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Ren W, Penttilä R, Kasanen R, Asiegbu FO. Interkingdom and intrakingdom interactions in the microbiome of Heterobasidion fruiting body and associated decayed woody tissues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0140623. [PMID: 38014962 PMCID: PMC10734517 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01406-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We applied macro- (forest stand and forest management) and micro-scale (bacterial and fungal community) analyses for a better understanding of the Heterobasidion pathosystem and associated wood decay process. The core microbiome, as defined by hierarchy analysis and a consistent model, and environmental factors correlation with the community assembly were found to be novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzi Ren
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Penttilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kasanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Pang W, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhang T, Liu B. The Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Bacterial Communities of the Five Typical Tree Species in the Junzifeng National Nature Reserve, Southeast China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3853. [PMID: 38005750 PMCID: PMC10675191 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
To explore the contribution of microorganisms to forest ecosystem function, we studied the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal and soil bacterial community of the five typical tree species (Pinus massoniana, PM; Castanopsis carlesii, CC; Castanopsis eyrei, CE; Castanopsis fargesii, CF; and Keteleeria cyclolepis, KC) at the Junzifeng National Nature Reserve. The results indicated that the ECM fungal and soil bacterial diversity of CC and CF was similar, and the diversity rates of CC and CF were higher than those of PM, CE, and KC. Cenococcum geophilum and unclassified_Cortinariaceae II were the most prevalent occurring ECM fungi species in the five typical tree species, followed by unclassified_Cortinariaceae I and Lactarius atrofuscus. In bacteria, the dominant bacterial genera were Acidothermus, Bradyrhizobium, Acidibacter, Candidatus_Solibacter, Candidatus_Koribacter, Roseiarcus, and Bryobacter. EMF fungi and soil bacteria were correlated with edaphic factors, especially the soil pH, TP, and TK, caused by stand development. The results show that the community characteristics of ECM fungi and bacteria in the typical tree species of the Junzifeng National Nature Reserve reflect the critical role of soil microorganisms in stabilizing forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Pang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Panpan Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Provincial University, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Yanbin Huang
- Administration Bureau of Fujian Junzifeng National Nature Reserve, Mingxi 365200, China;
| | - Taoxiang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Bao Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (W.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.)
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3
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Berrios L, Yeam J, Holm L, Robinson W, Pellitier PT, Chin ML, Henkel TW, Peay KG. Positive interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria are widespread and benefit plant growth. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00760-1. [PMID: 37369208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi, and land plants have been coevolving for nearly 200 million years, and their interactions presumably contribute to the function of terrestrial ecosystems. The direction, stability, and strength of bacteria-EcM fungi interactions across landscapes and across a single plant host, however, remains unclear. Moreover, the genetic mechanisms that govern them have not been addressed. To these ends, we collected soil samples from Bishop pine forests across a climate-latitude gradient spanning coastal California, fractionated the soil samples based on their proximity to EcM-colonized roots, characterized the microbial communities using amplicon sequencing, and generated linear regression models showing the impact that select bacterial taxa have on EcM fungal abundance. In addition, we paired greenhouse experiments with transcriptomic analyses to determine the directionality of these relationships and identify which genes EcM-synergist bacteria express during tripartite symbioses. Our data reveal that ectomycorrhizas (i.e., EcM-colonized roots) enrich conserved bacterial taxa across climatically heterogeneous regions. We also show that phylogenetically diverse EcM synergists are positively associated with plant and fungal growth and have unique gene expression profiles compared with EcM-antagonist bacteria. In sum, we identify common mechanisms that facilitate widespread and diverse multipartite symbioses, which inform our understanding of how plants develop in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Berrios
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jay Yeam
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Wallis Robinson
- Forestry and Forest Health Program, University of California Cooperative Extension Humboldt and Del Norte Counties, Eureka, CA 95503, USA
| | | | - Mei Lin Chin
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Terry W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA 95521, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Liu Q, Zhang L, Wang L, Wu Q, Li K, Guo X. Autotoxin affects the rhizosphere microbial community structure by influencing the secretory characteristics of grapevine roots. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:953424. [PMID: 35958141 PMCID: PMC9360756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.953424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotoxins secreted by roots into the soil can trigger rhizosphere microecological imbalances and affect root secretory properties resulting in conditions such as replanting disease. However, information on the effect of autotoxins on root secretion characteristics and regulation of the composition of rhizosphere microorganisms by altered root exudates is limited. In this study, autotoxin ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) was added to the soil of potted grapevine seedlings, CO2 pulse-labeling, and DNA stable isotope probing were used to track the rhizosphere microbiome that assimilates root exudates. Bacterial and fungal microbiomes that assimilated plant-derived carbon were identified by high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that 4-HBA treatment altered bacterial and fungal communities in 13C-labeled organisms, with a lower abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Gemmatimonas, Streptomyces, and Bacillus) and a higher abundance of potential pathogen fungi (e.g., Fusarium, Neocosmospora, Gibberella, and Fusicolla) by changing the composition of root exudates. The exogenous addition of upregulated compound mixtures of root exudates reduced the abundance of beneficial bacterial Bacillus and increased the abundance of potential pathogen fungi Gibberella. These results suggest that 4-HBA can alter root secretion properties and altered root exudates may enrich certain potential pathogens and reduce certain beneficial bacteria, thereby unbalancing the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liheng Zhang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Dalian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingchun Wu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Li,
| | - Xiuwu Guo
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Xiuwu Guo,
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Wang YH, Dai Y, Kong WL, Zhu ML, Wu XQ. Improvement of Sphaeropsis Shoot Blight Disease Resistance by Applying the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Hymenochaete sp. Rl and Mycorrhizal Helper Bacterium Bacillus pumilus HR10 to Pinus thunbergii. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1226-1234. [PMID: 35476587 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0392-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMFs) form symbioses with plant roots to promote nutrient uptake by plants but it is controversial as to whether they induce disease resistance in plants. Here, we inoculated pine seedlings with Sphaeropsis sapinea, which was presymbiotic with the EMF Hymenochaete sp. Rl, and the mycorrhizal helper bacterium (MHB) Bacillus pumilus HR10, which promotes the formation of Pinus thunbergia-Hymenochaete sp. Rl mycorrhizae. The results showed that inoculation with Hymenochaete sp. Rl, B. pumilus HR10, and the consortium significantly reduced pine shoot blight disease caused by S. sapinea. After inoculation with pathogenic fungi, callose deposition was significantly increased in needles of pine seedlings inoculated with Hymenochaete sp. Rl, B. pumilus HR10, and the consortium, together with an increase in enzymatic and nonenzymatic systemic antioxidant activity as well as early priming for upregulated expression of PR3 and PR5 genes. Our findings suggest that ectomycorrhizal colonization enhances the resistance of pine seedlings to Sphaeropsis shoot blight by triggering a systemic defense response and that interactions between EMFs and MHBs are essential for mycorrhizal-induced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Wei-Liang Kong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Ren W, Penttilä R, Kasanen R, Asiegbu FO. Bacteria Community Inhabiting Heterobasidion Fruiting Body and Associated Wood of Different Decay Classes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864619. [PMID: 35591994 PMCID: PMC9111749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of Heterobasidion-induced wood decay of living trees has been previously studied; however, less is known about the bacteria biota of its perennial fruiting body and the adhering wood tissue. In this study, we investigated the bacteria biota of the Heterobasidion fruiting body and its adhering deadwood. Out of 7,462 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), about 5,918 OTUs were obtained from the fruiting body and 5,469 OTUs were obtained from the associated dead wood. Interestingly, an average of 52.6% of bacteria biota in the fruiting body was shared with the associated dead wood. The overall and unique OTUs had trends of decreasing from decay classes 1 to 3 but increasing in decay class 4. The fruiting body had the highest overall and unique OTUs number in the fourth decay class, whereas wood had the highest OTU in decay class 1. Sphingomonas spp. was significantly higher in the fruiting body, and phylum Firmicutes was more dominant in wood tissue. The FAPROTAX functional structure analysis revealed nutrition, energy, degradation, and plant-pathogen-related functions of the communities. Our results also showed that bacteria communities in both substrates experienced a process of a new community reconstruction through the various decay stages. The process was not synchronic in the two substrates, but the community structures and functions were well-differentiated in the final decay class. The bacteria community was highly dynamic; the microbiota activeness, community stability, and functions changed with the decay process. The third decay class was an important turning point for community restructuring. Host properties, environmental factors, and microbial interactions jointly influenced the final community structure. Bacteria community in the fruiting body attached to the living standing tree was suppressed compared with those associated with dead wood. Bacteria appear to spread from wood tissue of the standing living tree to the fruiting body, but after the tree is killed, bacteria moved from fruiting body to wood. It is most likely that some of the resident endophytic bacteria within the fruiting body are either parasitic, depending on it for their nutrition, or are mutualistic symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzi Ren
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Penttilä
- Natural Resources Institute of Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kasanen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O. Asiegbu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Mahnkopp-Dirks F, Radl V, Kublik S, Gschwendtner S, Schloter M, Winkelmann T. Dynamics of Bacterial Root Endophytes of Malus domestica Plants Grown in Field Soils Affected by Apple Replant Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:841558. [PMID: 35401446 PMCID: PMC8993231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.841558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple replant disease (ARD) is a worldwide problem for tree nurseries and orchards leading to reduced plant growth and fruit quality. The etiology of this complex phenomenon is poorly understood, but shifts of the bulk soil and rhizosphere microbiome seem to play an important role. Since roots are colonized by microbes from the rhizosphere, studies of the endophytic microbiome in relation to ARD are meaningful. In this study, culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches were used in order to unravel the endophytic root microbiome of apple plants 3, 7, and 12 months after planting in ARD-affected soil and ARD-unaffected control soil at two different field sites. Next to a high diversity of Pseudomonas in roots from all soils, molecular barcoding approaches revealed an increase in relative abundance of endophytic Actinobacteria over time in plants grown in ARD and control plots. Furthermore, several amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) linked to Streptomyces, which had been shown in a previous greenhouse ARD biotest to be negatively correlated to shoot length and fresh mass, were also detected in roots from both field sites. Especially in roots of apple plants from control soil, these Streptomyces ASVs increased in their relative abundance over time. The isolation of 150 bacterial strains in the culture-dependent approach revealed a high diversity of members of the genus Pseudomonas, confirming the data of the molecular barcoding approach. However, only partial overlaps were found between the two approaches, underlining the importance of combining these methods in order to better understand this complex disease and develop possible countermeasures. Overall, this study suggests a key role of Streptomyces in the etiology of ARD in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mahnkopp-Dirks
- Section Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Viviane Radl
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kublik
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Gschwendtner
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Section Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Bhagat N, Sharma S, Ambardar S, Raj S, Trakroo D, Horacek M, Zouagui R, Sbabou L, Vakhlu J. Microbiome Fingerprint as Biomarker for Geographical Origin and Heredity in Crocus sativus: A Feasibility Study. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.688393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host–microbiome interactions are specific and not random, making them defining entities for the host. The hypothesis proposed by various researchers earlier, that both plants and animals harbor specific inheritable core microbiome, is being augmented in the present study. Additionally, a case for using microbial fingerprint as a biomarker, not only for plant identification but also as a geographical indicator, has been investigated, taking Crocus sativus, saffron, as a study material. Crocus sativus, a monogenetic herb, on account of its male sterility and vegetative propagation, is reported to lack genome based molecular markers. Cormosphere microbiome (microbiome associated with corm) has been compared across three geographical locations, in two continents, to identify the core and unique microbiome, during the vegetative phase of its growth. Microbiome analysis done at phylum and genus level, using next generation sequencing technology, revealed that cormosphere at three locations harbored common phyla. At genus level, 24 genera were found common to all three geographical locations, indicating them to be part of the core microbiome of saffron. However, there were some bacterial genera unique to Kashmir, Kishtwar, and Morocco that can be used to develop microbial markers/geographical indicators for saffron grown in these regions. This is a preliminary study, indicating that the location specific bacterial community can be used to develop microbial barcodes but needs further augmentation with high coverage data from other saffron growing geographical regions.
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Abbasi S, Safaie N, Sadeghi A, Shamsbakhsh M. Tissue-specific synergistic bio-priming of pepper by two Streptomyces species against Phytophthora capsici. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230531. [PMID: 32191748 PMCID: PMC7082030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Among several studied strains, Streptomyces rochei IT20 and S. vinaceusdrappus SS14 showed a high level of inhibitory effect against Phytophthora capsici, the causal agent of pepper blight. The effect of two mentioned superior antagonists, as single or combination treatments, on suppression of stem and fruit blight diseases and reproductive growth promotion was investigated in pepper. To explore the induced plant defense reactions, ROS generation and transcriptional changes of selected genes in leaf and fruit tissues of the plant were evaluated. The plants exposed to the combination of two species responded differently in terms of H2O2 accumulation and expression ratio of GST gene compared to single treatments upon pathogen inoculation. Besides, the increment of shoot length, flowering, and fruit weight were observed in healthy plants compared to control. Likely, these changes depended on the coordinated relationships between PR1, ACCO genes and transcription factors WRKY40 enhanced after pathogen challenge. Our findings indicate that appropriate tissue of the host plant is required for inducing Streptomyces-based priming and relied on the up-regulation of SUS and differential regulation of ethylene-dependent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Abbasi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (NS); (AS)
| | - Akram Sadeghi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
- * E-mail: (NS); (AS)
| | - Masoud Shamsbakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Salwan R, Sharma V, Sharma A, Singh A. Molecular imprints of plant beneficial Streptomyces sp. AC30 and AC40 reveal differential capabilities and strategies to counter environmental stresses. Microbiol Res 2020; 235:126449. [PMID: 32114361 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces and their biomolecules are well explored for antibiotics production, bioremediation and alleviating the plant stresses due to their plant beneficial attributes. Therefore, due to plethora of biological attributes, the accurate portraying of molecular capabilities of these microorganisms at genomic level is of paramount importance. Here, we have evaluated biochemical attributes of two Streptomyces sp. AC30and AC40 for different plant beneficial activities which are antagonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Sclerotinia sclerotium and Phytopthora infestans. In parallel, the draft genomes of these strains were deduced to understand their genomic capabilities using Illumina platform. The complete genome of AC30and AC40 were 11,284,599 bp and 12,636,188 bp in size with total G + C content of 62.36 and 54.75 %, respectively. Overall, higher number of genes (14,024) was reported for AC40 as compared to AC30 (12,476). The comparative genome organization revealed sharing of a few biosynthetic clusters as well as some exclusive biosynthetic clusters among both the strains. Further, expansion in the chitinases and glucanases was found in the genome of AC40. In addition, genes for 3-phytase and glycosyl hydrolase family 19 were restricted to AC40 only. The comparative genome study revealed presence of plant induced nitrilase in AC40 which is predicted for its role in IAA biosynthesis, release of ammonia, biotransformation of nitrile compounds to corresponding acids and bioremediation of soil containing nitrile compounds. For IAA and secondary metabolites biosynthesis, flavin-dependent monooxygenase, a rate limiting factor in Trp-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway was found exclusive to AC30 genome. The comparative study revealed the diversification of few pathways/strategies to suppress plant pathogens and promote plant growth by Streptomyces strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Salwan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, (Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur, 177 001, HP, India.
| | - Vivek Sharma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, 140413, India.
| | - Anu Sharma
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, 140413, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore-560043, India
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Azeem M, Barba-Aliaga M, Borg-Karlson AK, Terenius O, Broberg A, Rajarao GK. Heterobasidion-growth inhibiting Bacillus subtilis A18 exhibits medium- and age-dependent production of lipopeptides. Microbiol Res 2019; 223-225:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Sakoda S, Aisu K, Imagami H, Matsuda Y. Comparison of Actinomycete Community Composition on the Surface and Inside of Japanese Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii) Tree Roots Colonized by the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Cenococcum geophilum. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:370-379. [PMID: 29946784 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Various bacteria are associated with ectomycorrhizal roots, which are symbiotic complexes formed between plant roots and fungi. Among these associated bacteria, actinomycetes have received attention for their ubiquity and diverse roles in forest ecosystems. Here, to examine the association of actinomycetes with ectomycorrhizal root tips, we compared the bacterial and actinomycete communities on the surface and inside of root tips of coastal Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) colonized by the fungus Cenococcum geophilum. Next-generation sequences of 16S rDNA of bacteria communities using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine showed that the number of bacterial classes in the surface of C. geophilum ECM roots was significantly higher than that in non-ECM roots. The bacterial community structure of surface, inside, and non-ECM roots was significantly discriminated each other. For an isolation method, a total of 762 and 335 actinomycete isolates were obtained from the surface and inside of the roots, respectively. In addition, the isolation ratio of actinomycetes in these root tips varied depending on the age of the tree and the season. Identification of the isolates based on partial 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the isolates belonged to nine genera of the order Actinomycetales. On the surface of the roots, most of the isolates belonged to genus Streptomyces (90.4%); inside of the roots, most of the isolates belonged to genus Actinoallomurus (40.0%), which is a relatively new taxon. Our results suggest that actinomycetes as well as bacteria are ubiquitously associated with C. geophilum ectomycorrhizal roots of P. thunbergii, although their communities can vary either surface or inside of individual root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoyo Sakoda
- Laboratory of Forest Mycology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Kana Aisu
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology and Mycology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Imagami
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology and Mycology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Laboratory of Forest Mycology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Keilhofer N, Nachtigall J, Kulik A, Ecke M, Hampp R, Süssmuth RD, Fiedler HP, Schrey SD. Streptomyces AcH 505 triggers production of a salicylic acid analogue in the fungal pathogen Heterobasidion abietinum that enhances infection of Norway spruce seedlings. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:691-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Velmala SM, Vuorinen I, Uimari A, Piri T, Pennanen T. Ectomycorrhizal fungi increase the vitality of Norway spruce seedlings under the pressure of Heterobasidion root rot in vitro but may increase susceptibility to foliar necrotrophs. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:101-109. [PMID: 29458713 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested if root colonisation by ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) could alter the susceptibility of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings to root rot infection or necrotic foliar pathogens. Firstly, spruce seedlings were inoculated by various EMF and challenged with Heterobasidion isolates in triaxenix tubes. The ascomycete EMF Meliniomyces bicolor, that had showed strong antagonistic properties towards root rot causing Heterobasidion in vitro, protected spruce seedlings effectively against root rot. Secondly, spruce seedlings, inoculated with M. bicolor or the forest humus, were subjected to necrotrophic foliar pathogens in conventional forest nursery conditions on peat substrates. Botrytis cinerea infection after winter was mild and the level of needle damage was independent of substrate and EMF colonisation. Needle damage severity caused by Gremminiella abietina was high in seedlings grown in substrates with high nutrient availability as well as in seedlings with well-established EMF communities. These results show that albeit M. bicolor is able to protect spruce seedlings against Heterobasidion root rot in axenic cultures it fails to induce systemic protection against foliar pathogens. We also point out that unsterile inoculum sources, such as the forest humus, should not be considered for use in greenhouse conditions as they might predispose seedlings to unintended needle damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Velmala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - I Vuorinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - A Uimari
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Suonenjoki, Finland.
| | - T Piri
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - T Pennanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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Foulon J, Zappelini C, Durand A, Valot B, Blaudez D, Chalot M. Impact of poplar-based phytomanagement on soil properties and microbial communities in a metal-contaminated site. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw163. [PMID: 27481257 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a long history of use in phytomanagement strategies, the impacts of poplar trees on the structure and function of microbial communities that live in the soil remain largely unknown. The current study combined fungal and bacterial community analyses from different management regimes using Illumina-based sequencing with soil analysis. The poplar phytomanagement regimes led to a significant increase in soil fertility and a decreased bioavailability of Zn and Cd, in concert with changes in the microbial communities. The most notable changes in the relative abundance of taxa and operational taxonomic units unsurprisingly indicated that root and soil constitute distinct ecological microbial habitats, as exemplified by the dominance of Laccaria in root samples. The poplar cultivar was also an important driver, explaining 12% and 6% of the variance in the fungal and bacterial data sets, respectively. The overall dominance of saprophytic fungi, e.g. Penicillium canescens, might be related to the decomposition activities needed at the experimental site. Our data further highlighted that the mycorrhizal colonization of poplar cultivars varies greatly between the species and genotypes, which is exemplified by the dominance of Scleroderma under Vesten samples. Further interactions between fungal and bacterial functional groups stressed the potential of high-throughput sequencing technologies in uncovering the microbial ecology of disturbed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Foulon
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211 Montbéliard, France
| | - Cyril Zappelini
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211 Montbéliard, France
| | - Alexis Durand
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211 Montbéliard, France
| | - Benoit Valot
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211 Montbéliard, France
| | - Damien Blaudez
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR7360, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Michel Chalot
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Universitaire du Pays de Montbéliard, 4 place Tharradin, BP 71427, 25211 Montbéliard, France Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Viaene T, Langendries S, Beirinckx S, Maes M, Goormachtig S. Streptomycesas a plant's best friend? FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw119. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zeilinger S, Gupta VK, Dahms TES, Silva RN, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS, Gomes EV, Tsui CKM, Nayak S C. Friends or foes? Emerging insights from fungal interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:182-207. [PMID: 26591004 PMCID: PMC4778271 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi interact with plants in various ways, with each interaction giving rise to different alterations in both partners. While fungal pathogens have detrimental effects on plant physiology, mutualistic fungi augment host defence responses to pathogens and/or improve plant nutrient uptake. Tropic growth towards plant roots or stomata, mediated by chemical and topographical signals, has been described for several fungi, with evidence of species-specific signals and sensing mechanisms. Fungal partners secrete bioactive molecules such as small peptide effectors, enzymes and secondary metabolites which facilitate colonization and contribute to both symbiotic and pathogenic relationships. There has been tremendous advancement in fungal molecular biology, omics sciences and microscopy in recent years, opening up new possibilities for the identification of key molecular mechanisms in plant-fungal interactions, the power of which is often borne out in their combination. Our fragmentary knowledge on the interactions between plants and fungi must be made whole to understand the potential of fungi in preventing plant diseases, improving plant productivity and understanding ecosystem stability. Here, we review innovative methods and the associated new insights into plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zeilinger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clement Kin-Ming Tsui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Chandra Nayak S
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570001, Karnataka, India
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Laid B, Kamel K, Mouloud G, Manel S, Walid S, Amar B, Hamenna B, Faiçal B. Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on <i>In Vitro</i> Bread Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) Growth Parameters and Biological Control Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2016.69067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kurth F, Feldhahn L, Bönn M, Herrmann S, Buscot F, Tarkka MT. Large scale transcriptome analysis reveals interplay between development of forest trees and a beneficial mycorrhiza helper bacterium. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:658. [PMID: 26328611 PMCID: PMC4557895 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pedunculate oak, Quercus robur is an abundant forest tree species that hosts a large and diverse community of beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMFs), whereby ectomycorrhiza (EM) formation is stimulated by mycorrhiza helper bacteria such as Streptomyces sp. AcH 505. Oaks typically grow rhythmically, with alternating root flushes (RFs) and shoot flushes (SFs). We explored the poorly understood mechanisms by which oaks integrate signals induced by their beneficial microbes and endogenous rhythmic growth at the level of gene expression. To this end, we compared transcript profiles of oak microcuttings at RF and SF during interactions with AcH 505 alone and in combination with the basidiomycetous EMF Piloderma croceum. RESULTS The local root and distal leaf responses to the microorganisms differed substantially. More genes involved in the recognition of bacteria and fungi, defence and cell wall remodelling related transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed in the roots than in the leaves of oaks. In addition, interaction with AcH 505 and P. croceum affected the expression of a higher number of genes during SF than during RF, including AcH 505 elicited defence response, which was attenuated by co-inoculation with P. croceum in the roots during SF. Genes encoding leucine-rich receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and proteins (LRR-RLPs), LRR containing defence response regulators, TFs from bZIP, ERF and WRKY families, xyloglucan cell wall transglycolases/hydrolases and exordium proteins were differentially expressed in both roots and leaves of plants treated with AcH 505. Only few genes, including specific RLKs and TFs, were induced in both AcH 505 and co-inoculation treatments. CONCLUSION Treatment with AcH 505 induces and maintains the expression levels of signalling genes encoding candidate receptor protein kinases and TFs and leads to differential expression of cell wall modification related genes in pedunculate oak microcuttings. Local gene expression response to AcH 505 alone and in combination with P. croceum are more pronounced when roots are in resting stages, possibly due to the fact that non growing roots re-direct their activity towards plant defence rather than growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kurth
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Markus Bönn
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - François Buscot
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena - Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Quandt CA, Kohler A, Hesse CN, Sharpton TJ, Martin F, Spatafora JW. Metagenome sequence of Elaphomyces granulatus from sporocarp tissue reveals Ascomycota ectomycorrhizal fingerprints of genome expansion and a Proteobacteria-rich microbiome. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2952-68. [PMID: 25753751 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many obligate symbiotic fungi are difficult to maintain in culture, and there is a growing need for alternative approaches to obtaining tissue and subsequent genomic assemblies from such species. In this study, the genome of Elaphomyces granulatus was sequenced from sporocarp tissue. The genome assembly remains on many contigs, but gene space is estimated to be mostly complete. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Elaphomyces lineage is most closely related to Talaromyces and Trichocomaceae s.s. The genome of E. granulatus is reduced in carbohydrate-active enzymes, despite a large expansion in genome size, both of which are consistent with what is seen in Tuber melanosporum, the other sequenced ectomycorrhizal ascomycete. A large number of transposable elements are predicted in the E. granulatus genome, especially Gypsy-like long terminal repeats, and there has also been an expansion in helicases. The metagenome is a complex community dominated by bacteria in Bradyrhizobiaceae, and there is evidence to suggest that the community may be reduced in functional capacity as estimated by KEGG pathways. Through the sequencing of sporocarp tissue, this study has provided insights into Elaphomyces phylogenetics, genomics, metagenomics and the evolution of the ectomycorrhizal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alisha Quandt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Institut National de la Recherché Agronomique, Centre de Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Cedar N Hesse
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- Institut National de la Recherché Agronomique, Centre de Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Genome Sequence of the Mycorrhiza Helper Bacterium Streptomyces sp. Strain AcH 505. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e01386-14. [PMID: 25838498 PMCID: PMC4384502 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01386-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A draft genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. strain AcH 505 is presented here. The genome encodes 22 secondary metabolite gene clusters and a large arsenal of secreted proteins, and their comparative and functional analyses will help to advance our knowledge of symbiotic interactions and fungal and plant biomass degradation.
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Salla TD, da Silva R, Astarita LV, Santarém ER. Streptomyces rhizobacteria modulate the secondary metabolism of Eucalyptus plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 85:14-20. [PMID: 25394796 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Eucalyptus comprises economically important species, such as Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus globulus, used especially as a raw material in many industrial sectors. Species of Eucalyptus are very susceptible to pathogens, mainly fungi, which leads to mortality of plant cuttings in rooting phase. One alternative to promote plant health and development is the potential use of microorganisms that act as agents for biological control, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Rhizobacteria Streptomyces spp have been considered as PGPR. This study aimed at selecting strains of Streptomyces with ability to promote plant growth and modulate secondary metabolism of E. grandis and E. globulus in vitro plants. The experiments assessed the development of plants (root number and length), changes in key enzymes in plant defense (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) and induction of secondary compounds(total phenolic and quercetinic flavonoid fraction). The isolate Streptomyces PM9 showed highest production of indol-3-acetic acid and the best potential for root induction. Treatment of Eucalyptus roots with Streptomyces PM9 caused alterations in enzymes activities during the period of co-cultivation (1-15 days), as well as in the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Shoots also showed alteration in the secondary metabolism, suggesting induced systemic response. The ability of Streptomyces sp. PM9 on promoting root growth, through production of IAA, and possible role on modulation of secondary metabolism of Eucalyptus plants characterizes this isolate as PGPR and indicates its potential use as a biological control in forestry.
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Della Mónica IF, Stefanoni Rubio PJ, Cina RP, Recchi M, Godeas AM, Scervino JM. Effects of the phosphate-solubilizing fungus Talaromyces flavus on the development and efficiency of the Gigaspora rosea-Triticum aestivum symbiosis. Symbiosis 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-014-0299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Labbé JL, Weston DJ, Dunkirk N, Pelletier DA, Tuskan GA. Newly identified helper bacteria stimulate ectomycorrhizal formation in Populus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:579. [PMID: 25386184 PMCID: PMC4208408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) are known to increase host root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi but the molecular mechanisms and potential tripartite interactions are poorly understood. Through an effort to study Populus microbiome, we isolated 21 Pseudomonas strains from native Populus deltoides roots. These bacterial isolates were characterized and screened for MHB effectiveness on the Populus-Laccaria system. Two additional Pseudomonas strains (i.e., Pf-5 and BBc6R8) from existing collections were included for comparative purposes. We analyzed the effect of co-cultivation of these 23 individual Pseudomonas strains on Laccaria bicolor "S238N" growth rate, mycelial architecture and transcriptional changes. Nineteen of the 23 Pseudomonas strains tested had positive effects on L. bicolor S238N growth, as well as on mycelial architecture, with strains GM41 and GM18 having the most significant effect. Four of seven L. bicolor reporter genes, Tra1, Tectonin2, Gcn5, and Cipc1, thought to be regulated during the interaction with MHB strain BBc6R8, were induced or repressed, while interacting with Pseudomonas strains GM17, GM33, GM41, GM48, Pf-5, and BBc6R8. Strain GM41 promoted the highest roots colonization across three Populus species but most notably in P. deltoides, which is otherwise poorly colonized by L. bicolor. Here we report novel MHB strains isolated from native Populus that improve L. bicolor root colonization on Populus. This tripartite relationship could be exploited for Populus species/genotypes nursery production as a means of improving establishment and survival in marginal lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy L. Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
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Kurth F, Mailänder S, Bönn M, Feldhahn L, Herrmann S, Große I, Buscot F, Schrey SD, Tarkka MT. Streptomyces-induced resistance against oak powdery mildew involves host plant responses in defense, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolism pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:891-900. [PMID: 24779643 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0296-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobacteria are known to induce defense responses in plants without causing disease symptoms, resulting in increased resistance to plant pathogens. This study investigated how Streptomyces sp. strain AcH 505 suppressed oak powdery mildew infection in pedunculate oak, by analyzing RNA-Seq data from singly- and co-inoculated oaks. We found that this Streptomyces strain elicited a systemic defense response in oak that was, in part, enhanced upon pathogen challenge. In addition to induction of the jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent pathway, the RNA-Seq data suggests the participation of the salicylic acid-dependent pathway. Transcripts related to tryptophan, phenylalanine, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were enriched and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity increased, indicating that priming by Streptomyces spp. in pedunculate oak shares some determinants with the Pseudomonas-Arabidopsis system. Photosynthesis-related transcripts were depleted in response to powdery mildew infection, but AcH 505 alleviated this inhibition, which suggested there is a fitness benefit for primed plants upon pathogen challenge. This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms of priming by actinobacteria and highlights their capacity to activate plant defense responses in the absence of pathogen challenge.
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26
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Effects of actinobacteria on plant disease suppression and growth promotion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9621-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Kurth F, Zeitler K, Feldhahn L, Neu TR, Weber T, Krištůfek V, Wubet T, Herrmann S, Buscot F, Tarkka MT. Detection and quantification of a mycorrhization helper bacterium and a mycorrhizal fungus in plant-soil microcosms at different levels of complexity. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:205. [PMID: 24025151 PMCID: PMC3848169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host plant roots, mycorrhizal mycelium and microbes are important and potentially interacting factors shaping the performance of mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB). We investigated the impact of a soil microbial community on the interaction between the extraradical mycelium of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma croceum and the MHB Streptomyces sp. AcH 505 in both the presence and the absence of pedunculate oak microcuttings. RESULTS Specific primers were designed to target the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA and an intergenic region between two protein encoding genes of P. croceum and the intergenic region between the gyrA and gyrB genes of AcH 505. These primers were used to perform real-time PCR with DNA extracted from soil samples. With a sensitivity of 10 genome copies and a linear range of 6 orders of magnitude, these real-time PCR assays enabled the quantification of purified DNA from P. croceum and AcH 505, respectively. In soil microcosms, the fungal PCR signal was not affected by AcH 505 in the absence of the host plant. However, the fungal signal became weaker in the presence of the plant. This decrease was only observed in microbial filtrate amended microcosms. In contrast, the PCR signal of AcH 505 increased in the presence of P. croceum. The increase was not significant in sterile microcosms that contained plant roots. CONCLUSIONS Real-time quantitative PCR assays provide a method for directly detecting and quantifying MHB and mycorrhizal fungi in plant microcosms. Our study indicates that the presence of microorganisms and plant roots can both affect the nature of MHB-fungus interactions, and that mycorrhizal fungi may enhance MHB growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Kurth
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Katharina Zeitler
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Lasse Feldhahn
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas R Neu
- Department River Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstraße 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tilmann Weber
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Václav Krištůfek
- Biology Centre AS CR, v. v. i. - Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- Department Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Biotransformation of the fungal phytotoxin fomannoxin by soil streptomycetes. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:931-41. [PMID: 23674123 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere-associated Streptomyces sp. AcH 505 (AcH 505) promotes infection of Norway spruce (Picea abies) with the pathogenic fungus Heterobasidion abietinum 331, while Streptomyces sp. GB 4-2 (GB 4-2) enhances spruce defense against the fungus. To identify whether these bacteria influence the availability of the fungal phytotoxin fomannoxin and hence spruce infection, we analyzed the fomannoxin yield in H. abietinum 331-AcH 505 dual cultures. Further, the fate of fomannoxin was studied by adding the compound to cultures of AcH 505, GB 4-2 and nine other soil streptomycetes. Culture filtrates were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed by HPLC. Structures of novel compounds were elucidated by HPLC-HR-ESI-Orbitrap-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Phytotoxicity of the compounds was determined by in vivo measurement of maximum photosystem II efficiency of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The amount of fomannoxin in H. abietinum 331-AcH 505 dual cultures was reduced compared to axenic fungus cultures and fungus-plant dual cultures. Following addition of fomannoxin to AcH 505 cultures, the compound disappeared and three novel fomannoxin derivatives without phytotoxic activity were detected. Another novel compound, fomannoxin amide, was discovered following fomannoxin addition to GB 4-2 cultures. Nine other streptomycetes converted fomannoxin into fomannoxin acid or fomannoxin amide. Both compounds exhibit the same phytotoxicity as fomannoxin. We, thus, conclude that the streptomycete-mediated modulation of spruce infection with H. abietinum 331 does not depend on the availability of fomannoxin. We further add evidence to the observation that the lipophilic side chain of fomannoxin is an important structural element for its phytotoxicity.
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Varma A, Fekete A, Srivastava A, Saxena AK, Frommberger M, Li D, Gschwendter S, Sherameti I, Oelmueller R, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Tripathi S, Hartmann A. Inhibitory Interactions of Rhizobacteria with the Symbiotic Fungus Piriformospora indica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33802-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
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Schrey SD, Erkenbrack E, Früh E, Fengler S, Hommel K, Horlacher N, Schulz D, Ecke M, Kulik A, Fiedler HP, Hampp R, Tarkka MT. Production of fungal and bacterial growth modulating secondary metabolites is widespread among mycorrhiza-associated streptomycetes. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:164. [PMID: 22852578 PMCID: PMC3487804 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on mycorrhiza associated bacteria suggest that bacterial-fungal interactions play important roles during mycorrhiza formation and affect plant health. We surveyed Streptomyces Actinobacteria, known as antibiotic producers and antagonists of fungi, from Norway spruce mycorrhizas with predominantly Piloderma species as the fungal partner. RESULTS Fifteen Streptomyces isolates exhibited substantial variation in inhibition of tested mycorrhizal and plant pathogenic fungi (Amanita muscaria, Fusarium oxysporum, Hebeloma cylindrosporum, Heterobasidion abietinum, Heterobasidion annosum, Laccaria bicolor, Piloderma croceum). The growth of the mycorrhiza-forming fungus Laccaria bicolor was stimulated by some of the streptomycetes, and Piloderma croceum was only moderately affected. Bacteria responded to the streptomycetes differently than the fungi. For instance the strain Streptomyces sp. AcM11, which inhibited most tested fungi, was less inhibitory to bacteria than other tested streptomycetes. The determined patterns of Streptomyces-microbe interactions were associated with distinct patterns of secondary metabolite production. Notably, potentially novel metabolites were produced by strains that were less antagonistic to fungi. Most of the identified metabolites were antibiotics (e.g. cycloheximide, actiphenol) and siderophores (e.g. ferulic acid, desferroxiamines). Plant disease resistance was activated by a single streptomycete strain only. CONCLUSIONS Mycorrhiza associated streptomycetes appear to have an important role in inhibiting the growth of fungi and bacteria. Additionally, our study indicates that the Streptomyces strains, which are not general antagonists of fungi, may produce still un-described metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D Schrey
- IMIT-Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Grube M, Köberl M, Lackner S, Berg C, Berg G. Host-parasite interaction and microbiome response: effects of fungal infections on the bacterial community of the Alpine lichen Solorina crocea. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 82:472-81. [PMID: 22671536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lichen symbiosis allows a self-sustained life under harsh environmental conditions, yet symbiotic integrity can be affected by fungal parasites. Nothing is known about the impact of these biologically diverse and often specific infections on the recently detected bacterial community in lichens. To address this question, we studied the arctic-alpine 'chocolate chip lichen' Solorina crocea, which is frequently infected by Rhagadostoma lichenicola. We sampled healthy and infected lichens at two different sites in the Eastern Alps. High abundances of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Proteobacteria were identified analyzing 16S rRNA gene regions obtained by barcoded pyrosequencing. At the phylum and genus level, no significant alterations were present among infected and healthy individuals. Yet, evidence for a differentiation of communities emerged, when data were analyzed at the strain level by detrended correspondence analysis. Further, a profile clustering network revealed strain-specific abundance shifts among Acidobacteria and other bacteria. Study of stability and change in host-associated bacterial communities requires a fine-grained analysis at strain level. No correlation with the infection was found by analysis of nifH genes responsible for nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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Seipke RF, Kaltenpoth M, Hutchings MI. Streptomycesas symbionts: an emerging and widespread theme? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:862-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Frey-Klett P, Burlinson P, Deveau A, Barret M, Tarkka M, Sarniguet A. Bacterial-fungal interactions: hyphens between agricultural, clinical, environmental, and food microbiologists. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:583-609. [PMID: 22126995 PMCID: PMC3232736 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00020-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi can form a range of physical associations that depend on various modes of molecular communication for their development and functioning. These bacterial-fungal interactions often result in changes to the pathogenicity or the nutritional influence of one or both partners toward plants or animals (including humans). They can also result in unique contributions to biogeochemical cycles and biotechnological processes. Thus, the interactions between bacteria and fungi are of central importance to numerous biological questions in agriculture, forestry, environmental science, food production, and medicine. Here we present a structured review of bacterial-fungal interactions, illustrated by examples sourced from many diverse scientific fields. We consider the general and specific properties of these interactions, providing a global perspective across this emerging multidisciplinary research area. We show that in many cases, parallels can be drawn between different scenarios in which bacterial-fungal interactions are important. Finally, we discuss how new avenues of investigation may enhance our ability to combat, manipulate, or exploit bacterial-fungal complexes for the economic and practical benefit of humanity as well as reshape our current understanding of bacterial and fungal ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Frey-Klett
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280 Champenoux, France.
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Susi P, Aktuganov G, Himanen J, Korpela T. Biological control of wood decay against fungal infection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 92:1681-1689. [PMID: 21440981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wood (timber) is an important raw material for various purposes, and having biological composition it is susceptible to deterioration by various agents. The history of wood protection by impregnation with synthetic chemicals is almost two hundred years old. However, the ever-increasing public concern and the new environmental regulations on the use of chemicals have created the need for the development and the use of alternative methods for wood protection. Biological wood protection by antagonistic microbes alone or in combination with (bio)chemicals, is one of the most promising ways for the environmentally sound wood protection. The most effective biocontrol antagonists belong to genera Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces. They compete for an ecological niche by consuming available nutrients as well as by secreting a spectrum of biochemicals effective against various fungal pathogens. The biochemicals include cell wall-degrading enzymes, siderophores, chelating iron and a wide variety of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics. In this review, the nature and the function of the antagonistic microbes in wood protection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Susi
- Institute of Microbiology and Pathology, Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Cusano AM, Burlinson P, Deveau A, Vion P, Uroz S, Preston GM, Frey-Klett P. Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6R8 type III secretion mutants no longer promote ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:203-210. [PMID: 23761252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Mycorrhiza Helper Bacterium (MHB) Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6R8 promotes the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Douglas fir roots and Laccaria bicolor. In this study, we identified a non-flagellar type III secretion system (T3SS) in the draft genome of BBc6R8 similar to that described in the biocontrol strain P. fluorescens SBW25. We examined whether this T3SS plays a role in the BBc6R8 mycorrhizal helper effect by creating a deletion in the rscRST genes encoding the central channel of the injectisome. The in vitro effect of BBc6R8 T3SS mutants on the radial growth rate of L. bicolor was unchanged compared with the parental strain. In contrast, T3SS mutants were unable to promote mycorrhization, suggesting that type III secretion plays an important role in the mycorrhizal helper effect of P. fluorescens BBc6R8 independent of the promotion of hyphal growth that BBc6R8 exhibits in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cusano
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA-Nancy Université, «Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes», Centre de Nancy, IFR110, 54280 Champenoux, France. Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, 208 Vail Building, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Lehr NA, Adomas A, Asiegbu FO, Hampp R, Tarkka MT. WS-5995 B, an antifungal agent inducing differential gene expression in the conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum but not in Heterobasidion abietinum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:347-58. [PMID: 19798499 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycorrhization helper bacterium Streptomyces sp. AcH 505 inhibits Norway spruce root infection and colonisation by the root and butt rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum 005 but not by the congeneric strain Heterobasidion abietinum 331 because of higher sensitivity of H. annosum 005 towards the AcH 505-derived naphthoquinone antibiotic WS-5995 B. Differences in antibiotic sensitivity between two isolates belonging to two species, H. annosum 005 and H. abietinum 331, were investigated by comparative gene expression analysis using macroarrays and quantitative RT-PCR after WS-5995 B, structurally related mollisin and unrelated cycloheximide application. Treatment with 25 microM WS-5995 B for 2 h resulted in a significant up-regulation of expression of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and GTPase genes, while the expression of genes encoding for thioredoxin and glutathione dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase was down-regulated in the sensitive fungal strain. No differential expression in the tolerant strain was detected. Application of WS-5995 B at higher concentrations over a time course experiment revealed that H. annosum 005 and H. abietinum 331 responded differently to WS-5995 B. The fungal gene expression levels depended on both the concentration of WS-5995 B and the duration of its application. The WS-5995 B-unrelated cycloheximide caused highly specific changes in patterns of gene expression. Our findings indicate considerable variations in response to bacterial metabolites by the isolates of the conifer pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina A Lehr
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Grube M, Berg G. Microbial consortia of bacteria and fungi with focus on the lichen symbiosis. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Fungal selectivity of two mycorrhiza helper bacteria on five mycorrhizal fungi associated with Pinus thunbergii. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tarkka MT, Sarniguet A, Frey-Klett P. Inter-kingdom encounters: recent advances in molecular bacterium-fungus interactions. Curr Genet 2009; 55:233-43. [PMID: 19337734 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-009-0241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between bacteria and fungi are well known, but it is often underestimated how intimate and decisive such associations can be with respect to behaviour and survival of each participating organism. In this article we review recent advances in molecular bacterium-fungus interactions, combining the data of different model systems. Emphasis is given to the positive or negative consequences these interactions have on the microbe accommodating plants and animals. Intricate mechanisms of antagonism and tolerance have emerged, being as important for the biological control of plants against fungal diseases as for the human body against fungal infections. Bacterial growth promoters of fungal mycelium have been characterized, and these may as well assist plant-fungus mutualism as disease development in animals. Some of the toxins that have been previously associated with fungi are actually produced by endobacteria, and the mechanisms that lie behind the maintenance of such exquisite endosymbioses are fascinating. Bacteria do cause diseases in fungi, and a synergistic action between bacterial toxins and extracellular enzymes is the hallmark of such diseases. The molecular study of bacterium-fungus associations has expanded our view on microbial communication, and this promising field shows now great potentials in medicinal, agricultural and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T Tarkka
- UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle, Germany.
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Tarkka MT, Lehr NA, Hampp R, Schrey SD. Plant behavior upon contact with Streptomycetes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:917-919. [PMID: 19513192 PMCID: PMC2633735 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a variety of chemical and anatomical defences, whose strengths depend on biotic and environmental influences. We show here that root inoculation with belowground bacteria, filamentous gram-positive streptomycetes, can induce plant defence responses. Such induced plant responses can occur belowground in the roots, but also aboveground, in the leaves, and include priming (sensitizing) like characters. Streptomycetes have also evolved mechanisms to facilitate plant root symbioses, mycorrhiza and root nodulation. By promoting fungal growth and by decreasing plant defence responses, these bacteria promote mycorrhiza formation. This minireview covers our current knowledge on the complex interactions that take place between streptomycetes, plants and rhizosphere microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika T Tarkka
- UFZ; Department of Soil Ecology; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research; Halle Germany
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42
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Schrey SD, Tarkka MT. Friends and foes: streptomycetes as modulators of plant disease and symbiosis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:11-9. [PMID: 18418729 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ecological role of soil streptomycetes within the plant root environment is currently gaining increased attention. This review describes our recent advances in elucidating the complex interactions between streptomycetes, plants, pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. Streptomycetes play diverse roles in plant-associated microbial communities. Some act as biocontrol agents, inhibiting plant interactions with pathogenic organisms. Owing to the antagonistic properties of streptomycetes, they exert a selective pressure on soil microbes, which may not always be for plant benefit. Others promote the formation of symbioses between plant roots and microbes, and this is in part due to their direct positive influence on the symbiotic partner, expressed as, e.g., promotion of hyphal elongation of symbiotic fungi. Recently, streptomycetes have been identified as modulators of plant defence. By repressing plant responses to pathogens they facilitate root colonisation with pathogenic fungi. In contrast, other strains induce local and systemic resistance against pathogens or enhance plant growth. In conclusion, while streptomycetes have a clear potential of acting as biocontrol agents, care has to be taken to avoid strains that select for virulent pathogens or enhance disease development. We argue towards the use of an integrated screening approach in the search for efficient biocontrol agents, including assays on in vitro antagonism, plant growth, and disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D Schrey
- Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Belowground Mycorrhizal Endosymbiosis and Aboveground Insects: Can Multilevel Interactions be Exploited for a Sustainable Control of Pests? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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44
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Secondary Metabolites of Soil Streptomycetes in Biotic Interactions. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN SOIL ECOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74543-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lehr NA, Schrey SD, Hampp R, Tarkka MT. Root inoculation with a forest soil streptomycete leads to locally and systemically increased resistance against phytopathogens in Norway spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 177:965-976. [PMID: 18086220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil streptomycetes are commonly antagonistic against plant pathogens. However, interactions involving increased defense responses in the host plant, leading to suppression of plant disease development, have not yet been detailed. Here, the mechanisms were studied of disease suppression by Streptomyces sp. GB 4-2 against Heterobasidion root and butt rot in Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings. GB 4-2 promoted mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus, germination rate of fungal spores, extension of germ tubes and early colonization of outer cortical layers of the plant root. Reduced colonization of the inner cortical cell layers was accompanied by the induction of cell wall appositions, and increased xylem formation in the vascular cylinder emerged after bacterium-fungus coinoculation. Bacterial treatment led to decreased water content in roots and needles and increased photosynthetic yield (F(v)/F(m)) and peroxidase activities in needles. The infection of needles by Botrytis cinerea was reduced by bacterial pretreatment. Complex interactions of GB 4-2 with Norway spruce and Heterobasidion abietinum were discovered. The bacterium promoted the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus but induced plant defense responses. Host responses indicate that GB 4-2 induces both local and systemic defense responses in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Alexandra Lehr
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia D Schrey
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hampp
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mika T Tarkka
- University of Tübingen, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Physiological Ecology of Plants, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Present address: UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Abstract
In natural conditions, mycorrhizal fungi are surrounded by complex microbial communities, which modulate the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, the focus is on the so-called mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB). This concept is revisited, and the distinction is made between the helper bacteria, which assist mycorrhiza formation, and those that interact positively with the functioning of the symbiosis. After considering some examples of MHB from the literature, the ecological and evolutionary implications of the relationships of MHB with mycorrhizal fungi are discussed. The question of the specificity of the MHB effect is addressed, and an assessment is made of progress in understanding the mechanisms of the MHB effect, which has been made possible through the development of genomics. Finally, clear evidence is presented suggesting that some MHB promote the functioning of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. This is illustrated for three critical functions of practical significance: nutrient mobilization from soil minerals, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, and protection of plants against root pathogens. The review concludes with discussion of future research priorities regarding the potentially very fruitful concept of MHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Frey-Klett
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', IFR 110, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - J Garbaye
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA-UHP 'Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes', IFR 110, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - M Tarkka
- UFZ-Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
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Bending GD. What are the mechanisms and specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 174:707-710. [PMID: 17504452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Bending
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK (tel +44(0) 2476575057; fax +44(0) 2476574500; email )
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