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Diehl KA, Asif SK, Mowat F. Ophthalmic Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:965-983. [PMID: 37246013 PMCID: PMC10527272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the history and infrastructure associated with canine breed-related eye screening and certification by Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. Some of the common or otherwise particularly problematic specific inherited ophthalmic conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Diehl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Sonia Kuhn Asif
- Blue Pearl Veterinary Eye Care, 3783 Pine Lane, Bessemer, AL 35022, USA
| | - Freya Mowat
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53704, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53704, USA
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2
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Bellamy KKL, Lingaas F. Cataracts in Havanese: genome wide association study reveals two loci associated with posterior polar cataract. Canine Med Genet 2023; 10:5. [PMID: 37118843 PMCID: PMC10142750 DOI: 10.1186/s40575-023-00127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cataract is considered an important health issue in Havanese, and studies indicate a breed predisposition. Possible consequences of cataracts include lens induced uveitis, reduced eyesight, and blindness in severe cases. Reducing the prevalence of cataracts could therefore improve health and welfare significantly. The most frequently diagnosed forms of cataract in Havanese are cortical- and anterior suture line cataract, but cases of posterior polar cataract are also regularly reported. Out of the three, posterior polar- and cortical cataracts are considered the most clinically relevant. RESULTS We performed a genome wide association study that included 57 controls and 27 + 23 + 7 cases of cortical-, anterior suture line- and posterior polar cataract, respectively. An association analysis using a mixed linear model, revealed two SNPs on CFA20 (BICF2S23632983, p = 7.2e-09) and CFA21 (BICF2G630640490, p = 3.3e-09), that were significantly associated with posterior polar cataract, both of which are linked to relevant candidate genes. The results suggest that the two variants are linked to alleles with large effects on posterior polar cataract formation, possibly in a dominant fashion, and identifies regions that should be subject to further sequencing. Promising regions on CFA4 and CF30 were also identified in the association analysis of cortical cataract. The top SNPs on each chromosome, chr4_12164500 (p = 4.3e-06) and chr30_28836339 (p = 5.6e-06), are located within, or in immediate proximity to, potential cataract candidate genes. The study shows that age at examination is strongly associated with sensitivity of cataract screening. Havanese in Norway are on average 3.4 years old when eye examinations are performed: an age where most dogs that are genetically at risk have not yet developed clinically observable changes. Increasing the average age of breeding animals could increase accuracy of selection, leading to improved health. CONCLUSIONS The study identified two loci, on CFA20 and CFA21, that were significantly associated with posterior polar cataract in Havanese. SNPs that showed putative association with cortical cataracts, were observed on CFA4 and CFA30. All the top SNPs are located in close proximity to cataract candidate genes. The study also show that sensitivity of cataract screening is highly dependent on age at examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim K L Bellamy
- The Norwegian Kennel Club, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Frode Lingaas
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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3
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Majchrakova Z, Hrckova Turnova E, Bielikova M, Turna J, Dudas A. The incidence of genetic disease alleles in Australian Shepherd dog breed in European countries. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281215. [PMID: 36848350 PMCID: PMC9970066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic disease control is generally not given the importance it deserves. Information about what percentage of individuals carry a disorder-causing mutation is crucial for breeders to produce healthy offspring and maintain a healthy dog population of a particular breed. This study aims to provide information about the incidence of mutant alleles for the most frequently occurring hereditary diseases in the Australian Shepherd dog breed (AS). The samples were collected during a 10-years period (2012-2022) in the European population of the AS. Mutant alleles and incidence were calculated from all the obtained data for all the diseases, specifically: collie eye anomaly (9.71%), canine multifocal retinopathy type 1 (0.53%), hereditary cataract (11.64%), progressive rod-cone degeneration (1.58%), degenerative myelopathy (11.77%) and bob-tail/short-tail (31.74%). Our data provide more information to dog breeders to support their effort to limit the spread of hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcela Bielikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Turna
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Dudas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia,* E-mail:
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Cerezo-Echevarria A, Kehl A, Beitzinger C, Müller T, Klopfleisch R, Aupperle-Lellbach H. Evaluating the Histologic Grade of Digital Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Dogs and Copy Number Variation of KIT Ligand-A Correlation Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020088. [PMID: 36851392 PMCID: PMC9962207 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark-haired dogs are predisposed to the development of digital squamous cell carcinoma (DSCC). This may potentially suggest an underlying genetic predisposition not yet completely elucidated. Some authors have suggested a potential correlation between the number of copies KIT Ligand (KITLG) and the predisposition of dogs to DSCC, containing a higher number of copies in those affected by the neoplasm. In this study, the aim was to evaluate a potential correlation between the number of copies of the KITLG and the histological grade of malignancy in dogs with DSCC. For this, 72 paraffin-embedded DSCCs with paired whole blood samples of 70 different dogs were included and grouped according to their haircoat color as follow: Group 0/unknown haircoat color (n = 11); Group 1.a/black non-Schnauzers (n = 15); group 1.b/black Schnauzers (n = 33); group 1.c/black and tan dogs (n = 7); group 2/tan animals (n = 4). The DSCCs were histologically graded. Additionally, KITLG Copy Number Variation (CNV) was determined by ddPCR. A significant correlation was observed between KITLG copy number and the histological grade and score value. This finding may suggest a possible factor for the development of canine DSCC, thus potentially having an impact on personalized veterinary oncological strategies and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Pathology Department, LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Müller
- Institut für Bioinformatik, Universität Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Crasta M, Arteaga K, Barachetti L, Guandalini A. A multicenter retrospective evaluation of the prevalence of known and presumed hereditary eye diseases in Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed within a referral population in Italy (2012-2020). Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 25:426-433. [PMID: 35976615 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the ophthalmological findings of Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed and to report the prevalence of Known and Presumed Hereditary Eye Diseases (KP-HED). ANIMALS STUDIED Two hundred sixteen dogs were examined and included in this retrospective study. PROCEDURES Medical records of Lagotto Romagnolo dogs between 2012 and 2020 were included. Data about the ocular status were collected through ocular screening examinations (OSE) or clinical ophthalmic examinations (COE). The prevalence of each KP-HED was expressed as a function of the total number of the KP-HED in this referral population. RESULTS A total of 85 dogs (39.35%) were ophthalmologically healthy, ocular diseases presumably not hereditary were found in 43 dogs (19.91%), and 88 dogs (40.74%) were affected by one KP-HED. The most common KP-HEDs diagnosed were cataract (28/88; 31.82%), corneal endothelial dystrophy (17/88; 19.32%), retinal dysplasia (9/88; 10.23%), lens instability (7/88; 7.95%), progressive retinal atrophy (6/88, 6.82%), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (6/88, 6.82%). Most of dogs with a KP-HED (77.27%, 68/88) were identified within COE group. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the prevalence of ocular disease in the Lagotto Romagnolo dog breed within a referral population in Italy. This study suggests a relatively high prevalence of KP-HED, with a characteristic late-onset presentation in some diseases. Many of these KP-HED's, lead to ocular pain and irreversible blindness, for this reason, the authors highlight the importance of aiming for an early diagnosis. Breeder's efforts and breeding programs should be directed at limiting such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Barachetti
- Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Adolfo Guandalini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Rome, Italy
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FYCO1 Frameshift Deletion in Wirehaired Pointing Griffon Dogs with Juvenile Cataract. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020334. [PMID: 35205377 PMCID: PMC8871958 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different breed-specific inherited cataracts have been described in dogs. In this study, we investigated an inbred family of Wirehaired Pointing Griffon dogs in which three offspring were affected by juvenile cataract. The pedigree suggested monogenic autosomal recessive inheritance of the trait. Whole-genome sequencing of an affected dog revealed 12 protein-changing variants that were not present in 566 control genomes, of which two were located in functional candidate genes, FYCO1 and CRYGB. Targeted genotyping of both variants in the investigated family excluded CRYGB and revealed perfect co-segregation of the FYCO1 variant with the juvenile cataract phenotype. This variant, FYCO1:c.2024delG, represents a 1 bp frameshift deletion predicted to truncate ~50% of the open reading frame p.(Ser675Thrfs*5). FYCO1 encodes the FYVE and coiled-coil domain autophagy adaptor 1, a known regulator of lens autophagy, which is required for the normal homeostasis in the eye. In humans, at least 37 pathogenic variants in FYCO1 have been shown to cause autosomal recessive cataract. Fcyo1−/− knockout mice also develop cataracts. Together with the current knowledge on FYCO1 variants and their functional impact in humans and mice, our data strongly suggest FYCO1:c.2024delG as a candidate causative variant for the observed juvenile cataract in Wirehaired Pointing Griffon dogs. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of a FYCO1-related cataract in domestic animals.
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Mann BK, Stirland DL, Lee HK, Wirostko BM. Ocular translational science: A review of development steps and paths. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 126:195-203. [PMID: 29355668 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developing successful drug delivery methods is challenging for any tissue, and the eye is no exception. Translating initial concepts into advanced technologies treating diseases in preclinical models and finally into functional and marketable products for humans can be particularly daunting. While referring to specific ophthalmic companies and products, this review considers key exchanges that lead to successful translation. By building on basic science discoveries in the academic setting, applied science can perform proof-of-concept work with simple, benchtop experiments. Eventually, simple models need to be translated to more robust ones where cells, tissues, and entire organisms are incorporated. Successful translation also includes performing due diligence of the intellectual property, understanding the market needs, undertaking clinical development, meeting regulatory requirements, and eventually scale up manufacturing. Different stages of the translation can occur in different environments, including moving from academia to industry, from one company to another, or between veterinary and human applications. The translation process may also rely on contract organizations to move through the complex landscape. While the path to a commercial, marketable product may not look the same each time, it is important to design a development plan with clear goals and milestones to keep on track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda K Mann
- EyeGate Pharmaceuticals Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | | | - Hee-Kyoung Lee
- EyeGate Pharmaceuticals Inc., Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Barbara M Wirostko
- EyeGate Pharmaceuticals Inc., Waltham, MA, United States; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
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Kristiansen E, Revold T, Lingaas F, Narfström K, Pedersen PB, Kielland C, Dahl S, Ropstad EO. Cataracts in the Norwegian Buhund-current prevalence and characteristics. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 20:460-467. [PMID: 28044393 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate prevalence and characteristics of cataracts in the Norwegian Buhund breed 20 years after high reported prevalence of especially pulverulent nuclear cataracts (PNCs). ANIMALS STUDIED Two hundred and fifty Norwegian Buhund dogs in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark (117 males and 133 females) with previously unknown eye health status were included. Forty-five dogs had multiple examinations (two to six times over a 6-year period). Median age was 4.4 years [0.2-15.2] at first examination and 5.3 years [0.2-15.2] at last examination. PROCEDURES All dogs underwent regular screening for inherited eye diseases. RESULTS At the last observation of each dog, 52.4% were affected by PNC, categorized as minimal (33 of 250 dogs; 13.2%), mild (31 dogs; 12.4%), moderate (38 dogs; 15.2%), or pronounced (29 dogs; 11.6%). Moderate or pronounced changes were only seen in older dogs, and progressive changes were identified in some of the re-examined dogs. Some dogs, free of lenticular changes at early examinations, were affected by PNC at re-examinations. The odds for finding PNC increased with dog's age up to approximately 8 years. Presumably inherited cataracts other than PNC were found in 53 dogs (21.2%) with cortical (17.6%) and posterior polar (6.4%) locations as the most common ones. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of PNC in the breed reported 20 years ago persists. PNCs are not always visible in young dogs, and the rate of progression varies. The prevalence of other types of cataract is also high, but cataracts rarely cause loss of vision in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Revold
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Lingaas
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Narfström
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Colombia, MO, USA.,RetVet KB, Vaxholm, Sweden
| | | | - Camilla Kielland
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ernst-Otto Ropstad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Firdova Z, Turnova E, Bielikova M, Turna J, Dudas A. The prevalence of ABCB1:c.227_230delATAG mutation in affected dog breeds from European countries. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:89-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Koll S, Reese S, Medugorac I, Rosenhagen CU, Sanchez RF, Köstlin R. The effect of repeated eye examinations and breeding advice on the prevalence and incidence of cataracts and progressive retinal atrophy in German dachshunds over a 13-year period. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:114-122. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koll
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction; Veterinary Faculty; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich Germany
- Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Veterinary Faculty; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich Germany
| | - Ivica Medugorac
- Chair of Animal Genetics and Husbandry; Veterinary Faculty; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich Germany
| | - Carsten U. Rosenhagen
- Dortmunder Kreis - Association for Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Diseases in Animals (DOK); Hoher Wall 20 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Rick F. Sanchez
- Royal Veterinary College; University of London; Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Herfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Roberto Köstlin
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction; Veterinary Faculty; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Veterinärstr. 13 Munich Germany
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Donzel E, Arti L, Chahory S. Epidemiology and clinical presentation of canine cataracts in France: a retrospective study of 404 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:131-139. [PMID: 27061240 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the epidemiology and the clinical presentation of cataracts in a population of dogs in France. PROCEDURES Records of dogs affected by a cataract presented at the Ophthalmology Unit of Alfort Veterinary School during 2009-2012 were reviewed. The etiology was determined for each dog. The signalment of affected dogs, their medical history, age of onset, stage of progression, location of opacities, and ocular lesions associated were evaluated for each etiology. RESULTS A total of 2739 dogs were presented at the Ophthalmology Unit from 2009 to 2012. Four hundred and four dogs (14.7%) (716 eyes) were diagnosed with a cataract. The population included 218 males (54%) and 185 females (46%). The gender was not recorded for one dog. The mean age (±SD) of all dogs affected by a cataract was 9 years (±3.9 years). Fifty-four breeds were represented. The Yorkshire Terrier was the only breed significantly overrepresented. The causes of cataracts observed were breed predisposition (28%), aging (22.8%), progressive retinal atrophy (12.4%), congenital cataract (5%), diabetes mellitus (4.7%), trauma (3.7%), uveitis (3%), and hypocalcemia (0.2%). In 20.3% of the cases, the etiology could not be determined. Ocular lesions associated with cataracts reported were lens luxation or subluxation (11.1%), glaucoma (3.7%), and retinal detachment (4.2%). CONCLUSIONS In a French population of referred dogs, 14.7% were affected by a cataract. The main causes identified were breed predisposition, aging, and progressive retinal atrophy. A breed predisposition for the Yorkshire Terrier was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Donzel
- Unité de Recherche en Ophtalmologie Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Léa Arti
- Unité de Recherche en Ophtalmologie Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sabine Chahory
- Unité de Recherche en Ophtalmologie Vétérinaire, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Ricketts SL, Pettitt L, McLaughlin B, Jenkins CA, Mellersh CS. A novel locus on canine chromosome 13 is associated with cataract in the Australian Shepherd breed of domestic dog. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:257-63. [PMID: 25894238 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary cataract is a common ocular disorder in the purebred dog population and is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in dogs. Despite this, little is known to date about the genetics underlying this condition. We have used a genome-wide association study and targeted resequencing approach to identify a novel locus for cataracts in the Australian Shepherd breed of dog, using dogs that are clear of an HSF4 mutation, previously identified as the major susceptibility locus in this breed. Cataract cases were defined as dogs with bilateral posterior cataracts, or bilateral nuclear cataracts. Controls were at least 8 years of age with no evidence of cataracts or other ocular abnormality. Using 15 bilateral posterior polar cataract cases and 68 controls, we identified a genome-wide statistical association for cataracts in the Australian Shepherd on canine chromosome 13 at 46.4 Mb (P value: 1.5 × 10(-7)). We sequenced the 14.16 Mb associated region in ten Australian Shepherds to search for possible causal variants underlying the association signal and conducted additional fine-mapping of the region by genotyping 28 intronic variants that segregated correctly in our ten sequenced dogs. From this analysis, the strongest associated variants were located in intron 5 of the SCFD2 gene. Further study will require analysis of additional cases and controls and ocular tissue from dogs affected with bilateral cataracts that are free of the HSF4 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally L Ricketts
- Canine Genetics Research Group, Kennel Club Genetics Centre, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK,
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Mellersh CS. The genetics of eye disorders in the dog. Canine Genet Epidemiol 2014; 1:3. [PMID: 26401320 PMCID: PMC4574392 DOI: 10.1186/2052-6687-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited forms of eye disease are arguably the best described and best characterized of all inherited diseases in the dog, at both the clinical and molecular level and at the time of writing 29 different mutations have been documented in the scientific literature that are associated with an inherited ocular disorder in the dog. The dog has already played an important role in the identification of genes that are important for ocular development and function as well as emerging therapies for inherited blindness in humans. Similarities in disease phenotype and eye structure and function between dog and man, together with the increasingly sophisticated genetic tools that are available for the dog, mean that the dog is likely to play an ever increasing role in both our understanding of the normal functioning of the eye and in our ability to treat inherited eye disorders. This review summarises the mutations that have been associated with inherited eye disorders in the dog.
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Pfahler S, Menzel J, Brahm R, Rosenhagen CU, Hafemeister B, Schmidt U, Sinzinger W, Distl O. Prevalence and formation of primary cataracts and persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis in the German Pinscher population in Germany. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:135-40. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Pfahler
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Foundation; Bünteweg 17p 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Julia Menzel
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Foundation; Bünteweg 17p 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Rolf Brahm
- Dortmunder Kreis - Association for Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Diseases in Animals (DOK); Hoher Wall 20 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Carsten U. Rosenhagen
- Dortmunder Kreis - Association for Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Diseases in Animals (DOK); Hoher Wall 20 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Birgit Hafemeister
- Dortmunder Kreis - Association for Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Diseases in Animals (DOK); Hoher Wall 20 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Uta Schmidt
- Dortmunder Kreis - Association for Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Diseases in Animals (DOK); Hoher Wall 20 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sinzinger
- Dortmunder Kreis - Association for Diagnosis of Inherited Eye Diseases in Animals (DOK); Hoher Wall 20 44137 Dortmund Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Foundation; Bünteweg 17p 30559 Hannover Germany
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Sahu M, Sharma R, Yadav S, Wakamiya M, Chaudhary P, Awasthi S, Awasthi YC. Lens specific RLIP76 transgenic mice show a phenotype similar to microphthalmia. Exp Eye Res 2013; 118:125-34. [PMID: 24188744 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RALBP1/RLIP76 is a ubiquitously expressed protein, involved in promotion and regulation of functions initiated by Ral and R-Ras small GTPases. Presence of multiple domains in its structure enables RLIP76 to be involved in a number of physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, mitochondrial fission, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and transport of exogenous and endogenous toxicants. Previously, we have established that RLIP76 provides protection to ocular tissues against oxidative stress by transporting the glutathione-conjugates of the toxic, electrophilic products of lipid peroxidation generated during oxidative stress. Therefore, we developed lens specific RLIP76 transgenic mice (lensRLIP76 Tg) to elucidate the role of RLIP76 in protection against oxidative stress, but these transgenic mice showed impaired lens development and a phenotype with small eyes similar to that observed in microphthalmia. These findings prompted us to investigate the mechanisms via which RLIP76 affects lens and eye development. In the present study, we report engineering of lensRLIP76 Tg mice, characterization of the associated phenotype, and the possible molecular mechanisms that lead to the impaired development of eye and lens in these mice. The results of microarray array analysis indicate that the genes involved in pathways for G-Protein signaling, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, endocytosis, and apoptosis are affected in these transgenic mice. The expression of transcription factors, Pax6, Hsf1, and Hsf4b known to be involved in lens development is down regulated in the lens of these Tg mice. However, the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps), the downstream targets of Hsfs, is differentially affected in the lens showing down regulation of Hsp27, Hsp40, up regulation of Hsp60, and no effect on Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression. The disruption in the organization of actin cytoskeleton of these Tg mice was associated with the inhibition of the activation of Cdc42 and down regulation of cofilin phosphorylation. These mice may provide useful animal model for elucidating the mechanisms of lens development, and etiology of microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Sahu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rajendra Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sushma Yadav
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yogesh C Awasthi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Analysis of the canine genome and canine health: a commentary. Vet J 2012; 194:265-9. [PMID: 23088856 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kanemaki N, Saito M, Onda K, Maruo T, Ogihara K, Naya Y, Morishita T, Ochiai H. Establishment of a lens epithelial cell line from a canine mature cataract. Exp Anim 2012; 61:41-7. [PMID: 22293671 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.61.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a lens epithelial cell (LEC) line originated from a cataract of a dog. An anterior capsulorhexis specimen from a dog naturally developing mature cataracts was obtained prior to routine phacoemulsification cataract extraction. The primary lens epithelial cells were transfected with expression plasmid DNA encoding the large T antigen of replication origin-defective simian virus 40 (SV40), and then a colony was cloned using a glass cylinder. The primary cells stopped proliferation in three passages, while the transfected cells remained proliferative. Functional analysis of Na-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) indicated that the Km value toward ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was 19.9 ± 2.8 µM, and RT-PCR analysis showed that SVCT2 was observed in this cell line while SVCT1 was not, which is one of the characteristics of LECs. Western blot analysis and cytoimmunochemistry indicated immortalized cells produced a protein with a molecular mass of 25 kDa, which reacted with an antibody to αB-crystallin within the whole cytosol. The cloned cell line, termed cdLEC, grew well and could be propagated over 250 times by basically splitting at 1:20. These results indicate that cdLEC may also provide a useful in vitro system for the study of the pathophysiology of cataract.
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Abstract
There are currently about 80 different DNA tests available for mutations that are associated with inherited disease in the domestic dog, and as the tools available with which to dissect the canine genome become increasingly sophisticated, this number can be expected to rise dramatically over the next few years. With unrelenting media pressure focused firmly on the health of the purebred domestic dog, veterinarians and dog breeders are turning increasingly to DNA tests to ensure the health of their dogs. It is ultimately the responsibility of the scientists who identify disease-associated genetic variants to make sensible choices about which discoveries are appropriate to develop into commercially available DNA tests for the lay dog breeder, who needs to balance the need to improve the genetic health of their breed with the need to maintain genetic diversity. This review discusses some of the factors that should be considered along the route from mutation discovery to DNA test and some representative examples of DNA tests currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Mellersh
- Canine Genetics, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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