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Antonelli C, Biscontri M, Tabet D, Vettraino AM. The Never-Ending Presence of Phytophthora Species in Italian Nurseries. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010015. [PMID: 36678363 PMCID: PMC9863022 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant trade coupled with climate change has led to the increased spread of well-known and new Phytophthora species, a group of fungus-like organisms placed in the Kingdom Chromista. Their presence in plant nurseries is of particular concern because they are responsible for many plant diseases, with high environmental, economic and social impacts. This paper offers a brief overview of the current status of Phytophthora species in European plant nurseries. Focus was placed on Italian sites. Despite the increasing awareness of the risk of Phytophthora spread and the management strategies applied for controlling it, the complexity of the Phytophthora community in the horticulture industry is increasing over time. Since the survey carried out by Jung et al. (2016), new Phytophthora taxa and Phytophthora-host associations were identified. Phytophthorahydropathica, P. crassamura, P. pseudocryptogea and P. meadii were reported for the first time in European plant nurseries, while P. pistaciae, P. mediterranea and P. heterospora were isolated from Italian ornamental nurseries. Knowledge of Phytophthora diversity in plant nurseries and the potential damage caused by them will help to contribute to the development of early detection methods and sustainable management strategies to control Phytophthora spread in the future.
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Diversity of Phytophthora Species Detected in Disturbed and Undisturbed British Soils Using High-Throughput Sequencing Targeting ITS rRNA and COI mtDNA Regions. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks caused by introduced Phytophthora species have been increasing in British forests and woodlands in recent years. A better knowledge of the Phytophthora communities already present in the UK is of great importance when developing management and mitigation strategies for these diseases. To do this, soils were sampled in “disturbed” sites, meaning sites frequently visited by the public, with recent and new plantings or soil disturbances versus more “natural” forest and woodland sites with little disturbance or management. Phytophthora diversity was assessed using high-throughput Illumina sequencing targeting the widely accepted barcoding Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) region of rRNA and comparing it with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Isolation of Phytophthora was run in parallel. Nothophytophthora spp. and Phytophthora spp. were detected in 79 and 41 of the 132 locations of the 14 studied sites when using ITS or COI, respectively. A total of 20 Phytophthora amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were assigned to known Phytophthora species from eight clades (1a, 2, 2b, 3a, 5, 6b, 7a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 10a, and 10b) and 12 ASVs from six clades (1a, 2c, 3a, 3b, 6b, 7a, 8b, 8c, and 8d) when using ITS or COI, respectively. Only at two locations were the results in agreement for ITS, COI, and isolation. Additionally, 21 and 17 unknown Phytophthora phylotypes were detected using the ITS and COI, respectively. Several Phytophthora spp. within clades 7 and 8, including very important forest pathogens such as P. austrocedri and P. ramorum, were identified and found more frequently at “disturbed” sites. Additionally, eight ASVs identified as Nothophytophthora spp. were detected representing the first report of species within this new genus in Britain. Only three species not known to be present in Britain (P. castaneae, P. capsici, and P. fallax) were detected with the ITS primers and not with COI. To confirm the presence of these or any potential new Phytophthora species, sites should be re-sampled for confirmation. Additionally, there is a need to confirm if these species are a threat to British trees and try to establish any eradication measures required to mitigate Phytophthora spread in Britain.
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3
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Legeay J, Husson C, Boudier B, Louisanna E, Baraloto C, Schimann H, Marcais B, Buée M. Surprising low diversity of the plant pathogen Phytophthora in Amazonian forests. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5019-5032. [PMID: 32452108 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genus Phytophthora represents a group of plant pathogens with broad global distribution. The majority of them cause the collar and root-rot of diverse plant species. Little is known about Phytophthora communities in forest ecosystems, especially in the Neotropical forests where natural enemies could maintain the huge plant diversity via negative density dependence. We characterized the diversity of soil-borne Phytophthora communities in the North French Guiana rainforest and investigated how they are structured by host identity and environmental factors. In this little-explored habitat, 250 soil cores were sampled from 10 plots hosting 10 different plant families across three forest environments (Terra Firme, Seasonally Flooded and White Sand). Phytophthora diversity was studied using a baiting approach and metabarcoding (High-Throughput Sequencing) on environmental DNA extracted from both soil samples and baiting-leaves. These three approaches revealed very similar communities, characterized by an unexpected low diversity of Phytophthora species, with the dominance of two cryptic species close to Phytophthora heveae. As expected, the Phytophthora community composition of the French Guiana rainforest was significantly impacted by the host plant family and environment. However, these plant pathogen communities are very small and are dominated by generalist species, questioning their potential roles as drivers of plant diversity in these Amazonian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Legeay
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Claude Husson
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France.,Département de la santé des forêts, Ministère de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, DGAL, SDQPV, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Benjamin Boudier
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Eliane Louisanna
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG - Ecology of Guiana Forests - (AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG - Ecology of Guiana Forests - (AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, 97310, France.,International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Heidy Schimann
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG - Ecology of Guiana Forests - (AgroParisTech, CNRS, CIRAD, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane), Kourou, 97310, France
| | - Benoît Marcais
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Marc Buée
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Nancy, F-54000, France
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4
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Diversity of Phytophthora Species Associated with Quercus ilex L. in Three Spanish Regions Evaluated by NGS. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of Phytophthora species in declining Fagaceae forests in Europe is increasing in the last years. The genus Quercus is one of the most extended Fagaceae genera in Europe, and Q. ilex is the dominant tree in Spain. The introduction of soil-borne pathogens, such as Phytophthora in Fagaceae forests modifies the microbial community present in the rhizosphere, and has relevant environmental and economic consequences. A better understanding of the diversity of Phytophthora spp. associated with Q. ilex is proposed in this study by using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in six Q. ilex stands located in three regions in Spain. Thirty-seven Phytophthora phylotypes belonging to clades 1 to 12, except for clades 4, 5 and 11, are detected in this study, which represents a high diversity of Phytophthora species in holm oak Spanish forests. Phytophthora chlamydospora, P. citrophthora, P. gonapodyides, P. lacustris, P. meadii, P. plurivora, P. pseudocryptogea, P. psychrophila and P. quercina were present in the three regions. Seven phylotypes could not be associated with known Phytophthora species, so they were putatively named as Phytophthora sp. Most of the detected phylotypes corresponded to terrestrial Phytophthora species but aquatic species from clades 6 and 9 were also present in all regions.
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5
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Sapp M, Tyborski N, Linstädter A, López Sánchez A, Mansfeldt T, Waldhoff G, Bareth G, Bonkowski M, Rose LE. Site-specific distribution of oak rhizosphere-associated oomycetes revealed by cytochrome c oxidase subunit II metabarcoding. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10567-10581. [PMID: 31624568 PMCID: PMC6787841 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Oomycota comprises important tree pathogens like Phytophthora quercina, involved in central European oak decline, and Phytophthora cinnamomi shown to affect holm oaks among many other hosts. Despite the importance to study the distribution, dispersal and niche partitioning of this phylum, metabarcoding surveys, and studies considering environmental factors that could explain oomycete community patterns are still rare. We investigated oomycetes in the rhizosphere of evergreen oaks in a Spanish oak woodland using metabarcoding based on Illumina sequencing of the taxonomic marker cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (cox2). We developed an approach amplifying a 333 bp long fragment using the forward primer Hud-F (Mycologia, 2000) and a reverse primer found using DegePrime (Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014). Factors reflecting topo-edaphic conditions and tree health were linked to oomycete community patterns. The majority of detected OTUs belonged to the Peronosporales. Most taxa were relatives of the Pythiaceae, but relatives of the Peronosporaceae and members of the Saprolegniales were also found. The most abundant OTUs were related to Globisporangium irregulare and P. cinnamomi, both displaying strong site-specific patterns. Oomycete communities were strongly correlated with the environmental factors: altitude, crown foliation, slope and soil skeleton and soil nitrogen. Our findings illustrate the significance of small scale variation in habitat conditions for the distribution of oomycetes and highlight the importance to study oomycete communities in relation to such ecological patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sapp
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Population GeneticsHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nicolas Tyborski
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Population GeneticsHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Anja Linstädter
- Botanical Institute, Range Ecology and Range ManagementUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Aida López Sánchez
- Botanical Institute, Range Ecology and Range ManagementUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos NaturalesUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Tim Mansfeldt
- Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Guido Waldhoff
- Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Georg Bareth
- Institute of GeographyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Institute of ZoologyTerrestrial EcologyUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Laura E. Rose
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Population GeneticsHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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6
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Tedersoo L, Drenkhan R, Anslan S, Morales‐Rodriguez C, Cleary M. High-throughput identification and diagnostics of pathogens and pests: Overview and practical recommendations. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:47-76. [PMID: 30358140 PMCID: PMC7379260 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput identification technologies provide efficient tools for understanding the ecology and functioning of microorganisms. Yet, these methods have been only rarely used for monitoring and testing ecological hypotheses in plant pathogens and pests in spite of their immense importance in agriculture, forestry and plant community dynamics. The main objectives of this manuscript are the following: (a) to provide a comprehensive overview about the state-of-the-art high-throughput quantification and molecular identification methods used to address population dynamics, community ecology and host associations of microorganisms, with a specific focus on antagonists such as pathogens, viruses and pests; (b) to compile available information and provide recommendations about specific protocols and workable primers for bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and insect pests; and (c) to provide examples of novel methods used in other microbiological disciplines that are of great potential use for testing specific biological hypotheses related to pathology. Finally, we evaluate the overall perspectives of the state-of-the-art and still evolving methods for diagnostics and population- and community-level ecological research of pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum and Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Rein Drenkhan
- Institute of Forestry and Rural EngineeringEstonian University of Life SciencesTartuEstonia
| | - Sten Anslan
- Natural History Museum and Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | | | - Michelle Cleary
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
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Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2018; 40:182-220. [PMID: 30505001 PMCID: PMC6146643 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.
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8
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Sapp M, Ploch S, Fiore-Donno AM, Bonkowski M, Rose LE. Protists are an integral part of the Arabidopsis thaliana
microbiome. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:30-43. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sapp
- Institute of Population Genetics, Universitätstrasse 1; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University; Universitätstrasse 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str 47b; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 50674 Köln Germany
| | - Sebastian Ploch
- Institute of Population Genetics, Universitätstrasse 1; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University; Universitätstrasse 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25; 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Anna M. Fiore-Donno
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str 47b; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 50674 Köln Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Str 47b; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne; Zülpicher Strasse 50674 Köln Germany
| | - Laura E. Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Universitätstrasse 1; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University; Universitätstrasse 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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9
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Cerri M, Sapkota R, Coppi A, Ferri V, Foggi B, Gigante D, Lastrucci L, Selvaggi R, Venanzoni R, Nicolaisen M, Ferranti F, Reale L. Oomycete Communities Associated with Reed Die-Back Syndrome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1550. [PMID: 28936223 PMCID: PMC5594075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. die-back is a widely-studied phenomenon that was first discovered in northern Europe and that, until recently, was almost unknown in the Mediterranean basin. It has been described as a complex syndrome affecting reed populations leading to their retreat and decline, with significant impacts on valuable ecosystem services. Among the factors that cause the decline, soil-living microorganisms can be crucial. The aims of this study were to analyze the diversity of oomycetes communities associated with reed stands, and to understand whether they could play a key role in the decline. Variations in the structure of oomycetes communities were studied by metabarcoding of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 region of ribosomal DNA, from the sediments of five Italian freshwater ecosystems. They were chosen to cover a large variability in terms of surface area, water depth, microclimate, and presence of documented reed retreat. From 96 samples collected from reed roots, rhizosphere, and bulk soil, we assembled 207661 ITS1 reads into 523 OTUs. We demonstrated that oomycete communities were structured by several factors, among which the most important was die-back occurrence. Our study also indicates that Pythiogeton spp. could be potentially involved in the development of die-back. The role of heavy metals in the soil was also explored, and cadmium concentration was shown to affect oomycetes distribution. This study represents a significant step forward for the characterization of microbial communities associated with reed die-back syndrome and helps to gain knowledge of the complexity of these important wet ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Cerri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Coppi
- Department of Biology, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Valentina Ferri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Foggi
- Department of Biology, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Daniela Gigante
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Selvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Venanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Ferranti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Lara Reale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
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10
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Puglisi I, De Patrizio A, Schena L, Jung T, Evoli M, Pane A, Van Hoa N, Van Tri M, Wright S, Ramstedt M, Olsson C, Faedda R, Magnano di San Lio G, Cacciola SO. Two previously unknown Phytophthora species associated with brown rot of Pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruits in Vietnam. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172085. [PMID: 28208159 PMCID: PMC5313238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct Phytophthora taxa were found to be associated with brown rot of pomelo (Citrus grandis), a new disease of this ancestral Citrus species, in the Vinh Long province, Mekong River Delta area, southern Vietnam. On the basis of morphological characters and using the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the rDNA and the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) as barcode genes, one of the two taxa was provisionally named as Phytophthora sp. prodigiosa, being closely related to but distinct from P. insolita, a species in Phytophthora Clade 9, while the other one, was closely related to but distinct from the Clade 2 species P. meadii and was informally designated as Phytophthora sp. mekongensis. Isolates of P. sp. prodigiosa and P. sp. mekongensis were also obtained from necrotic fibrous roots of Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana) rootstocks grafted with 'King' mandarin (Citrus nobilis) and from trees of pomelo, respectively, in other provinces of the Mekong River Delta, indicating a widespread occurrence of both Phytophthora species in this citrus-growing area. Koch's postulates were fulfilled via pathogenicity tests on fruits of various Citrus species, including pomelo, grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi), sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) and bergamot (Citrus x bergamia) as well as on the rootstock of 2-year-old trees of pomelo and sweet orange on 'Carrizo' citrange (C. sinensis 'Washington Navel' x Poncirus trifoliata). This is the first report of a Phytophthora species from Clade 2 other than P. citricola and P. citrophthora as causal agent of fruit brown rot of Citrus worldwide and the first report of P. insolita complex in Vietnam. Results indicate that likely Vietnam is still an unexplored reservoir of Phytophthora diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Puglisi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Schena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Thomas Jung
- Phytophthora Research Center Mendel University, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, Am Rain 9, Nußdorf, Germany
| | - Maria Evoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Pane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nguyen Van Hoa
- Southern Horticultural Research Institute, My Tho, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - Mai Van Tri
- Southern Horticultural Research Institute, My Tho, Tien Giang, Vietnam
| | - Sandra Wright
- Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Mauritz Ramstedt
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roberto Faedda
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magnano di San Lio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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11
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Coffua LS, Veterano ST, Clipman SJ, Mena-Ali JI, Blair JE. Characterization of Pythium spp. Associated with Asymptomatic Soybean in Southeastern Pennsylvania. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1870-1879. [PMID: 30682988 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-15-1355-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean production in Pennsylvania has increased substantially over the past 20 years and is a highly valued field crop, together with corn. Soilborne pathogens such as Pythium spp. can contribute to soybean stand establishment issues, particularly under the conservation tillage practices that are common in the state. In this study, we collected soil samples from eight asymptomatic soybean-corn rotation fields across six counties in southeastern Pennsylvania between May and June 2012. Pythium spp. were isolated via baiting, and tested for aggressiveness on both soybean and corn using laboratory assays. In addition to our culture-based survey, we also assessed the use of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 pyrosequencing as a culture-independent method for measuring Pythium spp. diversity from environmental samples. Diversity estimates were consistent between the culture-based and pyrosequencing datasets; however, important methodological biases inherent to culture-independent methods may have led to some differences. Our results show that several Pythium spp. previously characterized as soybean or corn pathogens are present in southeastern Pennsylvania, including Pythium irregulare, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum, with isolates showing aggressive phenotypes in lab assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Coffua
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
| | - S Tyler Veterano
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
| | - Steven J Clipman
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
| | - Jorge I Mena-Ali
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
| | - Jaime E Blair
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603
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12
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Riit T, Tedersoo L, Drenkhan R, Runno-Paurson E, Kokko H, Anslan S. Oomycete-specific ITS primers for identification and metabarcoding. MycoKeys 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.14.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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13
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Prigigallo MI, Abdelfattah A, Cacciola SO, Faedda R, Sanzani SM, Cooke DEL, Schena L. Metabarcoding Analysis of Phytophthora Diversity Using Genus-Specific Primers and 454 Pyrosequencing. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:305-313. [PMID: 26574783 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-15-0167-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A metabarcoding method based on genus-specific primers and 454 pyrosequencing was utilized to investigate the genetic diversity of Phytophthora spp. in soil and root samples of potted plants, from eight nurseries. Pyrosequencing enabled the detection of 25 Phytophthora phylotypes distributed in seven different clades and provided a much higher resolution than a corresponding cloning/Sanger sequencing approach. Eleven of these phylotypes, including P. cactorum, P. citricola s.str., P. palmivora, P. palmivora-like, P. megasperma or P. gonapodyides, P. ramorum, and five putative new Phytophthora species phylogenetically related to clades 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 were detected only with the 454 pyrosequencing approach. We also found an additional 18 novel records of a phylotype in a particular nursery that were not detected with cloning/Sanger sequencing. Several aspects confirmed the reliability of the method: (i) many identical sequence types were identified independently in different nurseries, (ii) most sequence types identified with 454 pyrosequencing were identical to those from the cloning/Sanger sequencing approach and/or perfectly matched GenBank deposited sequences, and (iii) the divergence noted between sequence types of putative new Phytophthora species and all other detected sequences was sufficient to rule out sequencing errors. The proposed method represents a powerful tool to study Phytophthora diversity providing that particular attention is paid to the analysis of 454 pyrosequencing raw read sequences and to the identification of sequence types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Prigigallo
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Santa O Cacciola
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Roberto Faedda
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Simona M Sanzani
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - David E L Cooke
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - L Schena
- First, second, and seventh authors: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy; third and fourth authors: Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy; fifth author: Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi Aldo Moro, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy; and sixth author: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Català S, Pérez-Sierra A, Abad-Campos P. The use of genus-specific amplicon pyrosequencing to assess phytophthora species diversity using eDNA from soil and water in Northern Spain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119311. [PMID: 25775250 PMCID: PMC4361056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora is one of the most important and aggressive plant pathogenic genera in agriculture and forestry. Early detection and identification of its pathways of infection and spread are of high importance to minimize the threat they pose to natural ecosystems. eDNA was extracted from soil and water from forests and plantations in the north of Spain. Phytophthora-specific primers were adapted for use in high-throughput Sequencing (HTS). Primers were tested in a control reaction containing eight Phytophthora species and applied to water and soil eDNA samples from northern Spain. Different score coverage threshold values were tested for optimal Phytophthora species separation in a custom-curated database and in the control reaction. Clustering at 99% was the optimal criteria to separate most of the Phytophthora species. Multiple Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) corresponding to 36 distinct Phytophthora species were amplified in the environmental samples. Pyrosequencing of amplicons from soil samples revealed low Phytophthora diversity (13 species) in comparison with the 35 species detected in water samples. Thirteen of the MOTUs detected in rivers and streams showed no close match to sequences in international sequence databases, revealing that eDNA pyrosequencing is a useful strategy to assess Phytophthora species diversity in natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Català
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Sierra
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Paloma Abad-Campos
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia, Spain
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An improved high throughput sequencing method for studying oomycete communities. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 110:33-9. [PMID: 25602160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Culture-independent studies using next generation sequencing have revolutionized microbial ecology, however, oomycete ecology in soils is severely lagging behind. The aim of this study was to improve and validate standard techniques for using high throughput sequencing as a tool for studying oomycete communities. The well-known primer sets ITS4, ITS6 and ITS7 were used in the study in a semi-nested PCR approach to target the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 of ribosomal DNA in a next generation sequencing protocol. These primers have been used in similar studies before, but with limited success. We were able to increase the proportion of retrieved oomycete sequences dramatically mainly by increasing the annealing temperature during PCR. The optimized protocol was validated using three mock communities and the method was further evaluated using total DNA from 26 soil samples collected from different agricultural fields in Denmark, and 11 samples from carrot tissue with symptoms of Pythium infection. Sequence data from the Pythium and Phytophthora mock communities showed that our strategy successfully detected all included species. Taxonomic assignments of OTUs from 26 soil sample showed that 95% of the sequences could be assigned to oomycetes including Pythium, Aphanomyces, Peronospora, Saprolegnia and Phytophthora. A high proportion of oomycete reads was consistently present in all 26 soil samples showing the versatility of the strategy. A large diversity of Pythium species including pathogenic and saprophytic species were dominating in cultivated soil. Finally, we analyzed amplicons from carrots with symptoms of cavity spot. This resulted in 94% of the reads belonging to oomycetes with a dominance of species of Pythium that are known to be involved in causing cavity spot, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the method not only in soil DNA but also in a plant DNA background. In conclusion, we demonstrate a successful approach for pyrosequencing of oomycete communities using ITS1 as the barcode sequence with well-known primers for oomycete DNA amplification.
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Qiu R, Qu D, Hardy GESJ, Trengove R, Agarwal M, Ren Y. Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Conditions for the Identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1088-1098. [PMID: 30708791 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-13-1258-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A robust technique was developed to identify Phytophthora cinnamomi using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) for analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Six fiber types were evaluated and results indicated that the three-phase fiber 50/30 μm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) had the highest extraction efficiency for both polar and nonpolar GC columns. The maximum extraction efficiency (equilibrium absorption) was achieved 16 h after fiber exposure in the HS. Absorbed compounds on the fiber were completely desorbed in the GC injector after 5 min at 250°C. Compared with the nonpolar column, the polar column showed optimum separation of VOCs released from P. cinnamomi. Under the optimized HS-SPME and GC/FID conditions, lower detection limits for the four external standards was found to be between 1.57 to 27.36 ng/liter. Relative standard deviations <9.010% showed that the method is precise and reliable. The method also showed good linearity for the concentration range that was analyzed using four standards, with regression coefficients between 0.989 and 0.995, and the sensitivity of the method was 104 times greater than that of the conventional HS method. In this study, the VOC profiles of six Phytophthora spp. and one Pythium sp. were characterized by the optimized HS-SPME-GC method. The combination of the VOCs creates a unique pattern for each pathogen; the chromatograms of different isolates of P. cinnamomi were the same and the specific VOC pattern of P. cinnamomi remained consistently independent of the growth medium used. The chromatograms and morphological studies showed that P. cinnamomi released specific VOCs at different stages of colony development. Using the optimized HS-SPME GC method, identification of P. cinnamomi from 15 in vivo diseased soil samples was as high as 100%. Results from this study demonstrate the feasibility of this method for identifying P. cinnamomi and the potential use of this method for physiological studies on P. cinnamomi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617 Australia; and School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150 Australia
| | - Dong Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling
| | - Giles E St J Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management (CPSM), School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150 Australia; and Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce
| | - Robert Trengove
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce; and School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce; and School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch
| | - Yonglin Ren
- Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch; and Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth, WA 6151 Australia
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Qiu R, Qu D, Trengove R, Agarwal M, Hardy GESJ, Ren Y. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of VOCs Produced by Phytophthora cinnamomi. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1099-1105. [PMID: 30708787 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-14-0049-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Phytophthora cinnamomi-infected lupin seedlings were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The sampling was done 28 to 44, 52 to 68, and 76 to 92 h after inoculation (HAI). The HS-SPME samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) to assess the differences in volatile compounds between the P. cinnamomi-infected lupin seedlings and the control. Three specific peaks were identified after 52 to 68 h with the infected lupin seedlings, at which time there were no visible aboveground symptoms of infection. Subsequently, the VOCs of five different substrates (V8A, PDA, lupin seedlings, soil, and soil + lupin seedlings) infected with P. cinnamomi and the corresponding controls were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 87 VOCs were identified. Of these, the five most abundant that were unique to all five inoculated substrates included: 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 4-ethylphenol, butyrolactone, phenylethyl alcohol, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone. Therefore, these metabolites can be used as markers for the identification of P. cinnamomi in different growing environments. Some VOCs were specific to a particular substrate; for example, 2,4,6-rrimethyl-heptanes, dl-6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, dimethyl trisulfide, 6,10-dimethyl- 5,9-undecadien-2-ol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol were specific to P. cinnamomi + V8A; heptanes and 5-methyl-3-heptaneone were specific to P. cinnamomi + PDA; 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-propanoic acid, ethyl ester, and ethyl ester 2-methyl-butanoic acid were specific to P. cinnamomi-inoculated lupin seedlings; and benzyl alcohol and 4-ethyl-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene were only detected in the headspace of inoculated soil + lupin seedlings. Results from this investigation have multiple impacts as the volatile organic profiles produced by the pathogen can be utilized as an early warning system to detect the pathogen from contaminated field soil samples. Data from this investigation have also illuminated potential metabolic pathways utilized by the oomycete during infection which may serve as potential targets for the development of specific control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150 Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
| | - Dong Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling
| | - Robert Trengove
- Separation Science & Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia; WA Node of Metabolomics Australia
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
| | - Giles E St J Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management (CPSM), School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
| | - Yonglin Ren
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch; Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth, WA 6151; Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT 2617
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Waud M, Busschaert P, Ruyters S, Jacquemyn H, Lievens B. Impact of primer choice on characterization of orchid mycorrhizal communities using 454 pyrosequencing. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 14:679-99. [PMID: 24460947 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the number of studies investigating mycorrhizal associations in orchids has increased in recent years, the fungal communities associating with orchids and how they differ between species and sites remain unclear. Recent research has indicated that individual orchid plants may associate with several fungi concurrently, implying that to study mycorrhizal associations in orchids the fungal community should be assessed, rather than the presence of individual dominant fungal species or strains. High-throughput sequencing methods, such as 454 pyrosequencing, are increasingly used as the primary tool for such analyses. However, many studies combine universal primers from previous phylogenetic or ecological studies to generate amplicons suitable for 454 pyrosequencing without first critically evaluating their performance, potentially resulting in biased fungal community descriptions. Here, following in silico primer analysis we evaluated the performance of different combinations of existing PCR primers to characterize orchid mycorrhizal communities using 454 pyrosequencing by analysis of both an artificially assembled community of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from diverse orchid species and root samples from three different orchid species (Anacamptis morio, Ophrys tenthredinifera and Serapias lingua). Our results indicate that primer pairs ITS3/ITS4OF and ITS86F/ITS4, targeting the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) region, outperformed other tested primer pairs in terms of number of reads, number of operational taxonomic units recovered from the artificial community and number of different orchid mycorrhizal associating families detected in the orchid samples. Additionally, we show the complementary specificity of both primer pairs, making them highly suitable for tandem use when studying the diversity of orchid mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Waud
- Laboratory for Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management (PME&BIM), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, B-2860, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium; Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Vannini A, Bruni N, Tomassini A, Franceschini S, Vettraino AM. Pyrosequencing of environmental soil samples reveals biodiversity of thePhytophthoraresident community in chestnut forests. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:433-42. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vannini
- Department for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) - University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Natalia Bruni
- Department for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) - University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Alessia Tomassini
- Department for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) - University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Selma Franceschini
- Department for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) - University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Anna Maria Vettraino
- Department for Innovation in Biological; Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) - University of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
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