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von Kügelgen I. Pharmacological characterization of P2Y receptor subtypes - an update. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:99-108. [PMID: 37697211 PMCID: PMC10997570 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The widely expressed P2Y receptors play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. This review summarizes the use of pharmacological tools to characterize the P2Y receptor subtypes involved in these responses. MRS2500 is a potent and selective antagonist acting at the P2Y1 receptor. AR-C118925 is useful for the selective antagonism of the P2Y2 receptor. PSB16133 blocks the P2Y4 receptor, MRS2578 is an antagonist at the P2Y6 receptor and NF157 as well as NF340 block the P2Y11 receptor. ADP-induced platelet aggregation is mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. A number of compounds or their active metabolites reduce ADP-induced platelet aggregation by blocking the P2Y12 receptor. These include the active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds clopidogrel and prasugrel, the nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and the nucleotide analogue cangrelor. PSB0739 is also a potent antagonist at the P2Y12 receptor useful for both in vitro and in vivo studies. MRS2211 and MRS2603 inhibit P2Y13 mediated responses. PPTN is a very potent antagonist at the P2Y14 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Biringer RG. Migraine signaling pathways: purine metabolites that regulate migraine and predispose migraineurs to headache. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2813-2848. [PMID: 36947357 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a neurovascular event associated with vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and neuronal activation. Understanding signaling in migraine pathology is central to the development of therapeutics for migraine prophylaxis and for mitigation of migraine in the prodrome phase before pain sets in. The fact that both vasoactivity and neural sensitization are involved in migraine indicates that agonists which promote these phenomena may very well be involved in migraine pathology. One such group of agonists is the purines, in particular, adenosine phosphates and their metabolites. This manuscript explores what is known about the relationship between these metabolites and migraine pathology and explores the potential for such relationships through their known signaling pathways. Reported receptor involvement in vasoaction and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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3
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Mata-Martínez E, Gonzalez-Gallardo A, Díaz-Muñoz M, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Purinergic Activation of Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) Regulates Cell Migration in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:944. [PMID: 37513856 PMCID: PMC10384695 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is an important process in calcium signaling. Its role in physiological and pathological events is well recognized. However, in cancerous systems, the importance of SOCE in relation to the degree of cancer aggressiveness, as well as its regulation by ligands such as purinergic molecules, are not well documented. This study aimed to characterize a differential effect of the P2Y2 receptor (promoted by UTP of 10 µM and inhibited by ARC118925XX of 1 µM) on intracellular calcium response between metastatic (SKOV-3) and non-metastatic (CAOV-3) ovarian cell lines in conditions of normal (1.5 mM) and zero extracellular calcium concentration. The sustained calcium influx observed exclusively in SKOV-3 cells was associated with the presence of SOCE (promoted by thapsigargin (74.81 ± 0.94 ΔF) and sensitive to 2-APB (20.60 ± 0.85 ΔF)), whereas its absence in CAOV-3 cells (26.2 ± 6.1 ΔF) was correlated with a low expression of ORAI1. The relevance of SOCE in metastatic SKOV-3 cells was further corroborated when 2-APB significantly inhibited (40.4 ± 2.8% of covered area) UTP-induced cell migration (54.6 ± 3.7% of covered area). In conclusion, our data suggest that SOCE activation elicited by the P2Y2 receptor is involved in the aggressiveness of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Mata-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Adriana Gonzalez-Gallardo
- Unidad de Proteogenómica, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla#3001, Juriquilla 76230, Querétaro, Mexico
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4
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Shihan M, Novoyatleva T, Lehmeyer T, Sydykov A, Schermuly RT. Role of the Purinergic P2Y2 Receptor in Pulmonary Hypertension. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111009. [PMID: 34769531 PMCID: PMC8582672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a fatal disease that is characterized by vasoconstriction, increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries, and right heart failure. PAH can be described by abnormal vascular remodeling, hyperproliferation in the vasculature, endothelial cell dysfunction, and vascular tone dysregulation. The disease pathomechanisms, however, are as yet not fully understood at the molecular level. Purinergic receptors P2Y within the G-protein-coupled receptor family play a major role in fluid shear stress transduction, proliferation, migration, and vascular tone regulation in systemic circulation, but less is known about their contribution in PAH. Hence, studies that focus on purinergic signaling are of great importance for the identification of new therapeutic targets in PAH. Interestingly, the role of P2Y2 receptors has not yet been sufficiently studied in PAH, whereas the relevance of other P2Ys as drug targets for PAH was shown using specific agonists or antagonists. In this review, we will shed light on P2Y receptors and focus more on the P2Y2 receptor as a potential novel player in PAH and as a new therapeutic target for disease management.
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5
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Guo X, Li Q, Pi S, Xia Y, Mao L. G protein-coupled purinergic P2Y receptor oligomerization: Pharmacological changes and dynamic regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114689. [PMID: 34274353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors (P2YRs) are a δ group of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with many essential functions in physiology and pathology, such as platelet aggregation, immune responses, neuroprotective effects, inflammation, and cellular proliferation. Thus, they are among the most researched therapeutic targets used for the clinical treatment of diseases (e.g., the antithrombotic drug clopidogrel and the dry eye treatment drug diquafosol). GPCRs transmit signals as dimers to increase the diversity of signalling pathways and pharmacological activities. Many studies have frequently confirmed dimerization between P2YRs and other GPCRs due to their functions in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular processes in vivo and in vitro. Recently, some P2YR dimers that dynamically balance physiological functions in the body were shown to be involved in effective signal transduction and exert pathological responses. In this review, we summarize the types, pharmacological changes, and active regulators of P2YR-related dimerization, and delineate new functions and pharmacological activities of P2YR-related dimers, which may be a novel direction to improve the effectiveness of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shulan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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6
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Woo SH, Trinh TN. P2 Receptors in Cardiac Myocyte Pathophysiology and Mechanotransduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010251. [PMID: 33383710 PMCID: PMC7794727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP is a major energy source in the mammalian cells, but it is an extracellular chemical messenger acting on P2 purinergic receptors. A line of evidence has shown that ATP is released from many different types of cells including neurons, endothelial cells, and muscle cells. In this review, we described the distribution of P2 receptor subtypes in the cardiac cells and their physiological and pathological roles in the heart. So far, the effects of external application of ATP or its analogues, and those of UTP on cardiac contractility and rhythm have been reported. In addition, specific genetic alterations and pharmacological agonists and antagonists have been adopted to discover specific roles of P2 receptor subtypes including P2X4-, P2X7-, P2Y2- and P2Y6-receptors in cardiac cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulated data suggest that P2X4 receptors may play a beneficial role in cardiac muscle function, and that P2Y2- and P2Y6-receptors can induce cardiac fibrosis. Recent evidence further demonstrates P2Y1 receptor and P2X4 receptor as important mechanical signaling molecules to alter membrane potential and Ca2+ signaling in atrial myocytes and their uneven expression profile between right and left atrium.
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7
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New small molecule fluorescent probes for G protein-coupled receptors: valuable tools for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 13:63-90. [PMID: 33319586 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are essential signaling proteins and tractable therapeutic targets. To develop new drug candidates, GPCR drug discovery programs require versatile, sensitive pharmacological tools for ligand binding and compound screening. With the availability of new imaging modalities and proximity-based ligand binding technologies, fluorescent ligands offer many advantages and are increasingly being used, yet labeling small molecules remains considerably more challenging relative to peptides. Focusing on recent fluorescent small molecule studies for family A GPCRs, this review addresses some of the key challenges, synthesis approaches and structure-activity relationship considerations, and discusses advantages of using high-resolution GPCR structures to inform conjugation strategies. While no single approach guarantees successful labeling without loss of affinity or selectivity, the choice of fluorophore, linker type and site of attachment have proved to be critical factors that can significantly affect their utility in drug discovery programs, and as discussed, can sometimes lead to very unexpected results.
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8
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Molecular pharmacology of P2Y receptor subtypes. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114361. [PMID: 33309519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Professor Geoffrey Burnstock proposed the concept of purinergic signaling via P1 and P2 receptors. P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular adenine and uracil nucleotides. Eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes have been identified. They are divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are found in almost all cells and mediate responses in physiology and pathophysiology including pain and inflammation. The antagonism of platelet P2Y12 receptors by cangrelor, ticagrelor or active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel reduces the ADP-induced platelet aggregation in patients with thrombotic complications of vascular diseases. The nucleotide agonist diquafosol acting at P2Y2 receptors is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. Structural information obtained by crystallography of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptor proteins, site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling will facilitate the rational design of novel selective drugs.
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9
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Pons-Bennaceur A, Tsintsadze V, Bui TT, Tsintsadze T, Minlebaev M, Milh M, Scavarda D, Giniatullin R, Giniatullina R, Shityakov S, Wright M, Miller AD, Lozovaya N, Burnashev N. Diadenosine-Polyphosphate Analogue AppCH2ppA Suppresses Seizures by Enhancing Adenosine Signaling in the Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3778-3795. [PMID: 30295710 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a multifactorial disorder associated with neuronal hyperexcitability that affects more than 1% of the human population. It has long been known that adenosine can reduce seizure generation in animal models of epilepsies. However, in addition to various side effects, the instability of adenosine has precluded its use as an anticonvulsant treatment. Here we report that a stable analogue of diadenosine-tetraphosphate: AppCH2ppA effectively suppresses spontaneous epileptiform activity in vitro and in vivo in a Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) mouse model (Tsc1+/-), and in postsurgery cortical samples from TSC human patients. These effects are mediated by enhanced adenosine signaling in the cortex post local neuronal adenosine release. The released adenosine induces A1 receptor-dependent activation of potassium channels thereby reducing neuronal excitability, temporal summation, and hypersynchronicity. AppCH2ppA does not cause any disturbances of the main vital autonomous functions of Tsc1+/- mice in vivo. Therefore, we propose this compound to be a potent new candidate for adenosine-related treatment strategies to suppress intractable epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pons-Bennaceur
- INSERM UMR1249, Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Vera Tsintsadze
- INSERM UMR1249, Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, USA
| | - Thi-Thien Bui
- B&A Therapeutics, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology, Batiment Beret-Delaage, Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Timur Tsintsadze
- INSERM UMR1249, Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Marat Minlebaev
- INSERM UMR1249, Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mathieu Milh
- APHM, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Neurology, CHU Timone, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Scavarda
- APHM, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery and Neurology, CHU Timone, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raisa Giniatullina
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Street 2, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wright
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Miller
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London, UK.,Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, Czech Republic.,KP Therapeutics Ltd, 86 Deansgate, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalia Lozovaya
- B&A Therapeutics, Ben-Ari Institute of Neuroarcheology, Batiment Beret-Delaage, Zone Luminy Biotech Entreprises, Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Nail Burnashev
- INSERM UMR1249, Mediterranean Institute of Neurobiology (INMED), Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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10
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Trivedi G, Inoue D, Chen C, Bitner L, Chung YR, Taylor J, Gönen M, Wess J, Abdel-Wahab O, Zhang L. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor regulates self-renewal of early erythroid progenitors. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/511/eaaw3781. [PMID: 31554738 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem and progenitor cells are uniquely capable of self-renewal, and targeting this process represents a potential therapeutic opportunity. The early erythroid progenitor, burst-forming unit erythroid (BFU-E), has substantial self-renewal potential and serves as a key cell type for the treatment of anemias. However, our understanding of mechanisms underlying BFU-E self-renewal is extremely limited. Here, we found that the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 4 (CHRM4), pathway regulates BFU-E self-renewal and that pharmacological inhibition of CHRM4 corrects anemias of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aging, and hemolysis. Genetic down-regulation of CHRM4 or pharmacologic inhibition of CHRM4 using the selective antagonist PD102807 promoted BFU-E self-renewal, whereas deletion of Chrm4 increased erythroid cell production under stress conditions in vivo. Moreover, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists corrected anemias in mouse models of MDS, aging, and hemolysis in vivo, extending the survival of mice with MDS relative to that of controls. The effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism on promoting expansion of BFU-Es were mediated by cyclic AMP induction of the transcription factor CREB, whose targets up-regulated key regulators of BFU-E self-renewal. On the basis of these data, we propose a model of hematopoietic progenitor self-renewal through a cholinergic-mediated "hematopoietic reflex" and identify muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists as potential therapies for anemias associated with MDS, aging, and hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Trivedi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Daichi Inoue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA
| | - Lillian Bitner
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Young Rock Chung
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mithat Gönen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lingbo Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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11
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Diem K, Fauler M, Fois G, Hellmann A, Winokurow N, Schumacher S, Kranz C, Frick M. Mechanical stretch activates piezo1 in caveolae of alveolar type I cells to trigger ATP release and paracrine stimulation of surfactant secretion from alveolar type II cells. FASEB J 2020; 34:12785-12804. [PMID: 32744386 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000613rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli of the lungs is essential to maintain lung function. Stretching of alveoli during lung inflation is the main trigger for surfactant secretion. Yet, the molecular mechanisms how mechanical distension of alveoli results in surfactant secretion are still elusive. The alveolar epithelium consists of alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) and surfactant secreting type II (ATII) cells. ATI, but not ATII cells, express caveolae, small plasma membrane invaginations that can respond to plasma membrane stresses and serve mechanotransductive roles. Within this study, we investigated the role of caveolae as mechanosensors in the alveolus. We generated a human caveolin-1 knockout ATI cell (hAELVicav-/- ) using CRISPR/Cas9. Wildtype (hAELViwt ) and hAELVicav-/- cells grown on flexible membranes responded to increasing stretch amplitudes with rises in intracellular Ca2+ . The response was less frequent and started at higher stretch amplitudes in hAELVicav-/- cells. Stretch-induced Ca2+ -signals depended on Ca2+ -entry via piezo1 channels, localized within caveolae in hAELViwt and primary ATI cells. Ca2+ -entry via piezo1 activated pannexin-1 hemichannels resulting in ATP release from ATI cells. ATP release was reduced in hAELVicav-/- cells. In co-cultures resembling the alveolar epithelium, released ATP stimulated Ca2+ signals and surfactant secretion from neighboring ATII cells when co-cultured with hAELViwt but not hAELVicav-/- cells. In summary, we propose that caveolae in ATI cells are mechanosensors within alveoli regulating stretch-induced surfactant secretion from ATII cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Diem
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Fauler
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hellmann
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Natalie Winokurow
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Wirsching E, Fauler M, Fois G, Frick M. P2 Purinergic Signaling in the Distal Lung in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4973. [PMID: 32674494 PMCID: PMC7404078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal lung provides an intricate structure for gas exchange in mammalian lungs. Efficient gas exchange depends on the functional integrity of lung alveoli. The cells in the alveolar tissue serve various functions to maintain alveolar structure, integrity and homeostasis. Alveolar epithelial cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, regulate the alveolar surface liquid (ASL) volume and, together with resident and infiltrating immune cells, provide a powerful host-defense system against a multitude of particles, microbes and toxicants. It is well established that all of these cells express purinergic P2 receptors and that purinergic signaling plays important roles in maintaining alveolar homeostasis. Therefore, it is not surprising that purinergic signaling also contributes to development and progression of severe pathological conditions like pulmonary inflammation, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis. Within this review we focus on the role of P2 purinergic signaling in the distal lung in health and disease. We recapitulate the expression of P2 receptors within the cells in the alveoli, the possible sources of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) within alveoli and the contribution of purinergic signaling to regulation of surfactant secretion, ASL volume and composition, as well as immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize current knowledge of the role for P2 signaling in infectious pneumonia, ALI/ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (E.W.); (M.F.); (G.F.)
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13
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von Kügelgen I. Pharmacology of P2Y receptors. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:12-24. [PMID: 30922852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The P2Y receptors are expressed in various cell types and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology including inflammatory responses and neuropathic pain. The antagonism of P2Y12 receptors is used in pharmacotherapy for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. The nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel inhibit platelet P2Y12 receptors and reduce thereby platelet aggregation. The P2Y2 receptor agonist diquafosol is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. The P2Y receptor subtypes differ in their amino acid sequences, their pharmacological profiles and their signaling transduction pathways. Recently, selective receptor ligands have been developed for all subtypes. The published crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors as well as receptor models will facilitate the development of novel drugs for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Ali SB, Turner JJO, Fountain SJ. Constitutive P2Y 2 receptor activity regulates basal lipolysis in human adipocytes. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.221994. [PMID: 30333139 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipocytes are key regulators of metabolic homeostasis, which release stored energy as free fatty acids via lipolysis. Adipocytes possess both basal and stimulated lipolytic capacity, but limited information exists regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate basal lipolysis. Here, we describe a mechanism whereby autocrine purinergic signalling and constitutive P2Y2 receptor activation suppresses basal lipolysis in primary human in vitro-differentiated adipocytes. We found that human adipocytes possess cytoplasmic Ca2+ tone due to ATP secretion and constitutive P2Y2 receptor activation. Pharmacological antagonism or knockdown of P2Y2 receptors increases intracellular cAMP levels and enhances basal lipolysis. P2Y2 receptor antagonism works synergistically with phosphodiesterase inhibitors in elevating basal lipolysis, but is dependent upon adenylate cyclase activity. Mechanistically, we suggest that the increased Ca2+ tone exerts an anti-lipolytic effect by suppression of Ca2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase isoforms. We also observed that acute enhancement of basal lipolysis following P2Y2 receptor antagonism alters the profile of secreted adipokines leading to longer-term adaptive decreases in basal lipolysis. Our findings demonstrate that basal lipolysis and adipokine secretion are controlled by autocrine purinergic signalling in human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema B Ali
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
| | - Jeremy J O Turner
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
| | - Samuel J Fountain
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
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15
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Abstract
P2Y receptors (P2YRs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides. Physiological P2YR agonists include purine and pyrimidine nucleoside di- and triphosphates, such as ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP, nucleotide sugars, and dinucleotides. Eight subtypes exist, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14, which represent current or potential future drug targets. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of ligands for the subgroup of the P2YR family that is activated by uracil nucleotides: P2Y2 (UTP, also ATP and dinucleotides), P2Y4 (UTP), P2Y6 (UDP), and P2Y14 (UDP, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose). The physiological agonists are metabolically unstable due to their fast hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases. A number of agonists with increased potency, subtype-selectivity and/or enzymatic stability have been developed in recent years. Useful P2Y2R agonists include MRS2698 (6-01, highly selective) and PSB-1114 (6-05, increased metabolic stability). A potent and selective P2Y2R antagonist is AR-C118925 (10-01). For studies of the P2Y4R, MRS4062 (3-15) may be used as a selective agonist, while PSB-16133 (10-06) is a selective antagonist. Several potent P2Y6R agonists have been developed including 5-methoxyuridine 5'-O-((Rp)α-boranodiphosphate) (6-12), PSB-0474 (3-11), and MRS2693 (3-26). The isocyanate MRS2578 (10-08) is used as a selective P2Y6R antagonist, although its reactivity and low water-solubility are limiting. With MRS2905 (6-08), a potent and metabolically stable P2Y14R agonist is available, while PPTN (10-14) represents a potent and selective P2Y14R antagonist. The radioligand [3H]UDP can be used to label P2Y14Rs. In addition, several fluorescent probes have been developed. Uracil nucleotide-activated P2YRs show great potential as drug targets, especially in inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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16
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Conroy S, Kindon ND, Glenn J, Stoddart LA, Lewis RJ, Hill SJ, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of the First Fluorescent Antagonists of the Human P2Y 2 Receptor Based on AR-C118925. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3089-3113. [PMID: 29558126 PMCID: PMC6026847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
human P2Y2 receptor (hP2Y2R)
is a G-protein-coupled receptor that shows promise as a therapeutic
target for many important conditions, including for antimetastatic
cancer and more recently for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. As such,
there is a need for new hP2Y2R antagonists
and molecular probes to study this receptor. Herein, we report the
development of a new series of non-nucleotide hP2Y2R antagonists, based on the known, non-nucleotide hP2Y2R antagonist AR-C118925 (1),
leading to the discovery of a series of fluorescent ligands containing
different linkers and fluorophores. One of these conjugates, 98, displayed micromolar affinity for hP2Y2R (pKd = 6.32 ± 0.10, n = 17) in a bioluminescence-energy-transfer (BRET) assay.
Confocal microscopy with this ligand revealed displaceable membrane
labeling of astrocytoma cells expressing untagged hP2Y2R. These properties make 98 one of the
first tools for studying hP2Y2R distribution
and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Nicholas D Kindon
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Jacqueline Glenn
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Leigh A Stoddart
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , Mölndal, Gothenburg 431 83 , Sweden
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2UH , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , the Midlands NG7 2UH , U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences , University Park Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
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17
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Fois G, Winkelmann VE, Bareis L, Staudenmaier L, Hecht E, Ziller C, Ehinger K, Schymeinsky J, Kranz C, Frick M. ATP is stored in lamellar bodies to activate vesicular P2X 4 in an autocrine fashion upon exocytosis. J Gen Physiol 2017; 150:277-291. [PMID: 29282210 PMCID: PMC5806682 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201711870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X4 receptor activation facilitates secretion of pulmonary surfactant from secretory vesicles called lamellar bodies in alveolar epithelial cells. Fois et al. reveal that P2X4 receptors on the lamellar body membranes are activated by ATP stored within the vesicles themselves upon vesicle exocytosis. Vesicular P2X4 receptors are known to facilitate secretion and activation of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli of the lungs. P2X4 receptors are expressed in the membrane of lamellar bodies (LBs), large secretory lysosomes that store lung surfactant in alveolar type II epithelial cells, and become inserted into the plasma membrane after exocytosis. Subsequent activation of P2X4 receptors by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) results in local fusion-activated cation entry (FACE), facilitating fusion pore dilation, surfactant secretion, and surfactant activation. Despite the importance of ATP in the alveoli, and hence lung function, the origin of ATP in the alveoli is still elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that ATP is stored within LBs themselves at a concentration of ∼1.9 mM. ATP is loaded into LBs by the vesicular nucleotide transporter but does not activate P2X4 receptors because of the low intraluminal pH (5.5). However, the rise in intravesicular pH after opening of the exocytic fusion pore results in immediate activation of vesicular P2X4 by vesicular ATP. Our data suggest a new model in which agonist (ATP) and receptor (P2X4) are located in the same intracellular compartment (LB), protected from premature degradation (ATP) and activation (P2X4), and ideally placed to ensure coordinated and timely receptor activation as soon as fusion occurs to facilitate surfactant secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Lara Bareis
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Elena Hecht
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Charlotte Ziller
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Schymeinsky
- Immunology and Respiratory Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Xu P, Feng X, Luan H, Wang J, Ge R, Li Z, Bian J. Current knowledge on the nucleotide agonists for the P2Y2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:366-375. [PMID: 29254895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y2 receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in multiple functionalities. Diquafosol tetrasodium, known as INS365, which was the first P2Y2 receptor agonists that had been approved in April 2010 and launched in Japan by Santen Pharmaceuticals. Besides, a series of similar agonists for the P2Y2 receptor are undergoing development to cure different diseases related to the P2Y2 receptor. This article illustrated the structure and functions of the P2Y2 receptor and focused on several kinds of agonists about their molecular structures, research progress and chemical synthesis methods. Last but not the least, we summarized the structures-activity relationship (SAR) of agonists for the P2Y2 receptor and expected more efficient agonists for the P2Y2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jubo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Raoling Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Fonseca B, Martínez-Águila A, Pérez de Lara MJ, Miras-Portugal MT, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Pintor J. Changes in P2Y Purinergic Receptor Expression in the Ciliary Body in a Murine Model of Glaucoma. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:719. [PMID: 29085298 PMCID: PMC5649148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neuropathology, often accompanied by an elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which can lead to blindness. Since DBA/2J mice develop glaucoma, several studies of the physiopathology of glaucoma have been reported in this animal model. It is also known that purinergic receptors are involved in the pathology of glaucoma by controlling aqueous humor production and drainage and therefore controlling IOP. There are no studies on purinergic receptors in the DBA/2J model of glaucoma and their relation to the development of the pathology, so the aim of this study was to make an approach to the purinergic mechanisms involved in glaucoma. All the experiments were performed using DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice and investigating P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y6 receptors. IOP measurements were made with a non-invasive rebound tonometer, and animals were instilled with diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) and the corresponding purinergic antagonists in order to see their effects on IOP. The expression of mRNA for P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y6 purinergic receptors was carried out by quantitative real-time PCR. Additionally, P2Y-receptor expression was performed by immunohistochemical techniques carried out on the ciliary processes. The results showed that IOP decreases when Ap4A was instilled and that the expressions of the analyzed purinergic receptors were stable throughout all the ages under study in the C57BL/6J mice (control mice). On the other hand, there were significant changes in the purinergic receptor expression in DBA/2J suggesting that elevated IOP in these animals could be related to an increase of P2Y2 expression and a decrease in P2Y1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Fonseca
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Águila
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Pérez de Lara
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Effects of 4(1H)-quinolinone derivative, a novel non-nucleotide allosteric purinergic P2Y 2 agonist, on cardiomyocytes in neonatal rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6050. [PMID: 28729619 PMCID: PMC5519634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic P2Y2 receptors, G-protein coupled receptors that primarily couple with Gαq/11-proteins, are activated equipotently by adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine-5′-triphosphate. Evidence suggests that P2Y2 agonists make potential drug candidates for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, selective non-nucleotide, small-molecule P2Y2 agonists have yet to be developed. In this report, we discuss Compound 89, a novel non-nucleotide allosteric P2Y2 agonist that was active in signal transduction and gene induction, and in our in vitro cardiac hypertrophy model. Compound 89 exhibited selective P2Y2 agonistic activity and potentiated responses to the endogenous agonist ATP, while exhibiting no agonistic activities for four other Gαq/11-coupled human P2Y (hP2Y) receptors and one representative Gαi/o-coupled hP2Y12 receptor. Its P2Y2 agonistic effect on mouse P2Y2 receptors suggested non-species-specific activity. Compound 89 acted as a pure positive allosteric modulator in a Ca2+ mobilization assay of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes; it potentiated ATP-induced expression of genes in the nuclear receptor 4A family (negative regulators of hypertrophic stimuli in cardiomyocytes). Additionally, Compound 89 attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, presumably through dose-dependent interaction with pericellular ATP. These results indicate that Compound 89 is potentially efficacious against cardiomyocytes and therefore a good proof-of-concept tool for elucidating the therapeutic potential of P2Y2 activation in various cardiovascular diseases.
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21
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Robles-Martínez L, Garay E, Martel-Gallegos MG, Cisneros-Mejorado A, Pérez-Montiel D, Lara A, Arellano RO. K ca3.1 Activation Via P2y 2 Purinergic Receptors Promotes Human Ovarian Cancer Cell (Skov-3) Migration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4340. [PMID: 28659615 PMCID: PMC5489490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders in cell signaling mediated by ATP or histamine, activating specific membrane receptors, have been frequently associated with tumorigenesis. Among the elements of response to purinergic (and histaminergic) signaling, ion channel activation controls essential cellular processes in cancer, such as cell proliferation, motility, and death. Here, we studied the effects that ATP had on electrical properties of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells named SKOV-3. ATP caused increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and, concurrently, it evoked a complex electrical response with a conspicuous outward component. This current was generated through P2Y2 receptor activation and opening of K+ channels, KCa3.1, as indicated by electrophysiological and pharmacological analysis, as well as by immunodetection and specific silencing of P2Y2 or KCa3.1 gene by esiRNA transfection. Low µM ATP concentration increased SKOV-3 cell migration, which was strongly inhibited by KCa3.1 channel blockers and by esiRNA-generated P2Y2 or KCa3.1 downregulation. Finally, in human ovarian tumors, the P2Y2 and KCa3.1 proteins are expressed and co-localized in neoplastic cells. Thus, stimulation of P2Y2 receptors expressed in SKOV-3 cells promotes motility through KCa3.1 activation. Since P2Y2 and KCa3.1 are co-expressed in primary tumors, our findings suggest that they may play a role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Robles-Martínez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México, Mexico
| | - E Garay
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México, Mexico
| | - M G Martel-Gallegos
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México, Mexico
| | - A Cisneros-Mejorado
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México, Mexico
| | - D Pérez-Montiel
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud, Av. San Fernando #22, Colonia Sección XVI, Tlalpan, CP 14080, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - A Lara
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México, Mexico
| | - R O Arellano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México, Mexico.
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22
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Cell culture: complications due to mechanical release of ATP and activation of purinoceptors. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:1-11. [PMID: 28434079 PMCID: PMC5610203 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that ATP (adenosine 5′-triphosphate) is released from a variety of cultured cells in response to mechanical stimulation. The release mechanism involved appears to be a combination of vesicular exocytosis and connexin and pannexin hemichannels. Purinergic receptors on cultured cells mediate both short-term purinergic signalling of secretion and long-term (trophic) signalling such as proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. We aim in this review to bring to the attention of non-purinergic researchers using tissue culture that the release of ATP in response to mechanical stress evoked by the unavoidable movement of the cells acting on functional purinergic receptors on the culture cells is likely to complicate the interpretation of their data.
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23
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Reigada D, Navarro-Ruiz RM, Caballero-López MJ, Del Águila Á, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Maza RM, Nieto-Díaz M. Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap 4A) inhibits ATP-induced excitotoxicity: a neuroprotective strategy for traumatic spinal cord injury treatment. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:75-87. [PMID: 27761681 PMCID: PMC5334201 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing cell death during the secondary injury is a major priority in the development of a cure for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). One of the earliest processes that follow SCI is the excitotoxicity resulting from the massive release of excitotoxicity mediators, including ATP, which induce an excessive and/or prolonged activation of their receptors and a deregulation of the calcium homeostasis. Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) is an endogenous purinergic agonist, present in both extracellular and intracellular fluids, with promising cytoprotective effects in different diseases including neurodegenerative processes. In a search for efficient neuroprotective strategies for SCI, we have tested the capability of Ap4A to reduce the excitotoxic death mediated by the ATP-induced deregulation of calcium homeostasis and its consequences on tissue preservation and functional recovery in a mouse model of moderate contusive SCI. Our analyses with the murine neural cell line Neuro2a demonstrate that treatment with Ap4A reduces ATP-dependent excitotoxic death by both lowering the intracellular calcium response and decreasing the expression of specific purinergic receptors. Follow-up analyses in a mouse model of contusive SCI showed that acute administration of Ap4A following SCI reduces tissue damage and improves motor function recovery. These results suggest that Ap4A cytoprotection results from a decrease of the purinergic tone preventing the effects of a massive release of ATP after SCI, probably together with a direct induction of anti-apoptotic and pro-survival pathways via activation of P2Y2 proposed in previous studies. In conclusion, Ap4A may be a good candidate for an SCI therapy, particularly to reduce excitotoxicity in combination with other modulators and/or inhibitors of the excitotoxic process that are being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reigada
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa María Navarro-Ruiz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Marcos Javier Caballero-López
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Águila
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo M. Maza
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Díaz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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24
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Gündüz D, Tanislav C, Sedding D, Parahuleva M, Santoso S, Troidl C, Hamm CW, Aslam M. Uridine Triphosphate Thio Analogues Inhibit Platelet P2Y 12 Receptor and Aggregation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020269. [PMID: 28146050 PMCID: PMC5343805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet P2Y12 is an important adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor that is involved in agonist-induced platelet aggregation and is a valuable target for the development of anti-platelet drugs. Here we characterise the effects of thio analogues of uridine triphosphate (UTP) on ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Using human platelet-rich plasma, we demonstrate that UTP inhibits P2Y12 but not P2Y1 receptors and antagonises 10 µM ADP-induced platelet aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of ~250 µM. An eight-fold higher platelet inhibitory activity was observed with a 2-thio analogue of UTP (2S-UTP), with an IC50 of 30 µM. The 4-thio analogue (4S-UTP) with an IC50 of 7.5 µM was 33-fold more effective. A three-fold decrease in inhibitory activity, however, was observed by introducing an isobutyl group at the 4S- position. A complete loss of inhibition was observed with thio-modification of the γ phosphate of the sugar moiety, which yields an enzymatically stable analogue. The interaction of UTP analogues with P2Y12 receptor was verified by P2Y12 receptor binding and cyclic AMP (cAMP) assays. These novel data demonstrate for the first time that 2- and 4-thio analogues of UTP are potent P2Y12 receptor antagonists that may be useful for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dursun Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Tanislav
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Sedding
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Mariana Parahuleva
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sentot Santoso
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian W Hamm
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology/Angiology, University Hospital Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Diadenosine tetraphosphate as a potential therapeutic nucleotide to treat glaucoma. Purinergic Signal 2016; 13:171-177. [PMID: 27848070 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that produces blindness. The main factor associated with this disease is an abnormally elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). To date, some attempts have been made to demonstrate the role of nucleotides modulating IOP, but never in a model of glaucoma. The DBA/2J mouse is an animal that develops the pathology spontaneously, starting from the typical rise in IOP at 9 months of age. Using this animal model, together with a control mouse, C57BL/6J, it has been possible to monitor the elevation in IOP in the glaucomatous mice and to check the ability of the dinucleotide diadenosine tetraphosphate AKA Ap4A to reduce IOP. The topical application of Ap4A when IOP is maximal (9-12 months) reduced IOP 30.6 ± 6.6% in the DBA/2J and 17.9 ± 4.0% in the C57BL/6J mice. Concentration response curves in both animal strains produced similar pD2 values; these being 4.9 ± 0.5 and 5.1 ± 0.4 for the normotensive C57BL/6J and the glaucomatous DBA/2J respectively. Antagonist studies showed differences between the control and the glaucomatous animals. In particular, the main receptor reducing IOP in the control animal was the P2Y1 receptor and in the glaucomatous model the P2Y6, although the participation of other P2 receptors cannot be ruled out. The long-term effect of Ap4A applied three times a week for 3 months showed a clear stop in the elevation of IOP in the glaucomatous model, thus indicating the possibility of using Ap4A as an effective compound for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Djerada Z, Feliu C, Richard V, Millart H. Current knowledge on the role of P2Y receptors in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion. Pharmacol Res 2016; 118:5-18. [PMID: 27520402 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During ischemia, numerous effective endogenous extracellular mediators have been identified, particularly, nucleosides such as adenosine as well as purinergic and pyrimidinergic nucleotides. They may play important regulatory roles within the cardiovascular system and notably as cardio-protectants. Indeed, the distribution of the P2Y receptors in mammalian heart includes several cellular constituents relevant for the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. Beside the well-known cardioprotective effect of adenosine, the additional protective role of P2Y receptors has emerged. However, interpretation of experimental results may be sometimes perplexing. This is due to the variability of: the experimental models, the endpoints criteria, the chemical structure of agonist and antagonist ligands and their concentrations, the sequences of drug administration with respect to the model used (before and/or during and/or after ischemia). The net effect may be in the opposite direction after a transient or a prolonged stimulation. Nevertheless, the overall reading of published data highlights the beneficial role of the P2Y2/4 receptor stimulation, the useful and synergistic role of P2Y6/11 receptor activation and even of the P2Y11 receptor alone in cardioprotection. More, the P2Y11 receptor could be involved in counter-regulation of profibrotic processes. Paradoxically, transient P2X7 receptor stimulation could contribute to the net cardioprotective effect of ATP. Recently, experimental data have shown that blocking the P2Y12 receptor after ischemia confers cardioprotection independently of platelet antiaggregatory effect. This suggests for P2Y receptors an important role in primary prevention and as a therapeutic target in myocardial protection during ischemia and reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoubir Djerada
- Department of Pharmacology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Feliu
- Department of Pharmacology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U1096, Department of Pharmacology, Rouen, France; Normandy University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Millart
- Department of Pharmacology, E.A.3801, SFR CAP-santé, Reims University Hospital, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51095 Reims Cedex, France
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Conroy S, Kindon N, Kellam B, Stocks MJ. Drug-like Antagonists of P2Y Receptors-From Lead Identification to Drug Development. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9981-10005. [PMID: 27413802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are expressed in virtually all cells and tissue types and mediate an astonishing array of biological functions, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and immune regulation. The P2Y receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are composed of eight members encoded by distinct genes that can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of their coupling to specific G-proteins. Extensive research has been undertaken to find modulators of P2Y receptors, although to date only a limited number of small-molecule P2Y receptor antagonists have been approved by drug/medicines agencies. This Perspective reviews the known P2Y receptor antagonists, highlighting oral drug-like receptor antagonists, and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Conroy
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas Kindon
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Barrie Kellam
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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Carracedo G, Recchioni A, Alejandre-Alba N, Martin-Gil A, Batres L, Morote IJA, Pintor J. Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye in Keratoconus Patients Before and After Intrastromal Corneal Rings Surgery. Curr Eye Res 2016; 42:513-519. [PMID: 27450910 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the relationship between keratoconus and dry eye, the aim of this study was to evaluate changes in signs and symptoms of dry eye in keratoconus patients before and after intrastromal corneal ring surgery. METHODS Fifteen keratoconus patients were enrolled in Fundación Jiménez-Díaz of Madrid and University Clinic of Optometry of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Madrid, Spain). Tear break up time (TBUT), Schirmer test without anesthesia, corneal staining, diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) concentration, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were evaluated. Impression cytology combined with laser confocal microscopy was performed to evaluate goblet cell density, mucin cloud height (MCH), and cell layer thickness (CLT). All measurements were performed before (pre) surgery, 1 month (post) and 6 months after surgery (post6m). RESULTS We found no statistical differences in time in Schirmer test, TBUT, and corneal staining. OSDI scores were 44.96 ± 8.65, 26.30 ± 6.79, and 19.31 ± 4.28 for (pre), (post), and (post6m) surgery, respectively (p < 0.001). Impression cytology showed a decrease in cell density at (post6m) compared with presurgery (47.36 ± 35.15 cells/mm2 and 84.88 ± 32.08 cells/mm2, respectively, p = 0.04). At post6m, the MCH increased compared with presurgery values (13.97 ± 4.26 µm and 6.77 ± 2.51 µm, respectively, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in CLT in time. Ap4A tear concentrations were lower post6m than presurgery (1.02 ± 0.65 and 2.56 ± 1.10 µM, respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Intrastromal corneal ring surgery induces changes improving dry eye symptoms but no changes were found in signs of dry eye after surgery in keratoconus patients except for the MCH that increases drastically. More studies are needed to clarify the reason of its improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Carracedo
- a Department of Optics II (Optometry and Vision) , Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Recchioni
- a Department of Optics II (Optometry and Vision) , Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Alba Martin-Gil
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV , Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Batres
- a Department of Optics II (Optometry and Vision) , Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Jesús Pintor
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV , Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Carracedo G, Crooke A, Guzman-Aranguez A, Pérez de Lara MJ, Martin-Gil A, Pintor J. The role of dinucleoside polyphosphates on the ocular surface and other eye structures. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 55:182-205. [PMID: 27421962 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dinucleoside polyphosphates comprises a group of dinucleotides formed by two nucleosides linked by a variable number of phosphates, abbreviated NpnN (where n represents the number of phosphates). These compounds are naturally occurring substances present in tears, aqueous humour and in the retina. As the consequence of their presence, these dinucleotides contribute to many ocular physiological processes. On the ocular surface, dinucleoside polyphosphates can stimulate tear secretion, mucin release from goblet cells and they help epithelial wound healing by accelerating cell migration rate. These dinucleotides can also stimulate the presence of proteins known to protect the ocular surface against microorganisms, such as lysozyme and lactoferrin. One of the latest discoveries is the ability of some dinucleotides to facilitate the paracellular way on the cornea, therefore allowing the delivery of compounds, such as antiglaucomatous ones, more easily within the eye. The compound Ap4A has been described being abnormally elevated in patient's tears suffering of dry eye, Sjogren syndrome, congenital aniridia, or after refractive surgery, suggesting this molecule as biomarker for dry eye condition. At the intraocular level, some diadenosine polyphosphates are abnormally elevated in glaucoma patients, and this can be related to the stimulation of a P2Y2 receptor that increases the chloride efflux and water movement in the ciliary epithelium. In the retina, the dinucleotide dCp4U, has been proven to be useful to help in the recovery of retinal detachments. Altogether, dinucleoside polyphosphates are a group of compounds which present relevant physiological actions but which also can perform promising therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Carracedo
- Department of Optics II (Optometry and Vision), Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Pérez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Martin-Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Morrow GB, Nicholas RA, Kennedy C. UTP is not a biased agonist at human P2Y(11) receptors. Purinergic Signal 2015; 10:581-5. [PMID: 25015314 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism describes a multistate model of G protein-coupled receptor activation in which each ligand induces a unique structural conformation of the receptor, such that the receptor couples differentially to G proteins and other intracellular proteins. P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by endogenous nucleotides, such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). A previous report suggested that UTP may be a biased agonist at the human P2Y11 receptor, as it increased cytosolic [Ca2+], but did not induce accumulation of inositol phosphates, whereas ATP did both. The mechanism of action of UTP was unclear, so the aim of this study was to characterise the interaction of UTP with the P2Y11 receptor in greater detail. Intracellular Ca2+ was monitored in 1321N1 cells stably expressing human P2Y11 receptors using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator, fluo-4. ATP evoked a rapid, concentration-dependent rise in intracellular Ca2+, but surprisingly, even high concentrations of UTP were ineffective. In contrast, UTP was slightly, but significantly more potent than ATP in evoking a rise in intracellular Ca2+ in 1321N1 cells stably expressing the human P2Y2 receptor, with no difference in the maximum response. Thus, the lack of response to UTP at hP2Y11 receptors was not due to a problem with the UTP solution. Furthermore, coapplying a high concentration of UTP with ATP did not inhibit the response to ATP. Thus, contrary to a previous report, we find no evidence for an agonist action of UTP at the human P2Y11 receptor, nor does UTP act as an antagonist.
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Jacobson KA, Müller CE. Medicinal chemistry of adenosine, P2Y and P2X receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:31-49. [PMID: 26686393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological tool compounds are now available to define action at the adenosine (ARs), P2Y and P2X receptors. We present a selection of the most commonly used agents to study purines in the nervous system. Some of these compounds, including A1 and A3 AR agonists, P2Y1R and P2Y12R antagonists, and P2X3, P2X4 and P2X7 antagonists, are potentially of clinical use in treatment of disorders of the nervous system, such as chronic pain, neurodegeneration and brain injury. Agonists of the A2AAR and P2Y2R are already used clinically, P2Y12R antagonists are widely used antithrombotics and an antagonist of the A2AAR is approved in Japan for treating Parkinson's disease. The selectivity defined for some of the previously introduced compounds has been revised with updated pharmacological characterization, for example, various AR agonists and antagonists were deemed A1AR or A3AR selective based on human data, but species differences indicated a reduction in selectivity ratios in other species. Also, many of the P2R ligands still lack bioavailability due to charged groups or hydrolytic (either enzymatic or chemical) instability. X-ray crystallographic structures of AR and P2YRs have shifted the mode of ligand discovery to structure-based approaches rather than previous empirical approaches. The X-ray structures can be utilized either for in silico screening of chemically diverse libraries for the discovery of novel ligands or for enhancement of the properties of known ligands by chemical modification. Although X-ray structures of the zebrafish P2X4R have been reported, there is scant structural information about ligand recognition in these trimeric ion channels. In summary, there are definitive, selective agonists and antagonists for all of the ARs and some of the P2YRs; while the pharmacochemistry of P2XRs is still in nascent stages. The therapeutic potential of selectively modulating these receptors is continuing to gain interest in such fields as cancer, inflammation, pain, diabetes, ischemic protection and many other conditions. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Key Words
- 2-MeSADP, (PubChem CID: 121990)
- A-740003, (PubChem CID: 23232014)
- ATP
- Agonists
- Antagonists
- DPCPX, (PubChem CID: 1329)
- GPCR
- IB-MECA, (PubChem CID: 123683)
- Ion channel
- LUF6000, (PubChem CID: 11711282)
- MRS2500, (PubChem CID: 44448831)
- Nucleosides
- Nucleotides
- PPTN, (PubChem CID: 42611190)
- PSB-1114, (PubChem CID: 52952605)
- PSB-603, (PubChem CID: 44185871)
- SCH442416, (PubChem CID: 10668061)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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von Kügelgen I, Hoffmann K. Pharmacology and structure of P2Y receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:50-61. [PMID: 26519900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. One important example is the ADP-induced platelet aggregation mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel as well as the nucleoside analogue ticagrelor block P2Y12 receptors and thereby platelet aggregation. These drugs are used for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. Moreover, P2Y receptors play important roles in the nervous system. Adenine nucleotides modulate neuronal activity and neuronal fibre outgrowth by activation of P2Y1 receptors and control migration of microglia by P2Y12 receptors. UDP stimulates microglial phagocytosis through activation of P2Y6 receptors. There is evidence for a role for P2Y2 receptors in Alzheimer's disease pathology. The P2Y receptor subtypes are highly diverse in both their amino acid sequences and their pharmacological profiles. Selective receptor ligands have been developed for the pharmacological characterization of the receptor subtypes. The recently published three-dimensional crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors will facilitate the development of therapeutic agents that selectively target P2Y receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kristina Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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Jacobson KA, Paoletta S, Katritch V, Wu B, Gao ZG, Zhao Q, Stevens RC, Kiselev E. Nucleotides Acting at P2Y Receptors: Connecting Structure and Function. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:220-30. [PMID: 25837834 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight G protein-coupled P2Y receptor (P2YR) subtypes are important physiologic mediators. The human P2YRs are fully activated by ATP (P2Y2 and P2Y11), ADP (P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y13), UTP (P2Y2 and P2Y4), UDP (P2Y6 and P2Y14), and UDP glucose (P2Y14). Their structural elucidation is progressing rapidly. The X-ray structures of three ligand complexes of the Gi-coupled P2Y12R and two of the Gq-coupled P2Y1Rs were recently determined and will be especially useful in structure-based ligand design at two P2YR subfamilies. These high-resolution structures, which display unusual binding site features, complement mutagenesis studies for probing ligand recognition and activation. The structural requirements for nucleotide agonist recognition at P2YRs are relatively permissive with respect to the length of the phosphate moiety, but less so with respect to base recognition. Nucleotide-like antagonists and partial agonists are also known for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y12Rs. Each P2YR subtype has the ability to be activated by structurally bifunctional agonists, such as dinucleotides, typically, dinucleoside triphosphates or tetraphosphates, and nucleoside polyphosphate sugars (e.g., UDP glucose) as well as the more conventional mononucleotide agonists. A range of dinucleoside polyphosphates, from triphosphates to higher homologs, occurs naturally. Earlier modeling predictions of the P2YRs were not very accurate, but recent findings have provided much detailed structural insight into this receptor family to aid in the rational design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Beili Wu
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
| | - Evgeny Kiselev
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J., S.P., Z.-G.G., E.K.); The Bridge Institute, Dana and David Dornsife School of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (V.K., R.C.S.); and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (B.W., Q.Z.)
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Carracedo G, Recchioni A, Alejandre-Alba N, Martin-Gil A, Crooke A, Morote IJA, Pintor J. Signs and Symptoms of Dry Eye in Keratoconus Patients: A Pilot Study. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:1088-94. [PMID: 25495191 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.987871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare signs and symptoms of dry eye in keratoconus (KC) patients versus healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 15 KC patients (KC group, n = 15 eyes) and 16 healthy subjects (control group, 16 eyes) were enrolled in this study. The Schirmer I test with no anesthetic, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal staining characteristics, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) scores were evaluated for both groups. Impression cytology, combined with/scanning laser confocal microscopy (LCM), was performed to evaluate goblet cell density, mucin cloud height (MCH), and goblet cell layer thickness (CLT). Finally, tear concentrations of di-adenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) were assessed. Results were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS KC patients had lower tear volumes and greater corneal staining than did healthy subjects (p < 0.05). OSDI scores were 44.96 ± 8.65 and 17.78 ± 6.50 for the KC and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). We found no statistically significant differences in TBUT between groups. Impression cytology revealed lower goblet cell densities in KC group patients versus control group subjects (84.88 ± 32.98 and 128.88 ± 50.60 cells/mm,(2) respectively, p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant reduction in MCH and CLT in KC group patients compared with control group subjects. Ap4A tear concentrations were higher in KC group patients than in control group subjects (2.56 ± 1.10 and 0.15 ± 0.12 µM, respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The parameters evaluated in this study indicate that KC patients suffer greater symptoms of dry eye and greater tear instability, primarily due to the decreased mucin production in their tears, than do healthy patients with no KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Carracedo
- a Department of Optics II, Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Recchioni
- a Department of Optics II, Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Alba Martin-Gil
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Almudena Crooke
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Jesús Pintor
- c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Faculty of Optics , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Mutafova-Yambolieva VN, Durnin L. The purinergic neurotransmitter revisited: a single substance or multiple players? Pharmacol Ther 2014; 144:162-91. [PMID: 24887688 PMCID: PMC4185222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past half century has witnessed tremendous advances in our understanding of extracellular purinergic signaling pathways. Purinergic neurotransmission, in particular, has emerged as a key contributor in the efficient control mechanisms in the nervous system. The identity of the purine neurotransmitter, however, remains controversial. Identifying it is difficult because purines are present in all cell types, have a large variety of cell sources, and are released via numerous pathways. Moreover, studies on purinergic neurotransmission have relied heavily on indirect measurements of integrated postjunctional responses that do not provide direct information for neurotransmitter identity. This paper discusses experimental support for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a neurotransmitter and recent evidence for possible contribution of other purines, in addition to or instead of ATP, in chemical neurotransmission in the peripheral, enteric and central nervous systems. Sites of release and action of purines in model systems such as vas deferens, blood vessels, urinary bladder and chromaffin cells are discussed. This is preceded by a brief discussion of studies demonstrating storage of purines in synaptic vesicles. We examine recent evidence for cell type targets (e.g., smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells, neurons and glia) for purine neurotransmitters in different systems. This is followed by brief discussion of mechanisms of terminating the action of purine neurotransmitters, including extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis and possible salvage and reuptake in the cell. The significance of direct neurotransmitter release measurements is highlighted. Possibilities for involvement of multiple purines (e.g., ATP, ADP, NAD(+), ADP-ribose, adenosine, and diadenosine polyphosphates) in neurotransmission are considered throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Durnin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, United States
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Gómez-Villafuertes R, Rodríguez-Jiménez FJ, Alastrue-Agudo A, Stojkovic M, Miras-Portugal MT, Moreno-Manzano V. Purinergic Receptors in Spinal Cord-Derived Ependymal Stem/Progenitor Cells and Their Potential Role in Cell-Based Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1493-509. [PMID: 25198194 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of paralysis with no current therapies. Following SCI, large amounts of ATP and other nucleotides are released by the traumatized tissue leading to the activation of purinergic receptors that, in coordination with growth factors, induce lesion remodeling and repair. We found that adult mammalian ependymal spinal cord-derived stem/progenitor cells (epSPCs) are capable of responding to ATP and other nucleotidic compounds, mainly through the activation of the ionotropic P2X4, P2X7, and the metabotropic P2Y1 and P2Y4 purinergic receptors. A comparative study between epSPCs from healthy rats versus epSPCis, obtained after SCI, shows a downregulation of P2Y1 receptor together with an upregulation of P2Y4 receptor in epSPCis. Moreover, spinal cord after severe traumatic contusion shows early and persistent increases in the expression of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors around the injury, which are completely reversed when epSPCis were ectopically transplanted. Since epSPCi transplantation significantly rescues neurological function after SCI in parallel to inhibition of the induced P2 ionotropic receptors, a potential avenue is open for therapeutic alternatives in SCI treatments based on purinergic receptors and the endogenous reparative modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kaiser M, Sobottka H, Fischer W, Schaefer M, Nörenberg W. Tanshinone II A Sulfonate, but Not Tanshinone II A, Acts as Potent Negative Allosteric Modulator of the Human Purinergic Receptor P2X7. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:531-42. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Song L, Risseeuw MDP, Karalic I, Barrett MO, Brown KA, Harden TK, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis of extended uridine phosphonates derived from an allosteric P2Y2 receptor ligand. Molecules 2014; 19:4313-25. [PMID: 24714193 PMCID: PMC6270895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we report the synthesis of C5/C6-fused uridine phosphonates that are structurally related to earlier reported allosteric P2Y2 receptor ligands. A silyl-Hilbert-Johnson reaction of six quinazoline-2,4-(1H,3H)-dione-like base moieties with a suitable ribofuranosephosphonate afforded the desired analogues after full deprotection. In contrast to the parent 5-(4-fluoropheny)uridine phosphonate, the present extended-base uridine phosphonates essentially failed to modulate the P2Y2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Izet Karalic
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Matthew O Barrett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
| | - Kyle A Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
| | - T Kendall Harden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Miklavc P, Thompson KE, Frick M. A new role for P2X4 receptors as modulators of lung surfactant secretion. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:171. [PMID: 24115920 PMCID: PMC3792447 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, P2X receptors have attracted increasing attention as regulators of exocytosis and cellular secretion. In various cell types, P2X receptors have been found to stimulate vesicle exocytosis directly via Ca(2+) influx and elevation of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. Recently, a new role for P2X4 receptors as regulators of secretion emerged. Exocytosis of lamellar bodies (LBs), large storage organelles for lung surfactant, results in a local, fusion-activated Ca(2+) entry (FACE) in alveolar type II epithelial cells. FACE is mediated via P2X4 receptors that are located on the limiting membrane of LBs and inserted into the plasma membrane upon exocytosis of LBs. The localized Ca(2+) influx at the site of vesicle fusion promotes fusion pore expansion and facilitates surfactant release. In addition, this inward-rectifying cation current across P2X4 receptors mediates fluid resorption from lung alveoli. It is hypothesized that the concomitant reduction in the alveolar lining fluid facilitates insertion of surfactant into the air-liquid interphase thereby "activating" it. These findings constitute a novel role for P2X4 receptors in regulating vesicle content secretion as modulators of the secretory output during the exocytic post-fusion phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pika Miklavc
- Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Endogenous nucleotides have widespread actions in the cardiovascular system, but it is only recently that the P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes, at which they act, have been identified and subtype-selective agonists and antagonists developed. These advances have greatly increased our understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological functions of P2X and P2Y receptors, but investigation of the clinical usefulness of selective ligands is at an early stage. Nonetheless, the evidence considered in this review demonstrates clearly that various cardiovascular disorders, including vasospasm, hypertension, congestive heart failure and cardiac damage during ischemic episodes, may be viable targets. With further development of novel, selective agonists and antagonists, our understanding will continue to improve and further therapeutic applications are likely to be discovered.
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Gualix J, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Pintor J, Llansola M, Felipo V, Miras-Portugal MT. Presence of diadenosine polyphosphates in microdialysis samples from rat cerebellum in vivo: effect of mild hyperammonemia on their receptors. Purinergic Signal 2013; 10:349-56. [PMID: 23943472 PMCID: PMC4040178 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diadenosine triphosphate (Ap(3)A), diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap(4)A), and diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap(5)A) have been identified in microdialysis samples from the cerebellum of conscious freely moving rats, under basal conditions, by means of a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The occurrence of Ap(3)A in the cerebellar microdyalisates is noteworthy, as the presence of this compound in the interstitial medium in neural tissues has not been previously described. The concentrations measured for the diadenosine polyphosphates in the cerebellar dialysate were (in nanomolar) 10.5 ± 2.9, 5.4 ± 1.2, and 5.8 ± 1.3 for Ap(3)A, Ap(4)A, and Ap(5)A, respectively. These concentrations are in the range that allows the activation of the presynaptic dinucleotide receptor in nerve terminals. However, a possible interaction of these dinucleotides with other purinergic receptors cannot be ruled out, as rat cerebellum expresses a variety of P2X or P2Y receptors susceptible to be activated by diadenosine polyphosphates, such as the P2X1-4, P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(12) receptors, as demonstrated by quantitative real-time PCR. Also, the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases NPP1 and NPP3, able to hydrolyze the diadenosine polyphosphates and terminate their extracellular actions, are expressed in the rat cerebellum. All these evidences contribute to reinforce the role of diadenosine polyphosphates as signaling molecules in the central nervous system. Finally, we have analyzed the possible differences in the concentration of diadenosine polyphosphates in the cerebellar extracellular medium and changes in the expression levels of their receptors and hydrolyzing enzymes in an animal model of moderate hyperammonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gualix
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,
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Qi AD, Harden TK, Nicholas RA. Is GPR17 a P2Y/leukotriene receptor? examination of uracil nucleotides, nucleotide sugars, and cysteinyl leukotrienes as agonists of GPR17. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:38-46. [PMID: 23908386 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan receptor GPR17 has been reported to be activated by UDP, UDP-sugars, and cysteinyl leukotrienes, and coupled to intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization and inhibition of cAMP accumulation, but other studies have reported either a different agonist profile or lack of agonist activity altogether. To determine if GPR17 is activated by uracil nucleotides and leukotrienes, the hemagglutinin-tagged receptor was expressed in five different cell lines and the signaling properties of the receptor were investigated. In C6, 1321N1, or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing GPR17, UDP, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and cysteinyl leukotriene C4 (LTC4) all failed to promote inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation, whereas both UDP and UDP-glucose promoted marked inhibition (>80%) of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in C6 and CHO cells expressing the P2Y14 receptor. Likewise, none of these compounds promoted accumulation of inositol phosphates in COS-7 or human embryonic kidney 293 cells transiently transfected with GPR17 alone or cotransfected with Gαq/i5, which links Gi-coupled receptors to the Gq-regulated phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway, or PLCε, which is activated by the Gα12/13 signaling pathway. Moreover, none of these compounds promoted internalization of GPR17 in 1321N1-GPR17 cells. Consistent with previous reports, coexpression experiments of GPR17 with cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) suggested that GPR17 acts as a negative regulator of CysLTR1. Taken together, these data suggest that UDP, UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, and LTC4 are not the cognate ligands of GPR17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Dong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Weisman GA, Woods LT, Erb L, Seye CI. P2Y receptors in the mammalian nervous system: pharmacology, ligands and therapeutic potential. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 11:722-38. [PMID: 22963441 DOI: 10.2174/187152712803581047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P2Y receptors for extracellular nucleotides are coupled to activation of a variety of G proteins and stimulate diverse intracellular signaling pathways that regulate functions of cell types that comprise the central nervous system (CNS). There are 8 different subtypes of P2Y receptor expressed in cells of the CNS that are activated by a select group of nucleotide agonists. Here, the agonist selectivity of these 8 P2Y receptor subtypes is reviewed with an emphasis on synthetic agonists with high potency and resistance to degradation by extracellular nucleotidases that have potential applications as therapeutic agents. In addition, the recent identification of a wide variety of subtype-selective antagonists is discussed, since these compounds are critical for discerning cellular responses mediated by activation of individual P2Y receptor subtypes. The functional expression of P2Y receptor subtypes in cells that comprise the CNS is also reviewed and the role of each subtype in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological responses is considered. Other topics include the role of P2Y receptors in the regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity and potential interactions between different P2Y receptor subtypes that likely impact tissue responses to extracellular nucleotides in the CNS. Overall, current research suggests that P2Y receptors in the CNS regulate repair mechanisms that are triggered by tissue damage, inflammation and disease and thus P2Y receptors represent promising targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, 540E Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Road, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA.
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Guzman-Aranguez A, Santano C, Martin-Gil A, Fonseca B, Pintor J. Nucleotides in the eye: focus on functional aspects and therapeutic perspectives. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:331-41. [PMID: 23504005 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and activity of nucleotides and dinucleotides in the physiology of most, if not all, organisms, from bacteria to humans, have been recognized by the scientific community, and the eye is no exception. Nucleotides in the dynamic fluids interact with many ocular structures, such as the tears and aqueous humor. Moreover, high concentrations of nucleotides in these secretions may reflect disease states such as dry eye and glaucoma. Apart from the nucleotide concentration in these fluids, P2 purinergic receptors have been described on the ocular surface (cornea and conjunctiva), anterior pole (ciliary body, trabecular meshwork), and posterior pole (retina). P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors are essential in maintaining the homeostasis of ocular processes, such as tear secretion, aqueous humor production, or retinal modulation. When they are functioning properly, they allow the eye to do its job (to see), but in some cases, a lack or an excess of nucleotides or a malfunction in the corresponding purinergic receptors leads to disease. This Perspective is focused on the nucleotides and dinucleotides and the P2 purinergic receptors in the eye and how they contribute to normal and disease states. We also emphasize the action of nucleotides and their receptors and antagonists as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalón 118, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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An IP3R3- and NPY-expressing microvillous cell mediates tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the mouse olfactory epithelium. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58668. [PMID: 23516531 PMCID: PMC3596314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent release of neurotrophic factors plays an important role in the maintenance of neurons, yet the release mechanisms are understudied. The inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor is a calcium release channel that has a physiological role in cell growth, development, sensory perception, neuronal signaling and secretion. In the olfactory system, the IP3 receptor subtype 3 (IP3R3) is expressed exclusively in a microvillous cell subtype that is the predominant cell expressing neurotrophic factor neuropeptide Y (NPY). We hypothesized that IP3R3-expressing microvillous cells secrete sufficient NPY needed for both the continual maintenance of the neuronal population and for neuroregeneration following injury. We addressed this question by assessing the release of NPY and the regenerative capabilities of wild type, IP3R3(+/-), and IP3R3(-/-) mice. Injury, simulated using extracellular ATP, induced IP3 receptor-mediated NPY release in wild-type mice. ATP-evoked NPY release was impaired in IP3R3(-/-) mice, suggesting that IP3R3 contributes to NPY release following injury. Under normal physiological conditions, both IP3R3(-/-) mice and explants from these mice had fewer progenitor cells that proliferate and differentiate into immature neurons. Although the number of mature neurons and the in vivo rate of proliferation were not altered, the proliferative response to the olfactotoxicant satratoxin G and olfactory bulb ablation injury was compromised in the olfactory epithelium of IP3R3(-/-) mice. The reductions in both NPY release and number of progenitor cells in IP3R3(-/-) mice point to a role of the IP3R3 in tissue homeostasis and neuroregeneration. Collectively, these data suggest that IP3R3 expressing microvillous cells are actively responsive to injury and promote recovery.
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Lazarowski ER, Sesma JI, Seminario-Vidal L, Kreda SM. Molecular mechanisms of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide release. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 61:221-61. [PMID: 21586361 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread importance of purinergic receptor-evoked signaling, understanding how ATP and other nucleotides are released from cells in a regulated manner is an essential physiological question. Nonlytic release of ATP, UTP, UDP-glucose, and other nucleotides occurs in all cell types and tissues via both constitutive mechanisms, that is, in the absence of external stimuli, and to a greater extent in response to biochemical or mechanical/physical stimuli. However, a molecular understanding of the processes regulating nucleotide release has only recently begun to emerge. It is generally accepted that nucleotide release occurs in two different scenarios, exocytotic release from the secretory pathway or via conductive/transport mechanisms, and a critical review of our current understanding of these mechanisms is presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Lazarowski
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research & Treatment Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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García-Villalón AL, Fernández N, Monge L, Diéguez G. Coronary response to diadenosine tetraphosphate after ischemia-reperfusion in the isolated rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:394-401. [PMID: 21513710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diadenosine tetraphosphate (AP4A) is a vasoactive mediator that may be released from platelet granules and that may reach higher plasma concentrations during coronary ischemia-reperfusion. The objective of this study was to analyze its coronary effects in such conditions. To this, rat hearts were perfused in a Langendorff preparation and the coronary response to Ap4A (10(-7)-10(-5) M) was recorded. In control hearts, Ap4A produced concentration-dependent vasodilatation both at the basal coronary resting tone and after precontracting coronary vasculature with 11-dideoxy-1a,9a-epoxymethanoprostaglandin F2α (U46619), and this vasodilatation was reduced by reactive blue 2 (2×10(-6) M), glibenclamide (10(-5) M), H89 (10(-6) M), U73122 (5×10(-6) M) and endothelin-1 (10(-9) M), but not by L-NAME (10(-4) M), isatin (10(-4) M), GF109203x (5×10(-7) M), or wortmannin (5×10(-7) M). After ischemia-reperfusion, the vasodilatation to Ap4A diminished, both in hearts with basal or increased vascular tone, and in this case the relaxation to Ap4A was not modified by reactive blue 2, L-NAME, glibenclamide, isatin, H89, GF109203x or wortmannin, although it was reduced by U73122 and endothelin-1. UTP produced coronary relaxation that was also reduced after ischemia-reperfusion. These results suggest that the coronary relaxation to Ap4A is reduced after ischemia-reperfusion, and that this reduction may be due to impaired effects of KATP channels and to reduced response of purinergic P2Y receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Luis García-Villalón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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El-Tayeb A, Qi A, Nicholas RA, Müller CE. Structural modifications of UMP, UDP, and UTP leading to subtype-selective agonists for P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 receptors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2878-90. [PMID: 21417463 DOI: 10.1021/jm1016297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A large series of derivatives and analogues of the uracil nucleotides UMP, UDP, and UTP with modifications in various positions of the uracil moiety and/or the phosphate groups were synthesized and evaluated at human P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(6) receptors. 2-(Ar)alkylthio substitution of UMP and UDP was best tolerated by the P2Y(2) receptor. 2-Phenethylthio-UMP (13e) showed an EC(50) value of 1.3 μM at P2Y(2) and >70-fold selectivity versus P2Y(4) and P2Y(6) receptors. Substitution of the 2-keto group in UMP by NH (13g, iso-CMP) resulted in the first potent and selective P2Y(4) agonist (EC(50) 4.98 μM, >20-fold selective vs P2Y(2) and P2Y(6)). In contrast, replacement of the 2-keto function in UDP by NH yielded a potent P2Y(2) agonist (12g, iso-CDP, EC(50) = 0.604 μM, >100-fold selective). In an attempt to obtain metabolically stable UTP analogues, β,γ-dichloro- and β,γ-difluoro-methylene-UTP derivatives were synthesized. The triphosphate modifications were much better tolerated by P2Y(2), and in some cases also by P2Y(6), than by P2Y(4) receptors. 4-Thio-β,γ-difluoromethylene-UTP (14g) was a potent P2Y(2) agonist with an EC(50) value of 0.134 μM and >50-fold selectivity. N3-Phenacyl-β,γ-dichloromethylene-UTP (14b) proved to be a potent P2Y(6) receptor agonist (EC(50) 0.142 μM) with high selectivity versus P2Y(4) (50-fold) and moderate selectivity versus P2Y(2) receptors (6-fold).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Tayeb
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Raqeeb A, Sheng J, Ao N, Braun AP. Purinergic P2Y2 receptors mediate rapid Ca(2+) mobilization, membrane hyperpolarization and nitric oxide production in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Calcium 2011; 49:240-8. [PMID: 21414662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In blood vessels, stimulation of the vascular endothelium by the Ca(2+)-mobilizing agonist ATP initiates a number of cellular events that cause relaxation of the adjacent smooth muscle layer. Although vascular endothelial cells are reported to express several subtypes of purinergic P2Y and P2X receptors, the major isoform(s) responsible for the ATP-induced generation of vasorelaxant signals in human endothelium has not been well characterized. To address this issue, ATP-evoked changes in cytosolic Ca(2+), membrane potential and acute nitric oxide production were measured in isolated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and profiled using established P2X and P2Y receptor probes. Whereas selective P2X agonist (i.e. α,β-methyl ATP) and antagonists (i.e. TNP-ATP and PPADS) could neither mimic nor block the observed ATP-evoked cellular responses, the specific P2Y receptor agonist UTP functionally reproduced all the ATP-stimulated effects. Furthermore, both ATP and UTP induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization with comparable EC(50) values (i.e. 1-3μM). Collectively, these functional and pharmacological profiles strongly suggest that ATP acts primarily via a P2Y2 receptor sub-type in human endothelial cells. In support, P2Y2 receptor mRNA and protein were readily detected in isolated HUVECs, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous P2Y2 receptor protein significantly blunted the cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations in response to ATP and UTP, but did not affect the histamine-evoked response. In summary, these results identify the P2Y2 isoform as the major purinergic receptor in human vascular endothelial cells that mediates the cellular actions of ATP linked to vasorelaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Raqeeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary and Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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