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Mediavilla S, Escudero A. Branch architecture in relation to canopy positions in three Mediterranean oaks. Oecologia 2023; 201:915-927. [PMID: 36932216 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Branch architecture is a key determinant of plant performance owing to its role in a light interception by photosynthetic tissues. However, under stressed conditions, excess light may be harmful to the photosynthetic apparatus, and plants often present structural mechanisms to avoid photoinhibition. Three-dimensional models were constructed of the aerial parts in different locations within the crown of three co-occurring tree species (Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Q. faginea) growing in a Mediterranean environment. We hypothesized that the species with the shorter leaf life span would exhibit higher leaf display efficiency (silhouette to total leaf area, STAR), maximizing light interception and photosynthesis in the short term. In addition, more exposed positions within a canopy should develop more structural avoidance mechanisms to minimize excessive radiation. Significant differences were detected in architectural traits at both the intra- and interspecific level. Architectural traits promoting greater self-shading were more frequent in the species with longer leaf longevity and in the canopy locations experiencing higher temperatures at the times of maximum sunlight. However, these trends were in part counteracted by the changes in individual leaf area, which tended to be larger in the species with shorter leaf longevity and in the less exposed canopy locations. We conclude that the variation in architectural traits occurs mainly as a means to avoid the excessive self-shading of branches with the largest leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Área de Ecología, Campus Unamuno s/n 37071., Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Área de Ecología, Campus Unamuno s/n 37071., Salamanca, Spain.
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Koyama K, Smith DD. Scaling the leaf length-times-width equation to predict total leaf area of shoots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:215-230. [PMID: 35350072 PMCID: PMC9445601 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS An individual plant consists of different-sized shoots, each of which consists of different-sized leaves. To predict plant-level physiological responses from the responses of individual leaves, modelling this within-shoot leaf size variation is necessary. Within-plant leaf trait variation has been well investigated in canopy photosynthesis models but less so in plant allometry. Therefore, integration of these two different approaches is needed. METHODS We focused on an established leaf-level relationship that the area of an individual leaf lamina is proportional to the product of its length and width. The geometric interpretation of this equation is that different-sized leaf laminas from a single species share the same basic form. Based on this shared basic form, we synthesized a new length-times-width equation predicting total shoot leaf area from the collective dimensions of leaves that comprise a shoot. Furthermore, we showed that several previously established empirical relationships, including the allometric relationships between total shoot leaf area, maximum individual leaf length within the shoot and total leaf number of the shoot, can be unified under the same geometric argument. We tested the model predictions using five species, all of which have simple leaves, selected from diverse taxa (Magnoliids, monocots and eudicots) and from different growth forms (trees, erect herbs and rosette herbs). KEY RESULTS For all five species, the length-times-width equation explained within-species variation of total leaf area of a shoot with high accuracy (R2 > 0.994). These strong relationships existed despite leaf dimensions scaling very differently between species. We also found good support for all derived predictions from the model (R2 > 0.85). CONCLUSIONS Our model can be incorporated to improve previous models of allometry that do not consider within-shoot size variation of individual leaves, providing a cross-scale linkage between individual leaf-size variation and shoot-size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Yang S, Sterck FJ, Sass-Klaassen U, Cornelissen JHC, van Logtestijn RSP, Hefting M, Goudzwaard L, Zuo J, Poorter L. Stem Trait Spectra Underpin Multiple Functions of Temperate Tree Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:769551. [PMID: 35310622 PMCID: PMC8930200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.769551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A central paradigm in comparative ecology is that species sort out along a slow-fast resource economy spectrum of plant strategies, but this has been rarely tested for a comprehensive set of stem traits and compartments. We tested how stem traits vary across wood and bark of temperate tree species, whether a slow-fast strategy spectrum exists, and what traits make up this plant strategy spectrum. For 14 temperate tree species, 20 anatomical, chemical, and morphological traits belonging to six key stem functions were measured for three stem compartments (inner wood, outer wood, and bark). The trait variation was explained by major taxa (38%), stem compartments (24%), and species within major taxa (19%). A continuous plant strategy gradient was found across and within taxa, running from hydraulic safe gymnosperms to conductive angiosperms. Both groups showed a second strategy gradient related to chemical defense. Gymnosperms strongly converged in their trait strategies because of their uniform tracheids. Angiosperms strongly diverged because of their different vessel arrangement and tissue types. The bark had higher concentrations of nutrients and phenolics whereas the wood had stronger physical defense. The gymnosperms have a conservative strategy associated with strong hydraulic safety and physical defense, and a narrow, specialized range of trait values, which allow them to grow well in drier and unproductive habitats. The angiosperm species show a wider trait variation in all stem compartments, which makes them successful in marginal- and in mesic, productive habitats. The associations between multiple wood and bark traits collectively define a slow-fast stem strategy spectrum as is seen also for each stem compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yang
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Shanshan Yang, ;
| | - Frank J. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Systems Ecology, VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard S. P. van Logtestijn
- Department of Ecological Science, Systems Ecology, VU University (Vrije Universiteit) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariet Hefting
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Leo Goudzwaard
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Juan Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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4
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Petter G, Kreft H, Ong Y, Zotz G, Cabral JS. Modelling the long-term dynamics of tropical forests: From leaf traits to whole-tree growth patterns. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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O’Sullivan H, Raumonen P, Kaitaniemi P, Perttunen J, Sievänen R. Integrating terrestrial laser scanning with functional-structural plant models to investigate ecological and evolutionary processes of forest communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:663-684. [PMID: 34610091 PMCID: PMC8557364 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woody plants (trees and shrubs) play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems, but their size and longevity make them difficult subjects for traditional experiments. In the last 20 years functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) have evolved: they consider the interplay between plant modular structure, the immediate environment and internal functioning. However, computational constraints and data deficiency have long been limiting factors in a broader application of FSPMs, particularly at the scale of forest communities. Recently, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), has emerged as an invaluable tool for capturing the 3-D structure of forest communities, thus opening up exciting opportunities to explore and predict forest dynamics with FSPMs. SCOPE The potential synergies between TLS-derived data and FSPMs have yet to be fully explored. Here, we summarize recent developments in FSPM and TLS research, with a specific focus on woody plants. We then evaluate the emerging opportunities for applying FSPMs in an ecological and evolutionary context, in light of TLS-derived data, with particular consideration of the challenges posed by scaling up from individual trees to whole forests. Finally, we propose guidelines for incorporating TLS data into the FSPM workflow to encourage overlap of practice amongst researchers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TLS is a feasible tool to help shift FSPMs from an individual-level modelling technique to a community-level one. The ability to scan multiple trees, of multiple species, in a short amount of time, is paramount to gathering the detailed structural information required for parameterizing FSPMs for forest communities. Conventional techniques, such as repeated manual forest surveys, have their limitations in explaining the driving mechanisms behind observed patterns in 3-D forest structure and dynamics. Therefore, other techniques are valuable to explore how forests might respond to environmental change. A robust synthesis between TLS and FSPMs provides the opportunity to virtually explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah O’Sullivan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Mathematics, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kaitaniemi
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Hyytiäläntie 124, FI-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
| | - Jari Perttunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanontie 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang B, DeAngelis DL. An overview of agent-based models in plant biology and ecology. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:539-557. [PMID: 32173742 PMCID: PMC7489105 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agent-based modelling (ABM) has become an established methodology in many areas of biology, ranging from the cellular to the ecological population and community levels. In plant science, two different scales have predominated in their use of ABM. One is the scale of populations and communities, through the modelling of collections of agents representing individual plants, interacting with each other and with the environment. The other is the scale of the individual plant, through the modelling, by functional-structural plant models (FSPMs), of agents representing plant building blocks, or metamers, to describe the development of plant architecture and functions within individual plants. The purpose of this review is to show key results and parallels in ABM for growth, mortality, carbon allocation, competition and reproduction across the scales from the plant organ to populations and communities on a range of spatial scales to the whole landscape. Several areas of application of ABMs are reviewed, showing that some issues are addressed by both population-level ABMs and FSPMs. Continued increase in the relevance of ABM to environmental science and management will be helped by greater integration of ABMs across these two scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Donald L DeAngelis
- U. S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Davie, FL, USA
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Letort V, Sabatier S, Okoma MP, Jaeger M, de Reffye P. Internal trophic pressure, a regulator of plant development? Insights from a stochastic functional-structural plant growth model applied to Coffea trees. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:687-699. [PMID: 32756867 PMCID: PMC7489067 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Using internal trophic pressure as a regulating variable to model the complex interaction loops between organogenesis, production of assimilates and partitioning in functional-structural models of plant growth has attracted increasing interest in recent years. However, this approach is hampered by the fact that internal trophic pressure is a non-measurable quantity that can be assessed only through model parametric estimation, for which the methodology is not straightforward, especially when the model is stochastic. METHODS A stochastic GreenLab model of plant growth (called 'GL4') is developed with a feedback effect of internal trophic competition, represented by the ratio of biomass supply to demand (Q/D), on organogenesis. A methodology for its parameter estimation is presented and applied to a dataset of 15 two-year-old Coffea canephora trees. Based on the fitting results, variations in Q/D are reconstructed and analysed in relation to the estimated variations in organogenesis parameters. KEY RESULTS Our stochastic retroactive model was able to simulate realistically the progressive set-up of young plant architecture and the branch pruning effect. Parameter estimation using real data for Coffea trees provided access to the internal trophic dynamics. These dynamics correlated with the organogenesis probabilities during the establishment phase. CONCLUSIONS The model can satisfactorily reproduce the measured data, thus opening up promising avenues for further applying this original procedure to other experimental data. The framework developed can serve as a model-based toolkit to reconstruct the hidden internal trophic dynamics of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Letort
- Univ. Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec, MICS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvie Sabatier
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France, and
| | - Michelle Pamelas Okoma
- Department of Seeds and Seedlings Production, University Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Ivory Coast
| | - Marc Jaeger
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France, and
| | - Philippe de Reffye
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- AMAP, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Montpellier, France, and
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8
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Sendall KM, Reich PB, Lusk CH. Size-related shifts in carbon gain and growth responses to light differ among rainforest evergreens of contrasting shade tolerance. Oecologia 2018; 187:609-623. [PMID: 29637296 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent work suggests that plant size affects light requirements and carbon balance of juvenile trees, and such shifts may be greater in light-demanding species than in their more shade-tolerant associates. To explore the physiological basis of such shifts, we measured juvenile light interception, carbon gain and growth of four subtropical Australian rainforest trees differing in shade tolerance, comparing individuals ranging from 13 to 238 cm in height, across a wide range of understory environments. We hypothesized that even in a standardized light environment, increasing sapling size would lead to declines in net daily carbon gain of foliage and relative growth rates (RGR) of all species, with declines more pronounced in light-demanding species. Crown architecture of individuals was recorded using a 3-dimensional digitizer, and the YPLANT program was used to estimate the self-shaded fraction of each crown and model net carbon gain. Increased sapling size caused a significant increase in self-shading, and significant declines in net daily carbon gain and RGR of light-demanding species, while such ontogenetic variations were minimal or absent in shade-tolerant species. Additionally, differences in the slope of the relationship between light and RGR led to crossovers in RGR among shade-tolerant and light-demanding species at low light. Our results show that the magnitude of ontogenetic variation in net daily carbon gain and RGR can be substantial and may depend on successional status, making it unsafe to assume that young seedling performance can be used to predict or model responses of larger juvenile trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie M Sendall
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA. .,Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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Laurans M, Vincent G. Are inter- and intraspecific variations of sapling crown traits consistent with a strategy promoting light capture in tropical moist forest? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:983-996. [PMID: 27489160 PMCID: PMC5055821 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Morphological variation in light-foraging strategies potentially plays important roles in efficient light utilization and carbon assimilation in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments such as tropical moist forest understorey. By considering a suite of morphological traits at various hierarchical scales, we examined the functional significance of crown shape diversity and plasticity in response to canopy openness. Methods We conducted a field comparative study in French Guiana among tree saplings of 14 co-occurring species differing in light-niche optimum and breadth. Each leaf, axis or crown functional trait was characterized by a median value and a degree of plasticity expressed under contrasting light regimes. Key Results We found divergent patterns between shade-tolerant and heliophilic species on the one hand and between shade and sun plants on the other. Across species, multiple regression analysis showed that relative crown depth was positively correlated with leaf lifespan and not correlated with crown vertical growth rate. Within species displaying a reduction in crown depth in the shade, we observed that crown depth was limited by reduced crown vertical growth rate and not by accelerated leaf or branch shedding. In addition, the study provides contrasting examples of morphological multilevel plastic responses, which allow the maintenance of efficient foliage and enable effective whole-plant light capture in shaded conditions under a moderate vertical light gradient. Conclusions This result suggests that plastic adjustment of relative crown depth does not reflect a strategy maximizing light capture efficiency. Integrating and scaling-up leaf-level dynamics to shoot- and crown-level helps to interpret in functional and adaptive terms inter- and intraspecific patterns of crown traits and to better understand the mechanism of shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Laurans
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS2, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Gregoire Vincent
- IRD, UMR AMAP, TA A-51/PS1, Bd de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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10
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Sendall KM, Lusk CH, Reich PB. Becoming less tolerant with age: sugar maple, shade, and ontogeny. Oecologia 2015; 179:1011-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Renton M, Poot P. Simulation of the evolution of root water foraging strategies in dry and shallow soils. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:763-78. [PMID: 24651371 PMCID: PMC4156118 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The dynamic structural development of plants can be seen as a strategy for exploiting the limited resources available within their environment, and we would expect that evolution would lead to efficient strategies that reduce costs while maximizing resource acquisition. In particular, perennial species endemic to habitats with shallow soils in seasonally dry environments have been shown to have a specialized root system morphology that may enhance access to water resources in the underlying rock. This study aimed to explore these hypotheses by applying evolutionary algorithms to a functional-structural root growth model. METHODS A simulation model of a plant's root system was developed, which represents the dynamics of water uptake and structural growth. The model is simple enough for evolutionary optimization to be computationally feasible, yet flexible enough to allow a range of structural development strategies to be explored. The model was combined with an evolutionary algorithm in order to investigate a case study habitat with a highly heterogeneous distribution of resources, both spatially and temporally--the situation of perennial plants occurring on shallow soils in seasonally dry environments. Evolution was simulated under two contrasting fitness criteria: (1) the ability to find wet cracks in underlying rock, and (2) maximizing above-ground biomass. KEY RESULTS The novel approach successfully resulted in the evolution of more efficient structural development strategies for both fitness criteria. Different rooting strategies evolved when different criteria were applied, and each evolved strategy made ecological sense in terms of the corresponding fitness criterion. Evolution selected for root system morphologies which matched those of real species from corresponding habitats. CONCLUSIONS Specialized root morphology with deeper rather than shallower lateral branching enhances access to water resources in underlying rock. More generally, the approach provides insights into both evolutionary processes and ecological costs and benefits of different plant growth strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Renton
- School of Plant Biology and Centre of Excellence for Climate Change Woodland and Forest Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Pieter Poot
- School of Plant Biology and Centre of Excellence for Climate Change Woodland and Forest Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
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Beyer R, Letort V, Cournède PH. Modeling tree crown dynamics with 3D partial differential equations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:329. [PMID: 25101095 PMCID: PMC4104424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We characterize a tree's spatial foliage distribution by the local leaf area density. Considering this spatially continuous variable allows to describe the spatiotemporal evolution of the tree crown by means of 3D partial differential equations. These offer a framework to rigorously take locally and adaptively acting effects into account, notably the growth toward light. Biomass production through photosynthesis and the allocation to foliage and wood are readily included in this model framework. The system of equations stands out due to its inherent dynamic property of self-organization and spontaneous adaptation, generating complex behavior from even only a few parameters. The density-based approach yields spatially structured tree crowns without relying on detailed geometry. We present the methodological fundamentals of such a modeling approach and discuss further prospects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Beyer
- Ecole Centrale Paris, Applied Mathematics and Systems LaboratoryChâtenay-Malabry, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Miyashita
- Nikko Botanical Gardens; Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Nikko Tochigi 321-1435 Japan
| | - Masaki Tateno
- Nikko Botanical Gardens; Graduate School of Science; University of Tokyo; Nikko Tochigi 321-1435 Japan
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14
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Renton M. Aristotle and adding an evolutionary perspective to models of plant architecture in changing environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:284. [PMID: 23914196 PMCID: PMC3728479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Renton
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western AustraliaPerth, WA, Australia
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15
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Wang F, Letort V, Lu Q, Bai X, Guo Y, de Reffye P, Li B. A functional and structural Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) model integrating architecture, biomass and effects of precipitation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43531. [PMID: 22927982 PMCID: PMC3425476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) is one of the principal tree species in the network of Three-North Shelterbelt for windbreak and sand stabilisation in China. The functions of shelterbelts are highly correlated with the architecture and eco-physiological processes of individual tree. Thus, model-assisted analysis of canopy architecture and function dynamic in Mongolian Scots pine is of value for better understanding its role and behaviour within shelterbelt ecosystems in these arid and semiarid regions. We present here a single-tree functional and structural model, derived from the GreenLab model, which is adapted for young Mongolian Scots pines by incorporation of plant biomass production, allocation, allometric rules and soil water dynamics. The model is calibrated and validated based on experimental measurements taken on Mongolian Scots pines in 2007 and 2006 under local meteorological conditions. Measurements include plant biomass, topology and geometry, as well as soil attributes and standard meteorological data. After calibration, the model allows reconstruction of three-dimensional (3D) canopy architecture and biomass dynamics for trees from one- to six-year-old at the same site using meteorological data for the six years from 2001 to 2006. Sensitivity analysis indicates that rainfall variation has more influence on biomass increment than on architecture, and the internode and needle compartments and the aboveground biomass respond linearly to increases in precipitation. Sensitivity analysis also shows that the balance between internode and needle growth varies only slightly within the range of precipitations considered here. The model is expected to be used to investigate the growth of Mongolian Scots pines in other regions with different soils and climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Desertification, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Véronique Letort
- Ecole Centrale of Paris, Department of Applied Mathematics, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Qi Lu
- Institute of Desertification, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- Liaoning Sand Stabilisation and Afforestation Institute, Fuxin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Soil and Water Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Wang F, Kang M, Lu Q, Letort V, Han H, Guo Y, de Reffye P, Li B. A stochastic model of tree architecture and biomass partitioning: application to Mongolian Scots pines. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:781-92. [PMID: 21062760 PMCID: PMC3077980 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) is one of the principal species used for windbreak and sand stabilization in arid and semi-arid areas in northern China. A model-assisted analysis of its canopy architectural development and functions is valuable for better understanding its behaviour and roles in fragile ecosystems. However, due to the intrinsic complexity and variability of trees, the parametric identification of such models is currently a major obstacle to their evaluation and their validation with respect to real data. The aim of this paper was to present the mathematical framework of a stochastic functional-structural model (GL2) and its parameterization for Mongolian Scots pines, taking into account inter-plant variability in terms of topological development and biomass partitioning. METHODS In GL2, plant organogenesis is determined by the realization of random variables representing the behaviour of axillary or apical buds. The associated probabilities are calibrated for Mongolian Scots pines using experimental data including means and variances of the numbers of organs per plant in each order-based class. The functional part of the model relies on the principles of source-sink regulation and is parameterized by direct observations of living trees and the inversion method using measured data for organ mass and dimensions. KEY RESULTS The final calibration accuracy satisfies both organogenetic and morphogenetic processes. Our hypothesis for the number of organs following a binomial distribution is found to be consistent with the real data. Based on the calibrated parameters, stochastic simulations of the growth of Mongolian Scots pines in plantations are generated by the Monte Carlo method, allowing analysis of the inter-individual variability of the number of organs and biomass partitioning. Three-dimensional (3D) architectures of young Mongolian Scots pines were simulated for 4-, 6- and 8-year-old trees. CONCLUSIONS This work provides a new method for characterizing tree structures and biomass allocation that can be used to build a 3D virtual Mongolian Scots pine forest. The work paves the way for bridging the gap between a single-plant model and a stand model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry of Administration, Research Institute of Forestry/Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mengzhen Kang
- LIAMA&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry of Administration, Research Institute of Forestry/Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Véronique Letort
- Ecole Centrale of Paris, Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Hui Han
- Liaoning Sand Stabilisation and Afforestation Institute, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Kennedy MC, Ford ED, Hinckley TM. Defining how aging Pseudotsuga and Abies compensate for multiple stresses through multi-criteria assessment of a functional-structural model. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:3-22. [PMID: 19945994 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been advanced about factors that control tree longevity. We use a simulation model with multi-criteria optimization and Pareto optimality to determine branch morphologies in the Pinaceae that minimize the effect of growth limitations due to water stress while simultaneously maximizing carbohydrate gain. Two distinct branch morphologies in the Pareto optimal space resemble Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., respectively. These morphologies are distinguished by their performance with respect to two pathways of compensation for hydraulic limitation: minimizing the mean path length to terminal foliage (Pseudotsuga) and minimizing the mean number of junction constrictions to terminal foliage (Abies). Within these two groups, we find trade-offs between the criteria for foliage display and the criteria for hydraulic functioning, which shows that an appropriate framework for considering tree longevity is how trees compensate, simultaneously, for multiple stresses. The diverse morphologies that are found in a typical old-growth conifer forest may achieve compensation in different ways. The method of Pareto optimization that we employ preserves all solutions that are successful in achieving different combinations of criteria. The model for branch development that we use simulates the process of delayed adaptive reiteration (DAR), whereby new foliage grows from suppressed buds within the established branch structure. We propose a theoretical synthesis for the role of morphology in the persistence of old Pseudotsuga based on the characteristics of branch morphogenesis found in branches simulated from the optimal set. (i) The primary constraint on branch growth for Pseudotsuga is the mean path length; (ii) as has been previously noted, DAR is an opportunistic architecture; and (iii) DAR is limited by the number of successive reiterations that can form. We show that Pseudotsuga morphology is not the only solution to old-growth constraints, and we suggest how the model results should be used to guide future empirical investigation based on the two contrasting morphologies and how the morphological contrast may relate to physiological processes. Our results show that multi-criteria optimization with Pareto optimality has promise to advance the use of models in theory development and in exploration of functional-structural trade-offs, particularly in complex biological systems with multiple limiting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen C Kennedy
- University of Washington, Quantitative Ecology and Resource Management, Seattle, WA 98195-2100, USA.
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18
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Functional–structural models optimize the placement of foliage units for multiple whole-canopy functions. Ecol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-009-0658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Niinemets Ü, Anten NPR. Packing the Photosynthetic Machinery: From Leaf to Canopy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SILICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Letort V, Cournède PH, Mathieu A, de Reffye P, Constant T. Parametric identification of a functional-structural tree growth model and application to beech trees (Fagus sylvatica). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:951-963. [PMID: 32688845 DOI: 10.1071/fp08065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Functional-structural models provide detailed representations of tree growth and their application to forestry seems full of prospects. However, owing to the complexity of tree architecture, parametric identification of such models remains a critical issue. We present the GreenLab approach for modelling tree growth. It simulates tree growth plasticity in response to changes of their internal level of trophic competition, especially topological development and cambial growth. The model includes a simplified representation of tree architecture, based on a species-specific description of branching patterns. We study whether those simplifications allow enough flexibility to reproduce with the same set of parameters the growth of two observed understorey beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) of different ages in different environmental conditions. The parametric identification of the model is global, i.e. all parameters are estimated simultaneously, potentially providing a better description of interactions between sub-processes. As a result, the source-sink dynamics throughout tree development is retrieved. Simulated and measured trees were compared for their trunk profiles (fresh masses and dimensions of every growth units, ring diameters at different heights) and compartment masses of their order 2 branches. Possible improvements of this method by including topological criteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Letort
- Ecole Centrale of Paris, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées aux Systèmes, F-92295 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Paul-Henry Cournède
- Ecole Centrale of Paris, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées aux Systèmes, F-92295 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Amélie Mathieu
- Ecole Centrale of Paris, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées aux Systèmes, F-92295 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Philippe de Reffye
- Cirad-Amis, UMR AMAP, TA 40/01 Avenue Agropolis, F-34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France and INRIA-Saclay, Parc Orsay Université, F-91893 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Thiéry Constant
- LERFOB UMR INRA-ENGREF No. 1092, Wood Quality Research Team, INRA Research Centre of Nancy, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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Strigul N, Pristinski D, Purves D, Dushoff J, Pacala S. SCALING FROM TREES TO FORESTS: TRACTABLE MACROSCOPIC EQUATIONS FOR FOREST DYNAMICS. ECOL MONOGR 2008. [DOI: 10.1890/08-0082.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Sterck FJ, Schieving F. 3-D GROWTH PATTERNS OF TREES: EFFECTS OF CARBON ECONOMY, MERISTEM ACTIVITY, AND SELECTION. ECOL MONOGR 2007. [DOI: 10.1890/06-1670.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Coexistence by temporal partitioning of the available light in plants with different height and leaf investments. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Poorter L. Are Species Adapted to Their Regeneration Niche, Adult Niche, or Both? Am Nat 2007; 169:433-42. [PMID: 17427120 DOI: 10.1086/512045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Functional traits are important drivers of successional processes and the assembly of plant communities. It is generally assumed that functional traits are closely linked to the regeneration niche because of the high selection pressures in the seedling stage, but recent studies have challenged this view. In this study, I use cross species and phylogenetic correlation analysis between leaf traits and light environment to evaluate whether species are adapted to the regeneration niche, adult niche, or both. Leaf chemistry, morphology, physiology, and crown exposure were quantified for up to 58 Bolivian tropical moist forest tree species that differ in their regeneration and adult light niche. Multiple regression analysis shows that leaf traits of seedlings, saplings, and trees are most strongly related to the regeneration niche, and once this is taken into account, adult niche does not significantly explain any of the remaining variation in leaf traits. This suggests that, although the regeneration phase is short, it has a long-lasting effect on the form and shape of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Abstract
Tree architecture is an important determinant of the height extension, light capture, and mechanical stability of trees, and it allows species to exploit the vertical height gradient in the forest canopy and horizontal light gradients at the forest floor. Tropical tree species partition these gradients through variation in adult stature (Hmax) and light demand. In this study we compare 22 architectural traits for 54 Bolivian moist-forest tree species. We evaluate how architectural traits related to Hmax vary with tree size, and we present a conceptual scheme in which we combine the two axes into four different functional groups. Interspecific correlations between architecture and Hmax varied strongly from negative to positive, depending on the reference sizes used. Stem height was positively related to Hmax at larger reference diameters (14-80 cm). Species height vs. diameter curves often flattened toward their upper ends in association with reproductive maturity for species of all sizes. Thus, adult understory trees were typically shorter than similar-diameter juveniles of larger species. Crown area was negatively correlated with Hmax at small reference heights and positively correlated at larger reference heights (15-34 m). Wide crowns allow the small understory species to intercept light over a large area at the expense of a reduced height growth. Crown length was negatively correlated with Hmax at intermediate reference heights (4-14 m). A long crown enables small understory species to maximize light interception in a light-limited environment. Light-demanding species were characterized by orthotropic stems and branches, large leaves, and a monolayer leaf arrangement. They realized an efficient height growth through the formation of narrow and shallow crowns. Light demand turned out to be a much stronger predictor of tree architecture than Hmax, probably because of the relatively low, open, and semi-evergreen canopy at the research site. The existence of four functional groups (shade-tolerant, partial-shade-tolerant, and long- and short-lived pioneer) was confirmed by the principal component and discriminant analysis. Both light demand and Hmax capture the major variation in functional traits found among tropical rain forest tree species, and the two-way classification scheme provides a straightforward model to understand niche differentiation in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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26
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RIJKERS TOON, OGBAZGHI WOLDESELASSIE, WESSEL MARIUS, BONGERS FRANS. The effect of tapping for frankincense on sexual reproduction in Boswellia papyrifera. J Appl Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Clark B, Bullock S. Shedding light on plant competition: modelling the influence of plant morphology on light capture (and vice versa). J Theor Biol 2006; 244:208-17. [PMID: 16978653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A plant's morphology is both strongly influenced by local light availability and, simultaneously, strongly influences this local light availability. This reciprocal relationship is complex, but lies at the heart of understanding plant growth and competition. Here, we develop a sub-individual-based simulation model, cast at the level of interacting plant components. The model explicitly simulates growth, development and competition for light at the level of leaves, branches, etc., located in 3D space. In this way, we are able to explore the manner in which the low-level processes governing plant growth and development give rise to individual-, cohort-, and community-level phenomena. In particular, we show that individual-level trade-offs between growing up and growing out arise naturally in the model, and robustly give rise to cohort-level phenomena such as self-thinning, and community processes such as the effect of ecological disturbance on the maintenance of biodiversity. We conclude with a note on our methodology and how to interpret the results of simulation models such as this one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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28
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ROZENDAAL DMA, HURTADO VH, POORTER L. Plasticity in leaf traits of 38 tropical tree species in response to light; relationships with light demand and adult stature. Funct Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Sterck FJ, Poorter L, Schieving F. Leaf traits determine the growth-survival trade-off across rain forest tree species. Am Nat 2006; 167:758-65. [PMID: 16671019 DOI: 10.1086/503056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A dominant hypothesis explaining tree species coexistence in tropical forest is that trade-offs in characters allow species to adapt to different light environments, but tests for this hypothesis are scarce. This study is the first that uses a theoretical plant growth model to link leaf trade-offs to whole-plant performances and to differential performances across species in different light environments. Using data of 50 sympatric tree species from a Bolivian rain forest, we observed that specific leaf area and photosynthetic capacity codetermined interspecific height growth variation in a forest gap; that leaf survival rate determined the variation in plant survival rate under a closed canopy; that predicted height growth and plant survival rate matched field observations; and that fast-growing species had low survival rates for both field and predicted values. These results show how leaf trade-offs influence differential tree performance and tree species' coexistence in a heterogeneous light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Godin
- INRIA, UMR AMAP, TA40/PSII, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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