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Fisher PW, Reyes-Portillo JA, Riddle MA, Litwin HD. Systematic Review: Nonverbal Learning Disability. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:159-186. [PMID: 33892110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current state of the research literature on nonverbal learning disability (NVLD), including criteria used to define NVLD in research contexts and the quality of the extant research; and to determine what research can tell us about ways in which NVLD is distinct from DSM neurodevelopmental disorders and typical development. METHOD A systematic search of 7 databases was conducted to identify research on NVLD published through February 2019. Criteria used to define NVLD were extracted from identified studies and sorted by category. Each study was assessed for risk of bias and rated "good," "fair," or "poor;" findings from studies rated good or fair were summarized. RESULTS A total of 61 articles (63 studies) met inclusion criteria. There was great heterogeneity in the criteria used to define NVLD. Deficits in visuospatial ability/intelligence was the most common criterion used, followed by discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal intelligence (VIQ>PIQ split of 10 or greater). All studies were cross-sectional and most included small, poorly described samples. Most studies focused on children and young adolescents. Eight studies were rated as good, 42 as fair, and 13 as poor. Review of results from the 50 good or fair studies suggest that there is sufficient evidence that youths with NVLD (as defined by significant deficits in visuospatial abilities) can be clearly differentiated from their typically developing peers, those with verbal learning disorders, and from other clinical groups (eg, individuals with high functioning autism). CONCLUSION A standard set of criteria for determining an NVLD diagnosis would greatly improve research studies and the possibility of inclusion in the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence W Fisher
- Drs. Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, and Litwin are with New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.
| | - Jazmin A Reyes-Portillo
- Drs. Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, and Litwin are with New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York; Dr. Reyes-Portillo is also with Montclair State University, New Jersey
| | - Mark A Riddle
- Dr. Riddle is with The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hillary D Litwin
- Drs. Fisher, Reyes-Portillo, and Litwin are with New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
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Takagi S, Hori H, Yamaguchi T, Ochi S, Nishida M, Maruo T, Takahashi H. Motor Functional Characteristics in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1679-1695. [PMID: 35971415 PMCID: PMC9375548 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s369845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has various influences on physical abilities. Identification of specific physical abilities of people with ADHD/ASDs as biomarkers for diagnosing these conditions is necessary. Therefore, in the present review, we aimed firstly to extract the difference in physical abilities of people with ADHD or ASDs compared to those of normal individuals. Secondly, we aimed to extract the specific physical ability characteristics for identifying potential diagnostic biomarkers in people with ADHD/ASDs. METHODS A systematic literature review was performed. The databases were searched for relevant articles on motor function deficits and characteristics of ADHD or ASD. RESULTS Forty-one cross-sectional studies and three randomized controlled trials were identified, comprising 33 studies of ADHD, 10 studies of ASDs, and 1 study of both ADHD and ASDs. The quality of studies varied. Three types of physical activities/exercises were identified, including coordinated movement, resistance-type sports, and aerobic-type sports. People with ADHD/ASDs generally exhibited poorer physical abilities for all types of activities, possibly because of low levels of physical activity. Specifically, we found temporal discoordination of movement in ADHD and integration or synchronization of separate movements in ASDs. CONCLUSION Specific deficits in physical ability may be attributed to ADHD/ASDs. However, there is not enough research on the physical abilities of people with ADHD and ASDs to clarify the specific deficits. Investigation of specific motor functions that characterize ADHD/ASDs should be facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Takagi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hori
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamaguchi
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishida
- Faculty of Sport Science, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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Rosen NE, Lord C, Volkmar FR. The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:4253-4270. [PMID: 33624215 PMCID: PMC8531066 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review the impact of DSM-III and its successors on the field of autism-both in terms of clinical work and research. We summarize the events leading up to the inclusion of autism as a "new" official diagnostic category in DSM-III, the subsequent revisions of the DSM, and the impact of the official recognition of autism on research. We discuss the uses of categorical vs. dimensional approaches and the continuing tensions around broad vs. narrow views of autism. We also note some areas of current controversy and directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred R. Volkmar
- Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, USA
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Karadaş C, Bakkaloğlu H, Demir Ş. Exploring the effect of motor coordination on repetitive behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 69:238-247. [PMID: 37025329 PMCID: PMC10071942 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1948318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to explore the effect of motor coordination on repetitive behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) aged 5-15 years. Methods: The study employed the causal-comparative design, one of the correlational survey designs. The study was carried out with data obtained from parents of 241 children with ASD. The parents were administered the measurement tools of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2-Turkish Version to confirm the diagnosis of ASD, Demographic Information Form to obtain information about the child and the parent, Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised-Turkish Version to evaluate the repetitive behaviors, and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire-07-Turkish Version to evaluate the motor coordination performance. The data were analyzed MANCOVA in the R package program. Results: The study results revealed that 72% of children with ASD had a risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The repetitive behaviors of children with and without DCD risk differed significantly. The severity and intensity of the repetitive behaviors of children with DCD risk were higher than those without DCD risk when age, gender, and comorbidity were taken under control. Conclusion: The motor coordination problems in children with ASD are effective on repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cebrail Karadaş
- Department of Special Education, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şeyda Demir
- Department of Special Education, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
This paper, written in honor of Professor Ed Zigler, focuses on some of the themes in developmental disabilities research that were so central to his work. It has now been nearly 80 years since Leo Kanner first identified the prototypic form - early infantile autism - of what is now autism spectrum disorder. In this article we summarize the development of the concept and the important accumulation of knowledge over time that has now led us to the recognition of a broader autism phenotype just as, at the same time, the current official diagnostic system in the USA has narrowed the concept. We also address current controversies regarding autism as the diagnosis is impacted by age and developmental factors, gender, and cultural issues. In parallel to the work on intellectual deficiency and development pioneered by Zigler and his colleagues, we summarize some of the challenges for the years ahead.
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The effect of phosphatidylserine containing Omega3 fatty-acids on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial, followed by an open-label extension. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 27:335-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo study the efficacy and safety of phosphatidylserine (PS) containing Omega3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids attached to its backbone (PS-Omega3) in reducing attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children.MethodA 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase followed by an open-label extension of additional 15 weeks. Two hundred ADHD children were randomized to receive either PS-Omega3 or placebo, out of them, 150 children continued into the extension. Efficacy was assessed using Conners’ parent and teacher rating scales (CRS-P,T), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ). Safety evaluation included adverse events monitoring.ResultsThe key finding of the double-blind phase was the significant reduction in the Global:Restless/impulsive subscale of CRS-P and the significant improvement in Parent impact-emotional (PE) subscale of the CHQ, both in the PS-Omega3 group. Exploratory subgroup analysis of children with a more pronounced hyperactive/impulsive behavior, as well as mood and behavior-dysregulation, revealed a significant reduction in the ADHD-Index and hyperactive components. Data from the open-label extension indicated sustained efficacy for children who continued to receive PS-Omega3. Children that switched to PS-Omega3 treatment from placebo showed a significant reduction in subscales scores of both CRS-P and the CRS-T, as compare to baseline scores. The treatment was well tolerated.ConclusionsThe results of this 30-week study suggest that PS-Omega3 may reduce ADHD symptoms in children. Preliminary analysis suggests that this treatment may be especially effective in a subgroup of hyperactive-impulsive, emotionally and behaviorally-dysregulated ADHD children.
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Margolis AE, Broitman J, Davis JM, Alexander L, Hamilton A, Liao Z, Banker S, Thomas L, Ramphal B, Salum GA, Merikangas K, Goldsmith J, Paus T, Keyes K, Milham MP. Estimated Prevalence of Nonverbal Learning Disability Among North American Children and Adolescents. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e202551. [PMID: 32275324 PMCID: PMC7148441 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in visual-spatial processing but not in reading or verbal ability; in addition, problems in math calculation, visual executive functioning, fine-motor skills, and social skills are often present. To our knowledge, there are no population-based estimates of the prevalence of NVLD in community samples. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of the NVLD cognitive profile in 3 independent samples of children and adolescents from studies centered around brain imaging in the US and Canada. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used data from 2 samples recruited from the community and overselected for children with psychiatric disorders (Healthy Brain Network [HBN], January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019, and Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample [NKI], January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2018) and 1 community-ascertained population sample (Saguenay Youth Study [SYS], January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2012) overselected for active maternal smoking during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prevalence of NVLD. Criteria for NVLD were based on clinical records of deficits in visual-spatial reasoning and impairment in 2 of 4 domains of function (fine-motor skills, math calculation, visual executive functioning, and social skills). Sample weighting procedures adjusted for demographic differences in sample frequencies compared with underlying target populations. Inflation factor weights accounted for overrepresentation of psychiatric disorders (HBN and NKI samples). RESULTS Across 3 independent samples, the prevalence of NVLD was estimated among 2596 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years (mean [SD] age, 12.5 [3.4] years; 1449 male [55.8%]). After sample and inflation weights were applied, the prevalence of NVLD was 2.78% (95% CI, 2.03%-3.52%) in the HBN sample and 3.9% (95% CI, 1.96%-5.78%) in the NKI sample. In the SYS sample, the prevalence of NVLD was 3.10% (95% CI, 1.93%-4.27%) after applying the sample weight. Across samples and estimation strategies, the population prevalence of NVLD was estimated to range from 3% to 4%. When applied to the US population younger than 18 years, 2.2 million to 2.9 million children and adolescents were estimated to have NVLD. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that the prevalence of NVLD in children and adolescents may be 3% to 4%. Given that few youths are diagnosed with NVLD and receive treatment, increased awareness, identification of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, and development and testing interventions for the disorder are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Margolis
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jessica Broitman
- International Control Mastery Therapy Center, Berkeley, California
| | - John M. Davis
- Department of Educational Psychology, California State University, Hayward
| | - Lindsay Alexander
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ava Hamilton
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Zhijie Liao
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Banker
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lauren Thomas
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Bruce Ramphal
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Giovanni A. Salum
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Section on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kathleen Merikangas
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeff Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
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Solomon M, Iosif AM, Krug MK, Wu Nordahl C, Adler E, Mirandola C, Ghetti S. Emotional false memory in autism spectrum disorder: More than spared. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 128:352-363. [PMID: 30973243 PMCID: PMC6540798 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To advance what is known about how emotions affect memory in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we examined emotional false memory for negative, positive, and neutrally valenced photographs comprising scripts of everyday events in a verbal IQ-case matched sample of youth ages 8-14 with ASD (N = 38) and typical development (TYP, N = 38). The groups exhibited many similarities. Their task performance during a recognition task including previously seen and unseen photographs was largely comparable. They evidenced high hit rates for previously viewed photographs, and low false alarm rates for lure photographs that were inconsistent with the scripts. Both ASD and TYP groups showed relatively higher false alarms for lure photographs depicting previously unseen causes of scenario outcomes (causal errors) compared to errors for script-consistent lure photographs that showed extra potentially related events (gap-filling errors). In both groups, task performance was associated with verbal working memory, but not attention deficit hyperactivity, anxiety, or depression symptoms. However, the ASD group made more causal and gap-filling errors on negative and positive, but not neutral, lures compared to TYP, indicating that viewing emotionally valenced stimuli made it harder to discriminate previously seen and unseen photographs. For the ASD group, task performance was associated with compulsive, ritualistic, and sameness behaviors and stereotypic and restricted interests. Findings suggest that the integration of cognition and emotion in ASD is altered and associated with the presence of repetitive behaviors. The impact of these results on the lives of individuals with ASD and implications for psychosocial interventions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
- Imaging Research Center, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
| | - Marie K. Krug
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
| | - Christine Wu Nordahl
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
| | - Elyse Adler
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
- MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento
| | | | - Simona Ghetti
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis
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Smith D, Ropar D, Allen HA. Does stereopsis account for the link between motor and social skills in adults? Mol Autism 2018; 9:55. [PMID: 30386542 PMCID: PMC6201514 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental and longitudinal evidence suggests that motor proficiency plays an important role in the development of social skills. However, stereopsis, or depth perception, may also play a fundamental role in social skill development either indirectly through its impact on motor skills or through a more direct route. To date, no systematic study has investigated the relationship between social skills and motor ability in the general adult population, and whether poor stereopsis may contribute to this association. This has implications for clinical populations since research has shown associations between motor abnormalities and social skills, as well as reduced depth perception in autism spectrum disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Methods Six hundred fifty adults completed three validated questionnaires, the stereopsis screening inventory, the Adult Developmental Coordination Disorder Checklist, and the Autism Spectrum Quotient. Results An exploratory factor analysis on pooled items across all measures revealed 10 factors that were largely composed of items from a single scale, indicating that any co-occurrence of poor stereopsis, reduced motor proficiency, and difficulties with social interaction cannot be attributed to a single underlying mechanism. Correlations between extracted factor scores found associations between motor skill and social skill. Conclusions Mediation analyses suggested that whilst fine motor skill and coordination explained the relationship between stereopsis and social skill to some extent, stereopsis nonetheless exerted a substantial direct effect upon social skill. This is the first study to demonstrate that the functional significance of stereopsis is not limited to motor ability and may directly impact upon social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Smith
- Research and Development Department, Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Carleton Clinic, Carlisle, CA1 3SX UK
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Harriet A Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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Identifying Autism through Empathizing and Systemizing Abilities. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci6040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gender and autistic traits modulate implicit motor synchrony. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184083. [PMID: 28873419 PMCID: PMC5584984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal motor synchrony during walking or dancing is universally observed across cultures, and this joint movement was modulated by physical and social parameters. However, human interactions are greatly shaped by our unique traits, and self-related factors are surprisingly little studied in the context of interpersonal motor synchrony. In this study, we investigated two such factors known to be highly associated with motor coordination: gender and autistic traits. We employed a real-world task extending our understanding beyond laboratory tasks. Participants of the same gender were paired up to walk and chat in a natural environment. A cover story was introduced so that participants would not know their walking steps were being recorded and instead believed that their location was being tracked by a global positioning system (GPS), so they would ignore the motor recording. We found that the female pairs’ steps were more synchronized than those of the males, and higher autistic tendencies (measured by the autism-spectrum quotient) attenuated synchronous steps. Those who synchronized better had higher impression rating increase for their walking partners (measured by interpersonal judgement scale) than those who synchronized less well. Our results indicated that the participants’ joint movements were shaped by predisposed traits and might share similar mechanism with social functions such as empathy.
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Cardillo R, Mammarella IC, Garcia RB, Cornoldi C. Local and global processing in block design tasks in children with dyslexia or nonverbal learning disability. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 64:96-107. [PMID: 28380399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Visuo-constructive and perceptual abilities have been poorly investigated in children with learning disabilities. The present study focused on local or global visuospatial processing in children with nonverbal learning disability (NLD) and dyslexia compared with typically-developing (TD) controls. Participants were presented with a modified block design task (BDT), in both a typical visuo-constructive version that involves reconstructing figures from blocks, and a perceptual version in which respondents must rapidly match unfragmented figures with a corresponding fragmented target figure. The figures used in the tasks were devised by manipulating two variables: the perceptual cohesiveness and the task uncertainty, stimulating global or local processes. Our results confirmed that children with NLD had more problems with the visuo-constructive version of the task, whereas those with dyslexia showed only a slight difficulty with the visuo-constructive version, but were in greater difficulty with the perceptual version, especially in terms of response times. These findings are interpreted in relation to the slower visual processing speed of children with dyslexia, and to the visuo-constructive problems and difficulty in using flexibly-experienced global vs local processes of children with NLD. The clinical and educational implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Cardillo
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Irene C Mammarella
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Ricardo Basso Garcia
- Department of Psychology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cesare Cornoldi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
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Hedley D, Cai R, Uljarevic M, Wilmot M, Spoor JR, Richdale A, Dissanayake C. Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:528-541. [PMID: 28387577 DOI: 10.1177/1362361316687697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To improve employment outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder, it is necessary to identify factors associated with successful transition to work from the perspectives of the individual and from those who work with or support them. This study involved focus groups with adults with autism spectrum disorder ( n = 9) participating in a 3-year employment and training programme, as well as focus groups with family members ( n = 6), support staff ( n = 7) and co-workers ( n = 6). The aim was to gain better understanding of the experience of transition to work, barriers and also the factors that promote workplace success. Main themes included factors that facilitated success at work ( Enablers), barriers to success ( Challenges) and programme outcomes ( Outcomes). Organisation support, advice from co-workers, supportive leadership, allowance of environmental modifications and presence of a consultant were identified as enablers that most facilitated success at work. Challenges included task-related difficulties, individual factors, social difficulties and distractibility, not managing work-related stress, and being perceived to be too frank. Outcomes were rated as positive and encompassed work-related outcomes, as well as outcomes related to sense of purpose, achieving personal independence and improvements in social relationships, both with work colleagues and within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Hedley
- 1 Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Ru Cai
- 1 Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia.,2 Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
| | - Mirko Uljarevic
- 1 Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia.,2 Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
| | - Mathilda Wilmot
- 1 Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Spoor
- 3 Department of Management and Marketing, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Amanda Richdale
- 1 Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia.,2 Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Australia
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Cardillo R, Garcia RB, Mammarella IC, Cornoldi C. Pragmatics of language and theory of mind in children with dyslexia with associated language difficulties or nonverbal learning disabilities. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2017; 7:245-256. [PMID: 28296527 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2017.1297946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to find empirical evidence of deficits in linguistic pragmatic skills and theory of mind (ToM) in children with dyslexia with associated language difficulties or nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD), when compared with a group of typically developing (TD) children matched for age and gender. Our results indicate that children with dyslexia perform less well than TD children in most of the tasks measuring pragmatics of language, and in one of the tasks measuring ToM. In contrast, children with NLD generally performed better than the dyslexia group, and performed significantly worse than the TD children only in a metaphors task based on visual stimuli. A discriminant function analysis confirmed the crucial role of the metaphors subtest and the verbal ToM task in distinguishing between the groups. We concluded that, contrary to a generally-held assumption, children with dyslexia and associated language difficulties may be weaker than children with NLD in linguistic pragmatics and ToM, especially when language is crucially involved. The educational and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Cardillo
- a Department of Developmental and Social Psychology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Ricardo Basso Garcia
- b CAPES Foundation , Ministry of Education of Brazil , Brasília , Brazil.,c Department of Psychology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Irene C Mammarella
- a Department of Developmental and Social Psychology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Cesare Cornoldi
- d Department of General Psychology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
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Kanai C, Hashimoto R, Itahashi T, Tani M, Yamada T, Ota H, Iwanami A, Kato N. Cognitive profiles of adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on the WAIS-III. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 61:108-115. [PMID: 28064024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive profile differences between adult patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are not well characterized. We examined the cognitive profiles of adults having either ASD (n=120) or ADHD (n=76) with no intellectual disabilities (IQ≥70) using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale III (WAIS-III). Verbal Intelligence (VIQ) - Performance Intelligence (PIQ) difference discrepancies were detected between the two groups. Information subtest scores of the Verbal Comprehension index and Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests of the Freedom from Distractibility index were significantly higher in ASD than in ADHD, while the Picture Completion subtest was significantly lower in ASD. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the difference in the cognitive profiles of adults with ASD and those with ADHD based on the WAIS III with a large number of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Kanai
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Hashimoto
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Language Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takashi Itahashi
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tani
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, sorakugun seika-cho, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Ota
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Iwanami
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Kato
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagayaku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
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17
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You RS, Serniclaes W, Rider D, Chabane N. On the nature of the speech perception deficits in children with autism spectrum disorders. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 61:158-171. [PMID: 28082004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have claimed to show deficits in the perception of speech sounds in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aim of the current study was to clarify the nature of such deficits. Children with ASD might only exhibit a lesser amount of precision in the perception of phoneme categories (CPR deficit). However, these children might further present an allophonic mode of speech perception, similar to the one evidenced in dyslexia, characterised by enhanced discrimination of acoustic differences within phoneme categories. Allophonic perception usually gives rise to a categorical perception (CP) deficit, characterised by a weaker coherence between discrimination and identification of speech sounds. The perceptual performance of ASD children was compared to that of control children of the same chronological age. Identification and discrimination data were collected for continua of natural vowels, synthetic vowels, and synthetic consonants. Results confirmed that children with ASD exhibit a CPR deficit for the three stimulus continua. These children further exhibited a trend toward allophonic perception that was, however, not accompanied by the usual CP deficit. These findings confirm that the commonly found CPR deficit is also present in ASD. Whether children with ASD also present allophonic perception requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S You
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Italy; Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, France.
| | - W Serniclaes
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; UNESCOG, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - D Rider
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - N Chabane
- Centre Cantonal de l'Autisme, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Mintz M. Evolution in the Understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Historical Perspective. Indian J Pediatr 2017; 84:44-52. [PMID: 27053182 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-016-2080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The study of the evolution in the diagnosis and treatment of autism is a lesson in the dangers of medical beliefs or doctrines that are not grounded in medical science. The early descriptions of autism suggested that it was the result of childhood psychoses or psychodynamic disturbances of parent-child relationships. This flawed conceptualization of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) gave way to advances in medical science, which have established ASD as a neurobiological disorder of early brain development. There are many genetic, epigenetic, metabolic, hormonal, immunological, neuroanatomical and neurophysiological etiologies of ASD, as well as an array of gastrointestinal and other systemic co-morbid disorders. Thus, ASD are a biologically heterogeneous population with extensive neurodiversity. Early identification and understanding of ASD is crucial; interventions at younger ages are associated with improved outcomes. The advent of understanding the biological sub-phenotypes of ASD, along with targeted medical therapies, coupled with a multimodal therapeutic approach that encompasses behavioral, educational, social, speech, occupational, creative arts, and other forms of therapies has created a new and exciting era for individuals with ASD and their families: "personalized" and "precision" medical care based upon underlying biological sub-phenotypes and clinical profiles. For many individuals and their families dealing with the scourge of autism, their long and frustrating diagnostic journey is beginning to come to an end, with a hope for improved outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mintz
- The Center for Neurological and Neurodevelopmental Health, Voorhees, NJ, USA.
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Lehnhardt FG, Falter CM, Gawronski A, Pfeiffer K, Tepest R, Franklin J, Vogeley K. Sex-Related Cognitive Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnosed Late in Life: Implications for the Female Autistic Phenotype. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:139-154. [PMID: 26319250 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Females with high-functioning ASD are known to camouflage their autistic symptoms better than their male counterparts, making them prone to being under-ascertained and delayed in diagnostic assessment. Thus far the underlying cognitive processes that enable such successful socio-communicative adaptation are not well understood. The current results show sex-related differences in the cognitive profile of ASD individuals, which were diagnosed late in life exclusively. Higher verbal abilities were found in males (n = 69) as opposed to higher processing speed and better executive functions in females with ASD (n = 38). Since both sexes remained unidentified during childhood and adolescence, these results are suggestive for sex-distinctive cognitive strategies as an alternative to typically-developed reciprocal social behavior and social mimicry in high functioning ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz-Georg Lehnhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christine Michaela Falter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Astrid Gawronski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathleen Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Tepest
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeremy Franklin
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Epidemiology (IMSIE), University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine - Cognitive Neurosciences (INM-3), Research Center Juelich, 52425, Juelich, Germany
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20
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Kugler B. The Differentiation between Autism and Asperger Syndrome. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361398021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In discussing the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome, the paper aims to re-examine similarities and differences in symptomatology with reference both to the history of Asperger syndrome and to current research. Symptoms that have been suggested as possibly differential for diagnosis and shared diagnostic features are separately considered. Although the paucity of reliable research findings allows few definitive conclusions to be drawn, it is suggested that attempts to identify subtypes and achieve a greater understanding of the behavioural heterogeneities within autistic spectrum or pervasive developmental disorders is crucial to improving both clinical practice and research.
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21
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Gagnon L, Mottron L, Joanette Y. Questioning the Validity of the Semantic-Pragmatic Syndrome Diagnosis. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361397011006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The classification of developmental language disorders has recently witnessed the birth of a subsyndrome, semantic-pragmatic syndrome, used to describe the case of children with specific language and communication impairments. However, there are striking similar-ities between children with semantic-pragmatic syndrome and those with high-functioning autism on a communicative, behavioural and cognitive level. This article questions the validity of semantic-prag-matic syndrome as a diagnostic concept distinct from high-function-ding autism and, consequently, its use as a clinical entity.
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22
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Oyane NMF, Bjorvatn B. Sleep disturbances in adolescents and young adults with autism and Asperger syndrome. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 9:83-94. [PMID: 15618264 DOI: 10.1177/1362361305049031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sleep problems are commonly reported in children with autistic disorders. Most studies are based on sleep questionnaires and sleep diaries, but polysomnographic and actigraphic data have also been used. In this study we investigated sleep in older individuals (aged 15-25 years) with autism and Asperger syndrome, using sleep questionnaires, sleep diaries and actigraphy. Although the sleep questionnaires completed by parents and caretakers revealed only a moderate degree of sleep problems, greater sleep disturbance was recorded with actigraphy. Using the latter method, low sleep efficiency (below 85 percent) or long sleep latency (more than 30 minutes) were found in 80 percent of the individuals. There was no early morning awakening, contrary to some earlier reports. This study suggests that even though subjective complaints of sleep disturbances are less common in adolescents and young adults with autism, this may be due to an adaptation process rather than an actual reduction in sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M F Oyane
- Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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23
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Tonge BJ, Brereton AV, Gray KM, Einfeld SL. Behavioural and Emotional Disturbance in High-Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361399003002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in behavioural and emotional disturbance (psychopathology) between children and adolescents with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Subjects consisted of 75 children and adolescents with high-functioning autism and 52 with Asperger's disorder (DSM-IV diagnoses). Psychopathology was measured using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling for the effects of age and cognitive level was used to determine whether the groups differed in their levels of psychopathology. It was found that children and adolescents with Asperger's disorder presented with higher levels of psychopathology than those with high-functioning autism, were more disruptive, antisocial and anxious, and had more problems with social relationships. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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24
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Manjiviona J, Prior M. Neuropsychological Profiles of Children with Asperger Syndrome and Autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361399003004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the possibility that diagnostic differentiation between children with autism and Asperger syndrome may be enhanced through the use of neuropsychological profiles. Two groups of children, clinically diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome ( n35) or autism ( n21), were tested with a neuropsychological battery to assess the propositions that these groups might differ in terms of Wechsler IQ profiles, brain hemispheric strengths and weaknesses, and executive functioning. Clinically diagnosed children with Asperger syndrome and autism were not differentiated on the basis of their neuropsychological profiles. The major difference between them was the overall higher IQ in Asperger syndrome, which was largely due to superior verbal abilities. Differences were also examined using DSM-IV/ICD-10 criteria: children were grouped according to the early history of presence or absence of language delay. No differences between the groups on any neurocognitive measure were found and there was no support for current neuropsychological theories purporting to support differential diagnostic status. It appears that current diagnostic differentiation in clinical practice may be primarily influenced by the child’s estimated verbal IQ level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margot Prior
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington, Australia
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25
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Kim JA, Szatmari P, Bryson SE, Streiner DL, Wilson FJ. The Prevalence of Anxiety and Mood Problems among Children with Autism and Asperger Syndrome. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361300004002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to report on the prevalence and correlates of anxiety and mood problems among 9- to 14- year-old children with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism. Children who received a diagnosis of autism ( n 40) or AS ( n 19) on a diagnostic interview when they were 4 to 6 years of age were administered a battery of cognitive and behavioural measures. Families were contacted roughly 6 years later (at mean age of 12 years) and assessed for evidence of psychiatric problems including mood and anxiety disorders. Compared with a sample of 1751 community children, AS and autistic children demonstrated a greater rate of anxiety and depression problems. These problems had a significant impact on their overall adaptation. There were, however, no differences in the number of anxiety and mood problems between the AS and autistic children within this high-functioning cohort. The number of psychiatric problems was not correlated with early autistic symptoms but was predicted to a small extent by early verbal/non-verbal IQ discrepancy scores. These data indicate that high-functioning PDD children are at greater risk for mood and anxiety problems than the general population but the correlates and risk factors for these comorbid problems remain unclear.
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26
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Volkmar FR. Categorical Approaches to the Diagnosis of Autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361398021005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although autism was first reported in 1943 nearly 40 years elapsed before the disorder was included as an official diagnosis in the American (DSM) classification system. In the last two decades guidelines for the diagnosis of this, and related, conditions have evolved based on a growing body of research. An important recent development has been the convergence of the American (DSM) and International (ICD) diagnostic systems. Although these two official systems differ somewhat in format and intended use, the advent of consistent approaches to the diagnosis of autism will facilitate both research and clinical service. Data that have informed the development of these systems are reviewed and areas of continuing controversy are noted.
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27
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Howlin P. Outcome in Adult Life for more Able Individuals with Autism or Asperger Syndrome. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361300004001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper reviews what is known about outcome in adult life for more able individuals within the autistic spectrum. Because of the problems associated with differential diagnosis, the results of studies involving high-functioning people with autism and Asperger syndrome are combined. The review focuses predominantly on long-term follow-up research and covers outcome in terms of cognitive, linguistic, academic and adaptive functioning; educational and employment history; independence and social relationships; and behavioural and psychiatric problems. The stability of IQ and other measures over time, and variables related to outcome, are also investigated.
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28
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Ozonoff S, South M, Miller JN. DSM-IV-Defined Asperger Syndrome: Cognitive, Behavioral and Early History Differentiation from High-Functioning Autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361300041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared 2 3 children with high-functioning autism with 12 children with Asperger syndrome, both defined according to strict DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. The groups were well matched on chronological age, gender and intellectual ability. Three possible sources of difference between Asperger syndrome and highfunctioning autism were examined: cognitive function, current symptomatology and early history. We found few group differences in current presentation and cognitive function, but many early history differences. The Asperger syndrome group generally demonstrated less severe early symptoms, a milder developmental course and better out-come than the high-functioning autism group. Many of the group dif-ferences appeared secondary to the initial group definition process, however. Overall, the results suggest that Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism involve the same fundamental symptomatology, differing only in degree or severity.
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Abstract
The present study examined intake data from 384 participants with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a comparison group of 100 participants with dyslexia on nine standardized measures of decoding and comprehension. Although diagnostic groups were based on parental reports and could not be verified independently, we were able to observe significant distinctions between subject groups. Overall findings confirm previous results of a disassociation between decoding and comprehension in ASD. Using a larger sample than previous studies and a greater variety of measures, a pattern of relatively intact decoding skills paired with low comprehension was found in autism, PDD-NOS, and Asperger’s. In contrast, the dyslexic group showed the opposite pattern of stronger comprehension and weaker decoding.
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30
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Nader AM, Jelenic P, Soulières I. Discrepancy between WISC-III and WISC-IV Cognitive Profile in Autism Spectrum: What Does It Reveal about Autistic Cognition? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144645. [PMID: 26673881 PMCID: PMC4686055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive profile and measured intellectual level vary according to assessment tools in children on the autism spectrum, much more so than in typically developing children. The recent inclusion of intellectual functioning in the diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorders leads to the crucial question on how to assess intelligence in autism, especially as some tests and subtests seem more sensitive to certain neurodevelopmental conditions. Our first aim was to examine the cognitive profile on the current version of the most widely used test, the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-IV), for a homogenous subgroup of children on the autism spectrum, i.e. corresponding to DSM-IV diagnosis of “autism”. The second aim was to compare cognitive profiles obtained on the third edition versus 4th edition of WISC, in order to verify whether the WISC-IV yields a more distinctive cognitive profile in autistic children. The third aim was to examine the impact of the WISC-IV on the cognitive profile of another subgroup, children with Asperger’s Syndrome. 51 autistic, 15 Asperger and 42 typically developing children completed the WISC-IV and were individually matched to children who completed the WISC-III. Divergent WISC-IV profiles were observed despite no significant intelligence quotient difference between groups. Autistic children scored significantly higher on the Perceptual Reasoning Index than on the Verbal Comprehension Index, a discrepancy that nearly tripled in comparison to WISC-III results. Asperger children scored higher on the VCI than on other indexes, with the lowest score found on the Processing Speed Index. WISC-IV cognitive profiles were consistent with, but more pronounced than WISC-III profiles. Cognitive profiles are a valuable diagnostic tool for differential diagnosis, keeping in mind that children on the autism spectrum might be more sensitive to the choice of subtests used to assess intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Nader
- Psychology Department, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montréal (QC), Canada
| | - Patricia Jelenic
- Research center of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montreal (QC), Canada
| | - Isabelle Soulières
- Psychology Department, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montréal (QC), Canada
- Research center of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Rivière-des-Prairies Hospital, Montreal (QC), Canada
- * E-mail:
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31
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Luo SX, Shinall JA, Peterson BS, Gerber AJ. Semantic mapping reveals distinct patterns in descriptions of social relations in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2015; 9:846-53. [PMID: 26613541 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may describe other individuals differently compared with typical adults. In this study, we first asked participants to describe closely related individuals such as parents and close friends with 10 positive and 10 negative characteristics. We then used standard natural language processing methods to digitize and visualize these descriptions. The complex patterns of these descriptive sentences exhibited a difference in semantic space between individuals with ASD and control participants. Machine learning algorithms were able to automatically detect and discriminate between these two groups. Furthermore, we showed that these descriptive sentences from adults with ASD exhibited fewer connections as defined by word-word co-occurrences in descriptions, and these connections in words formed a less "small-world" like network. Autism Res 2016, 9: 846-853. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Luo
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, 10032, New York
| | - Jacqueline A Shinall
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, 10032, New York
| | - Bradley S Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, California, 90027
| | - Andrew J Gerber
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, 10032, New York
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32
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Backenson EM, Holland SC, Kubas HA, Fitzer KR, Wilcox G, Carmichael JA, Fraccaro RL, Smith AD, Macoun SJ, Harrison GL, Hale JB. Psychosocial and Adaptive Deficits Associated With Learning Disability Subtypes. JOURNAL OF LEARNING DISABILITIES 2015; 48:511-522. [PMID: 24300589 DOI: 10.1177/0022219413511861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Children with specific learning disabilities (SLD) have deficits in the basic psychological processes that interfere with learning and academic achievement, and for some SLD subtypes, these deficits can also lead to emotional and/or behavior problems. This study examined psychosocial functioning in 123 students, aged 6 to 11, who underwent comprehensive evaluations for learning and/or behavior problems in two Pacific Northwest school districts. Using concordance-discordance model (C-DM) processing strengths and weaknesses SLD identification criteria, results revealed working memory SLD (n = 20), processing speed SLD (n = 30), executive SLD (n = 32), and no disability groups (n = 41). Of the SLD subtypes, repeated measures MANOVA results revealed the processing speed SLD subtype exhibited the greatest psychosocial and adaptive impairment according to teacher behavior ratings. Findings suggest processing speed deficits may be behind the cognitive and psychosocial disturbances found in what has been termed "nonverbal" SLD. Limitations, implications, and future research needs are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara C Holland
- University of Calgary, AB, Canada Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Asperger syndrome and nonverbal learning difficulties in adult males: self- and parent-reported autism, attention and executive problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:969-77. [PMID: 25399237 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A specific overlap between Asperger syndrome (AS) and nonverbal learning difficulties (NLD) has been proposed, based on the observation that, as a group, people with AS tend to have significantly higher verbal IQ (VIQ) than performance IQ (PIQ), one of the core features of NLD. The primary aim was to assess the longer term outcome of NLD--broken down into persistent and transient forms. The present study of 68 individuals was performed in the context of a larger prospective longitudinal study to late adolescence/early adult life of 100 boys with AS. Using self- and parent-report measures, we studied the longer term outcome of the NLD (defined as VIQ > PIQ by 15 points) as regards social communication, repetitive behaviour, attention, and executive function (EF) was studied. Three subgroups were identified: (1) Persistent NLD (P-NLD), (2) Childhood "only" NLD (CO-NLD) and (3) Never NLD (NO-NLD). The P-NLD group had the worst outcome overall. The CO-NLD group had better reported EF scores than the two other AS subgroups. There were no differences between the subgroups regarding social communication, repetitive behaviour, or attentional skills. Low PIQ increased the risk of ADHD symptoms. In the context of AS in males, P-NLD carries a relatively poor outcome, particularly with regard to self-reported EF. However, CO-NLD appears to entail a significantly better outcome. The results underscore the importance of analysing the cognitive profile both at diagnosis and after several years, so as to be able to formulate a realistic prognosis.
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Posar A, Resca F, Visconti P. Autism according to diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5(th) edition: The need for further improvements. J Pediatr Neurosci 2015; 10:146-8. [PMID: 26167220 PMCID: PMC4489060 DOI: 10.4103/1817-1745.159195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) introduced significant changes in the classification of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including the abolition of the diagnostic subcategories proposed by DSM-IV-Text Revision. DSM-5 describes three levels of increasing severity of ASD. The authors report two explanatory cases with ASD (verbal boys, aged about 7 and a half years, without intellectual disability). According to DSM-5, both cases fall into the lowest severity level of ASD. However, their neuropsychological and neurobehavioral profile varies significantly. While the first boy showed a prevalent impairment of visuoconstructional and visuoperceptual abilities, the second one presented a predominant involvement of verbal functions, with qualitative impairments in communication. A further step forward in the definition and classification of ASD, taking into account both intensity and quality of symptoms, is recommended in order to formulate a reliable prognosis, plan an individualized treatment and monitor the clinical course over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annio Posar
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy ; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Resca
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Visconti
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Italy
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Barbeau EB, Meilleur AS, Zeffiro TA, Mottron L. Comparing Motor Skills in Autism Spectrum Individuals With and Without Speech Delay. Autism Res 2015; 8:682-93. [PMID: 25820662 PMCID: PMC5008150 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Movement atypicalities in speed, coordination, posture, and gait have been observed across the autism spectrum (AS) and atypicalities in coordination are more commonly observed in AS individuals without delayed speech (DSM‐IV Asperger) than in those with atypical or delayed speech onset. However, few studies have provided quantitative data to support these mostly clinical observations. Here, we compared perceptual and motor performance between 30 typically developing and AS individuals (21 with speech delay and 18 without speech delay) to examine the associations between limb movement control and atypical speech development. Groups were matched for age, intelligence, and sex. The experimental design included: an inspection time task, which measures visual processing speed; the Purdue Pegboard, which measures finger dexterity, bimanual performance, and hand‐eye coordination; the Annett Peg Moving Task, which measures unimanual goal‐directed arm movement; and a simple reaction time task. We used analysis of covariance to investigate group differences in task performance and linear regression models to explore potential associations between intelligence, language skills, simple reaction time, and visually guided movement performance. AS participants without speech delay performed slower than typical participants in the Purdue Pegboard subtests. AS participants without speech delay showed poorer bimanual coordination than those with speech delay. Visual processing speed was slightly faster in both AS groups than in the typical group. Altogether, these results suggest that AS individuals with and without speech delay differ in visually guided and visually triggered behavior and show that early language skills are associated with slower movement in simple and complex motor tasks. Autism Res2015, 8: 682–693. © 2015 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise B. Barbeau
- Centre d'excellence en troubles envahissants du développement de l'Université de Montréal (CETEDUM), Hôpital Rivière‐des‐Prairies, 7070 boulPerras, MontréalQCH1E 1A4Canada
- Centre de Recherche Fernand‐Seguin, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontréalQCCanada
| | - Andrée‐Anne S. Meilleur
- Centre d'excellence en troubles envahissants du développement de l'Université de Montréal (CETEDUM), Hôpital Rivière‐des‐Prairies, 7070 boulPerras, MontréalQCH1E 1A4Canada
| | - Thomas A. Zeffiro
- Neural Systems Group, Massachusetts General Hospital149 13th StCharlestownMassachusetts02129
| | - Laurent Mottron
- Centre d'excellence en troubles envahissants du développement de l'Université de Montréal (CETEDUM), Hôpital Rivière‐des‐Prairies, 7070 boulPerras, MontréalQCH1E 1A4Canada
- Centre de Recherche Fernand‐Seguin, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MontrealMontréalQCCanada
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Saiano M, Pellegrino L, Casadio M, Summa S, Garbarino E, Rossi V, Dall'Agata D, Sanguineti V. Natural interfaces and virtual environments for the acquisition of street crossing and path following skills in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2015; 12:17. [PMID: 25885279 PMCID: PMC4344805 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-015-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lack of social skills and/or a reduced ability to determine when to use them are common symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Here we examine whether an integrated approach based on virtual environments and natural interfaces is effective in teaching safety skills in adults with ASD. We specifically focus on pedestrian skills, namely street crossing with or without traffic lights, and following road signs. Methods Seven adults with ASD explored a virtual environment (VE) representing a city (buildings, sidewalks, streets, squares), which was continuously displayed on a wide screen. A markerless motion capture device recorded the subjects’ movements, which were translated into control commands for the VE according to a predefined vocabulary of gestures. The treatment protocol consisted of ten 45-minutes sessions (1 session/week). During a familiarization phase, the participants practiced the vocabulary of gestures. In a subsequent training phase, participants had to follow road signs (to either a police station or a pharmacy) and to cross streets with and without traffic lights. We assessed the performance in both street crossing (number and type of errors) and navigation (walking speed, path length and ability to turn without stopping). To assess their understanding of the practiced skill, before and after treatment subjects had to answer a test questionnaire. To assess transfer of the learned skill to real-life situations, another specific questionnaire was separately administered to both parents/legal guardians and the subjects’ personal caregivers. Results One subject did not complete the familiarization phase because of problems with depth perception. The six subjects who completed the protocol easily learned the simple body gestures required to interact with the VE. Over sessions they significantly improved their navigation performance, but did not significantly reduce the errors made in street crossing. In the test questionnaire they exhibited no significant reduction in the number of errors. However, both parents and caregivers reported a significant improvement in the subjects’ street crossing performance. Their answers were also highly consistent, thus pointing at a significant transfer to real-life behaviors. Conclusions Rehabilitation of adults with ASD mainly focuses on educational interventions that have an impact in their quality of life, which includes safety skills. Our results confirm that interaction with VEs may be effective in facilitating the acquisition of these skills. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12984-015-0010-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Saiano
- Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145, Genoa, Italy. .,Department Primary Care, ASL3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Laura Pellegrino
- Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maura Casadio
- Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Susanna Summa
- Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145, Genoa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Vittorio Sanguineti
- Department Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 13, 16145, Genoa, Italy.
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Chiang HM, Tsai LY, Cheung YK, Brown A, Li H. A meta-analysis of differences in IQ profiles between individuals with Asperger's disorder and high-functioning autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:1577-96. [PMID: 24362849 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-2025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed to examine differences in IQ profiles between individuals with Asperger's disorder (AspD) and high-functioning autism (HFA). Fifty-two studies were included for this study. The results showed that (a) individuals with AspD had significantly higher full-scale IQ, verbal IQ (VIQ), and performance IQ (PIQ) than did individuals with HFA; (b) individuals with AspD had significantly higher VIQ than PIQ; and (c) VIQ was similar to PIQ in individuals with HFA. These findings seem to suggest that AspD and HFA are two different subtypes of Autism. The implications of the present findings to DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Min Chiang
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
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Art therapy with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A review of clinical case descriptions on ‘what works’. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cognitive, adaptive, and psychosocial differences between high ability youth with and without autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:2026-40. [PMID: 24584434 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Research on Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is thriving; however, scant empirical research has investigated how ASD manifests in high ability youth. Further research is necessary to accurately differentiate high ability students with ASD from those without the disorder, and thus decrease the risk of misdiagnosis. The purpose of the present study is to provide an empirical account of the intellectual, adaptive, and psychosocial functioning of high ability youth with and without ASD utilizing a group study design. Forty youth with high cognitive ability and ASD and a control group of 41 youth with high cognitive ability and no psychological diagnosis were included in the study. In comparison to the control group, the ASD group showed poorer functioning on measures of processing speed, adaptive skills, and broad psychological functioning, as perceived by parents and teachers. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing ASD among those with high ability, and the development of related psychological and educational interventions to address talent domains and areas of concern.
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Abstract
This review focuses on identifying up-to-date number of publications that compared DSM-IV/ICD-10 Asperger's disorder (AspD) to Autistic Disorder/High-functioning Autism (AD/HFA). One hundred and twenty-eight publications were identified through an extensive search of major electronic databases and journals. Based on more than 90 clinical variables been investigated, 94 publications concluded that there were statistically significant or near significant level of quantitative and/or qualitative differences between AspD and AD/HFA groups; 4 publications found both similarities and differences between the two groups; 30 publications concluded with no differences between the two groups. Although DSM-5 ASD will eliminate Asperger's disorder. However, it is plausible to predict that the field of ASD would run full circle during the next decade or two and that AspD will be back in the next edition of DSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 2385 Placid Way, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA,
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41
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Baez S, Ibanez A. The effects of context processing on social cognition impairments in adults with Asperger's syndrome. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:270. [PMID: 25232301 PMCID: PMC4153041 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition—the basis of all communicative and otherwise interpersonal relationships—is embedded in specific contextual circumstances which shape intrinsic meanings. This domain is compromised in the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including Asperger's syndrome (AS) (DSM-V). However, the few available reports of social cognition skills in adults with AS have largely neglected the effects of contextual factors. Moreover, previous studies on this population have also failed to simultaneously (a) assess multiple social cognition domains, (b) examine executive functions, (c) follow strict sample selection criteria, and (d) acknowledge the cognitive heterogeneity typical of the disorder. The study presently reviewed (Baez et al., 2012), addressed all these aspects in order to establish the basis of social cognition deficits in adult AS patients. Specifically, we assessed the performance of AS adults in multiple social cognition tasks with different context-processing requirements. The results suggest that social cognition deficits in AS imply a reduced ability to implicitly encode and integrate contextual cues needed to access social meaning. Nevertheless, the patients' performance was normal when explicit social information was presented or when the situation could be navigated with abstract rules. Here, we review the results of our study and other relevant data, and discuss their implications for the diagnosis and treatment of AS and other neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, frontotemporal dementia). Finally, we analyze previous results in the light of a current neurocognitive model of social-context processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Universidad Autónoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia ; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney NSW, Australia
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Linking neocortical, cognitive, and genetic variability in autism with alterations of brain plasticity: the Trigger-Threshold-Target model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:735-52. [PMID: 25155242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of autism involves heterogeneous adaptive traits (strengths vs. disabilities), different domains of alterations (social vs. non-social), and various associated genetic conditions (syndromic vs. nonsyndromic autism). Three observations suggest that alterations in experience-dependent plasticity are an etiological factor in autism: (1) the main cognitive domains enhanced in autism are controlled by the most plastic cortical brain regions, the multimodal association cortices; (2) autism and sensory deprivation share several features of cortical and functional reorganization; and (3) genetic mutations and/or environmental insults involved in autism all appear to affect developmental synaptic plasticity, and mostly lead to its upregulation. We present the Trigger-Threshold-Target (TTT) model of autism to organize these findings. In this model, genetic mutations trigger brain reorganization in individuals with a low plasticity threshold, mostly within regions sensitive to cortical reallocations. These changes account for the cognitive enhancements and reduced social expertise associated with autism. Enhanced but normal plasticity may underlie non-syndromic autism, whereas syndromic autism may occur when a triggering mutation or event produces an altered plastic reaction, also resulting in intellectual disability and dysmorphism in addition to autism. Differences in the target of brain reorganization (perceptual vs. language regions) account for the main autistic subgroups. In light of this model, future research should investigate how individual and sex-related differences in synaptic/regional brain plasticity influence the occurrence of autism.
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Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Tripicchio P, Rattazzi A, Baez S, Marino J, Roca M, Manes F, Ibanez A. Inter-individual cognitive variability in children with Asperger's syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:575. [PMID: 25132817 PMCID: PMC4117184 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have tried to establish the distinctive profile of individuals with Asperger's syndrome (AS). However, recent reports suggest that adults with AS feature heterogeneous cognitive profiles. The present study explores inter-individual variability in children with AS through group comparison and multiple case series analysis. All participants completed an extended battery including measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence, executive functions, theory of mind, and classical neuropsychological tests. Significant group differences were found in theory of mind and other domains related to global information processing. However, the AS group showed high inter-individual variability (both sub- and supra-normal performance) on most cognitive tasks. Furthermore, high fluid intelligence correlated with less general cognitive impairment, high cognitive flexibility, and speed of motor processing. In light of these findings, we propose that children with AS are characterized by a distinct, uneven pattern of cognitive strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Gonzalez-Gadea
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Tripicchio
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexia Rattazzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Baez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Universidad Catolica Argentina Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julian Marino
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Roca
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina ; National Scientific and Technical Research Council Buenos Aires, Argentina ; UDP-INECO Foundation Core on Neuroscience, Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile ; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Universidad Autonoma del Caribe Barranquilla, Colombia
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Rueda P, Fernández-Berrocal P, Schonert-Reichl KA. Empathic Abilities and Theory of Mind in Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome: Insights from the Twenty-First Century. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-014-0026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Differential diagnosis of adolescent and adult pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorders (PDD/ASD): a not uncommon diagnostic dilemma. Ir J Psychol Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s079096670000553x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The failure to recognise the pervasive developmental disorders/autism spectrum disorders is probably not uncommon in adult psychiatry. Indeed some of the treatment-resistant chronic mental illnesses are due to the failure to make this diagnosis and apply more appropriate treatment.Patients with PDD/ASD cause considerable diagnostic difficulties in both inpatient and outpatient adolescent and adult psychiatry. Clinical experience suggests that patients with PDD/ASD in adulthood have been misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia resulting in inappropriate treatment. Mesibov and Handlan state that the diagnostic situation is complicated because the characteristics of autism are less pronounced in older clients. It is critical that an accurate diagnosis is given because of the specific treatment implications. In the past decade there have been considerable developments in our understanding of autism. The importance of bringing the developmental viewpoint into adult psychiatry is now highly relevant. Unfamiliar diagnostic categories now have to be considered by adolescent and adult psychiatrists. Grounds for the deletion of adult psychiatric disorders, eg. simple schizophrenia from ICD102 may exist. Instead PDD/ASD disorder may need to be considered.As the purpose of diagnosis is to ensure appropriate client management, it is essential that diagnostic criteria are continually reviewed in view of clinical observation and research developments. In this paper, diagnostic categories causing confusion are outlined, and that these are variants of the core deficit of autism is suggested. The major PDD/ASD diagnoses in adolescence and adulthood are listed below.Two of the following are required for the diagnosis of autism:
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Ogata H, Ihara H, Murakami N, Gito M, Kido Y, Nagai T. Autism spectrum disorders and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors in Japanese patients with Prader-Willi syndrome: a comparison between maternal uniparental disomy and deletion cases. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2180-6. [PMID: 24850752 PMCID: PMC4278412 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to compare maternal uniparental disomy 15 (mUPD) and a paternal deletion of 15q11-13 (DEL) of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) in regard to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Forty-five Japanese individuals with PWS were recruited from a single recruitment center. The participants consisted of 22 children (aged from 6 to 12) and 23 adolescents (aged from 13 to 19). Six children and seven adolescents were confirmed as having mUPD. Sixteen children and 16 adolescents were confirmed as having DEL. Under blindness to the participants' genotypes, a single psychologist carried out behavioral and psychological assessments, including the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Society Japan Rating Scale (PARS), and ADHD-Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV). Two comparisons were made: one between mUPD and DEL children and another between mUPD and DEL adolescents. In children, no significant differences were found between mUPD and DEL participants in terms of autistic (PARS childhood, P = 0.657) and impulsive behaviors (ADHD-RS-IV hyperactive/impulsive, P = 0.275). In adolescents, mUPD patients showed significantly more autistic symptomatology (PARS adolescent, P = 0.027) and significantly more impulsive behavior (ADHD-RS-IV hyperactive/impulsive, P = 0.01) than DEL patients. Our findings about Japanese PWS patients were consistent with previous researches from western countries not focused on Asian patients, indicating that mUPD cases would be more prone to ASD than DEL cases, regardless of ethnoregional differences. In addition, our data suggested that the behavioral difference between mUPD and DEL cases in terms of autistic and impulsive symptoms tend to be unrecognizable in their childhood. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogata
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
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47
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Volkmar FR, McPartland JC. From Kanner to DSM-5: Autism as an Evolving Diagnostic Concept. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2014; 10:193-212. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred R. Volkmar
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; ,
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Leisman G, Braun-Benjamin O, Melillo R. Cognitive-motor interactions of the basal ganglia in development. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:16. [PMID: 24592214 PMCID: PMC3923298 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits linking activity in anatomically segregated populations of neurons in subcortical structures and the neocortex throughout the human brain regulate complex behaviors such as walking, talking, language comprehension, and other cognitive functions associated with frontal lobes. The basal ganglia, which regulate motor control, are also crucial elements in the circuits that confer human reasoning and adaptive function. The basal ganglia are key elements in the control of reward-based learning, sequencing, discrete elements that constitute a complete motor act, and cognitive function. Imaging studies of intact human subjects and electrophysiologic and tracer studies of the brains and behavior of other species confirm these findings. We know that the relation between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortical region allows for connections organized into discrete circuits. Rather than serving as a means for widespread cortical areas to gain access to the motor system, these loops reciprocally interconnect a large and diverse set of cerebral cortical areas with the basal ganglia. Neuronal activity within the basal ganglia associated with motor areas of the cerebral cortex is highly correlated with parameters of movement. Neuronal activity within the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops associated with the prefrontal cortex is related to the aspects of cognitive function. Thus, individual loops appear to be involved in distinct behavioral functions. Damage to the basal ganglia of circuits with motor areas of the cortex leads to motor symptoms, whereas damage to the subcortical components of circuits with non-motor areas of the cortex causes higher-order deficits. In this report, we review some of the anatomic, physiologic, and behavioral findings that have contributed to a reappraisal of function concerning the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops with the cerebral cortex and apply it in clinical applications to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with biomechanics and a discussion of retention of primitive reflexes being highly associated with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Leisman
- The National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation SciencesNazareth, Israel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ORT-Braude College of EngineeringKarmiel, Israel
- F.R. Carrick Institute for Clinical Ergonomics, Rehabilitation, and Applied NeurosciencesHauppauge, NY, USA
- Facultad Manuel Fajardo, Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de la HabanaHabana, Cuba
| | - Orit Braun-Benjamin
- The National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation SciencesNazareth, Israel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ORT-Braude College of EngineeringKarmiel, Israel
| | - Robert Melillo
- The National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation SciencesNazareth, Israel
- F.R. Carrick Institute for Clinical Ergonomics, Rehabilitation, and Applied NeurosciencesHauppauge, NY, USA
- Nazareth Academic InstituteNazareth, Israel
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49
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Reinvall O, Voutilainen A, Kujala T, Korkman M. Neurocognitive functioning in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 43:1367-79. [PMID: 23104618 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of research studying comprehensive neurocognitive profiles of adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study compared the neurocognitive profiles of higher functioning adolescents with ASD (n = 30, mean age 13.5) with that of typically developing adolescents (n = 30; mean age 13.7). Adolescents with ASD demonstrated a significantly higher mean Verbal Intelligence Quotient compared to the standardized mean. However, the ASD group had significantly lower scores than the control group on the subtests Auditory Attention and Response Set, Memory for Faces, Visuomotor Precision, and Design Copying. Thus, particular strengths were seen in verbal reasoning, while weaknesses were observed in auditory attention, facial recognition memory, and visuomotor functions in adolescents with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Reinvall
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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50
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Barron-Linnankoski S, Reinvall O, Lahervuori A, Voutilainen A, Lahti-Nuuttila P, Korkman M. Neurocognitive performance of children with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders on the NEPSY-II. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 21:55-77. [PMID: 24397431 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2013.873781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined patterns of strengths and weaknesses in the neurocognitive performance of children with higher functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The participants were 30 children with higher functioning ASD ranging from 6 to 11 years, and 60 typically developing (TD) children, who were matched with the children with higher functioning ASD in terms of age, gender, and maternal education. The TD children were drawn from the Finnish standardization sample for the NEPSY-II. The cognitive abilities of the children with higher functioning ASD were assessed with the WISC-III, and the neurocognitive performance of the children with higher functioning ASD and TD children on the NEPSY-II was compared. The children with higher functioning ASD were found to have strengths in verbal reasoning skills with respect to the population mean and weaknesses in set-shifting, verbal fluency, and narrative memory in comparison with the TD children. Minor weaknesses were also observed in facial memory and fine and visuomotor skills.
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