1
|
Lee J, Nguyen S, Bhattacharya S. Optic nerve regeneration: Potential treatment approaches. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2024; 74:102428. [PMID: 38171063 PMCID: PMC10922496 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2023.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The optic nerve, predominantly constituted by the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), lacks the ability to regenerate and re-establish function after injury. RGCs are crucial for visual function, and thus, RGC death contributes to the development of numerous progressive neurodegenerative optic neuropathies including glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, and optic neuritis. Regenerating optic nerve axons poses numerous challenges due to factors such as the intricate and inhibitory conditions that exist within their environment, intrinsic breaks to regeneration, and the geometric tortuosity that offers physical hindrance to axon growth. However, recent research advancements offer hope for clinically meaningful regeneration for those who suffer from optic nerve damage. In this review, we highlight the current treatment approaches for optic nerve axon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Sherilyn Nguyen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sanjoy Bhattacharya
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine at University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Benowitz LI, Xie L, Yin Y. Inflammatory Mediators of Axon Regeneration in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15359. [PMID: 37895039 PMCID: PMC10607492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most pathways in the mature central nervous system cannot regenerate when injured, research beginning in the late 20th century has led to discoveries that may help reverse this situation. Here, we highlight research in recent years from our laboratory identifying oncomodulin (Ocm), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, and chemokine CCL5 as growth factors expressed by cells of the innate immune system that promote axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve and elsewhere in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We also review the role of ArmC10, a newly discovered Ocm receptor, in mediating many of these effects, and the synergy between inflammation-derived growth factors and complementary strategies to promote regeneration, including deleting genes encoding cell-intrinsic suppressors of axon growth, manipulating transcription factors that suppress or promote the expression of growth-related genes, and manipulating cell-extrinsic suppressors of axon growth. In some cases, combinatorial strategies have led to unprecedented levels of nerve regeneration. The identification of some similar mechanisms in human neurons offers hope that key discoveries made in animal models may eventually lead to treatments to improve outcomes after neurological damage in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry I. Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lili Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yuqin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (L.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Zhai Q, Gou X, Quan M, Li Y, Zhang X, Deng B, Tian Y, Wang Q, Hou L. Involvement of Paired Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor B in Cognitive Dysfunction Through Hippocampal-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity Impairments in Mice Subjected to Chronic Sleep Restriction. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1132-1149. [PMID: 36417104 PMCID: PMC9899186 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sleep loss is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. Alterations in the structure and function of synapses in the hippocampus are thought to underlie memory storage. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) plays a negative role in various neurological diseases by inhibiting axon regeneration and synaptic plasticity. However, the contributions of PirB to the mechanisms underlying the changes in synaptic plasticity after sleep loss that ultimately promote deficits in cognitive function have not been well elucidated. Here, we showed that chronic sleep restriction (CSR) mice displayed cognitive impairment and synaptic deficits accompanied by upregulation of PirB expression in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, PirB caused the dysregulation of actin through the RhoA/ROCK2/LIMK1/cofilin signalling pathway, leading to abnormal structural and functional plasticity, which in turn resulted in cognitive dysfunction. PirB knockdown alleviated synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment after CSR by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK2/LIMK1/cofilin signalling pathway. Moreover, we found that fasudil, a widely used ROCK2 inhibitor, could mimic the beneficial effect of PirB knockdown and ameliorate synaptic deficits and cognitive impairment, further demonstrating that PirB induced cognitive dysfunction after CSR via the RhoA/ROCK2/LIMK1/cofilin signalling pathway. Our study sheds new light on the role of PirB as an important mediator in modulating the dysfunction of synaptic plasticity and cognitive function via the RhoA/ROCK2/LIMK1/cofilin signalling pathway, which indicated that hippocampal PirB is a promising therapeutic target for counteracting cognitive impairment after CSR. This illustration depicts the signalling pathway by PirB in mediating cognitive impairment and synaptic deficits in CSR mice. In the hippocampus of CSR mice, the expression level of PirB was significantly increased. In addition, CSR increases RhoA and ROCK2 levels and reduces levels of both LIMK1 and cofilin phosphorylation. PirB knockdown reverses cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity disorders caused by CSR through the RhoA/ROCK2/LIMK1/cofilin signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 Fujian China ,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Haikou, 570000 Hainan China
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Minxue Quan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 Fujian China
| | - Yansong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, 710021 Shaanxi China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi China
| | - Yi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Haikou, 570000 Hainan China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710061 Shaanxi China
| | - Lichao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thomas NM, Nagrale P. Rho Kinase Inhibitors as a Neuroprotective Pharmacological Intervention for the Treatment of Glaucoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e28445. [PMID: 36176819 PMCID: PMC9512308 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, and its prevalence has led to research into treatment modalities for glaucoma to prevent the progression of the disease. The primary treatment for glaucoma that has been extensively used is ocular hypotensives to reduce raised intraocular pressure. This treatment has its drawbacks due to the existence of other variants of glaucoma, such as normal-tension glaucoma, where the intraocular pressure is measured to be within regular levels. Hence, there is a need for new treatment interventions which can deliver a better prognosis for glaucoma. Neuroprotection is a new concept studied recently, and neuroprotective agents are being developed for glaucoma therapy. Rho kinase inhibitors are one such neuroprotective agent, and the most recent addition to the class of ocular hypotensives, where they function by reducing raised intraocular pressure. Its neuroprotective capabilities, such as cell survival and axon regeneration, are yet to be determined in detail. This literature review article aims to look into the need for new treatments such as neuroprotection to prevent the progression of glaucoma and the efficacy of rho kinase inhibitors in the treatment of glaucoma, with particular emphasis on its neuroprotective abilities. It also aims to identify the limitations that can occur while approaching neuroprotective therapy, as well as how it can enable future treatment modalities. By exploring this field, blindness caused by progressive glaucoma can be halted and managed by glaucoma therapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brain Cholesterol Biosynthetic Pathway Is Altered in a Preclinical Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063408. [PMID: 35328827 PMCID: PMC8955806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of inherited X-linked pathology, associated with an intellectual and developmental disability, and currently considered the first monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Low levels of total cholesterol reported in the serum of FXS patients, and evidence that FMRP targets a subset of mRNAs encoding proteins of lipid synthesis and transport suggests that the cholesterol metabolism impairments could be involved in FXS. Thus, the aim of the presented work was to investigate the modulations of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and its end-products in a recently developed Fmr1-Δexon 8 rat model of FXS. Here, we show that this experimental model mimics what is found in FXS patients, exhibiting a lower serum cholesterol content, accompanied by a reduction in food intake and body weight compared to WT animals. Moreover, alterations of proteins committed to cholesterol synthesis and uptake have been observed in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Interestingly, the end-products show a brain region-dependent modulation in Fmr1-Δexon 8 rats. Overall, our results demonstrate that the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is altered in some brain regions of this preclinical model of FXS. This finding has relevance for future studies to delve deeper into the involvement of this metabolic process in FXS, and thus its possible role as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
|
6
|
Modeling axonal regeneration by changing cytoskeletal dynamics in stem cell-derived motor nerve organoids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2082. [PMID: 35136073 PMCID: PMC8827082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggers axon degeneration and cell death, leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Spinal motor nerves project very long axons, increasing the burden on axonal transport and metabolism. As such, spinal motor nerves are expected to be susceptible to oxidative stress, but model systems for visualizing and investigating acutely degenerating motor axons are limited. In this study, we establish motor nerve organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with properties similar to those of neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), a population of progenitor cells that comprise the caudal spinal cord. Three-dimensional differentiation of organoids efficiently gave rise to mature motor neurons within 18 days. Adherent organoids showed robust axon fascicles and active growth cones under normal conditions. In addition, more homogenous and efficient generation of motor neurons were achieved when organoids were dissociated into individual cells. Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress resulted in a broad range of signs of axon degeneration including the disappearance of growth cones and neurites, axon retraction, axon fragmentation and bleb formation, and apoptotic cell death, whose severity can be reliably quantifiable in our culture system. Remarkably, cytoskeletal drugs modulating actin or microtubule turnover differentially facilitated axon dynamics and increased axon regenerative potential. Taken together, our motor nerve organoid model could be potentially useful for drug screens evaluating the rearrangement of cytoskeletons in regenerating motor axons.
Collapse
|
7
|
Martín-Cámara O, Arribas M, Wells G, Morales-Tenorio M, Martín-Requero Á, Porras G, Martínez A, Giorgi G, López-Alvarado P, Lastres-Becker I, Menéndez JC. Multitarget Hybrid Fasudil Derivatives as a New Approach to the Potential Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1867-1882. [PMID: 34985276 PMCID: PMC9132363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid compounds containing structural fragments of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil and the NRF2 inducers caffeic and ferulic acids were designed with the aid of docking and molecular mechanics studies. Following the synthesis of the compounds using a peptide-coupling methodology, they were characterized for their ROCK2 inhibition, radical scavenging, effects on cell viability (MTT assay), and NRF2 induction (luciferase assay). One of the compounds (1d) was selected in view of its good multitarget profile and good tolerability. It was able to induce the NRF2 signature, promoting the expression of the antioxidant response enzymes HO-1 and NQO1, via a KEAP1-dependent mechanism. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels of the NRF2 pathway showed that 1d induced the NRF2 signature in control and SOD1-ALS lymphoblasts but not in sALS, where it was already increased in the basal state. These results show the therapeutic potential of this compound, especially for ALS patients with a SOD1 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olmo Martín-Cámara
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Arribas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Morales-Tenorio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Porras
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgio Giorgi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Alvarado
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lastres-Becker
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh A, Behl T, Sehgal A, Singh S, Sharma N, Mani V, Alsubayiel AM, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Exploring the therapeutic promise of targeting Rho kinase in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1641-1651. [PMID: 34704172 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent systemic autoimmune disease caused by dysregulated inflammatory reactions, T lymphocyte invasion into the joints, and articular thickening. Immune cells, primarily tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokines (interleukin or IL-1), which are predominantly generated by activated macrophages cells, have also been involved with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rho GTPases are integral factors of biochemical cascades utilized by antigens, and also by cellular receptors, cytokines, and chemokines, to modulate inflammatory reactions, according to growing data. The Rho family is a group of G proteins that govern a variety of biological and physiological activities such as mobility, actin stress fiber production, growth, and polarity. Research suggests that the Rho A and Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) regulatory cascade could be essential in several autoimmune conditions, including RA. ROCK is activated in the synovial of rheumatoid arthritis patients, while the blocking of ROCK with fasudil could also decrease IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1. This review covers current developments in understanding the overactivation of Rho enzyme activity in RA suppressed by ROCK inhibitors which can be utilized for the treatment of autoimmune disease. We offer an outline of the function of ROCK inhibitors in immune cells and discuss findings which emphasize the rising participation of this category of kinases within the pathological process of autoimmune disorders. Assuming the potential ability of ROCK as a therapeutic, we define approaches that might be used to inhibit Rho kinase activity in rheumatoid disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Alsubayiel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman.,School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ribas VT, Vahsen BF, Tatenhorst L, Estrada V, Dambeck V, Almeida RA, Bähr M, Michel U, Koch JC, Müller HW, Lingor P. AAV-mediated inhibition of ULK1 promotes axonal regeneration in the central nervous system in vitro and in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:213. [PMID: 33637688 PMCID: PMC7910615 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Axonal damage is an early step in traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Damaged axons are not able to regenerate sufficiently in the adult mammalian CNS, leading to permanent neurological deficits. Recently, we showed that inhibition of the autophagic protein ULK1 promotes neuroprotection in different models of neurodegeneration. Moreover, we demonstrated previously that axonal protection improves regeneration of lesioned axons. However, whether axonal protection mediated by ULK1 inhibition could also improve axonal regeneration is unknown. Here, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express a dominant-negative form of ULK1 (AAV.ULK1.DN) and investigated its effects on axonal regeneration in the CNS. We show that AAV.ULK1.DN fosters axonal regeneration and enhances neurite outgrowth in vitro. In addition, AAV.ULK1.DN increases neuronal survival and enhances axonal regeneration after optic nerve lesion, and promotes long-term axonal protection after spinal cord injury (SCI) in vivo. Interestingly, AAV.ULK1.DN also increases serotonergic and dopaminergic axon sprouting after SCI. Mechanistically, AAV.ULK1.DN leads to increased ERK1 activation and reduced expression of RhoA and ROCK2. Our findings outline ULK1 as a key regulator of axonal degeneration and regeneration, and define ULK1 as a promising target to promote neuroprotection and regeneration in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Björn Friedhelm Vahsen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Veronica Estrada
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raquel Alves Almeida
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Center Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Rechts der Isar Hospital of the Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wong L, Chong YS, Lin W, Kisiswa L, Sim E, Ibáñez CF, Sajikumar S. Age-related changes in hippocampal-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory mediated by p75 neurotrophin receptor. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13305. [PMID: 33448137 PMCID: PMC7884039 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasticity mechanisms in the nervous system that are important for learning and memory are greatly impacted during aging. Notably, hippocampal-dependent long-term plasticity and its associative plasticity, such as synaptic tagging and capture (STC), show considerable age-related decline. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR ) is a negative regulator of structural and functional plasticity in the brain and thus represents a potential candidate to mediate age-related alterations. However, the mechanisms by which p75NTR affects synaptic plasticity of aged neuronal networks and ultimately contribute to deficits in cognitive function have not been well characterized. Here, we report that mutant mice lacking the p75NTR were resistant to age-associated changes in long-term plasticity, associative plasticity, and associative memory. Our study shows that p75NTR is responsible for age-dependent disruption of hippocampal homeostatic plasticity by modulating several signaling pathways, including BDNF, MAPK, Arc, and RhoA-ROCK2-LIMK1-cofilin. p75NTR may thus represent an important therapeutic target for limiting the age-related memory and cognitive function deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lik‐Wei Wong
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research ProgrammeYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Yee Song Chong
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Lilian Kisiswa
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Eunice Sim
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Carlos F. Ibáñez
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of PhysiologyNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology ProgrammeNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research ProgrammeYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Saal KA, Warth Pérez Arias C, Roser AE, Christoph Koch J, Bähr M, Rizzoli SO, Lingor P. Rho-kinase inhibition by fasudil modulates pre-synaptic vesicle dynamics. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1052-1068. [PMID: 33341946 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is an attractive therapeutic target in neurodegeneration since it has been linked to the prevention of neuronal death and neurite regeneration. The isoquinoline derivative fasudil is a potent ROCK inhibitor, which is already approved for chronic clinical treatment in humans. However, the effects of chronic fasudil treatments on neuronal function are still unknown. We analyzed here chronic fasudil treatment in primary rat hippocampal cultures. Neurons were stimulated with 20 Hz field stimulation and we investigated pre-synaptic mechanisms and parameters regulating synaptic transmission after fasudil treatment by super resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, live-cell fluorescence imaging, and western blotting. Fasudil did not affect basic synaptic function or the amount of several synaptic proteins, but it altered the chronic dynamics of the synaptic vesicles. Fasudil reduced the proportion of the actively recycling vesicles, and shortened the vesicle lifetime, resulting overall in a reduction of the synaptic response upon stimulation. We conclude that fasudil does not alter synaptic structure, accelerates vesicle turnover, and decreases the number of released vesicles. This broadens the known spectrum of effects of this drug, and suggests new potential clinical uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ann Saal
- Department of Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carmina Warth Pérez Arias
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Elisa Roser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Christoph Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Department of Neurophysiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Rechts der Isar Hospital of the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Agbaegbu Iweka C, Hussein RK, Yu P, Katagiri Y, Geller HM. The lipid phosphatase-like protein PLPPR1 associates with RhoGDI1 to modulate RhoA activation in response to axon growth inhibitory molecules. J Neurochem 2021; 157:494-507. [PMID: 33320336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid Phosphatase-Related Protein Type 1 (PLPPR1) is a member of a family of lipid phosphatase related proteins, integral membrane proteins characterized by six transmembrane domains. This family of proteins is enriched in the brain and recent data indicate potential pleiotropic functions in several different contexts. An inherent ability of this family of proteins is to induce morphological changes, and we have previously reported that members of this family interact with each other and may function co-operatively. However, the function of PLPPR1 is not yet understood. Here we show that the expression of PLPPR1 reduces the inhibition of neurite outgrowth of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and the retraction of neurites of Neuro-2a cells by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Further, we show that PLPPR1 reduces the activation of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) by LPA in Neuro-2a cells, and that this is because of an association of PLPPR1with the Rho-specific guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (RhoGDI1). These results establish a novel signaling pathway for the PLPPR1 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yasuhiro Katagiri
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu YT, Zhang Q, Xie HY, Yu KW, Xu GJ, Li SY, Wu Y. Environmental enrichment combined with fasudil promotes motor function recovery and axonal regeneration after stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2512-2520. [PMID: 33907042 PMCID: PMC8374579 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasudil, a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, has a protective effect on the central nervous system. In addition, environmental enrichment is a promising technique for inducing the recovery of motor impairments in ischemic stroke models. The present study aimed to explore whether environmental enrichment combined with fasudil can facilitate motor function recovery and induce cortical axonal regeneration after stroke. First, a mouse model of ischemic cerebral stroke was established by photochemical embolization of the left sensorimotor cortex. Fasudil solution (10 mg/kg per day) was injected intraperitoneally for 21 days after the photothrombotic stroke. An environmental enrichment intervention was performed on days 7–21 after the photothrombotic stroke. The results revealed that environmental enrichment combined with fasudil improved motor function, increased growth-associated protein 43 expression in the infarcted cerebral cortex, promoted axonal regeneration on the contralateral side, and downregulated ROCK, p-LIM domain kinase (LIMK)1, and p-cofilin expression. The combined intervention was superior to monotherapy. These findings suggest that environmental enrichment combined with fasudil treatment promotes motor recovery after stroke, at least partly by stimulating axonal regeneration. The underlying mechanism might involve ROCK/LIMK1/cofilin pathway regulation. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University, China (approval No. 20160858A232) on February 24, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Wei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao-Jing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Yue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bicker G, Stern M. Structural and Functional Plasticity in the Regenerating Olfactory System of the Migratory Locust. Front Physiol 2020; 11:608661. [PMID: 33424632 PMCID: PMC7793960 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration after injury is accompanied by transient and lasting changes in the neuroarchitecture of the nervous system and, thus, a form of structural plasticity. In this review, we introduce the olfactory pathway of a particular insect as a convenient model to visualize neural regeneration at an anatomical level and study functional recovery at an electrophysiological level. The olfactory pathway of the locust (Locusta migratoria) is characterized by a multiglomerular innervation of the antennal lobe by olfactory receptor neurons. These olfactory afferents were axotomized by crushing the base of the antenna. The resulting degeneration and regeneration in the antennal lobe could be quantified by size measurements, dye labeling, and immunofluorescence staining of cell surface proteins implicated in axonal guidance during development. Within 3 days post lesion, the antennal lobe volume was reduced by 30% and from then onward regained size back to normal by 2 weeks post injury. The majority of regenerating olfactory receptor axons reinnervated the glomeruli of the antennal lobe. A few regenerating axons project erroneously into the mushroom body on a pathway that is normally chosen by second-order projection neurons. Based on intracellular responses of antennal lobe output neurons to odor stimulation, regenerated fibers establish functional synapses again. Following complete absence after nerve crush, responses to odor stimuli return to control level within 10–14 days. On average, regeneration of afferents, and re-established synaptic connections appear faster in younger fifth instar nymphs than in adults. The initial degeneration of olfactory receptor axons has a trans-synaptic effect on a second order brain center, leading to a transient size reduction of the mushroom body calyx. Odor-evoked oscillating field potentials, absent after nerve crush, were restored in the calyx, indicative of regenerative processes in the network architecture. We conclude that axonal regeneration in the locust olfactory system appears to be possible, precise, and fast, opening an avenue for future mechanistic studies. As a perspective of biomedical importance, the current evidence for nitric oxide/cGMP signaling as positive regulator of axon regeneration in connectives of the ventral nerve cord is considered in light of particular regeneration studies in vertebrate central nervous systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Bicker
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Stern
- Division of Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumari N, Karmakar A, Chakrabarti S, Ganesan SK. Integrative Computational Approach Revealed Crucial Genes Associated With Different Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Genet 2020; 11:576442. [PMID: 33304382 PMCID: PMC7693709 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.576442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the legacy effect associated with it has raised a great concern toward the need to find early diagnostic and treatment strategies. Identifying alterations in genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) is one of the most critical steps toward understanding the mechanisms by which a disease progresses, and this can be further used in finding potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and treatment methods. We selected different datasets to identify altered genes and miRNAs. The integrative analysis was employed to find potential candidate genes (differentially expressed and aberrantly methylated genes that are also the target of altered miRNAs) and early genes (genes showing altered expression and methylation pattern during early stage of DR) for DR. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to find hub genes (potential candidate genes showing a greater number of interactions) and modules. Gene ontologies and pathways associated with the identified genes were analyzed to determine their role in DR progression. A total of 271 upregulated-hypomethylated genes, 84 downregulated-hypermethylated genes, 11 upregulated miRNA, and 30 downregulated miRNA specific to DR were identified. 40 potential candidate genes and 9 early genes were also identified. PPI network analysis revealed 7 hub genes (number of interactions >5) and 1 module (score = 5.67). Gene ontology and pathway analysis predicted enrichment of genes in oxidoreductase activity, binding to extracellular matrix, immune responses, leukocyte migration, cell adhesion, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ECM receptor interaction, etc., and thus their association with DR pathogenesis. In conclusion, we identified 7 hub genes and 9 early genes that could act as a potential prognostic, diagnostic, or therapeutic target for DR, and a few early genes could also play a role in metabolic memory phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aditi Karmakar
- Department of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Department of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Ganesan
- Department of Structural Biology & Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Topical ripasudil stimulates neuroprotection and axon regeneration in adult mice following optic nerve injury. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15709. [PMID: 32973242 PMCID: PMC7515881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic nerve injury induces optic nerve degeneration and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death that lead to visual disturbance. In this study, we examined if topical ripasudil has therapeutic potential in adult mice after optic nerve crush (ONC). Topical ripasudil suppressed ONC-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and ameliorated RGC death. In addition, topical ripasudil significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 and cofilin, and promoted optic nerve regeneration. These results suggest that topical ripasudil promotes RGC protection and optic nerve regeneration by modulating multiple signaling pathways associated with neural cell death, microtubule assembly and actin polymerization.
Collapse
|
17
|
Protective Effects of Intravitreal Injection of the Rho-Kinase Inhibitor Y-27632 in a Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rAION). J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:1485425. [PMID: 32724667 PMCID: PMC7366220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1485425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We sought to explore the effects of intravitreal injection of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION). Methods The rAION model was established by using laser-induced photoactivation of intravenously administered Rose Bengal in rats. The rats received intravitreal injections of Y-27632 or PBS 1, 3, and 6 days after rAION induction. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed at 2 days and 4 weeks after induction. Visual evoked potential (VEP) was used to evaluate the visual function at 4 weeks. Brn3a immunofluorescence staining of surviving RGCs and apoptosis assays of RGCs were performed at 4 weeks. Results Optic nerve head (ONH) width was significantly reduced in the Y-27632 group compared with that in the PBS group at 2 days after induction (p < 0.05). At 4 weeks, the P1 amplitude of flash-VEP (FVEP) in the Y-27632 group was significantly higher than that of the PBS group (p < 0.05). The RGC densities in the central and midperipheral retinas in the Y-27632 group were significantly higher than those in the PBS group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in apoptotic RGCs in the Y-27632 group than in the PBS group (p < 0.05). Conclusions Intravitreal injection of Y-27632 had neuroprotective effects on ONH edema, RGC survival, and visual function preservation in rAION.
Collapse
|
18
|
Scalzone A, Bonifacio MA, Cometa S, Cucinotta F, De Giglio E, Ferreira AM, Gentile P. pH-Triggered Adhesiveness and Cohesiveness of Chondroitin Sulfate-Catechol Biopolymer for Biomedical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:712. [PMID: 32695771 PMCID: PMC7336602 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature provides biomaterials that tend to be effective to control both their adhesive and cohesive properties. A catecholamine motif found in the marine mussels, the mytilus edulis foot protein, can play adhesiveness and cohesiveness. Particularly, acidic pH drives catechol (Cat) to have adhesive function, resulting in surface coating, while basic pH allows to enhance its cohesive properties, resulting in the formation of hydrogels. In this work, we demonstrated the usefulness of Cat-conjugated chondroitin sulfate (CS) as a platform for mesenchymal stem cell culture, utilizing the adhesive property of CS-Cat as coating for different substrates and the cohesive properties as hydrogel for cells encapsulation. To prepare the CS-Cat biopolymer, dopamine (DP) was coupled to the CS by carbodiimide coupling reaction and the Cat content was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy (4.8 ± 0.6%). To demonstrate the adhesive properties of the biopolymer, PLA, PCL, TiO2, and SiO2 substrates were immersed in CS-Cat solution (pH < 2). Following the coating, the surfaces became highly hydrophilic, exhibiting a contact angle less than 35°. Also, in the presence of an oxidizing agent at pH 8, CS-Cat solution immediately became a hydrogel, as shown by inverted-vial test. Finally, immortalized TERT human mesenchymal stem cells (Y201) confirmed the high cytocompatibility of the biopolymer. The CS-Cat coating significantly enabled the Y201 adhesion onto PLA substrates, while the prepared hydrogel demonstrated to be a suitable environment for the encapsulation of cells as suitable bioink for further bioprinting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Scalzone
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fabio Cucinotta
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elvira De Giglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ana M Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Piergiorgio Gentile
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maternal Dietary Exposure to Low-Dose Bisphenol A Affects Metabolic and Signaling Pathways in the Brain of Rat Fetuses. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051448. [PMID: 32429515 PMCID: PMC7285067 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound widely used for the production of polycarbonate plasticware and epoxy resins. BPA exposure is widespread and more than 90% of individuals have detectable amounts of the molecule in their body fluids, which originates primarily from diet. Here, we investigated whether prenatal exposure to BPA affects the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in rat brain fetuses, and whether potential effects are sex-dependent. The MVA pathway is important for brain development and function. Our results demonstrate that the fetal brain, exposed in utero to a very low dose of BPA (2.5 µg/kg/day), displayed altered MVA pathway activation, increased protein prenylation, and a decreased level of pro-BDNF. Interestingly, the BPA-induced effects on estrogen receptor α were sex-dependent. In conclusion, this work demonstrates intergenerational effects of BPA on the brain at very low doses. Our results reveal new targets for BPA-induced interference and underline the impacts of BPA on health.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hering TM, Beller JA, Calulot CM, Snow DM. Contributions of Chondroitin Sulfate, Keratan Sulfate and N-linked Oligosaccharides to Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Aggrecan. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020029. [PMID: 32059349 PMCID: PMC7168311 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteoglycans in the central nervous system (CNS) is a rapidly evolving field and has major implications in the field of CNS injury. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) increase in abundance following damage to the spinal cord and inhibit neurite outgrowth. Major advances in understanding the interaction between outgrowing neurites and CSPGs has created a need for more robust and quantitative analyses to further our understanding of this interaction. We report the use of a high-throughput assay to determine the effect of various post-translational modifications of aggrecan upon neurite outgrowth from NS-1 cells (a PC12 cell line derivative). Aggrecan contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and N-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans), each susceptible to removal through different enzymatic digestions. Using a sequential digestion approach, we found that chondroitin sulfate and N-glycans, but not keratan sulfate, contribute to inhibition of neurite outgrowth by substrate-bound aggrecan. For the first time, we have shown that N-linked oligosaccharides on aggrecan contribute to its inhibition of neuritogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Hering
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-288-1393
| | - Justin A. Beller
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Christopher M. Calulot
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Diane M. Snow
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.M.C.); (D.M.S.)
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Roig-Puiggros S, Vigouroux RJ, Beckman D, Bocai NI, Chiou B, Davimes J, Gomez G, Grassi S, Hoque A, Karikari TK, Kiffer F, Lopez M, Lunghi G, Mazengenya P, Meier S, Olguín-Albuerne M, Oliveira MM, Paraíso-Luna J, Pradhan J, Radiske A, Ramos-Hryb AB, Ribeiro MC, Schellino R, Selles MC, Singh S, Theotokis P, Chédotal A. Construction and reconstruction of brain circuits: normal and pathological axon guidance. J Neurochem 2019; 153:10-32. [PMID: 31630412 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Perception of our environment entirely depends on the close interaction between the central and peripheral nervous system. In order to communicate each other, both systems must develop in parallel and in coordination. During development, axonal projections from the CNS as well as the PNS must extend over large distances to reach their appropriate target cells. To do so, they read and follow a series of axon guidance molecules. Interestingly, while these molecules play critical roles in guiding developing axons, they have also been shown to be critical in other major neurodevelopmental processes, such as the migration of cortical progenitors. Currently, a major hurdle for brain repair after injury or neurodegeneration is the absence of axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS. By contrasts, PNS axons can regenerate. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this paradox but recent studies suggest that hacking neurodevelopmental mechanisms may be the key to promote CNS regeneration. Here we provide a seminar report written by trainees attending the second Flagship school held in Alpbach, Austria in September 2018 organized by the International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) together with the Journal of Neurochemistry (JCN). This advanced school has brought together leaders in the fields of neurodevelopment and regeneration in order to discuss major keystones and future challenges in these respective fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin J Vigouroux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nadia I Bocai
- Laboratory of Amyloidosis and Neurodegeneration, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Davimes
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gimena Gomez
- Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-CONICET-UBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas K Karikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Midlands Integrative Biosciences Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Frederico Kiffer
- Division of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Lopez
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicin, University of Milano, Segrate, Italy
| | - Pedzisai Mazengenya
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sonja Meier
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mauricio Olguín-Albuerne
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan Paraíso-Luna
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Health Research (IRYCIS), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and University Research Institute in Neurochemistry (IUIN), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonu Pradhan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andressa Radiske
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Belén Ramos-Hryb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mayara C Ribeiro
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Roberta Schellino
- Neuroscience Department "Rita Levi-Montalcini" and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Shripriya Singh
- System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pearson CS, Solano AG, Tilve SM, Mencio CP, Martin KR, Geller HM. Spatiotemporal distribution of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans after optic nerve injury in rodents. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107859. [PMID: 31705897 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the glial scar following acute damage to the central nervous system (CNS) limits the regeneration of injured axons. Given the rich diversity of CSPG core proteins and patterns of GAG sulfation, identifying the composition of these CSPGs is essential for understanding their roles in injury and repair. Differential expression of core proteins and sulfation patterns have been characterized in the brain and spinal cord of mice and rats, but a comprehensive study of these changes following optic nerve injury has not yet been performed. Here, we show that the composition of CSPGs in the optic nerve and retina following optic nerve crush (ONC) in mice and rats exhibits an increase in aggrecan, brevican, phosphacan, neurocan and versican, similar to changes following spinal cord injury. We also observe an increase in inhibitory 4-sulfated (4S) GAG chains, which suggests that the persistence of CSPGs in the glial scar opposes the growth of CNS axons, thereby contributing to the failure of regeneration and recovery of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Pearson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea G Solano
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharada M Tilve
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith R Martin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barros Ribeiro da Silva V, Porcionatto M, Toledo Ribas V. The Rise of Molecules Able To Regenerate the Central Nervous System. J Med Chem 2019; 63:490-511. [PMID: 31518122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the adult central nervous system (CNS) usually leads to permanent deficits of cognitive, sensory, and/or motor functions. The failure of axonal regeneration in the damaged CNS limits functional recovery. The lack of information concerning the biological mechanism of axonal regeneration and its complexity has delayed the process of drug discovery for many years compared to other drug classes. Starting in the early 2000s, the ability of many molecules to stimulate axonal regrowth was evaluated through automated screening techniques; many hits and some new mechanisms involved in axonal regeneration were identified. In this Perspective, we discuss the rise of the CNS regenerative drugs, the main biological techniques used to test these drug candidates, some of the most important screens performed so far, and the main challenges following the identification of a drug that is able to induce axonal regeneration in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Escola Paulista de Medicina, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Molecular, Departmento de Bioquímica , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - third floor, 04039-032 São Paulo , São Paolo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, room O3-245 , - Campus Pampulha, 31270-901 , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brockmann C, Corkhill C, Jaroslawska E, Dege S, Brockmann T, Kociok N, Joussen AM. Systemic Rho-kinase inhibition using fasudil in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:1699-1708. [PMID: 31152312 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of the selective Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, fasudil, on the mRNA level of proinflammatory factors and the retinal vascular development in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). METHODS C57BL/6J mice underwent standard protocol for OIR induction from postnatal days 7 to 12. Subsequently, they received a daily intraperitoneal injection of fasudil or sodium chloride from P12 to P16. Analyses were performed using vascular staining on retinal flat mounts, RNA expression by qPCR, and immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. RESULTS On retinal flat mounts, the proportion of avascular area and tuft formation did not differ between the fasudil and NaCl group. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a less intense staining with inflammatory markers after fasudil. Nevertheless, there were no differences on RNA level between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our findings support that daily systemic application of fasudil does not decrease retinal neovascularization in rodents with oxygen-induced retinopathy. The results of our study together with the controversial results on the effects of different ROCK inhibitors from the literature makes it apparent that effects of ROCK inhibition are more complex, and further studies are necessary to analyze its potential therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brockmann
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Caitlin Corkhill
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Jaroslawska
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sabrina Dege
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Brockmann
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kociok
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz, 113353, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wong LW, Tann JY, Ibanez CF, Sajikumar S. The p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Is an Essential Mediator of Impairments in Hippocampal-Dependent Associative Plasticity and Memory Induced by Sleep Deprivation. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5452-5465. [PMID: 31085607 PMCID: PMC6616296 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2876-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) interferes with hippocampal structural and functional plasticity, formation of long-term memory and cognitive function. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Here, we show that SD impaired synaptic tagging and capture and behavioral tagging, two major mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Strikingly, mutant male mice lacking the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) were resistant to the detrimental effects of SD on hippocampal plasticity at both cellular and behavioral levels. Mechanistically, SD increased p75NTR expression and its interaction with phosphodiesterase. p75NTR deletion preserved hippocampal structural and functional plasticity by preventing SD-mediated effects on hippocampal cAMP-CREB-BDNF, cAMP-PKA-LIMK1-cofilin, and RhoA-ROCK2 pathways. Our study identifies p75NTR as an important mediator of hippocampal structural and functional changes associated with SD, and suggests that targeting p75NTR could be a promising strategy to limit the memory and cognitive deficits that accompany sleep loss.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The lack of sufficient sleep is a major health concern in today's world. Sleep deprivation (SD) affects cognitive functions such as memory. We have investigated how associative memory mechanisms, synaptic tagging and capture (STC), was impaired in SD mice at cellular and behavioral level. Interestingly, mutant male mice that lacked the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) were seen to be resistant to the SD-induced impairments in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and STC. Additionally, we elucidated the molecular pathways responsible for this rescue of plasticity in the mutant mice. Our study has thus identified p75NTR as a promising target to limit the cognitive deficits associated with SD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lik-Wei Wong
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, and
| | - Jason Y Tann
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, and
| | - Carlos F Ibanez
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, and
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm S-17177, Sweden
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore,
- Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, and
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fracassi A, Marangoni M, Rosso P, Pallottini V, Fioramonti M, Siteni S, Segatto M. Statins and the Brain: More than Lipid Lowering Agents? Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:59-83. [PMID: 28676012 PMCID: PMC6341496 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170703101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Statins represent a class of medications widely prescribed to efficiently treat dyslipidemia. These drugs inhibit 3-βhydroxy 3β-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), the rate-limiting enzyme of mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Besides cholesterol, MVA pathway leads to the production of several other compounds, which are essen-tial in the regulation of a plethora of biological activities, including in the central nervous system. For these reasons, statins are able to induce pleiotropic actions, and acquire increased interest as potential and novel modulators in brain processes, es-pecially during pathological conditions. Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize and examine the current knowledge about pharmacokinetic and phar-macodynamic properties of statins in the brain. In addition, effects of statin on brain diseases are discussed providing the most up-to-date information. Methods: Relevant scientific information was identified from PubMed database using the following keywords: statins and brain, central nervous system, neurological diseases, neurodegeneration, brain tumors, mood, stroke. Results: 315 scientific articles were selected and analyzed for the writing of this review article. Several papers highlighted that statin treatment is effective in preventing or ameliorating the symptomatology of a number of brain pathologies. Howev-er, other studies failed to demonstrate a neuroprotective effect. Conclusion: Even though considerable research studies suggest pivotal functional outcomes induced by statin therapy, addi-tional investigation is required to better determine the pharmacological effectiveness of statins in the brain, and support their clinical use in the management of different neuropathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fracassi
- Department of Science, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Pamela Rosso
- Department of Science, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy.,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Silvia Siteni
- Department of Science, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Italy
| | - Marco Segatto
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lingor P, Weber M, Camu W, Friede T, Hilgers R, Leha A, Neuwirth C, Günther R, Benatar M, Kuzma-Kozakiewicz M, Bidner H, Blankenstein C, Frontini R, Ludolph A, Koch JC. ROCK-ALS: Protocol for a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Phase IIa Trial of Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of the Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitor Fasudil in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:293. [PMID: 30972018 PMCID: PMC6446974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Disease-modifying therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still not satisfactory. The Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor fasudil has demonstrated beneficial effects in cell culture and animal models of ALS. For many years, fasudil has been approved in Japan for the treatment of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage with a favorable safety profile. Here we describe a clinical trial protocol to repurpose fasudil as a disease-modifying therapy for ALS patients. Methods: ROCK-ALS is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of fasudil in ALS patients (EudraCT: 2017-003676-31, NCT: 03792490). Safety and tolerability are the primary endpoints. Efficacy is a secondary endpoint and will be assessed by the change in ALSFRS-R, ALSAQ-5, slow vital capacity (SVC), ECAS, and the motor unit number index (MUNIX), as well as survival. Efficacy measures will be assessed before (baseline) and immediately after the infusion therapy as well as on days 90 and 180. Patients will receive a daily dose of either 30 or 60 mg fasudil, or placebo in two intravenous applications for a total of 20 days. Regular assessments of safety will be performed throughout the treatment period, and in the follow-up period until day 180. Additionally, we will collect biological fluids to assess target engagement and evaluate potential biomarkers for disease progression. A total of 120 patients with probable or definite ALS (revised El Escorial criteria) and within 6-18 months of the onset of weakness shall be included in 16 centers in Germany, Switzerland and France. Results and conclusions: The ROCK-ALS trial is a phase IIa trial to evaluate the ROCK-inhibitor fasudil in early-stage ALS-patients that started patient recruitment in 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St., Gallen, Switzerland
| | - William Camu
- Reference Center for ALS and Other Rare Motoneuron Disorders, University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hilgers
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leha
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Neuwirth
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St., Gallen, Switzerland
| | - René Günther
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Helen Bidner
- Münchner Studienzentrum, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Frontini
- Pharmacy at the University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan C. Koch
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tseng YT, Lin WJ, Chang WH, Lo YC. The novel protective effects of loganin against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced neurotoxicity: Enhancement of neurotrophic signaling, activation of IGF-1R/GLP-1R, and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway. Phytother Res 2018; 33:690-701. [PMID: 30556245 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loganin, a major iridoid glycoside obtained from fruits of Cornus officinalis, possesses anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, and osteoporosis prevention effects. Loganin has been linked to neuroprotection in several models of neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of loganin are still mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrated the protective effects of loganin against PD mimetic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+ ) and the important roles of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the neuroprotective mechanisms of loganin. In primary mesencephalic neuronal cultures treated with or without MPP+ , loganin up-regulated expressions of neurotrophic signals including IGF-1R, GLP-1R, p-Akt, BDNF, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Loganin protected against MPP+ -induced apoptosis by up-regulating antiapoptotic protein and down-regulating proapoptotic protein. Moreover, loganin attenuated MPP+ -induced neurite damage via up-regulation of GAP43 and down-regulation of membrane-RhoA/ROCK2/p-LIMK/p-cofilin. Loganin also attenuated MPP+ -induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, both AG1024, an IGF-1R antagonist, and exendin 9-39, a GLP-1R antagonist, attenuated the protective effects of loganin on MPP+ -induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, neurite length decrease, and ROS production. Our results suggest that loganin attenuates MPP+ -induced apoptotic death, neurite damage, and oxidative stress through enhancement of neurotrophic signaling, activation of IGF-1R/GLP-1R, and inhibition of RhoA/ROCK pathway, providing the evidence that loganin possesses novel neuroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li H, Zhou X, Ye H, Sun X, Zhang P. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Several Fasudil Analogues. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyong Zhou
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Ye
- R&D of Danfoss (Tianjin) Ltd. Tianjin 301700 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Sun
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- College of Food Science and BioengineeringTianjin Agricultural University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Goncalves K, Przyborski S. The utility of stem cells for neural regeneration. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818818071. [PMID: 32166173 PMCID: PMC7058206 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818818071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells in biomedical research is an extremely active area of science. This is because they provide tools that can be used both in vivo and vitro to either replace cells lost in degenerative processes, or to model such diseases to elucidate their underlying mechanisms. This review aims to discuss the use of stem cells in terms of providing regeneration within the nervous system, which is particularly important as neurons of the central nervous system lack the ability to inherently regenerate and repair lost connections. As populations are ageing, incidence of neurodegenerative diseases are increasing, highlighting the need to better understand the regenerative capacity and many uses of stem cells in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Reprocell Europe, Sedgefield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Harbom LJ, Rudisill TL, Michel N, Litwa KA, Beenhakker MP, McConnell MJ. The effect of rho kinase inhibition on morphological and electrophysiological maturity in iPSC-derived neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:641-654. [PMID: 30406823 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons permit the study of neurogenesis and neurological disease in a human setting. However, the electrophysiological properties of iPSC-derived neurons are consistent with those observed in immature cortical neurons, including a high membrane resistance depolarized resting membrane potential and immature firing properties, limiting their use in modeling neuronal activity in adult cells. Based on the proven association between inhibiting rho kinase (ROCK) and increased neurite complexity, we seek to determine if short-term ROCK inhibition during the first 1-2 weeks of differentiation would increase morphological complexity and electrophysiological maturity after several weeks of differentiation. While inhibiting ROCK resulted in increased neurite formation after 24 h, this effect did not persist at 3 and 6 weeks of age. Additionally, there was no effect of ROCK inhibition on electrophysiological properties at 2-3, 6, or 12 weeks of age, despite an increase in evoked and spontaneous firing and a more hyperpolarized resting membrane potential over time. These results indicate that while there is a clear effect of time on electrophysiological maturity, ROCK inhibition did not accelerate maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise J Harbom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, Centers for Brain Immunology and Glia, Public Health Genomics, and Children's Health Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Taylor L Rudisill
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Nadine Michel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, Centers for Brain Immunology and Glia, Public Health Genomics, and Children's Health Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Karen A Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Mark P Beenhakker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Michael J McConnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience, Centers for Brain Immunology and Glia, Public Health Genomics, and Children's Health Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hobson AD, Judge RA, Aguirre AL, Brown BS, Cui Y, Ding P, Dominguez E, DiGiammarino E, Egan DA, Freiberg GM, Gopalakrishnan SM, Harris CM, Honore MP, Kage KL, Kapecki NJ, Ling C, Ma J, Mack H, Mamo M, Maurus S, McRae B, Moore NS, Mueller BK, Mueller R, Namovic MT, Patel K, Pratt SD, Putman CB, Queeney KL, Sarris KK, Schaffter LM, Stoll V, Vasudevan A, Wang L, Wang L, Wirthl W, Yach K. Identification of Selective Dual ROCK1 and ROCK2 Inhibitors Using Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11074-11100. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D. Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Russell A. Judge
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ana L. Aguirre
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Brian S. Brown
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yifang Cui
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ping Ding
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Eric Dominguez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Enrico DiGiammarino
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David A. Egan
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Gail M. Freiberg
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | | | - Christopher M. Harris
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Marie P. Honore
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Karen L. Kage
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nicolas J. Kapecki
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Christopher Ling
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Junli Ma
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Helmut Mack
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mulugeta Mamo
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stefan Maurus
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bradford McRae
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Nigel S. Moore
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bernhard K. Mueller
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Reinhold Mueller
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse 50, 67061, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Marian T. Namovic
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaushal Patel
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steve D. Pratt
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - C. Brent Putman
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kara L. Queeney
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kathy K. Sarris
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lisa M. Schaffter
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Vincent Stoll
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Anil Vasudevan
- AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - William Wirthl
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Kimberly Yach
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 381 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Biochemical re-programming of human dermal stem cells to neurons by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1048-1061. [PMID: 30154448 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are generally believed to contain a small number of mitochondria, thus accounting for their glycolytic phenotype. We demonstrate here, however, that despite an indispensable glucose dependency, human dermal stem cells (hDSCs) contain very numerous mitochondria. Interestingly, these stem cells segregate into two distinct subpopulations. One exhibits high, the other low-mitochondrial membrane potentials (Δψm). We have made the same observations with mouse neural stem cells (mNSCs) which serve here as a complementary model to hDSCs. Strikingly, pharmacologic inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) increased the overall Δψm, decreased the dependency on glycolysis and led to formation of TUJ1 positive, electrophysiologically functional neuron-like cells in both mNSCs and hDSCs, even in the absence of any neuronal growth factors. Furthermore, of the two, it was the Δψm-high subpopulation which produced more mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and showed an enhanced neuronal differentiation capacity as compared to the Δψm-low subpopulation. These data suggest that the Δψm-low stem cells may function as the dormant stem cell population to sustain future neuronal differentiation by avoiding excessive ROS production. Thus, chemical modulation of PI3K activity, switching the metabotype of hDSCs to neurons, may have potential as an autologous transplantation strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
34
|
Guiding Lights in Genome Editing for Inherited Retinal Disorders: Implications for Gene and Cell Therapy. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5056279. [PMID: 29853845 PMCID: PMC5964415 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5056279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a leading cause of visual impairment in the developing world. These conditions present an irreversible dysfunction or loss of neural retinal cells, which significantly impacts quality of life. Due to the anatomical accessibility and immunoprivileged status of the eye, ophthalmological research has been at the forefront of innovative and advanced gene- and cell-based therapies, both of which represent great potential as therapeutic treatments for IRD patients. However, due to a genetic and clinical heterogeneity, certain IRDs are not candidates for these approaches. New advances in the field of genome editing using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) have provided an accurate and efficient way to edit the human genome and represent an appealing alternative for treating IRDs. We provide a brief update on current gene augmentation therapies for retinal dystrophies. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in the field of genome editing and stem cell technologies, which together enable precise and personalized therapies for patients. Lastly, we highlight current technological limitations and barriers that need to be overcome before this technology can become a viable treatment option for patients.
Collapse
|
35
|
Li HJ, Sun ZL, Yang XT, Zhu L, Feng DF. Exploring Optic Nerve Axon Regeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:861-873. [PMID: 28029073 PMCID: PMC5652030 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161227150250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic optic nerve injury is a leading cause of irreversible blindness across the world and causes progressive visual impairment attributed to the dysfunction and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To date, neither pharmacological nor surgical interventions are sufficient to halt or reverse the progress of visual loss. Axon regeneration is critical for functional recovery of vision following optic nerve injury. After optic nerve injury, RGC axons usually fail to regrow and die, leading to the death of the RGCs and subsequently inducing the functional loss of vision. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury remain poorly understood. Methods: Research content related to the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying axon regeneration after optic nerve injury have been reviewed. Results: The present review provides an overview of regarding potential strategies for axonal regeneration of RGCs and optic nerve repair, focusing on the role of cytokines and their downstream signaling pathways involved in intrinsic growth program and the inhibitory environment together with axon guidance cues for correct axon guidance. A more complete understanding of the factors limiting axonal regeneration will provide a rational basis, which contributes to develop improved treatments for optic nerve regeneration. These findings are encouraging and open the possibility that clinically meaningful regeneration may become achievable in the future. Conclusion: Combination of treatments towards overcoming growth-inhibitory molecules and enhancing intrinsic growth capacity combined with correct guidance using axon guidance cues is crucial for developing promising therapies to promote axon regeneration and functional recovery after ON injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, No.9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verónica Donoso M, Hernández F, Villalón T, Acuña-Castillo C, Pablo Huidobro-Toro J. Pharmacological dissection of the cellular mechanisms associated to the spontaneous and the mechanically stimulated ATP release by mesentery endothelial cells: roles of thrombin and TRPV. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:121-139. [PMID: 29349673 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells participate in extracellular ATP release elicited by mechanosensors. To characterize the dynamic interactions between mechanical and chemical factors that modulate ATP secretion by the endothelium, we assessed and compared the mechanisms participating in the spontaneous (basal) and mechanically stimulated secretion using primary cultures of rat mesentery endothelial cells. ATP/metabolites were determined in the cell media prior to (basal) and after cell media displacement or a picospritzer buffer puff used as mechanical stimuli. Mechanical stimulation increased extracellular ATP that peaked within 1 min, and decayed to basal values in 10 min. Interruption of the vesicular transport route consistently blocked the spontaneous ATP secretion. Cells maintained in media lacking external Ca2+ elicited a spontaneous rise of extracellular ATP and adenosine, but failed to elicit a further extracellular ATP secretion following mechanical stimulation. 2-APB, a TRPV agonist, increased the spontaneous ATP secretion, but reduced the mechanical stimulation-induced nucleotide release. Pannexin1 or connexin blockers and gadolinium, a Piezo1 blocker, reduced the mechanically induced ATP release without altering spontaneous nucleotide levels. Moreover, thrombin or related agonists increased extracellular ATP secretion elicited by mechanical stimulation, without modifying spontaneous release. In sum, present results allow inferring that the spontaneous, extracellular nucleotide secretion is essentially mediated by ATP containing vesicles, while the mechanically induced secretion occurs essentially by connexin or pannexin1 hemichannel ATP transport, a finding fully supported by results from Panx1-/- rodents. Only the latter component is modulated by thrombin and related receptor agonists, highlighting a novel endothelium-smooth muscle signaling role of this anticoagulant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Verónica Donoso
- Centro Desarrollo de NanoCiencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA y Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Alameda Lib. B. O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Hernández
- Centro Desarrollo de NanoCiencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA y Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Alameda Lib. B. O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tania Villalón
- Centro Desarrollo de NanoCiencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA y Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Alameda Lib. B. O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro Desarrollo de NanoCiencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA y Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Alameda Lib. B. O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Pablo Huidobro-Toro
- Centro Desarrollo de NanoCiencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA y Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Alameda Lib. B. O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
A Ser75-to-Asp phospho-mimicking mutation in Src accelerates ageing-related loss of retinal ganglion cells in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16779. [PMID: 29196663 PMCID: PMC5711949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Src knockout mice show no detectable abnormalities in central nervous system (CNS) post-mitotic neurons, likely reflecting functional compensation by other Src family kinases. Cdk1- or Cdk5-dependent Ser75 phosphorylation in the amino-terminal Unique domain of Src, which shares no homology with other Src family kinases, regulates the stability of active Src. To clarify the roles of Src Ser75 phosphorylation in CNS neurons, we established two types of mutant mice with mutations in Src: phospho-mimicking Ser75Asp (SD) and non-phosphorylatable Ser75Ala (SA). In ageing SD/SD mice, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number in whole retinas was significantly lower than that in young SD/SD mice in the absence of inflammation and elevated intraocular pressure, resembling the pathogenesis of progressive optic neuropathy. By contrast, SA/SA mice and wild-type (WT) mice exhibited no age-related RGC loss. The age-related retinal RGC number reduction was greater in the peripheral rather than the mid-peripheral region of the retina in SD/SD mice. Furthermore, Rho-associated kinase activity in whole retinas of ageing SD/SD mice was significantly higher than that in young SD/SD mice. These results suggest that Src regulates RGC survival during ageing in a manner that depends on Ser75 phosphorylation.
Collapse
|
38
|
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Modulates CNTF-Induced Axonal Growth and Neuroprotection in the Mouse Visual System. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6818970. [PMID: 29234527 PMCID: PMC5694992 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6818970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of axonal regeneration and neuronal cell death causes permanent neurological deficits in the injured CNS. Using the classical CNS injury model of optic nerve crush in mice, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was found to stimulate retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axonal growth, but in an incomplete fashion. The elucidation of molecular mechanisms impairing CNTF-induced axonal regeneration is paramount to promote visual recovery. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the contribution of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) to the neuroprotective and regenerative effects of CNTF. The transduction of retinal cells with adeno-associated viruses (AAV) allowed to activate CNTF/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) signaling and to modulate S1PR1 expression in RGCs. Our results showed that CNTF/Stat3 prevented injury-induced S1PR1 downregulation. Silencing S1PR1 in RGCs significantly enhanced CNTF-induced axonal growth in the injured optic nerve. In contrast, RGC survival was markedly decreased when S1PR1 was repressed with viral vectors. The level of phosphorylated Stat3 (P-Stat3), an intracellular mediator of CNTF, did not fluctuate after S1PR1 inhibition and CNTF stimulation. Collectively, these results suggest that S1PR1 acts as a major regulator of retinal neuron survival and restricts the RGC growth response induced by CNTF.
Collapse
|
39
|
Nourinia R, Nakao S, Zandi S, Safi S, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Ahmadieh H. ROCK inhibitors for the treatment of ocular diseases. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:bjophthalmol-2017-310378. [PMID: 28794073 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-kinase/ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase) pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple ocular and systemic disorders. Recently, ROCK inhibitors have been suggested as novel treatments for various ocular diseases. Several in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of ROCK inhibitors in the management of ocular disorders such as corneal epithelial and endothelial damage, glaucoma, retinal and choroidal neovascularisation, diabetic macular oedema and optic nerve disorders. In this review, these studies are explored with focus on the relevant clinical investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nourinia
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Souska Zandi
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Swiss Eye Institute and Clinic for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Berner Augenklinik am Lindenhofspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sare Safi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hafezi-Moghadam
- Center for Excellence in Functional and Molecular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
He R, Han W, Song X, Tang X, Cheng L, Jiang L. Effect of fasudil on cognitive function following status convulsion in rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:119-126. [PMID: 28534935 PMCID: PMC5482154 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasudil has been demonstrated to possess a protective effect in neural injury; however, its protective effect on convulsive brain injury remains to be assessed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the latent mechanism and effect of fasudil on cognitive function following status convulsion (SC) in rats. Initially, to determine the effects of SC, the expression levels of Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway-associated proteins were measured by western blot analysis in 16 rats. To investigate the effects of fasudil on cognitive function in SC rats, a further 40 rats were assigned to four groups: Group I (healthy untreated rats), group II (healthy rats treated with fasudil), group III (SC rats) and group IV (SC rats treated with fasudil). An object-in-place memory task and the Morris Water Maze test were subsequently performed. Histopathological alterations in brain tissue and SC latency were additionally analyzed. Following SC, protein expression levels of myelin-associated glycoprotein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and leucine rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing protein 1 were significantly increased (P<0.05) and levels of neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein A were significantly decreased (P<0.01). SC had no effect on RhoA level (P=0.921); however, it significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated RhoA (P<0.01). Cognitive function was significantly decreased following SC and significantly increased following fasudil intervention. Fasudil intervention improved CA1 structure, which was lost following SC. SC severely impaired cognitive function and affected the expression of neurite growth inhibitory factors. Fasudil treatment improved cognitive function and central nervous system (CNS) injury, and decreased SC susceptibility in rats. Fasudil and SC may regulate the CNS by affecting the expression of neurite growth inhibitory factors in the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- Department of Emergency, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Wei Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoju Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Clarke KE, Tams DM, Henderson AP, Roger MF, Whiting A, Przyborski SA. A robust and reproducible human pluripotent stem cell derived model of neurite outgrowth in a three-dimensional culture system and its application to study neurite inhibition. Neurochem Int 2016; 106:74-84. [PMID: 28011165 PMCID: PMC5455986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inability of neurites to grow and restore neural connections is common to many neurological disorders, including trauma to the central nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, there is need for a robust and reproducible model of neurite outgrowth, to provide a tool to study the molecular mechanisms that underpin the process of neurite inhibition and to screen molecules that may be able to overcome such inhibition. In this study a novel in vitro pluripotent stem cell based model of human neuritogenesis was developed. This was achieved by incorporating additional technologies, notably a stable synthetic inducer of neural differentiation, and the application of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques. We have evaluated the use of photostable, synthetic retinoid molecules to promote neural differentiation and found that 0.01 μM EC23 was the optimal concentration to promote differentiation and neurite outgrowth from human pluripotent stem cells within our model. We have also developed a methodology to enable quick and accurate quantification of neurite outgrowth derived from such a model. Furthermore, we have obtained significant neurite outgrowth within a 3D culture system enhancing the level of neuritogenesis observed and providing a more physiological microenvironment to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underpin neurite outgrowth and inhibition within the nervous system. We have demonstrated a potential application of our model in co-culture with glioma cells, to recapitulate aspects of the process of neurite inhibition that may also occur in the injured spinal cord. We propose that such a system that can be utilised to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underpin neurite inhibition mediated via glial and neuron interactions. Development of a robust, novel neurite outgrowth assay from human pluripotent stem cell derived neural cell aggregates. Synthetic retinoids induce neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to a greater extent than natural ATRA. Neurospheres cultured on a 3D scaffold provide a more physiologically relevant model of neurite outgrowth. Suppression of neurite outgrowth by glioma cells in 3D enables the study of neurite inhibitory mechanisms in the glial scar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E Clarke
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Daniel M Tams
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew P Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mathilde F Roger
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stefan A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; ReproCELL Europe Ltd., NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Two PTP receptors mediate CSPG inhibition by convergent and divergent signaling pathways in neurons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37152. [PMID: 27849007 PMCID: PMC5111048 DOI: 10.1038/srep37152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) and its subfamily member LAR act as transmembrane receptors that mediate growth inhibition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Inhibition of either receptor increases axon growth into and beyond scar tissues after CNS injury. However, it is unclear why neurons express two similar CSPG receptors, nor whether they use the same or different intracellular pathways. We have now studied the signaling pathways of these two receptors using N2A cells and primary neurons derived from knockout mice. We demonstrate that both receptors share certain signaling pathways (RhoA, Akt and Erk), but also use distinct signals to mediate CSPG actions. Activation of PTPσ by CSPGs selectively inactivated CRMP2, APC, S6 kinase and CREB. By contrast LAR activation inactivated PKCζ, cofilin and LKB1. For the first time, we propose a model of the signaling pathways downstream of these two CSPG receptors. We also demonstrate that deleting both receptors exhibits additive enhancement of axon growth in adult neuronal cultures in vitro. Our findings elucidate the novel downstream pathways of CSPGs and suggest potential synergy of blocking their two PTP receptors.
Collapse
|
43
|
Combined application of Rho-ROCKII and GSK-3β inhibitors exerts an improved protective effect on axonal regeneration in rats with spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5180-5188. [PMID: 27840930 PMCID: PMC5355718 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCKII) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK)-3β signaling pathways are involved in axonal regeneration. The present study investigated the effects of the combined application of Y27632 (a ROCKII inhibitor) and 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8; a GSK-3β inhibitor) on neurite outgrowth and functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 90 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into six groups, and the SCI rats received daily administration of 1.6 mg/kg Y27632 for 2 weeks and/or 1 mg/kg TDZD-8 for 3 weeks via a catheter. Cellular apoptosis in the injured spinal cords was measured at each time point using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. The expression levels of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were determined by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, an anterograde tracer was used to analyze axonal regeneration, the Basso Beattie Bresnahan locomotor rating scale (BBB) was analyzed, and the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) test was conducted. The results demonstrated that SCI upregulated the number of apoptotic cells, increased GAP-43 expression and enhanced the latent periods of SEP, as compared with in mice that underwent a sham operation. Furthermore, SCI decreased the BBB scores and the SEP amplitudes. These injuries in the spinal cord were reduced following treatment with Y27632, TDZD-8, or their combined application, as detected by decreased apoptosis, the induction of axonal regeneration, and the promotion of functional recovery of the lower limbs. Although the BBB scores, and SEP amplitudes and latent periods were not significantly different among the three drug treatment groups, the combined application of Y27632 and TDZD-8 resulted in stronger axonal regenerative potency and a greater protective effect on secondary SCI. These results indicated that the combined application of Y27632 and TDZD-8 may more effectively protect against secondary SCI by inhibiting cellular apoptosis, enhancing GAP-43 expression and promoting neurite outgrowth in SCI rats, compared with Y27632 or TDZD-8 alone.
Collapse
|
44
|
Shaw PX, Sang A, Wang Y, Ho D, Douglas C, Dia L, Goldberg JL. Topical administration of a Rock/Net inhibitor promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:33-42. [PMID: 27443501 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering ophthalmic solutions that inhibit Rho-associated protein kinases (Rock) and norepinephrine transporters (Net) are currently under clinical evaluation. Here we evaluate topical application of one such drug for its effects on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush injury. We performed unilateral optic nerve crush on young rats (P18) and topically applied Rock/Net inhibitor AR-13324 or placebo 3 times a day for 14 days. IOP was measured starting 3 days before and up to 9 days after injury. On day 12, cholera toxin B (CTB) was injected intravitreally to trace optic nerve regeneration. On day 14, retinas and optic nerves were collected. The retinas were flat-mounted and stained with RBPMS to quantify RGC survival and the optic nerves were sectioned for optic nerve axon quantification using fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Rock phosphorylation targets implicated in axon growth including cofilin and LIMK were examined by fluorescence microscopy and quantitative western blotting. AR-13324 lowered IOP as expected. RGC survival and optic nerve axon regeneration were significantly higher with Rock/Net inhibitor treatment compared with placebo. Furthermore, topical therapy decreased Rock target protein phosphorylation in the retinas and proximal optic nerves. These data suggest that topical administration of a Rock/Net inhibitor promotes RGC survival and regeneration after optic nerve injury, with associated molecular changes indicative of posterior drug activity. Coordinated IOP lowering and neuroprotective or regenerative effects may be advantageous in the treatment of patients with glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Alan Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Daisy Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Lara Dia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
It has been recently known that not only the presence of inhibitory molecules associated with myelin but also the reduced growth capability of the axons limit mature central nervous system (CNS) axonal regeneration after injury. Conventional axon growth studies are typically conducted using multi-well cell culture plates that are very difficult to use for investigating localized effects of drugs and limited to low throughput. Unfortunately, there is currently no other in vitro tool that allows investigating localized axonal responses to biomolecules in high-throughput for screening potential drugs that might promote axonal growth. We have developed a compartmentalized neuron culture platform enabling localized biomolecular treatments in parallel to axons that are physically and fluidically isolated from their neuronal somata. The 24 axon compartments in the developed platform are designed to perform four sets of six different localized biomolecular treatments simultaneously on a single device. In addition, the novel microfluidic configuration allows culture medium of 24 axon compartments to be replenished altogether by a single aspiration process, making high-throughput drug screening a reality.
Collapse
|
46
|
Callahan A, Abeyruwan SW, Al-Ali H, Sakurai K, Ferguson AR, Popovich PG, Shah NH, Visser U, Bixby JL, Lemmon VP. RegenBase: a knowledge base of spinal cord injury biology for translational research. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:baw040. [PMID: 27055827 PMCID: PMC4823819 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) research is a data-rich field that aims to identify the biological mechanisms resulting in loss of function and mobility after SCI, as well as develop therapies that promote recovery after injury. SCI experimental methods, data and domain knowledge are locked in the largely unstructured text of scientific publications, making large scale integration with existing bioinformatics resources and subsequent analysis infeasible. The lack of standard reporting for experiment variables and results also makes experiment replicability a significant challenge. To address these challenges, we have developed RegenBase, a knowledge base of SCI biology. RegenBase integrates curated literature-sourced facts and experimental details, raw assay data profiling the effect of compounds on enzyme activity and cell growth, and structured SCI domain knowledge in the form of the first ontology for SCI, using Semantic Web representation languages and frameworks. RegenBase uses consistent identifier schemes and data representations that enable automated linking among RegenBase statements and also to other biological databases and electronic resources. By querying RegenBase, we have identified novel biological hypotheses linking the effects of perturbagens to observed behavioral outcomes after SCI. RegenBase is publicly available for browsing, querying and download. Database URL:http://regenbase.org
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Callahan
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Kunie Sakurai
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Phillip G Popovich
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and the Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nigam H Shah
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ubbo Visser
- Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| | - John L Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abeysinghe HCS, Phillips EL, Chin-Cheng H, Beart PM, Roulston CL. Modulating Astrocyte Transition after Stroke to Promote Brain Rescue and Functional Recovery: Emerging Targets Include Rho Kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:288. [PMID: 26927079 PMCID: PMC4813152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and serious condition, with few therapies. Whilst previous focus has been directed towards biochemical events within neurons, none have successfully prevented the progression of injury that occurs in the acute phase. New targeted treatments that promote recovery after stroke might be a better strategy and are desperately needed for the majority of stroke survivors. Cells comprising the neurovascular unit, including blood vessels and astrocytes, present an alternative target for supporting brain rescue and recovery in the late phase of stroke, since alteration in the unit also occurs in regions outside of the lesion. One of the major changes in the unit involves extensive morphological transition of astrocytes resulting in altered energy metabolism, decreased glutamate reuptake and recycling, and retraction of astrocyte end feed from both blood vessels and neurons. Whilst globally inhibiting transitional change in astrocytes after stroke is reported to result in further damage and functional loss, we discuss the available evidence to suggest that the transitional activation of astrocytes after stroke can be modulated for improved outcomes. In particular, we review the role of Rho-kinase (ROCK) in reactive gliosis and show that inhibiting ROCK after stroke results in reduced scar formation and improved functional recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hima Charika S Abeysinghe
- Neurotrauma Research, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
| | - Ellie L Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Insitute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Heung Chin-Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Insitute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Philip M Beart
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Neurotrauma Research, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Campus, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hove IV, Lefevere E, Moons L. ROCK inhibition as a novel potential strategy for axonal regeneration in optic neuropathies. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1949-50. [PMID: 26889182 PMCID: PMC4730818 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.172311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Hove
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lefevere
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Al-Ali H, Beckerman SR, Bixby JL, Lemmon VP. In vitro models of axon regeneration. Exp Neurol 2016; 287:423-434. [PMID: 26826447 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A variety of in vitro models have been developed to understand the mechanisms underlying the regenerative failure of central nervous system (CNS) axons, and to guide pre-clinical development of regeneration-promoting therapeutics. These range from single-cell based assays that typically focus on molecular mechanisms to organotypic assays that aim to recapitulate in vivo behavior. By utilizing a combination of models, researchers can balance the speed, convenience, and mechanistic resolution of simpler models with the biological relevance of more complex models. This review will discuss a number of models that have been used to build our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CNS axon regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Al-Ali
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Samuel R Beckerman
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - John L Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Center for Computational Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Center for Computational Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 is a novel target to promote axonal regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15220-5. [PMID: 26598704 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509754112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for the restoration of neurological functions after acute axonal injury are severely limited. In addition to limiting neuronal loss, effective treatments face the challenge of restoring axonal growth within an injury environment where inhibitory molecules from damaged myelin and activated astrocytes act as molecular and physical barriers. Overcoming these barriers to permit axon growth is critical for the development of any repair strategy in the central nervous system. Here, we identify poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) as a previously unidentified and critical mediator of multiple growth-inhibitory signals. We show that exposure of neurons to growth-limiting molecules--such as myelin-derived Nogo and myelin-associated glycoprotein--or reactive astrocyte-produced chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans activates PARP1, resulting in the accumulation of poly(ADP-ribose) in the cell body and axon and limited axonal growth. Accordingly, we find that pharmacological inhibition or genetic loss of PARP1 markedly facilitates axon regeneration over nonpermissive substrates. Together, our findings provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms of axon growth inhibition and identify PARP1 as an effective target to promote axon regeneration.
Collapse
|