in two rat models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2019; 1712:109-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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de Carvalho MAJ, Chaves-Filho A, de Souza AG, de Carvalho Lima CN, de Lima KA, Rios Vasconcelos ER, Feitosa ML, Souza Oliveira JV, de Souza DAA, Macedo DS, de Souza FCF, de França Fonteles MM. Proconvulsant effects of sildenafil citrate on pilocarpine-induced seizures: Involvement of cholinergic, nitrergic and pro-oxidant mechanisms. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:60-74. [PMID: 31004733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. Proconvulsant effect is a serious adverse event associated with sildenafil use. Here, we investigated the possible proconvulsant effects of sildenafil in pilocarpine (PILO)-induced seizures model, which mimics some aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy. We also evaluated sildenafil's effects on hippocampal markers related to PILO-induced seizure, for instance, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) markers, namely nitrite, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS). The influences of muscarinic receptors blockade on sildenafil proconvulsant effects and brain nitrite levels were also evaluated. Male mice were submitted to single or repeated (7 days) sildenafil administration (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, PILO was injected and mice were further evaluated for 1 h for seizure activity. Sildenafil induced a dose- and time-progressive proconvulsant effect in PILO-induced seizures. Sildenafil also potentiated the inhibitory effect of PILO in AChE activity and induced a further increase in nitrite levels and pro-oxidative markers, mainly in the hippocampus. Repeated sildenafil treatment also increased the hippocampal expression of iNOS and nNOS isoforms, while the blockade of muscarinic receptors attenuated both sildenafil-induced proconvulsant effect and brain nitrite changes. Our data firstly demonstrated the proconvulsant effect of sildenafil in PILO-model of seizures. This effect seems to be related to an increased cholinergic-nitrergic tone and pro-oxidative brain changes. Also, our findings advert to caution in using sildenafil for patients suffering from neurological conditions that reduces seizure threshold, such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Albuquerque Jales de Carvalho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Adriano Chaves-Filho
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alana Gomes de Souza
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane de Carvalho Lima
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Klistenes Alves de Lima
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Emiliano Ricardo Rios Vasconcelos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lima Feitosa
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Victor Souza Oliveira
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Denia Alves Albuquerque de Souza
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisca Cléa Florenço de Souza
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria de França Fonteles
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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18
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Garg N, Joshi R, Medhi B. Cracking novel shared targets between epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease: need of the hour. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:425-442. [PMID: 29329108 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are interconnected. It is well known that seizures are linked with cognitive impairment, and there are various shared etiologies between epilepsy and AD. The connection between hyperexcitability of neurons and cognitive dysfunction in the progression of AD or epileptogenesis plays a vital role for improving selection of treatment for both diseases. Traditionally, seizures occur less frequently and in later stages of age in patients with AD which in turn implies that neurodegeneration causes seizures. The role of seizures in early stages of pathogenesis of AD is still an issue to be resolved. So, it is well timed to analyze the common pathways involved in pathophysiology of AD and epilepsy. The present review focuses on similar potential underlying mechanisms which may be related to the causes of seizures in epilepsy and cognitive impairment in AD. The proposed review will focus on many possible newer targets like abnormal expression of various enzymes like GSK-3β, PP2A, PKC, tau hyperphosphorylation, MMPs, caspases, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress associated with number of neurodegenerative diseases linked with epilepsy. The brief about the prospective line of treatment of both diseases will also be discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Garg
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 1600142, Punjab, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 1600142, Punjab, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 1600142, Punjab, India, e-mail:
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West PJ, Saunders GW, Billingsley P, Smith MD, White HS, Metcalf CS, Wilcox KS. Recurrent epileptiform discharges in the medial entorhinal cortex of kainate-treated rats are differentially sensitive to antiseizure drugs. Epilepsia 2018; 59:2035-2048. [PMID: 30328622 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy are refractory to existing antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Given that the properties of the central nervous systems of these patients are likely to be altered due to their epilepsy, tissues from rodents that have undergone epileptogenesis might provide a therapeutically relevant disease substrate for identifying compounds capable of attenuating pharmacoresistant seizures. To facilitate the development of such a model, this study describes the effects of classical glutamate receptor antagonists and 20 ASDs on recurrent epileptiform discharges (REDs) in brain slices derived from the kainate-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy (KA-rats). METHODS Horizontal brain slices containing the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) were prepared from KA-rats, and REDs were recorded from the superficial layers. 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, (2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid, tetrodotoxin, or ASDs were bath applied for 20 minutes. Concentration-dependent effects and half maximal effective concentration values were determined for RED duration, frequency, and amplitude. RESULTS ASDs targeting sodium and potassium channels (carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, ezogabine, lamotrigine, lacosamide, phenytoin, and rufinamide) attenuated REDs at concentrations near their average therapeutic plasma concentrations. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic transmission-modulating ASDs (clobazam, midazolam, phenobarbital, stiripentol, tiagabine, and vigabatrin) attenuated REDs only at higher concentrations and, in some cases, prolonged RED durations. ASDs with other/mixed mechanisms of action (bumetanide, ethosuximide, felbamate, gabapentin, levetiracetam, topiramate, and valproate) and glutamate receptor antagonists weakly or incompletely inhibited RED frequency, increased RED duration, or had no significant effects. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that epileptiform activity recorded from the superficial layers of the mEC in slices obtained from KA-rats is differentially sensitive to existing ASDs. The different sensitivities of REDs to these ASDs may reflect persistent molecular, cellular, and/or network-level changes resulting from disease. These data are expected to serve as a foundation upon which future therapeutics may be differentiated and assessed for potentially translatable efficacy in patients with refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J West
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gerald W Saunders
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peggy Billingsley
- Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Misty D Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Karen S Wilcox
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program (ETSP) Contract Site, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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20
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Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Koepp MJ, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Fourteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIV). I. Drugs in preclinical and early clinical development. Epilepsia 2018; 59:1811-1841. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine; School of Pharmacy and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy; Institute for Drug Research; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Svein I. Johannessen
- National Center for Epilepsy; Sandvika Norway
- Department of Pharmacology; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Matthias J. Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy; UCL Institute of Neurology; London UK
| | - René H. Levy
- Departments of Pharmaceutics and Neurological Surgery; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation; Pavia Italy
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy; School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
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21
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Relat J, Come J, Perez B, Camps P, Muñoz-Torrero D, Badia A, Gimenez-Llort L, Clos MV. Neuroprotective Effects of the Multitarget Agent AVCRI104P3 in Brain of Middle-Aged Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092615. [PMID: 30181440 PMCID: PMC6165152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular factors involved in neuroprotection are key in the design of novel multitarget drugs in aging and neurodegeneration. AVCRI104P3 is a huprine derivative that exhibits potent inhibitory effects on human AChE, BuChE, and BACE-1 activities, as well as on AChE-induced and self-induced Aβ aggregation. More recently, cognitive protection and anxiolytic-like effects have also been reported in mice treated with this compound. Now, we have assessed the ability of AVCRI104P3 (0.43 mg/kg, 21 days) to modulate the levels of some proteins involved in the anti-apoptotic/apoptotic processes (pAkt1, Bcl2, pGSK3β, p25/p35), inflammation (GFAP and Iba1) and neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. The effects of AVCRI104P3 on AChE-R/AChE-S isoforms have been also determined. We have observed that chronic treatment of C57BL/6 male mice with AVCRI104P3 results in neuroprotective effects, increasing significantly the levels of pAkt1 and pGSK3β in the hippocampus and Bcl2 in both hippocampus and cortex, but slightly decreasing synaptophysin levels. Astrogliosis and neurogenic markers GFAP and DCX remained unchanged after AVCRI104P3 treatment, whereas microgliosis was found to be significantly decreased pointing out the involvement of this compound in inflammatory processes. These results suggest that the neuroprotective mechanisms that are behind the cognitive and anxiolytic effects of AVCRI104P3 could be partly related to the potentiation of some anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory proteins and support the potential of AVCRI104P3 for the treatment of brain dysfunction associated with aging and/or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Relat
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Julio Come
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Belen Perez
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (CSIC Associated Unit), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Badia
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lydia Gimenez-Llort
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Neuroscience Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Soares JI, Afonso AR, Maia GH, Lukoyanov NV. The pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei in the kainate model of epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Diverse Effects of an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor, Donepezil, on Hippocampal Neuronal Death after Pilocarpine-Induced Seizure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112311. [PMID: 29099058 PMCID: PMC5713280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are short episodes of abnormal brain electrical activity. Many survivors of severe epilepsy display delayed neuronal death and permanent cognitive impairment. Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and is an effective treatment agent for Alzheimer’s disease. However, the role of donepezil in seizure-induced hippocampal injury remains untested. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (25 mg/kg). Donepezil (2.5 mg/kg/day) was administered by gavage in three different settings: (1) pretreatment for three days before the seizure; (2) for one week immediately after the seizure; and (3) for three weeks from three weeks after the seizure. We found that donepezil showed mixed effects on seizure-induced brain injury, which were dependent on the treatment schedule. Pretreatment with donepezil aggravated neuronal death, oxidative injury, and microglia activation. Early treatment with donepezil for one week showed neither adverse nor beneficial effects; however, a treatment duration of three weeks starting three weeks after the seizure showed a significant reduction in neuronal death, oxidative injury, and microglia activation. In conclusion, donepezil has therapeutic effects when injected for three weeks after seizure activity subsides. Therefore, the present study suggests that the therapeutic use of donepezil for epilepsy patients requires a well-conceived strategy for administration.
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24
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Relat J, Pérez B, Camps P, Muñoz-Torrero D, Badia A, Victòria Clos M. Huprine X Attenuates The Neurotoxicity Induced by Kainic Acid, Especially Brain Inflammation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:94-103. [PMID: 28724203 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Huprine X (HX) is a synthetic anticholinesterasic compound that exerts a potent inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, an agonist effect on cholinergic receptors, neuroprotective activity in different neurotoxicity models in vivo and in vitro and cognition enhancing effects in non-transgenic (C57BL/6) and transgenic (3xTg-AD, APPswe) mice. In this study, we assessed the ability of HX (0.8 mg/kg, 21 days) to prevent the damage induced by kainic acid (KA; 28 mg/kg) regarding apoptosis, glia reactivity and neurogenesis in mouse brain. KA administration significantly modified the levels of pAkt1, Bcl2, pGSK3β, p25/p35, increased the glial cell markers and reduced the neurogenesis process. We also observed that pre-treatment with HX significantly reduced the p25/p35 ratio and increased synaptophysin levels, which suggests a protective effect against apoptosis and an improvement of neuroplasticity. The increase in GFAP (88%) and Iba-1 (72%) induced by KA was totally prevented by HX pre-treatment, underlying a relevant anti-inflammatory action of the anticholinesterasic drug. Our findings highlight the potential of HX, in particular, and of AChEIs, in general, to treat a number of diseases that course with both cognitive deficits and chronic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Relat
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pelayo Camps
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Unit Associated to the CSIC), Faculty of Agriculture and Science of Food and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Unit Associated to the CSIC), Faculty of Agriculture and Science of Food and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Badia
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Bar-Klein G, Lublinsky S, Kamintsky L, Noyman I, Veksler R, Dalipaj H, Senatorov VV, Swissa E, Rosenbach D, Elazary N, Milikovsky DZ, Milk N, Kassirer M, Rosman Y, Serlin Y, Eisenkraft A, Chassidim Y, Parmet Y, Kaufer D, Friedman A. Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction as a biomarker for epileptogenesis. Brain 2017; 140:1692-1705. [PMID: 28444141 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A biomarker that will enable the identification of patients at high-risk for developing post-injury epilepsy is critically required. Microvascular pathology and related blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation were shown to be associated with epileptogenesis after injury. Here we used prospective, longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging to quantitatively follow blood-brain barrier pathology in rats following status epilepticus, late electrocorticography to identify epileptic animals and post-mortem immunohistochemistry to confirm blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Finally, to test the pharmacodynamic relevance of the proposed biomarker, two anti-epileptogenic interventions were used; isoflurane anaesthesia and losartan. Our results show that early blood-brain barrier pathology in the piriform network is a sensitive and specific predictor (area under the curve of 0.96, P < 0.0001) for epilepsy, while diffused pathology is associated with a lower risk. Early treatments with either isoflurane anaesthesia or losartan prevented early microvascular damage and late epilepsy. We suggest quantitative assessment of blood-brain barrier pathology as a clinically relevant predictive, diagnostic and pharmaco!dynamics biomarker for acquired epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bar-Klein
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Svetlana Lublinsky
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Lyn Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Iris Noyman
- Pediatric Neurology and Epilepsy, Pediatric Division, Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ronel Veksler
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hotjensa Dalipaj
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Vladimir V Senatorov
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Evyatar Swissa
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dror Rosenbach
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Netta Elazary
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dan Z Milikovsky
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nadav Milk
- The Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Yossi Rosman
- The Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv Uneversity, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yonatan Serlin
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Arik Eisenkraft
- The Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,NBC Protection Division, Ministry of Defense, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Institute for Research in Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoash Chassidim
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yisrael Parmet
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Zlowotski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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26
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Dynamic changes in murine forebrain miR-211 expression associate with cholinergic imbalances and epileptiform activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4996-E5005. [PMID: 28584127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701201114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease, manifested in unprovoked recurrent seizures. Epileptogenesis may develop due to genetic or pharmacological origins or following injury, but it remains unclear how the unaffected brain escapes this susceptibility to seizures. Here, we report that dynamic changes in forebrain microRNA (miR)-211 in the mouse brain shift the threshold for spontaneous and pharmacologically induced seizures alongside changes in the cholinergic pathway genes, implicating this miR in the avoidance of seizures. We identified miR-211 as a putative attenuator of cholinergic-mediated seizures by intersecting forebrain miR profiles that were Argonaute precipitated, synaptic vesicle target enriched, or differentially expressed under pilocarpine-induced seizures, and validated TGFBR2 and the nicotinic antiinflammatory acetylcholine receptor nAChRa7 as murine and human miR-211 targets, respectively. To explore the link between miR-211 and epilepsy, we engineered dTg-211 mice with doxycycline-suppressible forebrain overexpression of miR-211. These mice reacted to doxycycline exposure by spontaneous electrocorticography-documented nonconvulsive seizures, accompanied by forebrain accumulation of the convulsive seizures mediating miR-134. RNA sequencing demonstrated in doxycycline-treated dTg-211 cortices overrepresentation of synaptic activity, Ca2+ transmembrane transport, TGFBR2 signaling, and cholinergic synapse pathways. Additionally, a cholinergic dysregulated mouse model overexpressing a miR refractory acetylcholinesterase-R splice variant showed a parallel propensity for convulsions, miR-211 decreases, and miR-134 elevation. Our findings demonstrate that in mice, dynamic miR-211 decreases induce hypersynchronization and nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures, accompanied by expression changes in cholinergic and TGFBR2 pathways as well as in miR-134. Realizing the importance of miR-211 dynamics opens new venues for translational diagnosis of and interference with epilepsy.
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27
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Soares JI, Valente MC, Andrade PA, Maia GH, Lukoyanov NV. Reorganization of the septohippocampal cholinergic fiber system in experimental epilepsy. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2690-2705. [PMID: 28472854 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The septohippocampal cholinergic neurotransmission has long been implicated in seizures, but little is known about the structural features of this projection system in epileptic brain. We evaluated the effects of experimental epilepsy on the areal density of cholinergic terminals (fiber varicosities) in the dentate gyrus. For this purpose, we used two distinct post-status epilepticus rat models, in which epilepsy was induced with injections of either kainic acid or pilocarpine. To visualize the cholinergic fibers, we used brain sections immunostained for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. It was found that the density of cholinergic fiber varicosities was higher in epileptic rats versus control rats in the inner and outer zones of the dentate molecular layer, but it was reduced in the dentate hilus. We further evaluated the effects of kainate treatment on the total number, density, and soma volume of septal cholinergic cells, which were visualized in brain sections stained for either vesicular acetylcholine transporter or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Both the number of septal cells with cholinergic phenotype and their density were increased in epileptic rats when compared to control rats. The septal cells stained for vesicular acetylcholine transporter, but not for ChAT, have enlarged perikarya in epileptic rats. These results revealed previously unknown details of structural reorganization of the septohippocampal cholinergic system in experimental epilepsy, involving fiber sprouting into the dentate molecular layer and a parallel fiber retraction from the dentate hilus. We hypothesize that epilepsy-related neuroplasticity of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons is capable of increasing neuronal excitability of the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Neurociências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C Valente
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Andrade
- Programa Doutoral em Neurociências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gisela H Maia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Neurociências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolai V Lukoyanov
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Neuronal Networks Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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de Oliveira RC, de Oliveira R, Biagioni AF, Falconi-Sobrinho LL, Dos Anjos-Garcia T, Coimbra NC. Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors are recruited by acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission within the locus coeruleus during the organisation of post-ictal antinociception. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:74-83. [PMID: 27561839 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-ictal antinociception is characterised by an increase in the nociceptive threshold that accompanies tonic and tonic-clonic seizures (TCS). The locus coeruleus (LC) receives profuse cholinergic inputs from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Different concentrations (1μg, 3μg and 5μg/0.2μL) of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine and the nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonist mecamylamine were microinjected into the LC of Wistar rats to investigate the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the severity of TCS and the post-ictal antinociceptive response. Five minutes later, TCS were induced by systemic administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (64mg/kg). Seizures were recorded inside the open field apparatus for an average of 10min. Immediately after seizures, the nociceptive threshold was recorded for 130min using the tail-flick test. Pre-treatment of the LC with 1μg, 3μg and 5μg/0.2μL concentrations of both atropine and mecamylamine did not cause a significant effect on seizure severity. However, the same treatments decreased the post-ictal antinociceptive phenomenon. In addition, mecamylamine caused an earlier decrease in the post-ictal antinociception compared to atropine. These results suggest that muscarinic and mainly nicotinic cholinergic receptors of the LC are recruited to organise tonic-clonic seizure-induced antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithiele Cristina de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil; Health Sciences Institute, Mato Grosso Federal University Medical School (UFMT), Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200, Reserva 35, Setor Industrial 78550-000, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Audrey Franceschi Biagioni
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Luciano Falconi-Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Tayllon Dos Anjos-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy & Neuropsychobiology, Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil.
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29
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Ghasemi M, Hadipour-Niktarash A. Pathologic role of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in epileptic disorders: implication for pharmacological interventions. Rev Neurosci 2016; 26:199-223. [PMID: 25565544 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may play a key role in the pathophysiology of some neurological diseases such as epilepsy. Based on genetic studies in patients with epileptic disorders worldwide and animal models of seizure, it has been demonstrated that nAChR activity is altered in some specific types of epilepsy, including autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Neuronal nAChR antagonists also have antiepileptic effects in pre-clinical studies. There is some evidence that conventional antiepileptic drugs may affect neuronal nAChR function. In this review, we re-examine the evidence for the involvement of nAChRs in the pathophysiology of some epileptic disorders, especially ADNFLE and JME, and provide an overview of nAChR antagonists that have been evaluated in animal models of seizure.
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30
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Kam K, Duffy ÁM, Moretto J, LaFrancois JJ, Scharfman HE. Interictal spikes during sleep are an early defect in the Tg2576 mouse model of β-amyloid neuropathology. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20119. [PMID: 26818394 PMCID: PMC4730189 DOI: 10.1038/srep20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that neuronal hyperexcitability contributes to Alzheimer's disease (AD), so we asked how hyperexcitability develops in a common mouse model of β-amyloid neuropathology - Tg2576 mice. Using video-EEG recordings, we found synchronized, large amplitude potentials resembling interictal spikes (IIS) in epilepsy at just 5 weeks of age, long before memory impairments or β-amyloid deposition. Seizures were not detected, but they did occur later in life, suggesting that IIS are possibly the earliest stage of hyperexcitability. Interestingly, IIS primarily occurred during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, which is notable because REM is associated with increased cholinergic tone and cholinergic impairments are implicated in AD. Although previous studies suggest that cholinergic antagonists would worsen pathophysiology, the muscarinic antagonist atropine reduced IIS frequency. In addition, we found IIS occurred in APP51 mice which overexpress wild type (WT)-APP, although not as uniformly or as early in life as Tg2576 mice. Taken together with results from prior studies, the data suggest that surprising and multiple mechanisms contribute to hyperexcitability. The data also suggest that IIS may be a biomarker for early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey Kam
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Graduate Program in Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Áine M Duffy
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jillian Moretto
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John J LaFrancois
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Center for Dementia Research Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychiatry New York University Langone Medical Center New York, NY 10016, USA
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31
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Dorsal raphe nucleus acetylcholine-mediated neurotransmission modulates post-ictal antinociception: The role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Brain Res 2016; 1631:80-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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In vitro seizure like events and changes in ionic concentration. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:33-44. [PMID: 26300181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo, seizure like events are associated with increases in extracellular K(+) concentration, decreases in extracellular Ca(2+) concentration, diphasic changes in extracellular sodium, chloride, and proton concentration, as well as changes of extracellular space size. These changes point to mechanisms underlying the induction, spread and termination of seizure like events. METHODS We investigated the potential role of alterations of the ionic environment on the induction of seizure like events-considering a review of the literature and own experimental work in animal and human slices. RESULTS Increasing extracellular K(+) concentration, lowering extracellular Mg(2+) concentration, or lowering extracellular Ca(2+) concentration can induce seizure like events. In human tissue from epileptic patients, elevation of K(+) concentration induces seizure like events in the dentate gyrus and subiculum. A combination of elevated K(+) concentration and 4-AP or bicuculline can induce seizure like events in neocortical tissue. CONCLUSIONS These protocols provide insight into the mechanisms involved in seizure initiation, spread and termination. Moreover, pharmacological studies as well as studies on mechanisms underlying pharmacoresistance are feasible.
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Mason S, van Furth AM, Mienie LJ, Engelke UFH, Wevers RA, Solomons R, Reinecke CJ. A hypothetical astrocyte-microglia lactate shuttle derived from a 1H NMR metabolomics analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from a cohort of South African children with tuberculous meningitis. Metabolomics 2015; 11:822-837. [PMID: 26109926 PMCID: PMC4475545 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and is particularly intense in small children; there is no universally accepted algorithm for the diagnosis and substantiation of TB infection, which can lead to delayed intervention, a high risk factor for morbidity and mortality. In this study a proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics analysis and several chemometric methods were applied to data generated from lumber cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from three experimental groups: (1) South African infants and children with confirmed TBM, (2) non-meningitis South African infants and children as controls, and (3) neurological controls from the Netherlands. A total of 16 NMR-derived CSF metabolites were identified, which clearly differentiated between the controls and TBM cases under investigation. The defining metabolites were the combination of perturbed glucose and highly elevated lactate, common to some other neurological disorders. The remaining 14 metabolites of the host's response to TBM were likewise mainly energy-associated indicators. We subsequently generated a hypothesis expressed as an "astrocyte-microglia lactate shuttle" (AMLS) based on the host's response, which emerged from the NMR-metabolomics information. Activation of microglia, as implied by the AMLS hypothesis, does not, however, present a uniform process and involves intricate interactions and feedback loops between the microglia, astrocytes and neurons that hamper attempts to construct basic and linear cascades of cause and effect; TBM involves a complex integration of the responses from the various cell types present within the CNS, with microglia and the astrocytes as main players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Mason
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2531 South Africa
| | - A. Marceline van Furth
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases–Immunology and Rheumatology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk J. Mienie
- Potchefstroom Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Division for Biochemistry, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Udo F. H. Engelke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. Wevers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa
| | - Carolus J. Reinecke
- Centre for Human Metabonomics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2531 South Africa
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Kim JH, Lee DW, Choi BY, Sohn M, Lee SH, Choi HC, Song HK, Suh SW. Cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) adversely effects on pilocarpine seizure-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Brain Res 2014; 1595:156-65. [PMID: 25446447 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Citicoline (CDP-choline; cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine) is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of cell membrane phospholipids. Citicoline serves as a choline donor in the biosynthetic pathways of acetylcholine and neuronal membrane phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine. The ability of citicoline to reverse neuronal injury has been tested in animal models of cerebral ischemia and clinical trials have been performed in stroke patients. However, no studies have examined the effect of citicoline on seizure-induced neuronal death. To clarify the potential therapeutic effects of citicoline on seizure-induced neuronal death, we used an animal model of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine (25mg/kg) in adult male rats. Citicoline (100 or 300 mg/kg) was injected into the intraperitoneal space two hours after seizure onset and a second injection was performed 24h after the seizure. Citicoline was injected once per day for one week after pilocarpine- or kainate-induced seizure. Neuronal injury and microglial activation were evaluated at 1 week post-seizure. Surprisingly, rather than offering protection, citicoline treatment actually enhanced seizure-induced neuronal death and microglial activation in the hippocampus compared to vehicle treated controls. Citicoline administration after seizure-induction increased immunoglobulin leakage via BBB disruption in the hippocampus compared with the vehicle-only group. To clarify if this adverse effect of citicoline is generalizable across alternative seizure models, we induced seizure by kainate injection (10mg/kg, i.p.) and then injected citicoline as in pilocarpine-induced seizure. We found that citicoline did not modulate kainate seizure-induced neuronal death, BBB disruption or microglial activation. These results suggest that citicoline may not have neuroprotective effects after seizure and that clinical application of citicoline after seizure needs careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sohn
- Inha University, Department of Nursing, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Chul Choi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ki Song
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, Hallym University, College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Hallym Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea.
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Hollnagel JO, Ul Haq R, Behrens CJ, Maslarova A, Mody I, Heinemann U. No evidence for role of extracellular choline-acetyltransferase in generation of gamma oscillations in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Neuroscience 2014; 284:459-469. [PMID: 25453770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is well known to induce persistent γ-oscillations in the hippocampus when applied together with physostigmine, an inhibitor of the ACh degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Here we report that physostigmine alone can also dose-dependently induce γ-oscillations in rat hippocampal slices. We hypothesized that this effect was due to the presence of choline in the extracellular space and that this choline is taken up into cholinergic fibers where it is converted to ACh by the enzyme choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT). Release of ACh from cholinergic fibers in turn may then induce γ-oscillations. We therefore tested the effects of the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) on persistent γ-oscillations either induced by physostigmine alone or by co-application of ACh and physostigmine. We found that HC-3 itself did not induce γ-oscillations and also did not prevent physostigmine-induced γ-oscillation while washout of physostigmine and ACh-induced γ-oscillations was accelerated. It was recently reported that ChAT might also be present in the extracellular space (Vijayaraghavan et al., 2013). Here we show that the effect of physostigmine was prevented by the ChAT inhibitor (2-benzoylethyl)-trimethylammonium iodide (BETA) which could indicate extracellular synthesis of ACh. However, when we tested for effects of extracellularly applied acetyl-CoA, a substrate of ChAT for synthesis of ACh, physostigmine-induced γ-oscillations were attenuated. Together, these findings do not support the idea that ACh can be synthesized by an extracellularly located ChAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Hollnagel
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Ul Haq
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C J Behrens
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Maslarova
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Mody
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - U Heinemann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Chai O, Sommer A, Zimmerman G, Soreq H, Friedman A, Bdolah-Abram T, Aroch I, Shamir MH. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with seizures. Vet J 2013; 198:292-4. [PMID: 23988333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in animal models have focused on the role of cholinergic elements, mainly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the 'readthrough' acetylcholinesterase isoform (AChE-R), in seizures. A prospective double-masked study was conducted to assess the activity of AChE and AChE-R in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 26 dogs post-seizure, 28 dogs with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and 16 healthy dogs. AChE was also measured in the serum in the post-seizure and IVDD groups. The results showed no significant differences in CSF AChE among the three groups. AChE-R was not detected in any dog and AChE in the serum was similar between groups. This preliminary study provides new information on AChE and AChE-R in the CSF and sera of dogs following naturally-occurring seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Chai
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Van Liefferinge J, Massie A, Portelli J, Di Giovanni G, Smolders I. Are vesicular neurotransmitter transporters potential treatment targets for temporal lobe epilepsy? Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:139. [PMID: 24009559 PMCID: PMC3757300 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (VNTs) are small proteins responsible for packing synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters thereby determining the amount of neurotransmitter released per vesicle through fusion in both neurons and glial cells. Each transporter subtype was classically seen as a specific neuronal marker of the respective nerve cells containing that particular neurotransmitter or structurally related neurotransmitters. More recently, however, it has become apparent that common neurotransmitters can also act as co-transmitters, adding complexity to neurotransmitter release and suggesting intriguing roles for VNTs therein. We will first describe the current knowledge on vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT1/2/3), the vesicular excitatory amino acid transporter (VEAT), the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT), vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1/2), the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and the vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT) in the brain. We will focus on evidence regarding transgenic mice with disruptions in VNTs in different models of seizures and epilepsy. We will also describe the known alterations and reorganizations in the expression levels of these VNTs in rodent models for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in human tissue resected for epilepsy surgery. Finally, we will discuss perspectives on opportunities and challenges for VNTs as targets for possible future epilepsy therapies.
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Maslarova A, Salar S, Lapilover E, Friedman A, Veh RW, Heinemann U. Increased susceptibility to acetylcholine in the entorhinal cortex of pilocarpine-treated rats involves alterations in KCNQ channels. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Sengupta A, Ghosh S, Sharma S, Sonawat HM. 1H NMR metabonomics indicates continued metabolic changes and sexual dimorphism post-parasite clearance in self-limiting murine malaria model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66954. [PMID: 23826178 PMCID: PMC3691208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium spp. is considered to be a global threat, specifically for the developing countries. In human subjects considerable information exists regarding post-malarial physiology. However, most murine malarial models are lethal, and most studies deal with acute phases occurring as disease progresses. Much less is known regarding physiological status post-parasite clearance. We have assessed the physiological changes at the organ levels using (1)H NMR based metabonomics in a non lethal self-clearing murine malarial model of P. chabaudi parasites and Balb/C, far beyond the parasite clearance point. The results showed distinct metabolic states between uninfected and infected mice at the peak parasitemia, as well as three weeks post-parasite clearance. Our data also suggests that the response at the peak infection as well as recovery exhibited distinct sexual dimorphism. Specifically, we observed accumulation of acetylcholine in the brain metabolic profile of both the sexes. This might have important implication in understanding the pathophysiology of the post malarial neurological syndromes. In addition, the female liver showed high levels of glucose, dimethylglycine, methylacetoacetate and histidine after three weeks post-parasite clearance, while the males showed accumulation of branched chain amino acids, lysine, glutamine and bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Shobhona Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Pavlovsky L, Bitan Y, Shalev H, Serlin Y, Friedman A. Stress-induced altered cholinergic–glutamatergic interactions in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Res 2012; 1472:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gnatek Y, Zimmerman G, Goll Y, Najami N, Soreq H, Friedman A. Acetylcholinesterase loosens the brain's cholinergic anti-inflammatory response and promotes epileptogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:66. [PMID: 22639569 PMCID: PMC3355593 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show a key role of brain inflammation in epilepsy. However, the mechanisms controlling brain immune response are only partly understood. In the periphery, acetylcholine (ACh) release by the vagus nerve restrains inflammation by inhibiting the activation of leukocytes. Recent reports suggested a similar anti-inflammatory effect for ACh in the brain. Since brain cholinergic dysfunctions are documented in epileptic animals, we explored changes in brain cholinergic gene expression and associated immune response during pilocarpine-induced epileptogenesis. Levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and inflammatory markers were measured using real-time RT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and immunostaining in wild type (WT) and transgenic mice over-expressing the "synaptic" splice variant AChE-S (TgS). One month following pilocarpine, mice were video-monitored for spontaneous seizures. To test directly the effect of ACh on the brain's innate immune response, cytokines expression levels were measured in acute brain slices treated with cholinergic agents. We report a robust up-regulation of AChE as early as 48 h following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). AChE was expressed in hippocampal neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells but rarely in astrocytes. TgS mice overexpressing AChE showed constitutive increased microglial activation, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines 48 h after SE and accelerated epileptogenesis compared to their WT counterparts. Finally we show a direct, muscarine-receptor dependant, nicotine-receptor independent anti-inflammatory effect of ACh in brain slices maintained ex vivo. Our work demonstrates for the first time, that ACh directly suppresses brain innate immune response and that AChE up-regulation after SE is associated with enhanced immune response, facilitating the epileptogenic process. Our results highlight the cholinergic system as a potential new target for the prevention of seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Gnatek
- Departments of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Vecchio F, Tombini M, Buffo P, Assenza G, Pellegrino G, Benvenga A, Babiloni C, Rossini PM. Mobile phone emission increases inter-hemispheric functional coupling of electroencephalographic alpha rhythms in epileptic patients. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 84:164-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nicotinic stimulation induces Tristetraprolin over-production and attenuates inflammation in muscle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:368-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Compensatory network alterations upon onset of epilepsy in synapsin triple knock-out mice. Neuroscience 2011; 189:108-22. [PMID: 21621590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult synapsin triple-knockout mice exhibit epilepsy that manifests as generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Because in vitro recordings have shown a reduction in quantal release from inhibitory neurons, an inherent excitation-inhibition imbalance has been hypothesized as the direct culprit for epilepsy in these mice. We critically assessed this hypothesis by examining neurotransmission during the emergence of epilepsy. Using long-term video and telemetric EEG monitoring we found that synapsin triple-knockout mice exhibit an abrupt transition during early adulthood from a seizure-free presymptomatic latent state to a consistent symptomatic state of sensory-induced seizures. Electrophysiological recordings showed that during the latent period larger field responses could be elicited in slices from mutant mice. However, only after the transition to a symptomatic state in the adult mice did evoked epileptiform activity become prevalent. This state was characterized by resistance to the epileptiform-promoting effects of 4-aminopyridine, by marked hypersensitivity to blockage of GABAA receptors, and by the emergence of unresponsiveness to NMDA receptor antagonism, all of which were not observed during the latent period. Importantly, enhancement in inhibitory transmission was associated with upregulation of GAD67 expression without affecting the number of inhibitory neurons in the same brain areas where epileptiform activity was recorded. We therefore suggest that while deletion of the synapsins initially increases cortical network activity, this enhanced excitability is insufficient to elicit seizures. Rather, compensatory epileptogenic mechanisms are activated during the latent period that lead to an additional almost-balanced enhancement of both the excitatory and inhibitory components of the network, finally culminating in the emergence of epilepsy.
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Siebel AM, Rico EP, Capiotti KM, Piato AL, Cusinato CT, Franco TMA, Bogo MR, Bonan CD. In vitro effects of antiepileptic drugs on acetylcholinesterase and ectonucleotidase activities in zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1279-84. [PMID: 20362660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), and gabapentine (GBP) are classical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that act through a variety of mechanisms. We have tested the in vitro effects of CBZ, PHT, and GBP at different concentrations on ectonucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities in zebrafish brain. CBZ inhibited ATP hydrolysis at 1000 microM (32%) whereas acetylcholine hydrolysis decreased at 500 microM (25.2%) and 1000 microM (38.7%). PHT increased AMP hydrolysis both at 500 microM (65%) and 1000 microM (64.8%). GBP did not promote any significant changes on ectonucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities. These results have shown that CBZ can reduce NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and PHT enhance ecto 5'-nucleotidase activities. Therefore, it is possible to suggest that the AEDs induced-effects on ectonucleotidases are related to enzyme anchorage form. Our findings have also shown that high CBZ concentrations inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, which can induce an increase of acetylcholine levels. Taken together, these results showed a complex interaction among AEDs, purinergic, and cholinergic systems, providing a better understanding of the AEDs pharmacodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Siebel
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Visweswari G, Prasad KS, Chetan PS, Lokanatha V, Rajendra W. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant effect of Centella asiatica (gotu kola) in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures with respect to cholinergic neurotransmission. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 17:332-5. [PMID: 20144879 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The study described here was carried out to investigate the anticonvulsant effect of different extracts of Centella asiatica with respect to cholinergic activity on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups of six rats each: nonepileptic rats treated with saline; PTZ (60 mg/kg, IP)-induced seizure rats treated with saline; PTZ-induced seizure rats pretreated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water extracts of C. asiatica; and PTZ-induced seizure rats pretreated with diazepam (2mg/kg body wt). The seized rats pretreated with different extracts were administered a dose of 200mg/kg body wt orally for 1 week before induction of epilepsy. Increased acetylcholine content and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity were recorded in different brain regions during PTZ-induced seizures. Pretreatment with C. asiatica extracts caused recovery of the levels of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase. These findings suggest that C. asiatica causes perceptible changes in the cholinergic system as one of the facets of its anticonvulsant activity.
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Zimmerman G, Njunting M, Ivens S, Tolner EA, Behrens CJ, Gross M, Soreq H, Heinemann U, Friedman A. Acetylcholine-induced seizure-like activity and modified cholinergic gene expression in chronically epileptic rats. Eur J Neurosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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