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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Guan P, Zhang P, Mo X, Yin G, Qu B, Xu S, He C, Shi Q, Zhang G, Dittmar T, Wang J. Temperature Thresholds of Pyrogenic Dissolved Organic Matter in Heating Experiments Simulating Forest Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17291-17301. [PMID: 37916767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Heating temperature (HT) during forest fires is a critical factor in regulating the quantity and quality of pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (DOM). However, the temperature thresholds at which maximum amounts of DOM are produced (TTmax) and at which the DOC gain turns into net DOC loss (TT0) remain unidentified on a component-specific basis. Here, based on solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopies, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we analyzed variations in DOM composition in detritus and soil with HT (150-500 °C) and identified temperature thresholds for components on structural, fluorophoric, and molecular formula levels. TTmax was similar for detritus and soil and ranged between 225 and 250 °C for bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and most DOM components. TT0 was consistently lower in detritus than in soil. Moreover, temperature thresholds differed across the DOM components. As the HT increased, net loss was observed initially in molecular formulas tentatively associated with carbohydrates and aliphatics, then proteins, peptides, and polyphenolics, and ultimately condensed aromatics. Notably, at temperatures lower than TT0, particularly at TTmax, burning increased the DOC quantity and thus might increase labile substrates to fuel soil microbial community. These composition-specific variations of DOM with temperature imply nonlinear and multiple temperature-dependent wildfire impacts on soil organic matter properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Ping Guan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaohan Mo
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gege Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Bo Qu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Junjian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Afzal MR, Naz M, Ashraf W, Du D. The Legacy of Plant Invasion: Impacts on Soil Nitrification and Management Implications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2980. [PMID: 37631191 PMCID: PMC10458916 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant invasions can have long-lasting impacts on soil nitrification, which plays a critical role in nutrient cycling and plant growth. This review examines the legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification, focusing on the underlying mechanisms, context dependence, and implications for management. We synthesize literature on the positive, negative and neutral legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification, highlighting the complexity of these effects and the need for further research to fully understand them. Positive legacy effects include increased soil microbial biomass or activity, potentially enhancing nutrient availability for plants. However, negative legacy effects, like reduced nitrifier abundance, can result in decreased soil nitrification rates and nutrient availability. In some cases, changes to nitrification during active invasion appear transitory after the removal of invasive plants, indicating neutral short-term legacies. We discuss the context dependence of legacy effects considering factors, including location, specific invasive plant species, and other environmental conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these legacy effects for management and restoration strategies, such as the removal or control of invasive plants, and potential approaches for restoring ecosystems with legacy effects on soil nitrification. Finally, we highlight future research directions, including further investigation into the mechanisms and context dependence of legacy effects, and the role of plant-microbe interactions. Overall, this review provides insights into the legacy effects of plant invasion on soil nitrification and their implications for ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rahil Afzal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Misbah Naz
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Waqas Ashraf
- Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad, Punjab 38850, Pakistan;
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
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Wang L, Deng D, Feng Q, Xu Z, Pan H, Li H. Changes in litter input exert divergent effects on the soil microbial community and function in stands of different densities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157297. [PMID: 35839885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial communities influence soil biogeochemical cycling by affecting the production of extracellular enzymes and the release of carbon dioxide. Changes in litter input or stand density due to thinning can affect soil microbial communities and their function by altering soil biochemical properties. However, it is unclear how or to what extent different amounts of litter input affect soil microbial communities and their function in forest stands with different densities. Therefore, we simulated litter removal, 50 % litter reduction, normal litter input, and double litter increase under field conditions by applying different amounts of litter to soils with different stand densities in the laboratory. We then measured soil biochemical properties, microbial communities, enzyme activity, and respiration rate. Our results revealed that the responses of soil dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen to litter input were more pronounced in the high-density forest stand with poor soil than in the low-density forest stand with nutrient-rich soil, which was mainly reflected in that the addition of litter significantly decreased the concentration of dissolved organic carbon while increasing the content of total nitrogen in the soil of the high-density forest stand. In comparison to the soil carbon component, the nitrogen component of the soil was more affected by stand density. The responses of soil fungal and bacterial communities to leaf litter treatment varied with stand density, as reflected primarily in changes in the relative abundances of Ascomycota, unclassified_K_fungi, and Proteobacteria, and changes in the relative abundances of their functional groups (ectomycorrhizal fungi, saprophytic fungi, pathogens, parasites, and bacteria involved in the nitrogen cycle). Soil fungal community responses to changes in litter input are more sensitive in the high-density forest with nutrient-poor soil than in the low-density forest stand. Furthermore, litter input inhibited the activities of soil β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, and acid phosphatase more strongly in the low-density forest stand. Litter manipulation primarily affected enzymatic activity in the high-density forest stand by changing the diversity and composition of the soil fungal community. However, in the low-density forest stand, litter treatment affected soil enzyme activity, primarily through changes in soil bacterial and fungal community composition, as well as soil respiration through changes in bacterial richness (Chao 1) and community composition. We conclude that how the change in litter input impacts the soil microbial community and its function, or the magnitude of the effects, is largely dependent on soil quality. Relationships among soil variables, microbial communities, and function differ between stand densities. Our study contributes to an enhanced understanding of the impact of changes in litter input due to climate change or anthropogenic activities on soil biogeochemical cycles and can also guide rationally formulating forest management approaches to improve microbial function under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Wang
- Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River & Rainy Area of West China Plantation Ecosystem Permanent Scientific Research Base, Institute of Ecology & Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Dongzhou Deng
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China; Sichuan Wolong National Station of Forest Ecosystem in Positioning Observation and Research, Wenchuan 623006, China
| | - Qiuhong Feng
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China; Sichuan Wolong National Station of Forest Ecosystem in Positioning Observation and Research, Wenchuan 623006, China
| | - Zhengjingru Xu
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China; Sichuan Wolong National Station of Forest Ecosystem in Positioning Observation and Research, Wenchuan 623006, China
| | - Hongli Pan
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China; Sichuan Wolong National Station of Forest Ecosystem in Positioning Observation and Research, Wenchuan 623006, China
| | - Huichao Li
- Ecological Restoration and Conservation on Forest and Wetland Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Forestry, Chengdu 610081, China; Sichuan Wolong National Station of Forest Ecosystem in Positioning Observation and Research, Wenchuan 623006, China.
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Condensed and Hydrolyzable Tannins for Reducing Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Dairy Manure-A Laboratory Incubation Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202876. [PMID: 36290258 PMCID: PMC9598578 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the effects of plant condensed (CT) and hydrolyzable tannin (HT) extracts on CH4 and N2O emissions; (2) identify the reactions responsible for manure-derived GHG emissions, and (3) examine accompanying microbial community changes in fresh dairy manure. Five treatments were applied in triplicate to the freshly collected dairy manure, including 4% CT, 8% CT, 4% HT, 8% HT (V/V), and control (no tannin addition). Fresh dairy manure was placed into 710 mL glass incubation chambers. In vitro composted dairy manure samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, and 336 h after the start of incubation. Fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured for 5-min/h for 14 d at a constant ambient incubation temperature of 39 °C. The addition of quebracho CT significantly decreased the CH4 flux rates compared to the tannin-free controls (215.9 mg/m2/h), with peaks of 75.6 and 89.6 mg/m2/h for 4 and 8% CT inclusion rates, respectively. Furthermore, CT significantly reduced cumulative CH4 emission by 68.2 and 57.3% at 4 and 8% CT addition, respectively. The HT treatments failed to affect CH4 reduction. However, both CT and HT reduced (p < 0.001) cumulative and flux rates of N2O emissions. The decrease in CH4 flux with CT was associated with a reduction in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.
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Ward EB, Duguid MC, Kuebbing SE, Lendemer JC, Bradford MA. The functional role of ericoid mycorrhizal plants and fungi on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1701-1718. [PMID: 35704030 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs commonly occur in forest understories and could therefore alter arbuscular (AM) and/or ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Specifically, ErM fungi have extensive organic matter decay capabilities, and ErM plant and fungal tissues have high concentrations of secondary compounds that can form persistent complexes in the soil. Together, these traits could contribute to organic matter accumulation and inorganic nutrient limitation. These effects could also differ in AM- vs EcM-dominated stands at multiple scales within and among forest biomes by, for instance, altering fungal guild interactions. Most work on ErM effects in forests has been conducted in boreal forests dominated by EcM trees. However, ErM plants occur in c. 96, 69 and 29% of boreal, temperate and tropical forests, respectively. Within tropical montane forests, the effects of ErM plants could be particularly pronounced because their traits are more distinct from AM than EcM trees. Because ErM fungi can function as free-living saprotrophs, they could also be more resilient to forest disturbances than obligate symbionts. Further consideration of ErM effects within and among forest biomes could improve our understanding of how cooccurring mycorrhizal types interact to collectively affect soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics under changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth B Ward
- The Forest School, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- The New York Botanical Garden, The Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Marlyse C Duguid
- The Forest School, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sara E Kuebbing
- The Forest School, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Mark A Bradford
- The Forest School, Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Shay PE, Winder RS, Constabel CP, Trofymow JA(T. Fungal Community Composition as Affected by Litter Chemistry and Weather during Four Years of Litter Decomposition in Rainshadow Coastal Douglas-Fir Forests. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070735. [PMID: 35887490 PMCID: PMC9323820 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate and litter chemistry are major factors influencing litter decay, a process mediated by microbes, such as fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations can decrease nitrogen (N) and increase condensed tannin (CT) content in foliar litter, reducing litter quality and slowing decomposition. We hypothesized that reduced litter quality inhibits microbes and is the mechanism causing decomposition to slow. Litterbags of Douglas-fir needles and poplar leaves with a range of N (0.61–1.57%) and CT (2.1–29.1%) treatment and natural acid unhydrolyzable residue (35.3–41.5%) concentrations were placed along climatic gradients in mature Douglas-fir stands of coastal British Columbia rainshadow forests. The structure (diversity, richness and evenness) and composition of microbial communities were analyzed using DGGE profiles of 18S, NifH-universal and AmoA PCR amplicons in foliar litter after 7, 12, 24 and 43 months of decay. High CT and low N concentrations in leaf litter were associated with changes in microbial community composition, especially fungi. Contrary to our hypothesis, high CT and low N treatments did not inhibit microbial colonization or diversity. The joint effects of air temperature and soil moisture on microbial community composition at our sites were more important than the effects of initial litter chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip-Edouard Shay
- Centre for Forest Biology, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada; (P.-E.S.); (C.P.C.)
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada;
| | - Richard S. Winder
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada;
| | - C. Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada; (P.-E.S.); (C.P.C.)
| | - J. A. (Tony) Trofymow
- Centre for Forest Biology, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada; (P.-E.S.); (C.P.C.)
- Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Ectomycorrhizal Assemblages of Invasive Quercus rubra L. and Non-Invasive Carya Nutt. Trees under Common Garden Conditions in Europe. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasive tree species change biodiversity, nutrient cycles, and ecosystem services, and can turn native ecosystems into novel ecosystems determined by invaders. In the acclimatization and invasion of alien tree species, the crucial role is played by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. We tested ECM fungi associated with Quercus rubra and Carya trees that are alien to Europe. Quercus rubra is among the most invasive tree species in Europe, and the Carya species are not considered invasive. Both form ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, and in their native range in North America, coexist in oak-hickory forests. Six study stands were located in Kórnik Arboretum: three for Q. rubra and three for Carya trees. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were assessed by molecular identification of ECM roots. We identified 73 ECM fungal taxa of 23 ECM phylogenetic lineages. All identified ECM fungi were native to Europe. Similar richness but different composition of ECM taxa were found on Q. rubra and Carya roots. Phylogenetic lineages /tomentella-thelephora, /russula-lactarius, and /genea-humaria were most abundant on both Carya and Q. rubra roots. Lineages /tuber-helvella and /entoloma were abundant only on Carya, and lineages /pisolithus-scleroderma and /cortinarius were abundant only on Q. rubra roots. Analysis of similarities revealed a significant difference in ectomycorrhizal assemblages between invasive Q. rubra and non-invasive Carya. Highlights: (1) under common garden conditions, ECM taxa richness was similar on Q. rubra and Carya roots; (2) ECM taxa composition differed between invasive Q. rubra and non-invasive Carya; (3) high abundance of long-distance exploration type (lineages from Boletales) was on Q. rubra; and (4) high abundance of short-distance exploration type (e.g., /tuber-helvella) was on Carya.
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Post-Fire Habitat Heterogeneity Leads to Black Spruce–Kalmia L. Shrub Savannah Alternate State. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many nutrient-poor coarse-textured Kalmia L.–black spruce forest sites in eastern Canada turn to ericaceous heath dominated by Kalmia angustifolia L. after clearcutting and fire. While the mechanisms of post-fire forest and heath formation have been well documented, the origin of shrub savanna vegetation has received limited attention. This study demonstrates the significance of post-fire island regeneration of black spruce in Kalmia heath to the origin of shrub savannah alternate state. The study was conducted in Three Brooks, 10 km west of Grand Falls-Windsor, Newfoundland (48°51′ N; 55°37′ E). Black spruce forest in the site was clearcut, then a wildfire burned the area, and the site was subsequently planted with black spruce. Plant species cover, black spruce growth (stem density, stem height, basal diameter, and yearly volume increment), and foliar nutrients of planted spruce and soil properties (pH, humus and Ae horizon depth, and nutrients) in tree islands were compared with adjacent Kalmia heath. Black spruce islands had significantly lower cover of Kalmia and higher stem density of black spruce compared to Kalmia heath (7100 stems/ha in islands vs. 1920 stems/ha in heath). Height, basal diameter, and yearly volume increment of black spruce were more than three times higher in spruce islands than in Kalmia heath. Foliar nutrients of black spruce growing in Kalmia heath had significantly lower N and Mg (33 and 38%, respectively) but had significantly higher Mn and Zn (46 and 33%, respectively) than in black spruce islands. Black spruce growth inhibition in Kalmia heath is attributed to soil nutrient imbalance due to Kalmia evidenced by reduced concentrations of N and Mg and increased concentrations of Al, Fe, and other inorganic ions in the foliage. These results suggest that post-fire black spruce islands in severely burned patches provide “safe sites” for spruce regeneration, whereas Kalmia heath developing in non-severe burn area inhibits spruce regeneration and creates shrub savannah community as an alternate vegetation state.
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Molecular signatures of soil-derived dissolved organic matter constrained by mineral weathering. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Esperschuetz J, Bloomberg M. The Potential for Temporary Stand-Off Pads Integrated With Poplar and Willow Silvopastoral Systems for Managing Nitrogen Leaching. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.780890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive pastoral farming has been linked to adverse environmental effects such as soil degradation and increased fluxes of nitrogen, phosphorus, sediments, and pathogens into waterways, resulting in their degradation. Stand-off pads are engineered structures covered with bedding materials, available for occupation by stock to minimise those adverse effects to soil and water bodies. Wood chips are ideal for bedding due to their low cost, high water holding capacity, and stock preference as resting areas. While they reduce the mobility of both nutrients and pathogens, their effectiveness depends on the type of wood, size of the chips, pH, pad design, and feeding management used. Dissolved organic carbon, present in wood residue, may slow nitrogen mineralisation thereby decreasing loss via leachate. This effect depends on plant tannins and nutrients already stored within the plant tissue. Poplar and willow have high concentrations of tannins in leaves and bark with potential nitrification-inhibiting properties. When grown on-farm, these deep-rooted trees also reduce nitrogen leaching and prevent soil erosion. This review addresses the use of temporary stand-off pads within poplar or willow silvopastoral systems. Harvested trees can provide suitable wood chips for constructing the stand-off pad, while the deep rooting systems of the trees will reduce the moisture content of the pad, preventing waterlogging. A key objective is to discuss the feasibility and establishment of multiple temporary stand-off pads that allow for stock rotation from pad to pad, and subsequent on-site composting of wood-wastes into fertiliser, reducing both nutrient inputs and losses in agricultural systems. The review highlights the potential suitability of poplar and willow tree species for such a system.
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Urbanová Z, Hájek T. Revisiting the concept of 'enzymic latch' on carbon in peatlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146384. [PMID: 33744584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are long-term sinks of atmospheric carbon (C) largely due to water-saturated soil conditions, decay-resistant plant litter, and the presence of biochemical compounds such as soluble phenolics. As phenolics are known inhibitors of microbial enzymes in soils, the concept of the 'enzymic latch' on peat C was introduced, assuming that phenolics accumulate in peat water due to protection from degradation by oxidative enzymes as a result of anoxia. However, their inhibitory role in peat has not been unambiguously confirmed. We aimed to verify whether peat phenolics inhibit microbial and enzyme activities in laboratory-incubated Sphagnum litter, and bog and fen peat. Soluble humic substances were extracted from bog water as a source of natural phenolics and separated into two molecular-weight fractions. We tested the effects of (1) phenolics concentration, (2) their molecular weight and (3) anoxia on the activity of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, and on microbial respiration rate. The added phenolics did not suppress hydrolytic enzyme activities nor microbial respiration. Quite the contrary, phenolics addition (up to 1000 mg L-1) sometimes supported enzyme and microbial activities, indicating that phenolics (or another constituent of peat humic substances) served as a source of C. The activities of hydrolytic enzymes did not vary between oxic and anoxic peat but were double in oxic than anoxic conditions in Sphagnum litter. Differences in enzymatic and microbial activities were driven by peat type with about three times greater microbial respiration rates and enzyme activities in fen peats. Our results do not support the concept of the enzymic latch, particularly its key assumption that peat phenolics inhibit hydrolytic enzymes. While the concept was established on oceanic peatlands with low phenolic concentrations, the peat microbial community in our experiments seemed acclimated to the naturally high phenolic concentrations, characteristic for other, non-oceanic northern peatlands. Thus, the enzymic latch should not be considered as a determinative mechanism preserving the global C store in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Urbanová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czechia.
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czechia; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czechia
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Bączek P, Halarewicz A. Effect of Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) Litter Extracts on Germination and Growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Seedlings. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2019.67.2.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bączek
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Halarewicz
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
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Jaya P, Nathan VK, Ammini P. Characterization of marine bacterial carbonic anhydrase and their CO 2 sequestration abilities based on a soil microcosm. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 49:891-899. [PMID: 31244362 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1633669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The novel technology of biological carbon sequestration using microbial enzymes have numerous advantages over conventional sequestration strategies. In the present study, extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) producing bacteria were isolated from water samples in the Arabian Sea, India. A potential isolate, Bacillus safensis isolate AS-75 was identified based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The culture conditions suitable for CA production were 32 °C incubation temperature with 4% NaCl and 10 mM Zn supplementation. Experimental optimization of culture conditions enhanced enzyme activity to 265 U mL-1. CA specific gene was characterized and based on the analysis, the CA of B. safensis isolate AS-75 was a leucine (11.3%) with α-helices as the dominant component in its secondary structure. Based on soil microcosm studies, CA could sequester CO2 by 95.4% ± 0.11% in sterilized soil with enzyme microcosm. Hence, the application of enzyme was found to be more effective in removing CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchami Jaya
- Regional Centre, National Institute of Oceanography-CSIR , Cochin , India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nathan
- Regional Centre, National Institute of Oceanography-CSIR , Cochin , India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- Regional Centre, National Institute of Oceanography-CSIR , Cochin , India
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Noll L, Zhang S, Zheng Q, Hu Y, Wanek W. Wide-spread limitation of soil organic nitrogen transformations by substrate availability and not by extracellular enzyme content. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 133:37-49. [PMID: 31579313 PMCID: PMC6774789 DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins constitute the single largest soil organic nitrogen (SON) reservoir and its decomposition drives terrestrial N availability. Protein cleavage by extracellular enzymes is the rate limiting step in the soil organic N cycle and can be controlled by extracellular enzyme production or protein availability/stabilization in soil. Both controls can be affected by geology and land use, as well as be vulnerable to changes in soil temperature and moisture/O2. To explore major controls of soil gross protein depolymerization we sampled six soils from two soil parent materials (calcareous and silicate), where each soil type included three land uses (cropland, pasture and forest). Soil samples were subjected to three temperature treatments (5, 15, 25 °C at 60% water-holding capacity (WHC) and aerobic conditions) or three soil moisture/O2 treatments (30 and 60% WHC at 21% O2, 90% WHC at 1% O2, at 20 °C) in short-term experiments. Samples were incubated for one day in the temperature experiment and for one week in the moisture/O2 experiment. Gross protein depolymerization rates were measured by a novel 15N isotope pool dilution approach. The low temperature sensitivity of gross protein depolymerization, the lack of relationship with protease activity and strong effects of soil texture and pH demonstrate that this process is constrained by organo-mineral associations and not by soil enzyme content. This also became apparent from the inverse effects in calcareous and silicate soils caused by water saturation/O2 limitation. We highlight that the specific soil mineralogy influenced the response of gross depolymerization rates to water saturation/O2 limitation, causing (I) increasing gross depolymerization rates due to release of adsorbed proteins by reductive dissolution of Fe- and Mn-oxyhydroxides in calcareous soils and (II) decreasing gross depolymerization rates due to mobilization of coagulating and toxic Al3+ compounds in silicate soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Noll
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qing Zheng
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuntao Hu
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Chao L, Liu Y, Freschet GT, Zhang W, Yu X, Zheng W, Guan X, Yang Q, Chen L, Dijkstra FA, Wang S. Litter carbon and nutrient chemistry control the magnitude of soil priming effect. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education Guangxi Teachers Education University Nanning China
| | - Grégoire T. Freschet
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS—Université de Montpellier—Université Paul Valéry Montpellier—EPHE—IRD) Montpellier France
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Huitong China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Huitong China
| | - Qingpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Huitong China
| | - Longchi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Huitong China
| | - Feike A. Dijkstra
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Camden New South Wales Australia
| | - Silong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Huitong China
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Zhang X, Wang B, Liu Z. Coniferous litter extracts inhibit the litter decomposition of Catalpa fargesii Bur. and Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Lin H, Zhao Y, Muyidong N, Tian K, He Z, Kong X, Sun S, Tian X. Secondary compounds of Pinus massoniana alter decomposers' effects on Quercus variabilis litter decomposition. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9439-9450. [PMID: 30377513 PMCID: PMC6194249 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A major gap to understand the effects of plant secondary compounds on litter decomposition in the brown food web is lack of information about how these secondary compounds modify the activities of soil decomposers. To address this question, we conducted an experiment where aqueous extracts and tannins prepared from Pinus massoniana needles were added to soils collected either from P. massoniana (pine soil) or Quercus variabilis (oak soil). Our objective was to investigate the cascading effects of the two compounds on isopod (Armadillidium vulgare) activity and subsequent change in Q. variabilis litter decomposition. We found that in pine soil, both aqueous extracts and tannins (especially at high concentrations) had positive effects on litter decomposition rates when isopods were present. While without isopods, litter decomposition was enhanced only by high concentrations of aqueous extracts, and tannins had no significant effect on decomposition. In oak soil, high concentrations of aqueous extracts and tannins inhibited litter decomposition and soil microbial biomass, regardless of whether isopods were present or not. Low concentrations of aqueous extracts increased litter decomposition rates and soil microbial biomass in oak soil in the absence of isopods. Based on our results, we suggest that the high concentration of secondary compounds in P. massoniana is a key factor influencing the effects of decomposers on litter decomposition rates, and tannins form a major part of secondary compounds. These funding particularly provide insight into form- and concentration-oriented effects of secondary compounds and promote our understanding of litter decomposition and soil nutrient cycling in forest ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yunxia Zhao
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Kai Tian
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zaihua He
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiangshi Kong
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shucun Sun
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xingjun Tian
- School of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern ChinaNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
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Joanisse GD, Bradley RL, Preston CM. The spread of Kalmia angustifolia on black spruce forest cutovers contributes to the spatial heterogeneity of soil resources. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198860. [PMID: 29927964 PMCID: PMC6013165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kalmia angustifolia is a boreal ericaceous shrub that can rapidly spread on black spruce forest cutovers in eastern Canada, where CPRS (i.e. Cutting with Protection of Regeneration and Soils”) is practiced. The proliferation of Kalmia often coincides with a reduction in the growth rate of regenerating black spruce seedlings. We report on a study where we compared the local effects of Kalmia and black spruce seedling patches (i.e. two types of “Vegetation”) on chemical and biochemical soil properties in CPRS cutovers within mesic spruce-moss and xeric spruce-lichen ecosystems, as well as in four mature spruce-moss forests (i.e. three “Site Types”). Results from 13C-CPMAS-NMR revealed lower O-alkyl C (i.e. carbohydrates), higher aromatic C (i.e. lignin and other phenolics) and higher carbonyl-C (i.e. amide-C and carboxyl groups) in spruce-moss than in spruce-lichen forest floors (F-horizon). In spite of these distinctions, we observed only a small number of Site Type x Vegetation interactions controlling soil properties. Vegetation had a significant effect on ten forest floor properties. Most notably, Kalmia patches had higher concentrations of condensed tannins and lower mineral N cycling. On the other hand, Site Type had a relatively greater effect on the deeper podzolic-B horizons, where mineral N and microbial activity were higher in mature spruce-moss forests than in the cutovers. Green and senescent Kalmia leaves collected at these sites had higher N, tannin and phenolic concentrations than green and senescent spruce needles. A 25 month litter bag study found lower decomposition of Kalmia leaf litter in spruce patches on spruce-lichen cutovers compared to spruce patches on spruce-moss cutovers, or to Kalmia patches on spruce-lichen cutovers. Given that black spruce seedlings obtain most of their nutrients from the forest floor, our results suggest that CPRS may have long-term negative effects on black spruce forest productivity if the spread of Kalmia is left unchecked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles D. Joanisse
- Centre d’enseignement et de recherche en foresterie de Sainte-Foy Inc. (CERFO), Québec city, Québec, Canada
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Boulevard de l’université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert L. Bradley
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Boulevard de l’université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline M. Preston
- Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Climate-driven shifts in sediment chemistry enhance methane production in northern lakes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1801. [PMID: 29728566 PMCID: PMC5935729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are a major source of methane (CH4), contributing 0.65 Pg (in CO2 equivalents) yr−1 towards global carbon emissions and offsetting ~25% of the terrestrial carbon sink. Most freshwater CH4 emissions come from littoral sediments, where large quantities of plant material are decomposed. Climate change is predicted to shift plant community composition, and thus change the quality of inputs into detrital food webs, with the potential to affect CH4 production. Here we find that variation in phenol availability from decomposing organic matter underlies large differences in CH4 production in lake sediments. Production is at least 400-times higher from sediments composed of macrophyte litter compared to terrestrial sources because of inhibition of methanogenesis by phenol leachates. Our results now suggest that earth system models and carbon budgets should consider the effects of plant communities on sediment chemistry and ultimately CH4 emissions at a global scale. Methane emissions from lakes vary by orders of magnitude, leaving large uncertainty in regional and global carbon budgets. Here the authors show that phenols from forest litter act as a latch to suppress microbial activity and produce over 400-times less methane than the decomposition of aquatic plant litter.
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20
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Zhang X, Lu Y, Xu J, Liu Z. Leachates of medicinal herbs inhibit the decomposition rate of Catalpa fargesii Bur. litter. ECOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2018.1426275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering and Technological Research Center for Conversation and Utilization of Regional Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yupeng Lu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiyuan Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zengwen Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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21
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Plant Secondary Metabolites—Missing Pieces in the Soil Organic Matter Puzzle of Boreal Forests. SOIL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/soils2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Adamczyk B, Simon J, Kitunen V, Adamczyk S, Smolander A. Tannins and Their Complex Interaction with Different Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Enzymes: Old Paradigms versus Recent Advances. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:610-614. [PMID: 29046854 PMCID: PMC5641916 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannins, an abundant group of plant secondary compounds, raise interest in different fields of science, owing to their unique chemical characteristics. In chemical ecology, tannins play a crucial role in plant defense against pathogens, herbivores, and changing environmental conditions. In the food industry and in medicine, tannins are important because of their proven positive effect on human health and disease treatment. Such wide interests fueled studies on tannin chemistry, especially on their flagship ability to precipitate proteins. In this Review, we expand the basic knowledge on tannin chemistry to the newest insights from the field. We focus especially on tannin reactions with different non-protein organic N compounds, as well as the complex interactions of tannins with enzymes, resulting in either an increase or decrease in enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adamczyk
- Department of Food and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Helsinki, PO Box 6600791HelsinkiFinland
| | - Judy Simon
- Ecology, Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitätsstrasse 1078457KonstanzGermany
| | - Veikko Kitunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 200791HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sylwia Adamczyk
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 200791HelsinkiFinland
| | - Aino Smolander
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, PL 200791HelsinkiFinland
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23
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Ruwanza S, Shackleton CM. Ecosystem-scale impacts of non-timber forest product harvesting: effects on soil nutrients. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheunesu Ruwanza
- Department of Environmental Science; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
| | - Charlie M. Shackleton
- Department of Environmental Science; Rhodes University; Grahamstown 6140 South Africa
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24
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Hébert F, Thiffault N, Munson AD. Does trait plasticity of three boreal nutrient-conserving species relate to their competitive ability? ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/18-4-3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Dufresne M, Bradley RL, Tremblay JP, Poulin M, Pellerin S. Clearcutting and deer browsing intensity interact in controlling nitrification rates in forest floor. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/16-3-3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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De Long JR, Dorrepaal E, Kardol P, Nilsson MC, Teuber LM, Wardle DA. Contrasting Responses of Soil Microbial and Nematode Communities to Warming and Plant Functional Group Removal Across a Post-fire Boreal Forest Successional Gradient. Ecosystems 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-015-9935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kamorina G, Tremblay F, Bussière B, Smirnova E, Thiffault N. Bluejoint Is an Effective Bio-Barrier Species on Mine Covers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1791-1799. [PMID: 26641331 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.02.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBE) are used to prevent acid mine drainage from mine wastes in the short term. However, the long-term efficiency of CCBE can be affected by trees because their roots may reduce the ability of covers to limit oxygen migration and also physically damage the CCBE. Two plant species that are native to boreal Canada, bluejoint () and sheep laurel (, were selected as bio-barrier species (BBS) to test if they reduce the growth and root system architecture of trees established on mine covers (balsam poplar [], willow [ spp], and black spruce []). The experiment was established in 2008 on a mine tailings impoundment located in northwestern Quebec, Canada. Trees were measured for height, diameter, and biomass. Coarse roots were excavated from the plots and digitized in three dimensions. Compared with the control (no BBS), bluejoint strongly decreased tree height and diameter increment, biomass, maximum root depth and radial extension, total root length and volume, and number of second- and third-order tree roots. Height and diameter increment, biomass, maximum root depth and volume, and number of second-order roots of balsam poplar increased with sheep laurel compared with control conditions, whereas willow showed no response to this treatment. Most characteristics of black spruce (except root-to-shoot ratio and number of second-order roots) improved in the presence of sheep laurel compared with the control. Thus, bluejoint was a more efficient BBS than sheep laurel. Bio-barriers comprised of bluejoint can be used as a countermeasure for controlling tree invasion of CCBE.
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Wallenstein MD, Burns RG. Ecology of Extracellular Enzyme Activities and Organic Matter Degradation in Soil: A Complex Community-Driven Process. SSSA BOOK SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.2136/sssabookser9.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard G. Burns
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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Williams JS, Dungait JAJ, Bol R, Abbott GD. Contrasting temperature responses of dissolved organic carbon and phenols leached from soils. PLANT AND SOIL 2015; 399:13-27. [PMID: 26900180 PMCID: PMC4750429 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-015-2678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant-derived phenols are a major input to the terrestrial carbon cycle that might be expected to contribute substantially to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from soils. This study investigated changes in DOC and phenols in leachates from soil treated with individual plant litter types under seasonal temperature change. METHODS Senescing grass, buttercup, ash and oak litters were applied to soil lysimeters. Leachates were collected over 22 months and analysed for DOC and phenols. Phenols in litter and DOC were analysed using on-line thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). RESULTS Mass loss differed between litter type (buttercup>ash>grass>oak). Phenol concentrations in the senescing litters (<2 % TOC) were small, resulting in minor losses to water. Seasonal soil temperature positively correlated with DOC loss from litter-free soils. An initial correlation between temperature change and total phenol concentration in grass and ash litter treatment leachates diminished with time. Dissolved phenol variety in all litter-amended soil leachates increased with time. CONCLUSIONS Plant-derived phenols from senescing litter made a minor contribution to DOC loss from soils. The strength of the relationship between seasonal temperature change and phenol type and abundance in DOC changed with time and was influenced by litter type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Williams
- />School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
- />Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB UK
| | - Jennifer A. J. Dungait
- />Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB UK
| | - Roland Bol
- />Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-3: Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey D. Abbott
- />School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
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Soucémarianadin LN, Quideau SA, Wasylishen RE, Munson AD. Early-season fires in boreal black spruce forests produce pyrogenic carbon with low intrinsic recalcitrance. Ecology 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-1196.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Ndagurwa HGT, Dube JS, Mlambo D. Decomposition and nutrient release patterns of mistletoe litters in a semi-arid savanna, southwest Zimbabwe. AUSTRAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilton G. T. Ndagurwa
- Forest Ecology Laboratory; Faculty of Applied Science; National University of Science & Technology
- Department of Forest Resources & Wildlife Management; Faculty of Applied Science; National University of Science & Technology; PO Box AC 939 Ascot Bulawayo Zimbabwe
| | - John S. Dube
- Department of Animal Science & Rangeland Management; Lupane State University; Bulawayo
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Botterweck J, Claßen D, Zegarski T, Gottfroh C, Kalathoor R, Schäffer A, Schwarzbauer J, Schmidt B. A correlation between the fate and non-extractable residue formation of 14C-metalaxyl and enzymatic activities in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:69-78. [PMID: 24328538 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.844600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular, oxidative soil enzymes like monophenol oxidases and peroxidases play an important role in transformation of xenobiotics and the formation of organic matter in soil. Additionally, these enzymes may be involved in the formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) of xenobiotics during humification processes. To examine this correlation, the fate of the fungicide (14)C metalaxyl in soil samples from Ultuna (Sweden) was studied. Using different soil sterilization techniques, it was possible to differentiate between free, immobilized, and abiotic ("pseudoenzyme"-like) oxidative activities. A correlation between the formation of metalaxyl NER and soil organic matter content, biotic activities, as well as extracellular phenoloxidase and peroxidase activities in the bulk soil and its particle size fractions was determined. Extracellular soil-bound enzymes were involved in NER formation (up to 8% of applied radioactivity after 92 days) of the fungicide independently from the presence of living microbes and different distributions of the NER in the soil humic subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Botterweck
- a Institute for Environmental Research , RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
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Mehanna NS, Hassan ZMR, El-Din HMF, Ali AAE, Amarowicz R, El-Messery TM. Effect of Interaction Phenolic Compounds with Milk Proteins on Cell Line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2014.522226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schmidt MA, Kreinberg AJ, Gonzalez JM, Halvorson JJ, French E, Bollmann A, Hagerman AE. Soil microbial communities respond differently to three chemically defined polyphenols. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:190-197. [PMID: 23545181 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight polyphenols (e.g. tannins) that enter the soil may affect microbial populations, by serving as substrates for microbial respiration or by selecting for certain microbes. In this study we examined how three phenolic compounds that represent some environmentally widespread tannins or their constituent functional groups were respired by soil microorganisms and how the compounds affected the abundance and diversity of soil bacteria and archaea, including ammonia oxidizers. An acidic, silt loam soil from a pine forest was incubated for two weeks with the monomeric phenol methyl gallate, the small polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate, or the large polyphenol oenothein B. Respiration of the polyphenols during the incubation was measured using the Microresp™ system. After incubation, metabolic diversity was determined by community level physiological profiling (CLPP), and genetic diversity was determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis on DNA extracted from the soil samples. Total microbial populations and ammonia-oxidizing populations were measured using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Methyl gallate was respired more efficiently than the higher molecular weight tannins but not as efficiently as glucose. Methyl gallate and epigallocatechin gallate selected for genetically or physiologically unique populations compared to glucose. None of the polyphenols supported microbial growth, and none of the polyphenols affected ammonia-oxidizing bacterial populations or ammonia-oxidizing archaea. Additional studies using both a wider range of polyphenols and a wider range of soils and environments are needed to elucidate the role of polyphenols in determining soil microbiological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Koyama A, Wallenstein MD, Simpson RT, Moore JC. Carbon-degrading enzyme activities stimulated by increased nutrient availability in Arctic tundra soils. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77212. [PMID: 24204773 PMCID: PMC3817314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate-induced warming of the Arctic tundra is expected to increase nutrient availability to soil microbes, which in turn may accelerate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. We increased nutrient availability via fertilization to investigate the microbial response via soil enzyme activities. Specifically, we measured potential activities of seven enzymes at four temperatures in three soil profiles (organic, organic/mineral interface, and mineral) from untreated native soils and from soils which had been fertilized with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) since 1989 (23 years) and 2006 (six years). Fertilized plots within the 1989 site received annual additions of 10 g N⋅m-2⋅year-1 and 5 g P⋅m-2⋅year-1. Within the 2006 site, two fertilizer regimes were established – one in which plots received 5 g N⋅m-2⋅year-1 and 2.5 g P⋅m-2⋅year-1 and one in which plots received 10 g N⋅m-2⋅year-1 and 5 g P⋅m-2⋅year-1. The fertilization treatments increased activities of enzymes hydrolyzing carbon (C)-rich compounds but decreased phosphatase activities, especially in the organic soils. Activities of two enzymes that degrade N-rich compounds were not affected by the fertilization treatments. The fertilization treatments increased ratios of enzyme activities degrading C-rich compounds to those for N-rich compounds or phosphate, which could lead to changes in SOM chemistry over the long term and to losses of soil C. Accelerated SOM decomposition caused by increased nutrient availability could significantly offset predicted increased C fixation via stimulated net primary productivity in Arctic tundra ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Koyama
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew D. Wallenstein
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rodney T. Simpson
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John C. Moore
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Managing Understory Vegetation for Maintaining Productivity in Black Spruce Forests: A Synthesis within a Multi-Scale Research Model. FORESTS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/f4030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The influence of mistletoes on nitrogen cycling in a semi-arid savanna, south-west Zimbabwe. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467413000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:This study investigated the effects of mistletoe infection on N cycling in a semi–arid savanna, south-west Zimbabwe. We established five plots (10 × 10 m) which each included three large canopy-dominantAcacia karrootrees infected by one of three mistletoes (Erianthemum ngamicum,Plicosepalus kalachariensisandViscum verrucosum) and non-infectedA. karrootrees. In each plot, we measured litterfall, litter quality (N, phenolics, tannins and lignin), soil nutrient concentrations and N transformations beneath tree canopies. Soil N, P and Ca were greatest beneath trees infected byP.kalachariensisthan beneath non-infected trees. Litterfall and litter N returns were 1.5, 2 and 1.4 times more beneathA. karrootrees infected byE.ngamicum,P.kalachariensisandV. verrucosum, respectively. Mineral N increased with mistletoe infection but did not exceed 20%. Soil N transformations were greater beneath trees infected byE.ngamicum(> 40%), and lower beneath trees infected byP.kalachariensis(<50%) andV.verrucosum(<48%) than beneath non-infectedA. karrootrees. Soil N transformations were negatively correlated with condensed tannins, lignin and lignin : N. We conclude that the improved N concentration can increase resource heterogeneity, which may alter the ecosystem structure and functioning in the semi-arid savanna.
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LeBel P, Bradley RL, Thiffault N. The Relative Importance of Nitrogen vs. Moisture Stress May Drive Intraspecific Variations in the SLA-RGR Relationship: The Case of <i>Picea mariana</i> Seedlings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.46158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Triebwasser DJ, Tharayil N, Preston CM, Gerard PD. The susceptibility of soil enzymes to inhibition by leaf litter tannins is dependent on the tannin chemistry, enzyme class and vegetation history. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:1122-1132. [PMID: 23025512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
By inhibiting soil enzymes, tannins play an important role in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization. The role of tannin chemistry in this inhibitory process, in conjunction with enzyme classes and isoforms, is less well understood. Here, we compared the inhibition efficiencies of mixed tannins (MTs, mostly limited to angiosperms) and condensed tannins (CTs, produced mostly by gymnosperms) against the potential activity of β-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), and peroxidase in two soils that differed in their vegetation histories. Compared with CTs, MTs exhibited 50% more inhibition of almond (Prunus dulcis) BG activity and greater inhibition of the potential NAG activity in the gymnosperm-acclimatized soils. CTs exhibited lower BG inhibition in the angiosperm-acclimated soils, whereas both types of tannins exhibited higher peroxidase inhibition in the angiosperm soils than in gymnosperm soils. At all of the tested tannin concentrations, irrespective of the tannin type and site history, the potential peroxidase activity was inhibited two-fold more than the hydrolase activity and was positively associated with the redox-buffering efficiency of tannins. Our finding that the inhibitory activities and mechanisms of MTs and CTs are dependent on the vegetative history and enzyme class is novel and furthers our understanding of the role of tannins and soil isoenzymes in decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella J Triebwasser
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Caroline M Preston
- School of Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Natural Resources Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Patrick D Gerard
- Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Sundqvist MK, Wardle DA, Olofsson E, Giesler R, Gundale MJ. Chemical properties of plant litter in response to elevation: subarctic vegetation challenges phenolic allocation theories. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja K. Sundqvist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - Elin Olofsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
| | - Reiner Giesler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science; Climate Impacts Research Centre, Umeå University; Abisko; SE-981 07; Sweden
| | - Michael J. Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Umeå; SE-901 83; Sweden
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Brzostek ER, Finzi AC. Seasonal variation in the temperature sensitivity of proteolytic enzyme activity in temperate forest soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adaptation to boreal forest wildfire in herbs: Responses to post-fire environmental cues in two Pulsatilla species. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lorente M, Parsons WFJ, Périé C, Munson AD. Spectral analysis discerns pattern and feedback in natural- and anthropogenic-disturbed boreal black spruce forests. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Powell JM, Aguerre MJ, Wattiaux MA. Dietary crude protein and tannin impact dairy manure chemistry and ammonia emissions from incubated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:1767-1774. [PMID: 22031559 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Excess crude protein (CP) in dairy cow diets is excreted mostly as urea nitrogen (N), which increases ammonia (NH) emissions from dairy farms and heightens human health and environmental concerns. Feeding less CP and more tannin to dairy cows may enhance feed N use and milk production, abate NH emissions, and conserve the fertilizer N value of manure. Lab-scale ventilated chambers were used to evaluate the impacts of CP and tannin feeding on slurry chemistry, NH emissions, and soil inorganic N levels after slurry application to a sandy loam soil and a silt loam soil. Slurry from lactating Holstein dairy cows (Bos taurus) fed two levels of dietary CP (low CP [LCP], 155 g kg; high CP [HCP], 168 g kg) each fed at four levels of dietary tannin extract, a mixture from red quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) trees (0 tannin [0T]; low tannin [LT], 4.5 g kg; medium tannin [MT], 9.0 g kg; and high tannin [HT], 18.0 g kg) were applied to soil-containing lab-scale chambers, and NH emissions were measured 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after slurry application. Emissions from the HCP slurry were 1.53 to 2.57 times greater ( < 0.05) than from the LCP slurry. At trial's end (48 h), concentrations of inorganic N in soils were greater ( < 0.05) in HCP slurry-amended soils than in LCP slurry-amended soils. Emissions from HT slurry were 28 to 49% lower ( < 0.05) than emissions from 0T slurry, yet these differences did not affect soil inorganic N levels. Emissions from the sandy loam soil were 1.07 to 1.15 times greater ( < 0.05) than from silt loam soil, a result that decreased soil inorganic N in the sandy loam compared with the silt loam soil. Larger-scale and longer-term field trails are needed to ascertain the effectiveness of feeding tannin extracts to dairy cows in abating NH loss from land-applied slurry and the impact of tannin-containing slurry on soil N cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Powell
- USDA- Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, USA.
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Brzostek ER, Finzi AC. Substrate supply, fine roots, and temperature control proteolytic enzyme activity in temperate forest soils. Ecology 2011; 92:892-902. [PMID: 21661552 DOI: 10.1890/10-1803.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and substrate availability constrain the activity of the extracellular enzymes that decompose and release nutrients from soil organic matter (SOM). Proteolytic enzymes are the primary class of enzymes involved in the depolymerization of nitrogen (N) from proteinaceous components of SOM, and their activity affects the rate of N cycling in forest soils. The objectives of this study were to determine whether and how temperature and substrate availability affect the activity of proteolytic enzymes in temperate forest soils, and whether the activity of proteolytic enzymes and other enzymes involved in the acquisition of N (i.e., chitinolytic and ligninolytic enzymes) differs between trees species that form associations with either ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Temperature limitation of proteolytic enzyme activity was observed only early in the growing season when soil temperatures in the field were near 4 degrees C. Substrate limitation to proteolytic activity persisted well into the growing season. Ligninolytic enzyme activity was higher in soils dominated by ectomycorrhizal associated tree species. In contrast, the activity of proteolytic and chitinolytic enzymes did not differ, but there were differences between mycorrhizal association in the control of roots on enzyme activity. Roots of ectomycorrhizal species but not those of arbuscular mycorrhizal species exerted significant control over proteolytic, chitinolytic, and ligninolytic enzyme activity; the absence of ectomycorrhizal fine roots reduced the activity of all three enzymes. These results suggest that climate warming in the absence of increases in substrate availability may have a modest effect on soil-N cycling, and that global changes that alter belowground carbon allocation by trees are likely to have a larger effect on nitrogen cycling in stands dominated by ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Brzostek
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Powell JM, Aguerre MJ, Wattiaux MA. Tannin extracts abate ammonia emissions from simulated dairy barn floors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:907-914. [PMID: 21546676 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Feeding more tannin and less crude protein (CP) to dairy cows may have synergistic impacts on reducing NH emissions from dairy barns. Three trials using lab-scale ventilated chambers with concrete floors were conducted to determine the impacts on NH emission of tannin and CP feeding, tannin feeding on urease activity in feces, and tannin application directly to the barn floor. For Trial 1, mixtures of feces and urine from lactating Holstein dairy cows () fed four levels (g kg) of dietary tannin extract [a mixture from red quebracho () and chestnut () trees]: 0 tannin (0T), 4.5 (low tannin [LT]), 9.0 (medium tannin [MT]), and 18.0 (high tannin [HT]); each fed at two levels (g kg) of dietary CP: 155 low CP (LCP) and 168 high CP (HCP) were applied to chambers. For Trial 2, urea solution was added to feces obtained from cows fed 0T, MT, and HT at HCP. For Trial 3, tannin amounts equivalent to those fed at 0T, MT, and HT were applied directly to feces-urine mixtures from 0T-HCP. For all trials, NH emissions were measured 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after treatment application. For Trial 1, reductions in NH emission due to tannin feeding were greatest when fed at LCP: The LCP-LT and LCP-HT treatments emitted 30.6% less NH than LCP-0T, and the HCP-LT and HCP-HT treatments emitted 16.3% less NH than HCP-0T. For Trial 2, feeding tannin decreased urease activity in feces, resulting in an 11.5% reduction in cumulative NH loss. For Trial 3, the application of tannin directly to simulated barn floors also apparently decreased urease activity, resulting in an average reduction in cumulative NH emissions of 19.0%. Larger-scale trails are required to ascertain the effectiveness of tannin extracts in abating NH loss from dairy barn floors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Powell
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Norris CE, Preston CM, Hogg KE, Titus BD. The Influence of Condensed Tannin Structure on Rate of Microbial Mineralization and Reactivity to Chemical Assays. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9921-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Coq S, Souquet JM, Meudec E, Cheynier V, Hättenschwiler S. Interspecific variation in leaf litter tannins drives decomposition in a tropical rain forest of French Guiana. Ecology 2010; 91:2080-91. [PMID: 20715630 DOI: 10.1890/09-1076.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tannins are believed to be particularly abundant in tropical tree foliage and are mainly associated with plant herbivore defense. Very little is known of the quantity, variation, and potential role of tannins in tropical leaf litter. Here we report on the interspecific variability of litter condensed tannin (CT) concentration among 16 co-occurring tropical rain forest tree species of French Guiana and explore the functional significance of variable litter CT concentration for litter decomposition. We compared some classical methods in the ecological literature to a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with CT degradation by phloroglucinolysis. The same litter was allowed to decompose in the field in the presence or absence of soil fauna. We found large interspecific differences in the average polymerization degree (2.7 to 21.3, for non-extractable CT) and concentration of litter CT (0-3.7% dry mass, for total CT) determined by HPLC, which did not correlate with Folin total phenolics but correlated reasonably well with acid butanol CT. The concentration and polymerization degree of HPLC-determined CT were the only variables of the multitude of measured initial litter quality parameters that explained a significant amount of variation in litter mass loss among species, irrespective of animal presence. However, animal presence increased mean litter mass loss by a factor of 1.5, and the fauna effect on decomposition was best explained by a negative correlation with total HPLC CT and by a positive correlation with hemicellulose. Our results suggest that the commonly used acid butanol assay yields a reliable estimate of interspecific variation in CT concentration. However, the chemical structure of CTs, such as the polymerization degree, adds important information for the understanding of the functional role of CTs in litter decomposition. We conclude that the wide variation in structure and concentration of leaf litter CTs among tropical tree species is an important driver of decomposition in this nutrient-poor Amazonian rain forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Coq
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Murugan K, Al-Sohaiba SA. Biocompatible Removal of Tannin and Associated Color from Tannery Effluent using the Biomass and Tannin Acyl Hydrolase (E.C.3.1.1.20) Enzymes of Mango Industry Solid Waste Isolate Aspergillus candidus MTTC 9628. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/jm.2010.262.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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