1
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Zhang C, De Meester L, Stoks R. Rapid evolution of consumptive and non-consumptive predator effects on prey population densities, bioenergetics and stoichiometry. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38807348 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Predators can strongly influence prey populations not only through consumptive effects (CE) but also through non-consumptive effects (NCE) imposed by predation risk. Yet, the impact of NCE on bioenergetic and stoichiometric body contents of prey, traits that are shaping life histories, population and food web dynamics, is largely unknown. Moreover, the degree to which NCE can evolve and can drive evolution in prey populations is rarely studied. A 6-week outdoor mesocosm experiment with Caged-Fish (NCE) and Free-Ranging-Fish (CE and NCE) treatments was conducted to quantify and compare the effects of CE and NCE on population densities, bioenergetic and stoichiometric body contents of Daphnia magna, a keystone species in freshwater ecosystems. We tested for evolution of CE and NCE by using experimental populations consisting of D. magna clones from two periods of a resurrected natural pond population: a pre-fish period without fish and a high-fish period with high predation pressure. Both Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments decreased the body size and population densities, especially in Daphnia from the high-fish period. Only the Free-Ranging-Fish treatment affected bioenergetic variables, while both the Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments shaped body stoichiometry. The effects of CE and NCE were different between both periods indicating their rapid evolution in the natural resurrected population. Both the Caged-Fish and Free-Ranging-Fish treatments changed the clonal frequencies of the experimental Daphnia populations of the pre-fish as well as the high-fish period, indicating that not only CE but also NCE induced clonal sorting, hence rapid evolution during the mesocosm experiment in both periods. Our results demonstrate that CE as well as NCE have the potential to change not only the body size and population density but also the bioenergetic and stoichiometric characteristics of prey populations. Moreover, we show that these responses not only evolved in the studied resurrected population, but that CE and NCE also caused differential rapid evolution in a time frame of 6 weeks (ca. four to six generations). As NCE can evolve as well as can drive evolution, they may play an important role in shaping eco-evolutionary dynamics in predator-prey interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc De Meester
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Hanashiro FTT, De Meester L, Vanhamel M, Mukherjee S, Gianuca AT, Verbeek L, van den Berg E, Souffreau C. Bacterioplankton Assembly Along a Eutrophication Gradient Is Mainly Structured by Environmental Filtering, Including Indirect Effects of Phytoplankton Composition. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:400-410. [PMID: 35306576 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biotic interactions are suggested to be key factors structuring bacterioplankton community assembly but are rarely included in metacommunity studies. Eutrophication of ponds and lakes provides a useful opportunity to evaluate how bacterioplankton assembly is affected by specific environmental conditions, especially also by biotic interactions with other trophic levels such as phytoplankton and zooplankton. Here, we evaluated the importance of deterministic and stochastic processes on bacterioplankton community assembly in 35 shallow ponds along a eutrophication gradient in Belgium and assessed the direct and indirect effects of phytoplankton and zooplankton community variation on bacterioplankton assembly through a path analysis and network analysis. Environmental filtering by abiotic factors (suspended matter concentration and pH) explained the largest part of the bacterioplankton community variation. Phytoplankton community structure affected bacterioplankton structure through its effect on variation in chlorophyll-a and suspended matter concentration. Bacterioplankton communities were also spatially structured through pH. Overall, our results indicate that environmental variation is a key component driving bacterioplankton assembly along a eutrophication gradient and that indirect biotic interactions can also be important in explaining bacterioplankton community composition. Furthermore, eutrophication led to divergence in community structure and more eutrophic ponds had a higher diversity of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Toshiro T Hanashiro
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Vanhamel
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shinjini Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, KU Leuven, ON I Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andros T Gianuca
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Laura Verbeek
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Edwin van den Berg
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Souffreau
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution & Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Groult B, Bredin P, Lazar CS. Ecological processes differ in community assembly of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes in a biogeographical survey of groundwater habitats in the Quebec region (Canada). Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5898-5910. [PMID: 36135934 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquifers are inhabited by microorganisms from the three major domains of life: Archaea, Eukaryotes and Bacteria. Although interest in the processes that govern the assembly of these microbial communities is growing, their study is almost systematically limited to one of the three domains of life. Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotes are however interconnected and essential to understand the functioning of their living ecosystems. We, therefore, conducted a spatial study of the distribution of microorganisms by sampling 35 wells spread over an area of 10,000 km2 in the Quebec region (Canada). The obtained data allowed us to define the impact of geographic distance and geochemical water composition on the microbial communities. A null model approach was used to infer the relative influence of stochastic and determinist ecological processes on the assembly of the microbial community from all three domains. We found that the organisms from these three groups are mainly governed by stochastic mechanisms. However, this apparent similarity does not reflect the differences in the processes that govern the phyla assembly. The results obtained highlight the importance of considering all the microorganisms without neglecting their individual specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Groult
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Bredin
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cassandre Sara Lazar
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Jin L, Chen H, Xue Y, Soininen J, Yang J. The scale-dependence of spatial distribution of reservoir plankton communities in subtropical and tropical China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157179. [PMID: 35809738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Distance-decay relationships (DDRs) represent a very useful approach to describing the spatial distribution of biological communities. However, plankton DDR patterns and community assembly mechanisms are still poorly understood at different spatial scales in reservoir ecosystems. We collected phytoplankton, zooplankton and water samples in 24 reservoirs from subtropical and tropical China from July to August 2018. We examined DDR patterns across three distinct spatial scales, i.e., within-reservoir, within-drainage (but between reservoirs) and between drainages. We tested whether the rate of change (i.e., slope) of DDRs is consistent across different spatial scales. We assessed the relative importance of spatial and environmental variables in shaping the community distribution of plankton and quantitatively distinguished the community assembly mechanisms. We observed significant DDR curves in phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, in which slopes of the DDRs were steepest at the smallest spatial scale. Both spatial and environmental factors had significant impacts on DDR and dispersal assembly was a slightly stronger process in reservoir phytoplankton and zooplankton community assembly than niche-based process. We conclude that DDRs of reservoir phytoplankton and zooplankton vary with spatial scale. Our data shed light on how spatial and environmental variables contribute to plankton community assembly together. However, we revealed that dispersal process contributes to the biogeography of reservoir plankton slightly more strongly than environmental filtering. Collectively, this study enhances the understanding of plankton biogeography and distribution at multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Janne Soininen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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5
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Vieira HH, Bagatini IL, de Moraes GP, Freitas RM, Sarmento H, Bertilsson S, Vieira AAH. Regional factors as major drivers for microbial community turnover in tropical cascading reservoirs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831716. [PMID: 36060758 PMCID: PMC9434106 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The turnover of microbial communities across space is dictated by local and regional factors. Locally, selection shapes community assembly through biological interactions between organisms and the environment, while regional factors influence microbial dispersion patterns. Methods used to disentangle the effects of local and regional factors typically do not aim to identify ecological processes underlying the turnover. In this paper, we identified and quantified these processes for three operational microbial subcommunities (cyanobacteria, particle-attached, and free-living bacteria) from a tropical cascade of freshwater reservoirs with decreasing productivity, over two markedly different dry and rainy seasons. We hypothesized that during the dry season communities would mainly be controlled by selection shaped by the higher environmental heterogeneity that results from low hydrological flow and connectivity between reservoirs. We expected highly similar communities shaped by dispersal and a more homogenized environment during the rainy season, enhanced by increased flow rates. Even if metacommunities were largely controlled by regional events in both periods, the selection had more influence on free-living communities during the dry period, possibly related to elevated dissolved organic carbon concentration, while drift as a purely stochastic factor, had more influence on cyanobacterial communities. Each subcommunity had distinct patterns of turnover along the cascade related to diversity (Cyanobacteria), lifestyle and size (Free-living), and spatial dynamics (particle-attached).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Henriques Vieira
- Hydrobiologický ústav, Biologické cenrum AV ČR, v.v.i, .České Budějovice, Czechia
- Post-graduation Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN – CCBS), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Helena Henriques Vieira,
| | - Inessa Lacativa Bagatini
- Laboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pavan de Moraes
- Post-graduation Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN – CCBS), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Phycology, Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Mafra Freitas
- Post-graduation Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN – CCBS), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Biodiversity, Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Biodiversity, Department of Hydrobiology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan Bertilsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Zhang C, Goitom E, Brans K, De Meester L, Stoks R. Scared to evolve? Non-consumptive effects drive rapid adaptive evolution in a natural prey population. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220188. [PMID: 35506228 PMCID: PMC9065975 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Predators can strongly influence prey populations through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on the consumptive effects in driving evolutionary changes. By integrating experimental evolution and resurrection ecology, we tested the roles of non-consumptive and consumptive effects in driving evolution in a Daphnia magna population that experienced strong changes in fish predation pressure. All resurrected genotypes were pooled, inoculated in outdoor mesocosms, and exposed to free-fish or caged-fish treatments. Non-consumptive effects induced rapid, repeatable changes in the clonal composition and associated genotypic trait changes that were similar in magnitude and direction to those imposed by killing. Both non-consumptive and consumptive effects caused a shift towards a dominance of the high-fish period clones that can perform better under fish predation, and this may be explained by the higher intrinsic growth rate of the high-fish period clones under predation risk. The genotypic trait changes (e.g. reduced body sizes, earlier maturation, more and smaller offspring) of the Daphnia in the mesocosm experiments were in the same direction as the adaptive trait shifts observed in situ through resurrection ecology. Our results demonstrate that non-consumptive effects can induce rapid adaptive evolution and may represent an overlooked driver of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China,Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eyerusalem Goitom
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnic Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kristien Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Xu Y, Xiang Z, Rizo EZ, Naselli-Flores L, Han BP. Combination of linear and nonlinear multivariate approaches effectively uncover responses of phytoplankton communities to environmental changes at regional scale. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114399. [PMID: 34974215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The response of a community to environmental changes is either linear or non-linear, so that they can be investigated approximately by linear or nonlinear models. At community level, redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), and Mantel test and Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) are two pairs of fundamental multivariate approaches. Thus, it is necessary to determine how they are used for a given group of communities or a metacommunity. In the present study, we explored the applications of the two pairs of commonly used multivariate methods for the analysis of tropical phytoplankton communities. Phytoplankton were collected from 60 tropical reservoirs in southern China at two distinct regions and two hydrological seasons. Because of a short environmental gradient, response of phytoplankton communities to the environmental gradients was first explored with linear models: distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) and Mantel test. Then, CCA and GDM were further applied to recognize the nonlinear relationship between phytoplankton community variation and environmental changes, and to detect the significant environmental and/or spatial variables. Our results strongly suggest that the combination of db-RDA and GDM provides a highly effective tool to uncover the linearity and nonlinearity in community responses and the important associated environmental and spatial variables, which were significantly different between flooding and dry seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Xu
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenlong Xiang
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Eric Zeus Rizo
- Division of Biological Sciences College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines-Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Luigi Naselli-Flores
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 28, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bo-Ping Han
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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8
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De Troyer N, Bruneel S, Lock K, Greener MS, Facq E, Deknock A, Martel A, Pasmans F, Goethals P. Ratio-dependent functional response of two common Cladocera present in farmland ponds to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Gansfort B, Uthoff J, Traunspurger W. Connectivity of communities interacts with regional heterogeneity in driving species diversity: a mesocosm experiment. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Gansfort
- Animal Ecology Bielefeld University Konsequenz 45 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
| | - Jana Uthoff
- Animal Ecology Bielefeld University Konsequenz 45 Bielefeld 33615 Germany
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10
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Zhao Z, Li H, Sun Y, Yang Q, Fan J. Contrasting the assembly of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in a polluted semi-closed sea: Effects of marine compartments and environmental selection. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117256. [PMID: 33957514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of community assembly is a major challenge in microbial ecology, particularly in communities composed of diverse organisms with different ecological characteristics. However, very little is known about the effects of marine compartments in shaping marine planktonic communities; primarily, how they are related to organism types and environmental variables. In this study, we used multiple statistical methods to explore the mechanisms driving phytoplankton and zooplankton metacommunity dynamics at the regional scale in the Bohai Sea, China. Clear geographic patterns were observed in both phytoplankton and zooplankton communities. Zooplankton showed a stronger distance-decay of similarity than phytoplankton, which had greater community differences between locations with further distances. Our analyses indicated that the zooplankton communities were primarily governed by species sorting versus dispersal limitation than the phytoplankton communities. Furthermore, we detected that zooplankton exhibited wider habitat niche breadths and dispersal abilities than phytoplankton. Our findings also showed that environmental pollution affected high trophic organisms via food webs; the presence of heavy metals in the Bohai Sea altered the abundance of some phytoplankton, and thus modified the zooplankton that feed on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Coastal Ecosystem, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
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11
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Callens M, De Meester L, Muylaert K, Mukherjee S, Decaestecker E. The bacterioplankton community composition and a host genotype dependent occurrence of taxa shape the Daphnia magna gut bacterial community. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 96:5861314. [PMID: 32573725 PMCID: PMC7360484 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of host-associated bacterial communities is influenced by a multitude of biotic and abiotic factors. It is essential to gain insight in the impact and relative strength of these factors if we want to be able to predict the effects of environmental change on the assembly of host-associated bacterial communities, or deliberately modify them. The environmental pool of bacteria, from which the host is colonized, and the genetic background of the host are both considered to be important in determining the composition of host-associated bacterial communities. We experimentally assessed the relative importance of these two factors and their interaction on the composition of Daphnia magna gut bacterial communities. Bacterioplankton originating from natural ponds or a laboratory culture were used to inoculate germ-free Daphnia of different genotypes. We found that the composition of the environmental bacterial community has a major influence on the Daphnia gut bacterial community, both reflected by the presence or absence of specific taxa as well as by a correlation between abundances in the environment and on the host. Our data also indicate a consistent effect of host genotype on the occurrence of specific bacterial taxa in the gut of Daphnia over different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Callens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven - Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.,CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Köning-Luise-Strasse 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz Institut für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Koenraad Muylaert
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven - Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Shinjini Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, University of Leuven - Campus KULAK, E. Sabbelaan 53, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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12
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Mony C, Vandenkoornhuyse P, Bohannan BJM, Peay K, Leibold MA. A Landscape of Opportunities for Microbial Ecology Research. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561427. [PMID: 33329422 PMCID: PMC7718007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes encompass tremendous biodiversity, provide support to all living forms, including humans, and play an important role in many ecosystem services. The rules that govern microorganism community assembly are increasingly revealed due to key advances in molecular and analytical methods but their understanding remain a key challenge in microbial ecology. The existence of biogeographic patterns within microbial communities has been established and explained in relation to landscape-scale processes, including selection, drift, dispersal and mutation. The effect of habitat patchiness on microorganisms' assembly rules remains though incompletely understood. Here, we review how landscape ecology principles can be adapted to explore new perspectives on the mechanisms that determine microbial community structure. To provide a general overview, we characterize microbial landscapes, the spatial and temporal scales of the mechanisms that drive microbial assembly and the feedback between microorganisms and landscape structure. We provide evidence for the effects of landscape heterogeneity, landscape fragmentation and landscape dynamics on microbial community structure, and show that predictions made for macro-organisms at least partly also apply to microorganisms. We explain why emerging metacommunity approaches in microbial ecology should include explicit characterization of landscape structure in their development and interpretation. We also explain how biotic interactions, such as competition, prey-predator or mutualist relations may influence the microbial landscape and may be involved in the above-mentioned feedback process. However, we argue that the application of landscape ecology to the microbial world cannot simply involve transposing existing theoretical frameworks. This is due to the particularity of these organisms, in terms of size, generation time, and for some of them, tight interaction with hosts. These characteristics imply dealing with unusual and dependent space and time scales of effect. Evolutionary processes have also a strong importance in microorganisms' response to their landscapes. Lastly, microorganisms' activity and distribution induce feedback effects on the landscape that have to be taken into account. The transposition of the landscape ecology framework to microorganisms provides many challenging research directions for microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine Mony
- UMR CNRS ECOBIO, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Kabir Peay
- Department of Biology, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mathew A Leibold
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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13
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Jones NT, Symons CC, Cavalheri H, Pedroza-Ramos A, Shurin JB. Predators drive community reorganization during experimental range shifts. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2378-2388. [PMID: 32592594 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased global temperatures caused by climate change are causing species to shift their ranges and colonize new sites, creating novel assemblages that have historically not interacted. Species interactions play a central role in the response of ecosystems to climate change, but the role of trophic interactions in facilitating or preventing range expansions is largely unknown. The goal of our study was to understand how predators influence the ability of range-shifting prey to successfully establish in newly available habitat following climate warming. We hypothesized that fish predation facilitates the establishment of colonizing zooplankton populations, because fish preferentially consume larger species that would otherwise competitively exclude smaller-bodied colonists. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with zooplankton communities and their fish predators from lakes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, USA. We tested the effect of fish predation on the establishment and persistence of a zooplankton community when introduced in the presence of higher- and lower-elevation communities at two experimental temperatures in field mesocosms. We found that predators reduce the abundance of larger-bodied residents from the alpine and facilitate the establishment of new lower-elevation species. In addition, fish predation and warming independently reduced the average body size of zooplankton by up to 30%. This reduction in body size offset the direct effect of warming-induced increases in population growth rates, leading to no net change in zooplankton biomass or trophic cascade strength. We found support for a shift to smaller species with climate change through two mechanisms: (a) the direct effects of warming on developmental rates and (b) size-selective predation that altered the identity of species' that could colonize new higher elevation habitat. Our results suggest that predators can amplify the rate of range shifts by consuming larger-bodied residents and facilitating the establishment of new species. However, the effects of climate warming were dampened by reducing the average body size of community members, leading to no net change in ecosystem function, despite higher growth rates. This work suggests that trophic interactions play a role in the reorganization of regional communities under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie T Jones
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, The University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Celia C Symons
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, The University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, The University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hamanda Cavalheri
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, The University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adriana Pedroza-Ramos
- Unidad de Ecología en Sistemas Acuáticos UDESA, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, The University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Soil bacterial diversity correlates with precipitation and soil pH in long-term maize cropping systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6012. [PMID: 32265458 PMCID: PMC7138807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62919-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the key drivers of bacterial community assembly in agricultural soils is pivotal for soil nutrient management and crop productivity. Presently, the drivers of microbial community structure remain unexplored in maize cropping systems under complex and variable environmental scenarios across large spatial scales. In this study, we conducted high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and network analysis to identify the major environmental factors driving bacterial community diversity and co-occurrence patterns in 21 maize field soils across China. The results show that mean annual precipitation and soil pH are the major environmental factors that shape soil bacterial communities in maize soils. The similarities of bacterial communities significantly decreased with increasing geographic distance between different sites. The differences in spatial turnover rates across bacterial phyla indicate the distinct dispersal capabilities of bacterial groups, and some abundant phyla exhibited high dispersal capabilities. Aeromicrobium, Friedmanniella, Saccharothrix, Lamia, Rhodococcus, Skermanella, and Pedobacter were identified as keystone taxa. Based on the node-level and network-level topological features, members of the core microbiome were more frequently found in the center of the ecosystem network compared with other taxa. This study highlights the major environmental factors driving bacterial community assembly in agro-ecosystems and the central ecological role of the core microbiome in maintaining the web of complex bacterial interactions.
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15
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Lansac-Tôha FM, Heino J, Quirino BA, Moresco GA, Peláez O, Meira BR, Rodrigues LC, Jati S, Lansac-Tôha FA, Velho LFM. Differently dispersing organism groups show contrasting beta diversity patterns in a dammed subtropical river basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1271-1281. [PMID: 31466207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely known that dams can have large impacts on the environmental and biological characteristics of downstream rivers, there is a substantial lack of studies focusing on which ecological processes cause longitudinal changes in biological communities downstream of reservoirs. We investigated longitudinal patterns in the total beta diversity and its replacement and richness difference components for actively (fish) and passively (phytoplankton) dispersing biological groups. Our results, obtained from a 230 km sampling stretch, demonstrated the key role played by tributaries in the downstream direction from main river impoundment, which influenced local environmental conditions and beta diversity patterns of each biological group. Both replacement and richness difference contributed to high values of total beta diversity for fish (average = 0.77) and phytoplankton (average = 0.79), but their relative importance was more associated with the replacement component for both biological groups (average = 0.45 and 0.52, respectively). Moreover, we observed clear differences between fish and phytoplankton in beta diversity patterns operating at small and broad scales, as well as in the mechanisms driving each beta diversity component. Directional dispersal-related processes and environmental filtering played a major role in shaping total beta diversity and its components for fish, while temporal factors explained considerable parts of phytoplankton beta diversity. Our findings contributed to understanding of tributary-induced heterogeneity and highlight the importance of dam-free stretches of rivers for preserving the integrity of dammed river basins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M Lansac-Tôha
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Jani Heino
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Freshwater Centre, Paavo Havaksen Tie 3, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bárbara A Quirino
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Geovani A Moresco
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Oscar Peláez
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Bianca R Meira
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luzia C Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Susicley Jati
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio A Lansac-Tôha
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe M Velho
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; UniCesumar -PPGTL, Instituto Cesumar de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação (ICETI), Av. Guedner, 1610, CEP: 87.050-390 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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16
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Limberger R, Pitt A, Hahn MW, Wickham SA. Spatial insurance in multi-trophic metacommunities. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1828-1837. [PMID: 31392829 PMCID: PMC6852594 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metacommunity theory suggests that dispersal is a key driver of diversity and ecosystem functioning in changing environments. The capacity of dispersal to mitigate effects of environmental change might vary among trophic groups, potentially resulting in changes in trophic interactions and food web structure. In a mesocosm experiment, we compared the compositional response of bacteria, phyto‐ and zooplankton to a factorial manipulation of acidification and dispersal. We found that the buffering capacity of dispersal varied among trophic groups: dispersal alleviated the negative effect of acidification on phytoplankton diversity mid‐experiment, but had no effect on the diversity of zooplankton and bacteria. Likewise, trophic groups differed in whether dispersal facilitated compositional change. Dispersal accelerated changes in phytoplankton composition under acidification, possibly mediated by changes in trophic interactions, but had no effect on the composition of zooplankton and bacteria. Overall, our results suggest that the potential for spatial insurance can vary among trophic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Limberger
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria.,Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Pitt
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin W Hahn
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Stephen A Wickham
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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17
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Langenheder S, Lindström ES. Factors influencing aquatic and terrestrial bacterial community assembly. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 11:306-315. [PMID: 30618071 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, many studies have shown that different processes including drift, environmental selection and dispersal can be important for the assembly of bacterial communities in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. However, we lack a conceptual overview about the ecological context and factors that influence the relative importance of the different assembly mechanisms and determine their dynamics in time and space. Focusing on free-living, i.e., nonhost associated, bacterial communities, this minireview, therefore, summarizes and conceptualizes findings from empirical studies about how (i) environmental factors, such as environmental heterogeneity, disturbances, productivity and trophic interactions; (ii) connectivity and dispersal rates (iii) spatial scale, (iv) community properties and traits and (v) the use of taxonomic/phylogenetic or functional metrics influence the relative importance of different community assembly processes. We find that there is to-date little consistency among studies and suggest that future studies should now address how (i)-(v) differ between habitats and organisms and how this, in turn, influences the temporal and spatial-scale dependency of community assembly processes in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Langenheder
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva S Lindström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Hanashiro FTT, Mukherjee S, Souffreau C, Engelen J, Brans KI, Busschaert P, De Meester L. Freshwater Bacterioplankton Metacommunity Structure Along Urbanization Gradients in Belgium. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:743. [PMID: 31031725 PMCID: PMC6473040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is transforming and fragmenting natural environments worldwide, driving changes in biological communities through alterations in local environmental conditions as well as by changing the capacity of species to reach specific habitats. While the majority of earlier studies have been performed on higher plants and animals, it is crucial to increase our insight on microbial responses to urbanization across different spatial scales. Here, using a metacommunity approach, we evaluated the effects of urbanization on bacterioplankton communities in 50 shallow ponds in Belgium (Flanders region), one of the most urbanized areas in Northwest Europe. We estimated the relative importance of local environmental factors (35 abiotic and biotic variables), regional spatial factors and urbanization (built-up area) quantified at two spatial scales (200 m × 200 m and 3 km × 3 km). We show that urbanization at local or regional scales did not lead to strong changes in community composition and taxon diversity of bacterioplankton. Urbanization at regional scale (3 km × 3 km) explained only 2% of community composition variation while at local scale (200 m × 200 m), no effect was detected. Local environmental factors explained 13% (OTUs with relative abundance ≥ 0.1%) to 24% (12 dominant OTUs -≥ 1%) of community variation. Six local environmental variables significantly explained variation in bacterioplankton community composition: pH, alkalinity, conductivity, total phosphorus, abundance of Daphnia and concentration of copper (Cu), of which pH was partly mediated by urbanization. Our results indicate that environmental rather than spatial factors accounted for the variation in bacterioplankton community structure, suggesting that species sorting is the main process explaining bacterioplankton community assembly. Apparently, urbanization does not have a direct and strong effect on bacterioplankton metacommunity structure, probably due to the capacity of these organisms to adapt toward and colonize habitats with different environmental conditions and due to their fast adaptation and metabolic versatility. Thus, bacterioplankton communities inhabiting shallow ponds may be less affected by environmental conditions resulting from urbanization as compared to the impacts previously described for other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Toshiro T Hanashiro
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shinjini Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Souffreau
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessie Engelen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristien I Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Busschaert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Gynaecological Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Antonucci Di Carvalho J, Wickham SA. Simulating eutrophication in a metacommunity landscape: an aquatic model ecosystem. Oecologia 2019; 189:461-474. [PMID: 30523402 PMCID: PMC6394664 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic habitats are often characterized by both high diversity and the threat of multiple anthropogenic stressors. Our research deals with temporal and spatial aspects of two of the main threats for biodiversity, namely eutrophication and fragmentation. It is known that pulsed nutrient addition creates temporal differences in environmental conditions, promoting higher diversity by preventing the best competitor from dominating. Furthermore, a metacommunity landscape with intermediate connectivity increases autotrophs' diversity and stability. However, it is yet unclear if these two factors are additive in increasing diversity and if the effects extend to the consumer level. With the goal of understanding how eutrophication impacts biodiversity in a metacommunity landscape, we hypothesized that pulsed nutrient addition will increase diversity among both autotrophs and heterotrophs, and this effect will be even greater in a metacommunity landscape. We simulated eutrophication and fragmentation in a microcosm experiment using phytoplankton as primary producers and microzooplankton as grazers. Four treatment combinations were tested including two different landscapes (metacommunity and isolated community) and two forms of nutrient supply (pulsed and continuous): metacommunity/continuous nutrient addition (MC); metacommunity/pulsed nutrient addition (MP); isolated community/continuous nutrient addition (IC); isolated community/pulsed nutrient addition (IP). As expected, pulsed nutrient addition had a persistent positive effect on phytoplankton diversity, with a weaker influence of landscape type. In contrast, the grazer community strongly benefited from a metacommunity landscape, with less significance of pulsed or continuous nutrient addition. Overall, the metacommunity landscape with pulsed nutrient supply supported higher diversity of primary producers and grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Antonucci Di Carvalho
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Stephen A Wickham
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Isabwe A, Yang JR, Wang Y, Liu L, Chen H, Yang J. Community assembly processes underlying phytoplankton and bacterioplankton across a hydrologic change in a human-impacted river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:658-667. [PMID: 29494974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the influence of microbial community assembly processes on aquatic ecosystem function and biodiversity is well known, the processes that govern planktonic communities in human-impacted rivers remain largely unstudied. Here, we used multivariate statistics and a null model approach to test the hypothesis that environmental conditions and obstructed dispersal opportunities, dictate a deterministic community assembly for phytoplankton and bacterioplankton across contrasting hydrographic conditions in a subtropical mid-sized river (Jiulong River, southeast China). Variation partitioning analysis showed that the explanatory power of local environmental variables was larger than that of the spatial variables for both plankton communities during the dry season. During the wet season, phytoplankton community variation was mainly explained by local environmental variables, whereas the variance in bacterioplankton was explained by both environmental and spatial predictors. The null model based on Raup-Crick coefficients for both planktonic groups suggested little evidences of the stochastic processes involving dispersal and random distribution. Our results showed that hydrological change and landscape structure act together to cause divergence in communities along the river channel, thereby dictating a deterministic assembly and that selection exceeds dispersal limitation during the dry season. Therefore, to protect the ecological integrity of human-impacted rivers, watershed managers should not only consider local environmental conditions but also dispersal routes to account for the effect of regional species pool on local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Isabwe
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun R Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongming Wang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Lemian Liu
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Huihuang Chen
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Aquatic EcoHealth Group, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021 Xiamen, PR China.
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21
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Zhang Q, Goberna M, Liu Y, Cui M, Yang H, Sun Q, Insam H, Zhou J. Competition and habitat filtering jointly explain phylogenetic structure of soil bacterial communities across elevational gradients. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2386-2396. [PMID: 29687609 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of assembly processes in shaping biological communities is poorly understood, especially for microbes. Here, we report on the forces that structure soil bacterial communities along a 2000 m elevational gradient. We characterized the relative importance of habitat filtering and competition on phylogenetic structure and turnover in bacterial communities. Bacterial communities exhibited a phylogenetically clustered pattern and were more clustered with increasing elevation. Biotic factors (i.e., relative abundance of dominant bacterial lineages) appeared to be most important to the degree of clustering, evidencing the role of the competitive ability of entire clades in shaping the communities. Phylogenetic turnover showed the greatest correlation to elevation. After controlling the elevation, biotic factors showed greater correlation to phylogenetic turnover than all the habitat variables (i.e., climate, soil and vegetation). Structural equation modelling also identified that elevation and soil organic matter exerted indirect effects on phylogenetic diversity and turnover by determining the dominance of microbial competitors. Our results suggest that competition among bacterial taxa induced by soil carbon contributes to the phylogenetic pattern across elevational gradient in the Tibetan Plateau. This highlights the importance of considering not only abiotic filtering but also biotic interactions in soil bacterial communities across stressful elevational gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.,Research Institute of Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25d, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Marta Goberna
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km 4.5, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yuguo Liu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Cui
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishui Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Sun
- Research Institute of Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1, Dongxiaofu, Xiangshan Road Haidian District, Beijing 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Heribert Insam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25d, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jinxing Zhou
- Jianshui National Field Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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22
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Grainger TN, Gilbert B. Multi-scale responses to warming in an experimental insect metacommunity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5151-5163. [PMID: 28556493 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In metacommunities, diversity is the product of species interactions at the local scale and dispersal between habitat patches at the regional scale. Although warming can alter both species interactions and dispersal, the combined effects of warming on these two processes remains uncertain. To determine the independent and interactive effects of warming-induced changes to local species interactions and dispersal, we constructed experimental metacommunities consisting of enclosed milkweed patches seeded with five herbivorous milkweed specialist insect species. We treated metacommunities with two levels of warming (unwarmed and warmed) and three levels of connectivity (isolated, low connectivity, high connectivity). Based on metabolic theory, we predicted that if plant resources were limited, warming would accelerate resource drawdown, causing local insect declines and increasing both insect dispersal and the importance of connectivity to neighboring patches for insect persistence. Conversely, given abundant resources, warming could have positive local effects on insects, and the risk of traversing a corridor to reach a neighboring patch could outweigh the benefits of additional resources. We found support for the latter scenario. Neither resource drawdown nor the weak insect-insect associations in our system were affected by warming, and most insect species did better locally in warmed conditions and had dispersal responses that were unchanged or indirectly affected by warming. Dispersal across the matrix posed a species-specific risk that led to declines in two species in connected metacommunities. Combined, this scaled up to cause an interactive effect of warming and connectivity on diversity, with unwarmed metacommunities with low connectivity incurring the most rapid declines in diversity. Overall, this study demonstrates the importance of integrating the complex outcomes of species interactions and spatial structure in understanding community response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nahanni Grainger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Goitom E, Kilsdonk LJ, Brans K, Jansen M, Lemmens P, De Meester L. Rapid evolution leads to differential population dynamics and top-down control in resurrected Daphnia populations. Evol Appl 2017; 11:96-111. [PMID: 29302275 PMCID: PMC5748522 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence of rapid genetic adaptation of natural populations to environmental change, opening the perspective that evolutionary trait change may subsequently impact ecological processes such as population dynamics, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. To study such eco‐evolutionary feedbacks in natural populations, however, requires samples across time. Here, we capitalize on a resurrection ecology study that documented rapid and adaptive evolution in a natural population of the water flea Daphnia magna in response to strong changes in predation pressure by fish, and carry out a follow‐up mesocosm experiment to test whether the observed genetic changes influence population dynamics and top‐down control of phytoplankton. We inoculated populations of the water flea D. magna derived from three time periods of the same natural population known to have genetically adapted to changes in predation pressure in replicate mesocosms and monitored both Daphnia population densities and phytoplankton biomass in the presence and absence of fish. Our results revealed differences in population dynamics and top‐down control of algae between mesocosms harboring populations from the time period before, during, and after a peak in fish predation pressure caused by human fish stocking. The differences, however, deviated from our a priori expectations. An S‐map approach on time series revealed that the interactions between adults and juveniles strongly impacted the dynamics of populations and their top‐down control on algae in the mesocosms, and that the strength of these interactions was modulated by rapid evolution as it occurred in nature. Our study provides an example of an evolutionary response that fundamentally alters the processes structuring population dynamics and impacts ecosystem features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyerusalem Goitom
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Laurens J Kilsdonk
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristien Brans
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Mieke Jansen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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24
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Anderson TL, Walter JA, Levine TD, Hendricks SP, Johnston KL, White DS, Reuman DC. Using geography to infer the importance of dispersal for the synchrony of freshwater plankton. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Anderson
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue; Lawrence KS 66047 USA
| | - Jonathan A. Walter
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue; Lawrence KS 66047 USA
- Kansas Biological Survey Lawrence; KS USA
| | - Todd D. Levine
- Hancock Biological Station, Murray State Univ.; Murray KY USA
- Dept of Biology; Carrol Univ.; Waukesha WI USA
| | | | | | - David S. White
- Hancock Biological Station, Murray State Univ.; Murray KY USA
| | - Daniel C. Reuman
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue; Lawrence KS 66047 USA
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25
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Hervé V, Leroy B, Da Silva Pires A, Lopez PJ. Aquatic urban ecology at the scale of a capital: community structure and interactions in street gutters. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 12:253-266. [PMID: 29027996 PMCID: PMC5739019 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In most cities, streets are designed for collecting and transporting dirt, litter, debris, storm water and other wastes as a municipal sanitation system. Microbial mats can develop on street surfaces and form microbial communities that have never been described. Here, we performed the first molecular inventory of the street gutter-associated eukaryotes across the entire French capital of Paris and the non-potable waters sources. We found that the 5782 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) present in the street gutters which are dominated by diatoms (photoautotrophs), fungi (heterotrophs), Alveolata and Rhizaria, includes parasites, consumers of phototrophs and epibionts that may regulate the dynamics of gutter mat microbial communities. Network analyses demonstrated that street microbiome present many species restricted to gutters, and an overlapping composition between the water sources used for street cleaning (for example, intra-urban aquatic networks and the associated rivers) and the gutters. We propose that street gutters, which can cover a significant surface area of cities worldwide, potentially have important ecological roles in the remediation of pollutants or downstream wastewater treatments, might also be a niche for growth and dissemination of putative parasite and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hervé
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Boris Leroy
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-7208), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | | | - Pascal Jean Lopez
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-7208), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD-207), Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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26
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Leibold MA, Chase JM, Ernest SKM. Community assembly and the functioning of ecosystems: how metacommunity processes alter ecosystems attributes. Ecology 2017; 98:909-919. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A. Leibold
- Department of Integrative Biology 2415 Speedway #C0930, University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle Germany
| | - S. K. Morgan Ernest
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation 110 Newins‐Ziegler Hall PO Box 110430, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 84322 USA
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27
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Limberger R, Birtel J, Farias DDS, Matthews B. Ecosystem flux and biotic modification as drivers of metaecosystem dynamics. Ecology 2017; 98:1082-1092. [PMID: 28112404 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The fluxes of energy, matter, and organisms are important structuring forces of metaecosystems. Such ecosystem fluxes likely interact with environmental heterogeneity and differentially affect the diversity of multiple communities. In an aquatic mesocosm experiment, we tested how ecosystem flux and patch heterogeneity affected the diversity of bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton metacommunities, and the structure and functioning of metaecosystems. We built metaecosystems consisting of three mesocosms that were either connected by flux of living organisms, organic material, and nutrients (alive ecosystem flux) or only by flux of organic material and nutrients (dead ecosystem flux). The three patches of each metaecosystem were either homogeneous or heterogeneous in nutrient loading. We found that the three groups of organisms responded differently to our treatments: flux of living organisms increased bacterial diversity irrespective of nutrient heterogeneity, while flux effects on phytoplankton diversity depended on nutrient heterogeneity, potentially indicating source-sink effects. Although zooplankton diversity was largely unaffected by our manipulations, subtle changes of community composition in response to ecosystem flux had strong effects on lower trophic levels, highlighting the importance of indirect flux effects via alterations in trophic interactions. Furthermore, differential effects of communities on the mean and spatial variability of local abiotic environments influenced the development of metaecosystem heterogeneity through time. Despite identical nutrient loading at the scale of the metaecosystem, abiotic conditions diverged between homogeneous and heterogeneous metaecosystems. For example, concentrations in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were higher in homogeneous than heterogeneous metaecosystems, possibly because of differential responses of the algal community to local environmental conditions. Similarly, we found that flux effects on organisms translated into effects on DOC concentrations at the patch level, suggesting that flux-mediated changes in abundances of species can alter abiotic conditions. Our study shows that the dynamics of biotic and abiotic compartments of spatially structured ecosystems are intricately linked, highlighting the importance of integrating metacommunity and metaecosystem perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Limberger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047 Switzerland
| | - Julia Birtel
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047 Switzerland
| | - Daniel D S Farias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biodiversidade Neotropical), Universidade Federal do Estado Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22290-240 Brazil
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, 6047 Switzerland
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28
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Livingston G, Fukumori K, Provete DB, Kawachi M, Takamura N, Leibold MA. Predators regulate prey species sorting and spatial distribution in microbial landscapes. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:501-510. [PMID: 28138991 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of predation in determining the metacommunity assembly model of prey communities is understudied relative to that of interspecific competition among prey. Previous work on metacommunity dynamics of competing species has shown that sorting by habitat patch type and spatial patterning can be affected by disturbances. Microcosms offer a useful model system to test the effect of multi-trophic interactions and disturbance on metacommunity dynamics. Here, we investigated the potential role of predators in enhancing or disrupting sorting and spatial pattern among prey in experimental landscapes. We exposed multi-trophic protist microcosm landscapes with one predator, two competing prey, two patch resource types, and localized dispersal to three disturbance regimes (none, low, and high). Then, we used variation partitioning and spatial clustering analysis to analyse the results. In contrast with previous experiments that did not manipulate predators, we found that patch type did not structure prey communities very well. Instead, we found that it was the distribution of the predator that most strongly predicted the composition of the prey community. The predator impacted species sorting by (1) preferentially consuming one prey, thereby acting as a strong local environmental driver, and by (2) indirectly magnifying the impact of patch food resources on the less preferred prey. The predator also enhanced spatial signal in the prey community because of its limited dispersal. Our results indicate that predators can strongly influence prey species sorting and spatial patterning in metacommunities in ways that would otherwise be attributed to stochastic effects, such as dispersal limitation or demographic drift. Therefore, whenever possible, predators should be explicitly included as separate explanatory factors in variation partitioning analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Livingston
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kayoko Fukumori
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Diogo B Provete
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Noriko Takamura
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Mathew A Leibold
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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29
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Gianuca AT, Declerck SAJ, Lemmens P, De Meester L. Effects of dispersal and environmental heterogeneity on the replacement and nestedness components of β-diversity. Ecology 2017; 98:525-533. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andros T. Gianuca
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven; Charles Deberiostraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven A. J. Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); P.O. Box 50 6700AB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven; Charles Deberiostraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; KU Leuven; Charles Deberiostraat 32 B 3000 Leuven Belgium
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30
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Birtel J, Matthews B. Grazers structure the bacterial and algal diversity of aquatic metacommunities. Ecology 2016; 97:3472-3484. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Birtel
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Eawag; Seestrasse 79, 6047 Kastanienbaum Luzern Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences (D-USYS); Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Zürich Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Eawag; Seestrasse 79, 6047 Kastanienbaum Luzern Switzerland
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31
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Oloo F, Valverde A, Quiroga MV, Vikram S, Cowan D, Mataloni G. Habitat heterogeneity and connectivity shape microbial communities in South American peatlands. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25712. [PMID: 27162086 PMCID: PMC4861955 DOI: 10.1038/srep25712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria play critical roles in peatland ecosystems. However, very little is known of how habitat heterogeneity affects the structure of the bacterial communities in these ecosystems. Here, we used amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and nifH genes to investigate phylogenetic diversity and bacterial community composition in three different sub-Antarctic peat bog aquatic habitats: Sphagnum magellanicum interstitial water, and water from vegetated and non-vegetated pools. Total and putative nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities from Sphagnum interstitial water differed significantly from vegetated and non-vegetated pool communities (which were colonized by the same bacterial populations), probably as a result of differences in water chemistry and biotic interactions. Total bacterial communities from pools contained typically aquatic taxa, and were more dissimilar in composition and less species rich than those from Sphagnum interstitial waters (which were enriched in taxa typically from soils), probably reflecting the reduced connectivity between the former habitats. These results show that bacterial communities in peatland water habitats are highly diverse and structured by multiple concurrent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Oloo
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Angel Valverde
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - María Victoria Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de San Martín - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Surendra Vikram
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics (CMEG), Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gabriela Mataloni
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Grainger TN, Gilbert B. Dispersal and diversity in experimental metacommunities: linking theory and practice. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nahanni Grainger
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON, M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Univ. of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto ON, M5S 3B2 Canada
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33
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Juračka PJ, Declerck SAJ, Vondrák D, Beran L, Černý M, Petrusek A. A naturally heterogeneous landscape can effectively slow down the dispersal of aquatic microcrustaceans. Oecologia 2015; 180:785-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Viral ecology is a rapidly progressing area of research, as molecular methods have improved significantly for targeted research on specific populations and whole communities. To interpret and synthesize global viral diversity and distribution, it is feasible to assess whether macroecology concepts can apply to marine viruses. We review how viral and host life history and physical properties can influence viral distribution in light of biogeography and metacommunity ecology paradigms. We highlight analytical approaches that can be applied to emerging global data sets and meta-analyses to identify individual taxa with global influence and drivers of emergent properties that influence microbial community structure by drawing on examples across the spectrum of viral taxa, from RNA to ssDNA and dsDNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtis A Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences.,Department of Botany, and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; .,Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
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35
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Decaestecker E, Verreydt D, De Meester L, Declerck SAJ. Parasite and nutrient enrichment effects on Daphnia interspecific competition. Ecology 2015; 96:1421-30. [PMID: 26236854 DOI: 10.1890/14-1167.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased productivity due to nutrient enrichment is hypothesized to affect density-dependent processes, such as transmission success of horizontally transmitting parasites. Changes in nutrient availability can also modify the stoichiometry and condition of individual hosts, which may affect their susceptibility for parasites as well as the growth conditions for parasites within the host. Consequently, if not balanced by increased host immuno-competence or life history responses, changes in the magnitude of parasite effects with increasing nutrient availability are expected. If these parasite effects are host-species specific, this may lead to shifts in the host community structure. We here used the Daphnia- parasite model system to study the effect of nutrient enrichment on parasite-mediated competition in experimental mesocosms. In the absence of parasites, D. magna was competitively dominant to D. pulex at both low and high nutrient levels. Introduction of parasites resulted in infections of D. magna, but not of D. pulex and, as such, reversed the competitive hierarchy between these two species. Nutrient addition resulted in an increased prevalence and infection intensity of some of the parasites on D. magna. However, there was no evidence that high nutrient levels enhanced negative effects of parasites on the hosts. Costs associated with parasite infections may have been compensated by better growth conditions for D. magna in the presence of high nutrient levels.
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36
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Aalto SL, Decaestecker E, Pulkkinen K. A three-way perspective of stoichiometric changes on host-parasite interactions. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:333-40. [PMID: 25978937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in environmental nutrients play a crucial role in driving disease dynamics, but global patterns in nutrient-driven changes in disease are difficult to predict. In this paper we use ecological stoichiometry as a framework to review host-parasite interactions under changing nutrient ratios, focusing on three pathways: (i) altered host resistance and parasite virulence through host stoichiometry (ii) changed encounter or contact rates at population level, and (iii) changed host community structure. We predict that the outcome of nutrient changes on host-parasite interactions depends on which pathways are modified, and suggest that the outcome of infection could depend on the overlap in stoichiometric requirements of the host and the parasite. We hypothesize that environmental nutrient enrichment alters infectivity dynamics leading to fluctuating selection dynamics in host-parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni L Aalto
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Ellen Decaestecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Katja Pulkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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37
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Souffreau C, Van der Gucht K, van Gremberghe I, Kosten S, Lacerot G, Lobão LM, de Moraes Huszar VL, Roland F, Jeppesen E, Vyverman W, De Meester L. Environmental rather than spatial factors structure bacterioplankton communities in shallow lakes along a > 6000 km latitudinal gradient in South America. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2336-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Souffreau
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | | | | | - Sarian Kosten
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology; Institute for Water and Wetland Research; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Gissell Lacerot
- Functional Ecology of Aquatic Systems; CURE; Universidad de la República; Rocha Uruguay
| | - Lúcia Meirelles Lobão
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Roland
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Department of Bioscience and the Arctic Centre; Aarhus University; Silkeborg Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research; Beijing China
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology; Ghent University; Gent Belgium
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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38
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Berga M, Östman Ö, Lindström ES, Langenheder S. Combined effects of zooplankton grazing and dispersal on the diversity and assembly mechanisms of bacterial metacommunities. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2275-87. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Berga
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Örjan Östman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Animal Ecology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Eva S. Lindström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Silke Langenheder
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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39
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Stoffels RJ, Clarke KR, Linklater DS. Temporal dynamics of a local fish community are strongly affected by immigration from the surrounding metacommunity. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:200-12. [PMID: 25628877 PMCID: PMC4298447 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year time series of annual censuses was collected from a large floodplain lake to determine how dynamics of the local fish community were affected by changes in hydrological connectivity with the surrounding metacommunity. The lake was disconnected from the metacommunity for 1 year prior to our study and remained disconnected until 3 months before our third annual census, when a flood reconnected the lake to the metacommunity. We determined how changes in connectivity affected temporal dynamics of (1) local community composition and (2) the population composition, condition, and growth of catfish, to shed light on how immigration of other species might affect local population dynamics. Before reconnection, the community was likely shaped by interactions between the local environment and species traits. The reconnection caused significant immigration and change in community composition and correlated with a significant and abrupt decline in catfish condition, growth, and abundance; effects likely due to the immigration of a competitor with a similar trophic niche: carp. The community was slow to return to its preconnection state, which may be due to dispersal traits of the fishes, and a time-lag in the recovery of the local catfish population following transient intensification of species interactions. The dynamics observed were concordant with the species sorting and mass-effects perspectives of metacommunity theory. Floods cause episodic dispersal in floodplain fish metacommunities, and so, flood frequency determines the relative importance of regional and local processes. Local processes may be particularly important to certain species, but these species may need sufficient time between floods for population increase, before the next flood-induced dispersal episode brings competitors and predators that might cause population decline. Accordingly, species coexistence in these metacommunities may be facilitated by spatiotemporal storage effects, which may in turn be regulated by flood frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick J Stoffels
- The Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, CSIRO Land and WaterWodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Danielle S Linklater
- The Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, La Trobe UniversityMildura, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Staley C, Gould TJ, Wang P, Phillips J, Cotner JB, Sadowsky MJ. Bacterial community structure is indicative of chemical inputs in the Upper Mississippi River. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:524. [PMID: 25339945 PMCID: PMC4189419 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Local and regional associations between bacterial communities and nutrient and chemical concentrations were assessed in the Upper Mississippi River in Minnesota to determine if community structure was associated with discrete types of chemical inputs associated with different land cover. Bacterial communities were characterized by Illumina sequencing of the V6 region of 16S rDNA and compared to >40 chemical and nutrient concentrations. Local bacterial community structure was shaped primarily by associations among bacterial orders. However, order abundances were correlated regionally with nutrient and chemical concentrations, and were also related to major land coverage types. Total organic carbon and total dissolved solids were among the primary abiotic factors associated with local community composition and co-varied with land cover. Escherichia coli concentration was poorly related to community composition or nutrient concentrations. Abundances of 14 bacterial orders were related to land coverage type, and seven showed significant differences in abundance (P ≤ 0.046) between forested or anthropogenically-impacted sites. This study identifies specific bacterial orders that were associated with chemicals and nutrients derived from specific land cover types and may be useful in assessing water quality. Results of this study reveal the need to investigate community dynamics at both the local and regional scales and to identify shifts in taxonomic community structure that may be useful in determining sources of pollution in the Upper Mississippi River.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor J Gould
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA ; Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jane Phillips
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - James B Cotner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA ; Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
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41
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Staley C, Gould TJ, Wang P, Phillips J, Cotner JB, Sadowsky MJ. Core functional traits of bacterial communities in the Upper Mississippi River show limited variation in response to land cover. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:414. [PMID: 25152748 PMCID: PMC4126211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic characterization of environmental microbial communities via high-throughput DNA sequencing has revealed that patterns in microbial biogeography affect community structure. However, shifts in functional diversity related to variation in taxonomic composition are poorly understood. To overcome limitations due to the prohibitive cost of high-depth metagenomic sequencing, tools to infer functional diversity based on phylogenetic distributions of functional traits have been developed. In this study we characterized functional microbial diversity at 11 sites along the Mississippi River in Minnesota using both metagenomic sequencing and functional-inference-based (PICRUSt) approaches. This allowed us to determine how distance and variation in land cover throughout the river influenced the distribution of functional traits, as well as to validate PICRUSt inferences. The distribution and abundance of functional traits, by metagenomic analysis, were similar among sites, with a median standard deviation of 0.0002% among tier 3 functions in KEGG. Overall inferred functional variation was significantly different (P ≤ 0.035) between two water basins surrounded by agricultural vs. developed land cover, and abundances of bacterial orders that correlated with functional traits by metagenomic analysis were greater where abundances of the trait were inferred to be higher. PICRUSt inferences were significantly correlated (r = 0.147, P = 1.80 × 10(-30)) with metagenomic annotations. Discrepancies between metagenomic and PICRUSt taxonomic-functional relationships, however, suggested potential functional redundancy among abundant and rare taxa that impeded the ability to accurately assess unique functional traits among rare taxa at this sequencing depth. Results of this study suggest that a suite of "core functional traits" is conserved throughout the river and distributions of functional traits, rather than specific taxa, may shift in response to environmental heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor J Gould
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA ; Biology Program, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jane Phillips
- Biology Program, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - James B Cotner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA ; Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
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Matthews B, De Meester L, Jones CG, Ibelings BW, Bouma TJ, Nuutinen V, de Koppel JV, Odling-Smee J. Under niche construction: an operational bridge between ecology, evolution, and ecosystem science. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0953.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Biogeography of the sediment bacterial community responds to a nitrogen pollution gradient in the East China Sea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:1919-25. [PMID: 24413606 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03731-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of microbial distribution represent the integrated effects of historical and biological processes and are thus a central issue in ecology. However, there is still active debate on whether dispersal limitation contributes to microbial diversification in strongly connected systems. In this study, sediment samples were collected along a transect representing a variety of seawater pollution levels in the East China Sea. We investigated whether changes in sediment bacterial community structures would indicate the effects of the pollution gradient and of dispersal limitation. Our results showed consistent shifts in bacterial communities in response to pollution. More geographically distant sites had more dissimilar communities (r = -0.886, P < 0.001) in this strongly connected sediment ecosystem. A variance analysis based on partitioning by principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM) showed that spatial distance (dispersal limitation) contributed more to bacterial community variation (8.2%) than any other factor, although the environmental factors explained more variance when combined (11.2%). In addition, potential indicator taxa (primarily affiliated with Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) were identified; these taxa characterized the pollution gradient. This study provides direct evidence that dispersal limitation exists in a strongly connected marine sediment ecosystem and that candidate indicator taxa can be applied to evaluate coastal pollution levels.
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Göthe E, Angeler DG, Gottschalk S, Löfgren S, Sandin L. The influence of environmental, biotic and spatial factors on diatom metacommunity structure in Swedish headwater streams. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72237. [PMID: 23967290 PMCID: PMC3744466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stream assemblages are structured by a combination of local (environmental filtering and biotic interactions) and regional factors (e.g., dispersal related processes). The relative importance of environmental and spatial (i.e., regional) factors structuring stream assemblages has been frequently assessed in previous large-scale studies, but biotic predictors (potentially reflecting local biotic interactions) have rarely been included. Diatoms may be useful for studying the effect of trophic interactions on community structure since: (1) a majority of experimental studies shows significant grazing effects on diatom species composition, and (2) assemblages can be divided into guilds that have different susceptibility to grazing. We used a dataset from boreal headwater streams in south-central Sweden (covering a spatial extent of ∼14000 km2), which included information about diatom taxonomic composition, abundance of invertebrate grazers (biotic factor), environmental (physicochemical) and spatial factors (obtained through spatial eigenfunction analyses). We assessed the relative importance of environmental, biotic, and spatial factors structuring diatom assemblages, and performed separate analyses on different diatom guilds. Our results showed that the diatom assemblages were mainly structured by environmental factors. However, unique spatial and biological gradients, specific to different guilds and unrelated to each other, were also evident. We conclude that biological predictors, in combination with environmental and spatial variables, can reveal a more complete picture of the local vs. regional control of species assemblages in lotic environments. Biotic factors should therefore not be overlooked in applied research since they can capture additional local control and therefore increase accuracy and performance of predictive models. The inclusion of biotic predictors did, however, not significantly influence the unique fraction explained by spatial factors, which suggests low bias in previous assessments of unique regional control of stream assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Göthe
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Makhalanyane TP, Valverde A, Birkeland NK, Cary SC, Tuffin IM, Cowan DA. Evidence for successional development in Antarctic hypolithic bacterial communities. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:2080-90. [PMID: 23765099 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoliths (cryptic microbial assemblages that develop on the undersides of translucent rocks) are significant contributors to regional C and N budgets in both hot and cold deserts. Previous studies in the Dry Valleys of Eastern Antarctica have reported three morphologically distinct hypolithic community types: cyanobacteria dominated (type I), fungus dominated (type II) and moss dominated (type III). Here we present terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses to elucidate the bacterial community structure in hypolithons and the surrounding soils. We show clear and robust distinction in bacterial composition between bulk surface soils and hypolithons. Moreover, the bacterial assemblages were similar in types II and III hypolithons and clearly distinct from those found in type I. Through 16S rRNA gene 454 pyrosequencing, we show that Proteobacteria dominated all three types of hypolithic communities. As expected, Cyanobacteria were more abundant in type I hypolithons, whereas Actinobacteria were relatively more abundant in types II and III hypolithons, and were the dominant group in soils. Using a probabilistic dissimilarity metric and random sampling, we demonstrate that deterministic processes are more important in shaping the structure of the bacterial community found in types II and III hypolithons. Most notably, the data presented in this study suggest that hypolithic bacterial communities establish via a successional model, with the type I hypolithons acting as the basal development state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulani P Makhalanyane
- 1] Department of Genetics, Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa [2] Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Effects of patch connectivity and heterogeneity on metacommunity structure of planktonic bacteria and viruses. ISME JOURNAL 2012. [PMID: 23178674 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal limitation is generally considered to have little influence on the spatial structure of biodiversity in microbial metacommunities. This notion derives mainly from the analysis of spatial patterns in the field, but experimental tests of dispersal limitation using natural communities are rare for prokaryotes and, to our knowledge, non-existent for viruses. We studied the effects of dispersal intensity (three levels) and patch heterogeneity (two levels) on the structure of replicate experimental metacommunities of bacteria and viruses using outdoor mesocosms with plankton communities from natural ponds and lakes. Low levels of dispersal resulted in a decrease in the compositional differences (beta diversity) among the communities of both bacteria and viruses, but we found no effects of patch heterogeneity. The reductions in beta diversity are unlikely to be a result of mass effects and only partly explained by indirect dispersal-mediated interactions with phytoplankton and zooplankton. Our results suggest that even a very limited exchange among local communities can alter the trajectory of bacterial and viral communities at small temporal and spatial scales.
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Limberger R, Wickham SA. Transitory versus persistent effects of connectivity in environmentally homogeneous metacommunities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44555. [PMID: 22952993 PMCID: PMC3431365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the effect of habitat connectivity on local and regional diversity has been analysed in a number of studies, time-dependent dynamics in metacommunities have received comparatively little consideration. When local patches of a metacommunity are identical in environmental conditions but differ in initial community composition, dispersal among patches may result in homogenization of local communities. In a microcosm experiment with benthic ciliates, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of connectivity on diversity is time-dependent and only transitory, with the degree of connectivity affecting the time to homogenization but not the final outcome. Six microcosms were connected to a metacommunity with one of three levels of connectivity. The six patches differed in initial community composition but were identical in environmental conditions. We found a time-dependent and transitory effect of connectivity on local and regional richness and on local Shannon diversity, while Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and regional Shannon diversity were persistently affected by connectivity. Local richness increased and regional richness decreased with connectivity during the initial phase of the experiment but soon converged to similar values in all three connectivity treatments. Local Shannon diversity was unimodally related to time, with maximum diversity reached sooner with high than with medium or low connectivity. Eventually, however, local diversity converged to similar values irrespective of connectivity. At the regional scale, Shannon diversity was persistently lower with high than with low connectivity. While initial differences in community composition vanished with medium and high connectivity, they were maintained with low connectivity resulting in persistently high beta and regional diversity. The effect of connectivity on ciliate community composition translated down to the algal resource, as stronger dominance of the superior competitor with high and medium connectivity resulted in stronger depletion of the resource.
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