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Huo D, Liu S, Zhang L, Yang H, Sun L. Importance of the ECM-receptor interaction for adaptive response to hypoxia based on integrated transcription and translation analysis. Mol Ecol 2024:e17352. [PMID: 38624130 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Low dissolved oxygen (LO) conditions represent a major environmental challenge to marine life, especially benthic animals. For these organisms, drastic declines in oxygen availability (hypoxic events) can trigger mass mortality events and thus, act as agents of selection influencing the evolution of adaptations. In sea cucumbers, one of the most successful groups of benthic invertebrates, the exposure to hypoxic conditions triggers adaptive adjustments in metabolic rates and behaviour. It is unclear, however, how these adaptive responses are regulated and the genetic mechanisms underpinning them. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by assessing the genetic regulation (transcription and translation) of hypoxia exposure in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Transcriptional and translational gene expression profiles under short- and long-term exposure to low oxygen conditions are tightly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction in which laminin and collagen likely have important functions. Finding revealed that genes with a high translational efficiency (TE) had a relatively short upstream open reading frame (uORF) and a high uORF normalized minimal free energy, suggesting that sea cucumbers may respond to hypoxic stress via altered TE. These results provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms that confer adaptive capacity to holothurians to survive oxygen deficiency conditions and may also be used to inform the development of strategies for mitigating the harmful effects of hypoxia on other marine invertebrates facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shilin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Qingdao, China
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2
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Ravel-Godreuil C, Roy ER, Puttapaka SN, Li S, Wang Y, Yuan X, Eltzschig HK, Cao W. Transcriptional Responses of Different Brain Cell Types to Oxygen Decline. Brain Sci 2024; 14:341. [PMID: 38671993 PMCID: PMC11048388 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain hypoxia is associated with a wide range of physiological and clinical conditions. Although oxygen is an essential constituent of maintaining brain functions, our understanding of how specific brain cell types globally respond and adapt to decreasing oxygen conditions is incomplete. In this study, we exposed mouse primary neurons, astrocytes, and microglia to normoxia and two hypoxic conditions and obtained genome-wide transcriptional profiles of the treated cells. Analysis of differentially expressed genes under conditions of reduced oxygen revealed a canonical hypoxic response shared among different brain cell types. In addition, we observed a higher sensitivity of neurons to oxygen decline, and dissected cell type-specific biological processes affected by hypoxia. Importantly, this study establishes novel gene modules associated with brain cells responding to oxygen deprivation and reveals a state of profound stress incurred by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ravel-Godreuil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
| | - Ethan R. Roy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
| | - Srinivas N. Puttapaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sanming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.R.-G.); (E.R.R.); (S.N.P.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.); (H.K.E.)
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3
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Xiu AY, Ding Q, Zhu CP, Zhang CQ. The α-1 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonist Doxazosin Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Alleviating Sinusoidal Capillarization and Liver Angiogenesis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2300513. [PMID: 38494421 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which are caused by chronic liver injury, represent common and intractable clinical challenges of global importance. However, effective therapeutics are lacking. Therefore, the study examines the effect of doxazosin on liver fibrosis. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) is injected into mice to establish a liver fibrosis model. Doxazosin (5 and 10 mg/kg) is administered daily by gavage. HE staining, Masson staining, Sirius Red staining, scanning electron microscopy, western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence analysis are performed to estimate liver fibrosis and sinusoidal capillarization in mice. Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, western blotting, immunofluorescence analysis, tube formation, and transwell migration assays are performed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HHSECs) to elucidate the potential mechanism of doxazosin. Doxazosin alleviates liver fibrosis and sinusoidal capillarization in CCl4 -induced mice. Angiogenesis is attenuated by doxazosin in HUVECs and HHSECs. This study demonstrates that doxazosin attenuated liver fibrosis by alleviating sinusoidal capillarization and liver angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Yuan Xiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Chang-Peng Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
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Park SR, Kook MG, Kim SR, Lee JW, Yu YS, Park CH, Lim S, Oh BC, Jung Y, Hong IS. A microscale 3D organ on a chip for recapitulating reciprocal neuroendocrine crosstalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025011. [PMID: 38277677 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad22f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Conventional 2D or even recently developed 3Din vitroculture models for hypothalamus and pituitary gland cannot successfully recapitulate reciprocal neuroendocrine communications between these two pivotal neuroendocrine tissues known to play an essential role in controlling the body's endocrine system, survival, and reproduction. In addition, most currentvitroculture models for neuroendocrine tissues fail to properly reflect their complex multicellular structure. In this context, we developed a novel microscale chip platform, termed the 'hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axis-on-a-chip,' which integrates various cellular components of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland with biomaterials such as collagen and hyaluronic acid. We used non-toxic blood coagulation factors (fibrinogen and thrombin) as natural cross-linking agents to increase the mechanical strength of biomaterials without showing residual toxicity to overcome drawbacks of conventional chemical cross-linking agents. Furthermore, we identified and verified SERPINB2 as a reliable neuroendocrine toxic marker, with its expression significantly increased in both hypothalamus and pituitary gland cells following exposure to various types of toxins. Next, we introduced SERPINB2-fluorescence reporter system into loaded hypothalamic cells and pituitary gland cells within each chamber of the HP axis on a chip, respectively. By incorporating this SERPINB2 detection system into the loaded hypothalamic and pituitary gland cells within our chip platform, Our HP axis-on-chip platform can better mimic reciprocal neuroendocrine crosstalk between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the brain microenvironments with improved efficiency in evaluating neuroendocrine toxicities of certain drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ra Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Geun Kook
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Rim Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Yu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyi Lim
- Gachon University Gil Hospital VIP Health Promotion Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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5
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Bigos KJA, Quiles CG, Lunj S, Smith DJ, Krause M, Troost EGC, West CM, Hoskin P, Choudhury A. Tumour response to hypoxia: understanding the hypoxic tumour microenvironment to improve treatment outcome in solid tumours. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1331355. [PMID: 38352889 PMCID: PMC10861654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1331355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumours affecting their biology and response to therapy. One of the main transcription factors activated by hypoxia is hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which regulates the expression of genes involved in various aspects of tumourigenesis including proliferative capacity, angiogenesis, immune evasion, metabolic reprogramming, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, and cell migration. This can negatively impact patient outcomes by inducing therapeutic resistance. The importance of hypoxia is clearly demonstrated by continued research into finding clinically relevant hypoxia biomarkers, and hypoxia-targeting therapies. One of the problems is the lack of clinically applicable methods of hypoxia detection, and lack of standardisation. Additionally, a lot of the methods of detecting hypoxia do not take into consideration the complexity of the hypoxic tumour microenvironment (TME). Therefore, this needs further elucidation as approximately 50% of solid tumours are hypoxic. The ECM is important component of the hypoxic TME, and is developed by both cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumour cells. However, it is important to distinguish the different roles to develop both biomarkers and novel compounds. Fibronectin (FN), collagen (COL) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are important components of the ECM that create ECM fibres. These fibres are crosslinked by specific enzymes including lysyl oxidase (LOX) which regulates the stiffness of tumours and induces fibrosis. This is partially regulated by HIFs. The review highlights the importance of understanding the role of matrix stiffness in different solid tumours as current data shows contradictory results on the impact on therapeutic resistance. The review also indicates that further research is needed into identifying different CAF subtypes and their exact roles; with some showing pro-tumorigenic capacity and others having anti-tumorigenic roles. This has made it difficult to fully elucidate the role of CAFs within the TME. However, it is clear that this is an important area of research that requires unravelling as current strategies to target CAFs have resulted in worsened prognosis. The role of immune cells within the tumour microenvironment is also discussed as hypoxia has been associated with modulating immune cells to create an anti-tumorigenic environment. Which has led to the development of immunotherapies including PD-L1. These hypoxia-induced changes can confer resistance to conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the impact of hypoxia on the TME and its implications for therapy resistance. It also discusses the potential of hypoxia biomarkers as prognostic and predictive indictors of treatment response, as well as the challenges and opportunities of targeting hypoxia in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla JA. Bigos
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Conrado G. Quiles
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sapna Lunj
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle J. Smith
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mechthild Krause
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiooncology and Clinical Radiotherapy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiooncology and Clinical Radiotherapy and Image-guided High Precision Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiooncology and Clinical Radiotherapy and Image-guided High Precision Radiotherapy, Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Esther GC. Troost
- OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiation Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiooncology and Clinical Radiotherapy and Image-guided High Precision Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Radiooncology and Clinical Radiotherapy and Image-guided High Precision Radiotherapy, Helmholtz Association / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology – OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Rossendorf, Germany
| | - Catharine M. West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hoskin
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, United Kingdom
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, Germany
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Solanki S, Shah YM. Hypoxia-Induced Signaling in Gut and Liver Pathobiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:291-317. [PMID: 37832943 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-094743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is essential for cellular metabolism and biochemical reactions. When the demand for O2 exceeds the supply, hypoxia occurs. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are essential to activate adaptive and survival responses following hypoxic stress. In the gut (intestines) and liver, the presence of oxygen gradients or physiologic hypoxia is necessary to maintain normal homeostasis. While physiologic hypoxia is beneficial and aids in normal functions, pathological hypoxia is harmful as it exacerbates inflammatory responses and tissue dysfunction and is a hallmark of many cancers. In this review, we discuss the role of gut and liver hypoxia-induced signaling, primarily focusing on HIFs, in the physiology and pathobiology of gut and liver diseases. Additionally, we examine the function of HIFs in various cell types during gut and liver diseases, beyond intestinal epithelial and hepatocyte HIFs. This review highlights the importance of understanding hypoxia-induced signaling in the pathogenesis of gut and liver diseases and emphasizes the potential of HIFs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Solanki
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
| | - Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA;
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Li Z, Zhu J, Ouyang H. Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in improving hepatic fibrosis based on inhibiting pathological angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303012. [PMID: 38155904 PMCID: PMC10754536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the liver. This scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and can lead to liver dysfunction and failure if left untreated. It is usually caused by chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pathological angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic fibrosis by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the liver. These new vessels increase blood flow to the damaged areas of the liver, which triggers the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). HSCs are responsible for producing excess collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Pathological angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic fibrosis by promoting the growth of new blood vessels in the liver. These new vessels increase blood flow to the damaged areas of the liver, which triggers the activation of HSCs. HSCs are responsible for producing excess collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins that contribute to the development of fibrosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been found to target pathological angiogenesis, thereby providing a potential treatment option for hepatic fibrosis. Several studies have demonstrated that TCM exhibits anti-angiogenic effects by inhibiting the production of pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2, and by reducing the proliferation of endothelial cells. Reviewing and highlighting the unique TCM recognition of treating hepatic fibrosis by targeting pathological angiogenesis may shed light on future hepatic fibrosis research.
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Jing H, Ren Y, Zhou Y, Xu M, Krizkova S, Heger Z, Lu Q, Wang S, Liang X, Adam V, Li N. Remodeling of the liver fibrosis microenvironment based on nilotinib-loaded multicatalytic nanozymes with boosted antifibrogenic activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:5030-5047. [PMID: 38045041 PMCID: PMC10692490 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a reversible pathological process caused by chronic liver damage and a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is considered the main target for liver fibrosis therapy. However, the efficiency of this strategy is limited due to the complex microenvironment of liver fibrosis, including excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and hypoxia-induced imbalanced ECM metabolism. Herein, nilotinib (NIL)-loaded hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated Ag@Pt nanotriangular nanozymes (APNH NTs) were developed to inhibit HSCs activation and remodel the microenvironment of liver fibrosis. APNH NTs efficiently eliminated intrahepatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their inherent superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, thereby downregulating the expression of NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX-4) and inhibiting HSCs activation. Simultaneously, the oxygen produced by the APNH NTs further alleviated the hypoxic microenvironment. Importantly, the released NIL promoted collagen depletion by suppressing the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), thus synergistically remodeling the microenvironment of liver fibrosis. Notably, an in vivo study in CCl4-induced mice revealed that APNH NTs exhibited significant antifibrogenic effects without obvious long-term toxicity. Taken together, the data from this work suggest that treatment with the synthesized APNH NTs provides an enlightening strategy for remodeling the microenvironment of liver fibrosis with boosted antifibrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Jing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingzi Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Min Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
| | - Qiang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno 61300, Czech Republic
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Zhang C, Sui Y, Liu S, Yang M. Molecular mechanisms of metabolic disease-associated hepatic inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. EXPLORATION OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 2023:246-275. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.37349/edd.2023.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide, with a progressive form of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). It may progress to advanced liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD/NASH is a comorbidity of many metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. These metabolic diseases are often accompanied by systemic or extrahepatic inflammation, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD or NASH. Metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, impact the function, inflammation, and death of hepatocytes, the primary parenchymal cells in the liver tissue. Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells that line the bile ducts, can differentiate into proliferative hepatocytes in chronic liver injury. In addition, hepatic non-parenchymal cells, including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, and innate and adaptive immune cells, are involved in liver inflammation. Proteins such as fibroblast growth factors, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylases, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 are involved in liver metabolism and inflammation, which are potential targets for NASH treatment. This review focuses on the effects of metabolic disease-induced extrahepatic inflammation, liver inflammation, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver metabolism on the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH, as well as the associated treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sui
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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10
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Chen X, Gong L, Li C, Wang S, Wang Z, Chu M, Zhou Y. Single-cell and bulk tissue sequencing unravels the heterogeneity of synovial microenvironment in arthrofibrosis. iScience 2023; 26:107379. [PMID: 37705954 PMCID: PMC10495645 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthrofibrosis (AF) is a debilitating complication that occurs after trauma or surgery, leading to functional impairment and surgical failures worldwide. This study aimed to uncover the underlying mechanism of AF. A total of 141 patients were enrolled, and synovial samples were collected from both patients and animal models at different time points. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk tissue RNA sequencing (bulk-seq) were employed to profile the distinct synovial microenvironment. This study revealed changes in cell proportions during AF pathogenesis and identified Engrailed-1 (EN1) as a key transcription factor strongly associated with disease severity and clinical prognosis. Additionally, the researchers discovered a specific type of synovial fibroblast called DKK3-SLF, which played a critical role in driving AF development. These findings shed light on the composition and heterogeneity of the synovial microenvironment in AF, offering potential avenues for identifying therapeutic targets and developing clinical treatments for AF and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Gong
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Zhou
- Department of Adult Joint Reconstructive Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 31 East Xinjiekou Street, Beijing 100035, China
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11
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Tsilimigras DI, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Pawlik TM. Molecular Mechanisms of Colorectal Liver Metastases. Cells 2023; 12:1657. [PMID: 37371127 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most frequently target for metastasis among patients with colorectal cancer mainly because of the portal vein circulation that directly connects the colon and rectum with the liver. The liver tumor microenvironment consists of different cell types each with unique characteristics and functions that modulate the antigen recognition and immune system activation. Primary tumors from other sites "prime" the liver prior to the seeding of cancer cells, creating a pre-metastatic niche. Following invasion into the liver, four different phases are key to the development of liver metastases: a microvascular phase in which cancer cells infiltrate and become trapped in sinusoidal vessels; an extravascular, pre-angiogenic phase; an angiogenic phase that supplies oxygen and nutrients to cancer cells; and a growth phase in which metastatic cells multiply and enlarge to form detectable tumors. Exosomes carry proteins, lipids, as well as genetic information that can create a pre-metastatic niche in distant sites, including the liver. The complexity of angiogenic mechanisms and the exploitation of the vasculature in situ by cancer cells have limited the efficacy of currently available anti-angiogenic therapies. Delineating the molecular mechanisms implicated in colorectal liver metastases is crucial to understand and predict tumor progression; the development of distant metastases; and resistance to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantis I Tsilimigras
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ioannis Ntanasis-Stathopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 395 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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12
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Novi S, Vestuto V, Campiglia P, Tecce N, Bertamino A, Tecce MF. Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Natural Compounds in Diet-Associated Hepatic Inflammation. Nutrients 2023; 15:2748. [PMID: 37375652 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most common causes of chronic liver disease and are increasingly emerging as a global health problem. Such disorders can lead to liver damage, resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of infiltrating immune cells. These are some of the common features of ALD progression in ASH (alcoholic steatohepatitis) and NAFLD to NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). Hepatic steatosis, followed by fibrosis, lead to a continuous progression accompanied by angiogenesis. This process creates hypoxia, which activates vascular factors, initiating pathological angiogenesis and further fibrosis. This forms a vicious cycle of ongoing damage and progression. This condition further exacerbates liver injury and may contribute to the development of comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome as well as hepatocellular carcinoma. Increasing evidence suggests that anti-angiogenic therapy may have beneficial effects on these hepatic disorders and their exacerbation. Therefore, there is a great interest to deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of natural anti-angiogenic products that could both prevent and control liver diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of major natural anti-angiogenic compounds against steatohepatitis and determine their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of liver inflammation caused by an imbalanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Novi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Tecce
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Medical School of Naples, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Mario Felice Tecce
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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13
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Rey F, Messa L, Maghraby E, Casili G, Ottolenghi S, Barzaghini B, Raimondi MT, Cereda C, Cuzzocrea S, Zuccotti G, Esposito E, Paterniti I, Carelli S. Oxygen Sensing in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Mechanisms, Implication of Transcriptional Response, and Pharmacological Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:160-182. [PMID: 35793106 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen (O2) sensing is the fundamental process through which organisms respond to changes in O2 levels. Complex networks exist allowing the maintenance of O2 levels through the perception, capture, binding, transport, and delivery of molecular O2. The brain extreme sensitivity to O2 balance makes the dysregulation of related processes crucial players in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this study, we wish to review the most relevant advances in O2 sensing in relation to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent Advances: Over the years, it has been clarified that most NDs share common pathways, a great number of which are in relation to O2 imbalance. These include hypoxia, hyperoxia, reactive oxygen species production, metabolism of metals, protein misfolding, and neuroinflammation. Critical Issues: There is still a gap in knowledge concerning how O2 sensing plays a role in the above indicated neurodegenerations. Specifically, O2 concentrations are perceived in body sites that are not limited to the brain, but primarily reside in other organs. Moreover, the mechanisms of O2 sensing, gene expression, and signal transduction seem to correlate with neurodegeneration, but many aspects are mechanistically still unexplained. Future Directions: Future studies should focus on the precise characterization of O2 level disruption and O2 sensing mechanisms in NDs. Moreover, advances need to be made also concerning the techniques used to assess O2 sensing dysfunctions in these diseases. There is also the need to develop innovative therapies targeting this precise mechanism rather than its secondary effects, as early intervention is necessary. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 160-182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Messa
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Maghraby
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Casili
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Ottolenghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta," Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Department of Women, Mothers and Neonatal Care, Children's Hospital "V. Buzzi," Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital "V. Buzzi," Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Pediatric Research Center "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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14
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Terefe E, Belay G, Han J, Hanotte O, Tijjani A. Genomic adaptation of Ethiopian indigenous cattle to high altitude. Front Genet 2022; 13:960234. [PMID: 36568400 PMCID: PMC9780680 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.960234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountainous areas of Ethiopia represent one of the most extreme environmental challenges in Africa faced by humans and other inhabitants. Selection for high-altitude adaptation is expected to have imprinted the genomes of livestock living in these areas. Here we assess the genomic signatures of positive selection for high altitude adaptation in three cattle populations from the Ethiopian mountainous areas (Semien, Choke, and Bale mountains) compared to three Ethiopian lowland cattle populations (Afar, Ogaden, and Boran), using whole-genome resequencing and three genome scan approaches for signature of selection (iHS, XP-CLR, and PBS). We identified several candidate selection signature regions and several high-altitude adaptation genes. These include genes such as ITPR2, MB, and ARNT previously reported in the human population inhabiting the Ethiopian highlands. Furthermore, we present evidence of strong selection and high divergence between Ethiopian high- and low-altitude cattle populations at three new candidate genes (CLCA2, SLC26A2, and CBFA2T3), putatively linked to high-altitude adaptation in cattle. Our findings provide possible examples of convergent selection between cattle and humans as well as unique African cattle signature to the challenges of living in the Ethiopian mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endashaw Terefe
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology (MCMB), College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Endashaw Terefe, Abdulfatai Tijjani,
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology (MCMB), College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jianlin Han
- Livestock Genetics Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya,CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulfatai Tijjani
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Endashaw Terefe, Abdulfatai Tijjani,
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15
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Mohammad Omar J, Hai Y, Jin S. Hypoxia-induced factor and its role in liver fibrosis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14299. [PMID: 36523459 PMCID: PMC9745792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis develops as a result of severe liver damage and is considered a major clinical concern throughout the world. Many factors are crucial for liver fibrosis progression. While advancements have been made to understand this disease, no effective pharmacological drug and treatment strategies have been established that can effectively prevent liver fibrosis or even could halt the fibrotic process. Most of those advances in curing liver fibrosis have been aimed towards mitigating the causes of fibrosis, including the development of potent antivirals to inhibit the hepatitis virus. It is not practicable for many individuals; however, a liver transplant becomes the only suitable alternative. A liver transplant is an expensive procedure. Thus, there is a significant need to identify potential targets of liver fibrosis and the development of such agents that can effectively treat or reverse liver fibrosis by targeting them. Researchers have identified hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the last 16 years as important transcription factors driving several facets of liver fibrosis, making them possible therapeutic targets. The latest knowledge on HIFs and their possible role in liver fibrosis, along with the cell-specific activities of such transcription factors that how they play role in liver fibrosis progression, is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mohammad Omar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Hai
- College of International Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shizhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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16
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Jiang HY, Gao HY, Li J, Zhou TY, Wang ST, Yang JB, Hao RR, Pang F, Wei F, Liu ZG, Kuang L, Ma SC, He JM, Jin HT. Integrated spatially resolved metabolomics and network toxicology to investigate the hepatotoxicity mechanisms of component D of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115630. [PMID: 35987407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The liver toxicity of Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke. (Polygonaceae) (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, PM) has always attracted much attention, but the related toxicity materials and mechanisms have not been elucidated due to multi-component and multi-target characteristics. In previous hepatotoxicity screening, different components of PM were first evaluated and the hepatotoxicity of component D [95% ethanol (EtOH) elution] in a 70% EtOH extract of PM (PM-D) showed the highest hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, the main components of PM-D were identified and their hepatotoxicity was evaluated based on a zebrafish embryo model. However, the hepatotoxicity mechanism of PM-D is unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY This work is to explore the hepatotoxicity mechanisms of PM-D by integrating network toxicology and spatially resolved metabolomics strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hepatotoxicity interaction network of PM-D was constructed based on toxicity target prediction for eight key toxic ingredients and a hepatotoxicity target collection. Then the key signaling pathways were enriched, and molecular docking verification was implemented to evaluate the ability of toxic ingredients to bind to the core targets. The pathological changes of liver tissues and serum biochemical assays of mice were used to evaluate the liver injury effect of mice with oral administration of PM-D. Furthermore, spatially resolved metabolomics was used to visualize significant differences in metabolic profiles in mice after drug administration, to screen hepatotoxicity-related biomarkers and analyze metabolic pathways. RESULTS The contents of four key toxic compounds in PM-D were detected. Network toxicology identified 30 potential targets of liver toxicity of PM-D. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the hepatotoxicity of PM-D involved multiple biological activities, including cellular response to endogenous stimulus, organonitrogen compound metabolic process, regulation of the apoptotic process, regulation of kinase, regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process and signaling pathways including PI3K-Akt, AMPK, MAPK, mTOR, Ras and HIF-1. The molecular docking confirmed the high binding activity of 8 key toxic ingredients with 10 core targets, including mTOR, PIK3CA, AKT1, and EGFR. The high distribution of metabolites of PM-D in the liver of administrated mice was recognized by mass spectrometry imaging. Spatially resolved metabolomics results revealed significant changes in metabolic profiles after PM-D administration, and metabolites such as taurine, taurocholic acid, adenosine, and acyl-carnitines were associated with PM-D-induced liver injury. Enrichment analyses of metabolic pathways revealed tht linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism, carnitine synthesis, oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids, and six other metabolic pathways were significantly changed. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the hepatotoxicity caused by PM-D was closely related to cholestasis, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and energy metabolism, and lipid metabolism disorders. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the hepatotoxicity mechanisms of PM-D were comprehensively identified through an integrated spatially resolved metabolomics and network toxicology strategy, providing a theoretical foundation for the toxicity mechanisms of PM and its safe clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Jiang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Yu Gao
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Bo Yang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Rui Hao
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Pang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Kuang
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiu-Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong-Tao Jin
- New Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Union-Genius Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Beijing, China.
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17
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Yoon JS, Lee CW. Protein phosphatases regulate the liver microenvironment in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1799-1813. [PMID: 36380016 PMCID: PMC9722691 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a complicated heterogeneous organ composed of different cells. Parenchymal cells called hepatocytes and various nonparenchymal cells, including immune cells and stromal cells, are distributed in liver lobules with hepatic architecture. They interact with each other to compose the liver microenvironment and determine its characteristics. Although the liver microenvironment maintains liver homeostasis and function under healthy conditions, it also shows proinflammatory and profibrogenic characteristics that can induce the progression of hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis, eventually changing to a protumoral microenvironment that contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to recent studies, phosphatases are involved in liver diseases and HCC development by regulating protein phosphorylation in intracellular signaling pathways and changing the activities and characteristics of liver cells. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the importance of protein phosphatases in HCC development and in the regulation of the cellular components in the liver microenvironment and to show their significance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Sup Yoon
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Woo Lee
- grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea ,grid.264381.a0000 0001 2181 989XDepartment of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351 Republic of Korea
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18
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FAM57A (Family with Sequence Similarity 57 Member A) Is a Cell-Density-Regulated Protein and Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Cervical Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203309. [PMID: 36291175 PMCID: PMC9600422 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAM57A (family with sequence similarity 57 member A) gene is controversially discussed to possess pro- or anti-tumorigenic potential. Here, we analyze the regulation of cellular FAM57A protein levels and study the functional role of FAM57A in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. We find that FAM57A protein expression strongly depends on cell density, with FAM57A being readily detectable at low cell density, but undetectable at high cell density. This regulation occurs post-transcriptionally and is not mirrored by corresponding changes at the RNA level. We further show that FAM57A protein levels are highly increased in cervical cancer cells cultivated at hypoxia compared to normoxia and provide evidence that FAM57A is a hypoxia-responsive gene under control of the α-subunit of the HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1) transcription factor. Yet, the strong relative increase of FAM57A protein levels in hypoxic cells is predominantly cell-density-dependent and occurs post-transcriptionally. Other anti-proliferative effectors besides hypoxia, such as silencing of HPV E6/E7 oncogene expression in cervical cancer cells, also result in an increase of FAM57A levels compared to untreated cells. Functional analyses reveal that FAM57A repression leads to pronounced anti-proliferative as well as anti-migratory effects in cervical cancer cells. Taken together, these results provide insights into the regulation of FAM57A protein levels and reveal that they underlie a tight cell-density-dependent control. Moreover, they identify FAM57A as a critical determinant for the phenotype of cervical cancer cells, which promotes their proliferation and migration capacities.
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19
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Mahmoudi A, Atkin SL, Jamialahmadi T, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Effect of Curcumin on Attenuation of Liver Cirrhosis via Genes/Proteins and Pathways: A System Pharmacology Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204344. [PMID: 36297027 PMCID: PMC9609422 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Liver cirrhosis is a life-threatening seqsuel of many chronic liver disorders of varying etiologies. In this study, we investigated protein targets of curcumin in liver cirrhosis based on a bioinformatics approach. Methods: Gene/protein associations with curcumin and liver cirrhosis were probed in drug−gene and gene−diseases databases including STITCH/DGIdb/DisGeNET/OMIM/DISEASES/CTD/Pharos and SwissTargetPrediction. Critical clustering groups (MCODE), hub candidates and critical hub genes in liver cirrhosis were identified, and connections between curcumin and liver cirrhosis-related genes were analyzed via Venn diagram. Interaction of hub genes with curcumin by molecular docking using PyRx-virtual screening tools was performed. Results: MCODE analysis indicated three MCODEs; the cluster (MCODE 1) comprised 79 nodes and 881 edges (score: 22.59). Curcumin database interactions recognized 318 protein targets. Liver cirrhosis genes and curcumin protein targets analysis demonstrated 96 shared proteins, suggesting that curcumin may influence 20 candidate and 13 hub genes, covering 81% of liver cirrhosis critical genes and proteins. Thirteen shared proteins affected oxidative stress regulation, RNA, telomerase activity, cell proliferation, and cell death. Molecular docking analysis showed the affinity of curcumin binding hub genes (Binding affinity: ΔG < −4.9 kcal/mol). Conclusions: Curcumin impacted on several critical liver cirrhosis genes mainly involved in extracellular matrix communication, focal adhesion, and the response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, RCSI Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +98-513-180-1239 (A.S.); Fax: +98-513-800-2287 (A.S.)
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +98-513-180-1239 (A.S.); Fax: +98-513-800-2287 (A.S.)
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20
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Hernández-Bustabad A, Morales-Arraez D, González-Paredes FJ, Abrante B, Díaz-Flores F, Abreu-González P, de la Barreda R, Quintero E, Hernández-Guerra M. Chronic intermittent hypoxia promotes early intrahepatic endothelial impairment in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G362-G374. [PMID: 35916415 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disease that ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) are implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. However, the overlapping consequences of CIH on liver sinusoidal endothelial function over time in NAFLD are largely unknown. We explored endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of NAFLD with a high-fat diet exposed to CIH [12 h/day, every 30 s to fractional concentration of oxygen ([Formula: see text] 8%-10%]. The livers were isolated and perfused, and the endothelial function was determined by testing the vasodilation of the liver circulation to increased concentrations of acetylcholine and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression. Phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), cGMP, and oxidative stress were assessed to determine nitric oxide bioavailability. Inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated by transaminases, myeloperoxidase activity, hydroxyproline, and histological evaluation. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) were studied as a marker of hypoxia and after a second insult with acetaminophen. CIH exposure provoked typical systemic features of OSAS and provoked a decreased response in vasodilation to acetylcholine. This was associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced p-eNOS and cGMP. The microcirculation impairment due to CIH preceded significant hepatic inflammation and fibrotic changes, despite the presence of HIF expression. In conclusion, CIH exacerbates endothelial dysfunction in NAFLD rats associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. This occurs before inflammation and fibrosis establish. Our results suggest that with CIH endothelial dysfunction should be considered an early target.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We believe the findings are of relevance because we demonstrate that chronic intermittent hypoxia further augments impaired hepatic endothelial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rats. Because obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with systemic endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disorders, and chronic intermittent hypoxia is an independent and reversible risk factor for hypertension and coronary artery disease, we hypothesized that this entity may be of potential relevance in the pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia Morales-Arraez
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier González-Paredes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Canarian Biomedical Research Centre, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abrante
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Canarian Biomedical Research Centre, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Felicitas Díaz-Flores
- Central Laboratory Department, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Physiology Department, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raquel de la Barreda
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Enrique Quintero
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Manuel Hernández-Guerra
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Canarian Biomedical Research Centre, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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21
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The Hepatic Pre-Metastatic Niche. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153731. [PMID: 35954395 PMCID: PMC9367402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The pre-metastatic niche is a recently established concept that could lead to targeted therapies that prevent metastasis before ever occurring. Considering that 90% of cancer mortality results from metastasis, the PMN is thus a salient opportunity for intervention. The purpose of the current review is to cover what is known specifically about the hepatic pre-metastatic niche, a topic that has garnered increasing research focus within the last decade. We discuss the methods of communication between primary tumors and the liver, the involved cell populations, the key changes within liver tissue, and perspectives on the future of the field. Abstract Primary tumors can communicate with the liver to establish a microenvironment that favors metastatic colonization prior to dissemination, forming what is termed the “pre-metastatic niche” (PMN). Through diverse signaling mechanisms, distant malignancies can both influence hepatic cells directly as well as recruit immune cells into the PMN. The result is a set of changes within the hepatic tissue that increase susceptibility of tumor cell invasion and outgrowth upon dissemination. Thus, the PMN offers a novel step in the traditional metastatic cascade that could offer opportunities for clinical intervention. The involved signaling molecules also offer promise as biomarkers. Ultimately, while the existence of the hepatic PMN is well-established, continued research effort and use of innovative models are required to reach a functional knowledge of PMN mechanisms that can be further targeted.
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22
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Czaja AJ. Examining micro-ribonucleic acids as diagnostic and therapeutic prospects in autoimmune hepatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:591-607. [PMID: 35510750 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2074839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micro-ribonucleic acids modulate the immune response by affecting the post-transcriptional expression of genes that influence the proliferation and function of activated immune cells, including regulatory T cells. Individual expressions or patterns in peripheral blood and liver tissue may have diagnostic value, reflect treatment response, or become therapeutic targets. The goals of this review are to present the properties and actions of micro-ribonucleic acids, indicate the key individual expressions in autoimmune hepatitis, and describe prospective clinical applications in diagnosis and management. AREAS COVERED Abstracts were identified in PubMed using the search words "microRNAs", "microRNAs in liver disease", and "microRNAs in autoimmune hepatitis". The number of abstracts reviewed exceeded 2000, and the number of full-length articles reviewed was 108. EXPERT OPINION Individual micro-ribonucleic acids, miR-21, miR-122, and miR-155, have been associated with biochemical severity, histological grade of inflammation, and pivotal pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune hepatitis. Antisense oligonucleotides that down-regulate deleterious individual gene expressions, engineered molecules that impair targeting of gene products, and drugs that non-selectively up-regulate the biogenesis of potentially deficient gene regulators are feasible treatment options. Micro-ribonucleic acids constitute an under-evaluated area in autoimmune hepatitis that promises to improve diagnosis, pathogenic concepts, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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23
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Carson JP, Robinson MW, Ramm GA, Gobert GN. Synthetic peptides derived from the Schistosoma mansoni secretory protein Sm16 induce contrasting responses in hepatic stellate cells. Exp Parasitol 2022; 236-237:108255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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24
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Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Changes behind Benign Tracheal and Subglottic Stenosis in Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052421. [PMID: 35269565 PMCID: PMC8910114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a complex and heterogeneous disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. LTS is considered to be the result of aberrant wound-healing process that leads to fibrotic scarring, originating from different aetiology. Although iatrogenic aetiology is the main cause of subglottic or tracheal stenosis, also autoimmune and infectious diseases may be involved in causing LTS. Furthermore, fibrotic obstruction in the anatomic region under the glottis can also be diagnosed without apparent aetiology after a comprehensive workup; in this case, the pathological process is called idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). So far, the laryngotracheal scar resulting from airway injury due to different diseases was considered as inert tissue requiring surgical removal to restore airway patency. However, this assumption has recently been revised by regarding the tracheal scarring process as a fibroinflammatory event due to immunological alteration, similar to other fibrotic diseases. Recent acquisitions suggest that different factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, altered fibroblast function and genetic susceptibility, can all interact in a complex way leading to aberrant and fibrotic wound healing after an insult that acts as a trigger. However, also physiological derangement due to LTS could play a role in promoting dysregulated response to laryngo-tracheal mucosal injury, through biomechanical stress and mechanotransduction activation. The aim of this narrative review is to present the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms, as well as mechanical and physio-pathological features behind LTS.
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25
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Bargiela D, Cunha PP, Veliça P, Foskolou IP, Barbieri L, Rundqvist H, Johnson RS. Vitamin B6 Metabolism Determines T Cell Anti-Tumor Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837669. [PMID: 35251031 PMCID: PMC8891565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting T cell metabolism is an established method of immunomodulation. Following activation, T cells engage distinct metabolic programs leading to the uptake and processing of nutrients that determine cell proliferation and differentiation. Redirection of T cell fate by modulation of these metabolic programs has been shown to boost or suppress immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Using publicly available T cell transcriptomic and proteomic datasets we identified vitamin B6-dependent transaminases as key metabolic enzymes driving T cell activation and differentiation. Inhibition of vitamin B6 metabolism using the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) inhibitor, aminoxyacetic acid (AOA), suppresses CD8+ T cell proliferation and effector differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. We show that pyridoxal phosphate phosphatase (PDXP), a negative regulator of intracellular vitamin B6 levels, is under the control of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF1), a central driver of T cell metabolism. Furthermore, by adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells into a C57BL/6 mouse melanoma model, we demonstrate the requirement for vitamin B6-dependent enzyme activity in mediating effective anti-tumor responses. Our findings show that vitamin B6 metabolism is required for CD8+ T cell proliferation and effector differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Targeting vitamin B6 metabolism may therefore serve as an immunodulatory strategy to improve anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bargiela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro P. Cunha
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro Veliça
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iosifina P. Foskolou
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Barbieri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Randall S. Johnson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Arroyo N, Villamayor L, Díaz I, Carmona R, Ramos-Rodríguez M, Muñoz-Chápuli R, Pasquali L, Toscano MG, Martín F, Cano DA, Rojas A. GATA4 induces liver fibrosis regression by deactivating hepatic stellate cells. JCI Insight 2021; 6:150059. [PMID: 34699385 PMCID: PMC8675192 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to liver injury, hepatic stellate cells activate and acquire proliferative and contractile features. The regression of liver fibrosis appears to involve the clearance of activated hepatic stellate cells, either by apoptosis or by reversion toward a quiescent-like state, a process called deactivation. Thus, deactivation of active hepatic stellate cells has emerged as a novel and promising therapeutic approach for liver fibrosis. However, our knowledge of the master regulators involved in the deactivation and/or activation of fibrotic hepatic stellate cells is still limited. The transcription factor GATA4 has been previously shown to play an important role in embryonic hepatic stellate cell quiescence. In this work, we show that lack of GATA4 in adult mice caused hepatic stellate cell activation and, consequently, liver fibrosis. During regression of liver fibrosis, Gata4 was reexpressed in deactivated hepatic stellate cells. Overexpression of Gata4 in hepatic stellate cells promoted liver fibrosis regression in CCl4-treated mice. GATA4 induced changes in the expression of fibrogenic and antifibrogenic genes, promoting hepatic stellate cell deactivation. Finally, we show that GATA4 directly repressed EPAS1 transcription in hepatic stellate cells and that stabilization of the HIF2α protein in hepatic stellate cells leads to liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Arroyo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Villamayor
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Carmona
- Universidad de Málaga y Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Legal Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mireia Ramos-Rodríguez
- Endocrine Regulatory Genomics, Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Pasquali
- Endocrine Regulatory Genomics, Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Franz Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Zhang L, Gao J, Zhou D, Wang X, Li J, Wang J, Chen H, Xie X, Chen T. Profiles of messenger RNAs and MicroRNAs in hypoxia-induced hepatic stellate cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1451. [PMID: 34734003 PMCID: PMC8506783 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background MicroRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) activation and liver fibrosis. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of hypoxia on the differential expression of mRNAs and miRNAs in rat HSCs. Methods HSC-T6 cells were treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and the activity of HSC-T6 cells was measured by the CCK-8 assay. The mRNA expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), collagen type I, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and Smad7 were measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression levels of HIF-1α, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were assayed by western blot. We used basal medium and 400 µmol/L CoCl2 medium to treat HSC-T6 cells for 48 h. Cells were harvested after 48 h to extract RNA. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to investigate differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs (fold change >2; P<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict the functions of differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs. Further, we used RT-qPCR to detect the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs to confirm the accuracy of sequencing. Results With the increase of CoCl2 concentration, the activity of HSC-T6 cells decreased (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of HIF-1α, collagen I, TGF-β1, and Smad7, and the protein expressions levels of HIF-1α, Bax, caspase-3, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were increased compared with the control group (P<0.05), while the expression of Bcl-2 decreased. A total of 54 miRNAs (20 upregulated and 34 downregulated) and 1,423 mRNAs (685 upregulated and 738 downregulated) were differentially expressed in the 400 µmol/L CoCl2 medium group compared to the control basal medium group. Further bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs were mainly enriched in the synthesis of extracellular matrix. In addition, we used RT-qPCR to detect the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs to confirm the accuracy of sequencing. Conclusions Our results presented the profiles of mRNAs and miRNAs in hypoxia-induced HSC-T6 cells in rats, the signaling pathways, and co-expression networks. These findings may suggest novel insights for the early diagnosis and treatment of HSC activation and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Holzner LMW, Murray AJ. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors as Key Players in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:753268. [PMID: 34692739 PMCID: PMC8526542 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its more severe form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are a major public health concern with high and increasing global prevalence, and a significant disease burden owing to its progression to more severe forms of liver disease and the associated risk of cardiovascular disease. Treatment options, however, remain scarce, and a better understanding of the pathological and physiological processes involved could enable the development of new therapeutic strategies. One process implicated in the pathology of NAFLD and NASH is cellular oxygen sensing, coordinated largely by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. Activation of HIFs has been demonstrated in patients and mouse models of NAFLD and NASH and studies of activation and inhibition of HIFs using pharmacological and genetic tools point toward important roles for these transcription factors in modulating central aspects of the disease. HIFs appear to act in several cell types in the liver to worsen steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, but may nevertheless improve insulin sensitivity. Moreover, in liver and other tissues, HIF activation alters mitochondrial respiratory function and metabolism, having an impact on energetic and redox homeostasis. This article aims to provide an overview of current understanding of the roles of HIFs in NAFLD, highlighting areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz M W Holzner
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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29
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A human multi-lineage hepatic organoid model for liver fibrosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6138. [PMID: 34686668 PMCID: PMC8536785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the pathogenesis of a congenital form of hepatic fibrosis, human hepatic organoids were engineered to express the most common causative mutation for Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD). Here we show that these hepatic organoids develop the key features of ARPKD liver pathology (abnormal bile ducts and fibrosis) in only 21 days. The ARPKD mutation increases collagen abundance and thick collagen fiber production in hepatic organoids, which mirrors ARPKD liver tissue pathology. Transcriptomic and other analyses indicate that the ARPKD mutation generates cholangiocytes with increased TGFβ pathway activation, which are actively involved stimulating myofibroblasts to form collagen fibers. There is also an expansion of collagen-producing myofibroblasts with markedly increased PDGFRB protein expression and an activated STAT3 signaling pathway. Moreover, the transcriptome of ARPKD organoid myofibroblasts resemble those present in commonly occurring forms of liver fibrosis. PDGFRB pathway involvement was confirmed by the anti-fibrotic effect observed when ARPKD organoids were treated with PDGFRB inhibitors. Besides providing insight into the pathogenesis of congenital (and possibly acquired) forms of liver fibrosis, ARPKD organoids could also be used to test the anti-fibrotic efficacy of potential anti-fibrotic therapies.
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30
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Leeuwenburgh VC, Urzúa-Traslaviña CG, Bhattacharya A, Walvoort MTC, Jalving M, de Jong S, Fehrmann RSN. Robust metabolic transcriptional components in 34,494 patient-derived cancer-related samples and cell lines. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:35. [PMID: 34565468 PMCID: PMC8474886 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patient-derived bulk expression profiles of cancers can provide insight into the transcriptional changes that underlie reprogrammed metabolism in cancer. These profiles represent the average expression pattern of all heterogeneous tumor and non-tumor cells present in biopsies of tumor lesions. Hence, subtle transcriptional footprints of metabolic processes can be concealed by other biological processes and experimental artifacts. However, consensus independent component analyses (c-ICA) can capture statistically independent transcriptional footprints of both subtle and more pronounced metabolic processes. Methods We performed c-ICA with 34,494 bulk expression profiles of patient-derived tumor biopsies, non-cancer tissues, and cell lines. Gene set enrichment analysis with 608 gene sets that describe metabolic processes was performed to identify the transcriptional components enriched for metabolic processes (mTCs). The activity of these mTCs was determined in all samples to create a metabolic transcriptional landscape. Results A set of 555 mTCs was identified of which many were robust across different datasets, platforms, and patient-derived tissues and cell lines. We demonstrate how the metabolic transcriptional landscape defined by the activity of these mTCs in samples can be used to explore the associations between the metabolic transcriptome and drug sensitivities, patient outcomes, and the composition of the immune tumor microenvironment. Conclusions To facilitate the use of our transcriptional metabolic landscape, we have provided access to all data via a web portal (www.themetaboliclandscapeofcancer.com). We believe this resource will contribute to the formulation of new hypotheses on how to metabolically engage the tumor or its (immune) microenvironment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40170-021-00272-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- V C Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C G Urzúa-Traslaviña
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Bhattacharya
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M T C Walvoort
- Department of Chemical Biology, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Jalving
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S de Jong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R S N Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Hypoxia, Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071764. [PMID: 34359934 PMCID: PMC8305108 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a potentially reversible pathophysiological event, leading to excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and taking place as the net result of liver fibrogenesis, a dynamic and highly integrated process occurring during chronic liver injury of any etiology. Liver fibrogenesis and fibrosis, together with chronic inflammatory response, are primarily involved in the progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD). As is well known, a major role in fibrogenesis and fibrosis is played by activated myofibroblasts (MFs), as well as by macrophages and other hepatic cell populations involved in CLD progression. In the present review, we will focus the attention on the emerging pathogenic role of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and related mediators in the fibrogenic progression of CLD.
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32
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Kim LJ, Pham LV, Polotsky VY. Sleep Apnea, Hypoxia Inducible Factor, and Fatty Liver: More Questions than Answers? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:337-338. [PMID: 34101539 PMCID: PMC8525207 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0204ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J Kim
- Johns Hopkins Medicine, 1501, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luu V Pham
- Johns Hopkins Medicine School of Medicine, 1500, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Johns Hopkins University, 1466, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States;
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Hansen JH, Khodami JK, Moritz JD, Rinne K, Voges I, Scheewe J, Kramer HH, Uebing A. Surveillance of Fontan Associated Liver Disease in Childhood and Adolescence. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 34:642-650. [PMID: 33979666 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fontan associated liver disease (FALD) has been recognized as a potentially serious sequela of the Fontan circulation. Prevalence of FALD among different age groups and risk factors for advanced changes were assessed. FALD screening included abdominal ultrasound and laboratory tests. A "liver disease score (LDS)" incorporating items from ultrasound and blood testing was calculated to grade FALD severity (5 items each, maximum score 10 points). 240 patients (male: n = 139, female: n = 101, systemic right ventricle: n = 160) underwent FALD screening 10 (IQR 7-15) years after Fontan surgery. Ultrasound was abnormal in 184 (76.6%) patients (surface nodularity / blunted liver edge: n = 133, 55.4%; heterogeneous parenchyma: n = 93, 38.8%; splenomegaly: n = 68, 28.3%; ascites: n = 23, 9.6%). At least one abnormal laboratory test was detected in 218 (90.8%) patients. Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase was elevated in the majority of patients (n = 206, 85.8%). Median LDS was 3 (2-4). Scores ≥5 were observed in 32 (13.3%) patients. Longer follow-up (15 (11-20) vs 9 (6-14) years, P <0.001), higher central venous (13 (11-15) vs 10 (9-12) mmHg, P <0.001) and end-diastolic pressure (8 (5-10) vs 6 (5-7) mmHg, P = 0.001), impaired ventricular function and absence of sinus rhythm were associated with LDS ≥5. Longer follow-up (OR 1.2 (1.1-1.3), P <0.001) and higher central venous pressure (OR 1.6 (1.3-2.1), p < 0.001) were the only independent predictors of advanced FALD. Abdominal ultrasound and laboratory abnormalities suggestive of FALD are common during routine follow-up already in childhood and adolescence irrespective of ventricular morphology. More advanced findings are associated with longer follow-up and higher central venous pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hinnerk Hansen
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Joshua Kian Khodami
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Jörg Detlev Moritz
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Katy Rinne
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Inga Voges
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jens Scheewe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Hans-Heiner Kramer
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anselm Uebing
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
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Cai J, Hu M, Chen Z, Ling Z. The roles and mechanisms of hypoxia in liver fibrosis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:186. [PMID: 33933107 PMCID: PMC8088569 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis occurs in response to any etiology of chronic liver injury. Lack of appropriate clinical intervention will lead to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), seriously affecting the quality of life of patients, but the current clinical treatments of liver fibrosis have not been developed yet. Recent studies have shown that hypoxia is a key factor promoting the progression of liver fibrosis. Hypoxia can cause liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis can, in turn, profoundly further deepen the degree of hypoxia. Therefore, exploring the role of hypoxia in liver fibrosis will help to further understand the process of liver fibrosis, and provide the theoretical basis for its diagnosis and treatment, which is of great significance to avoid further deterioration of liver diseases and protect the life and health of patients. This review highlights the recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia in developments of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Ling
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Dorris ER, Russell J, Murphy M. Post-intubation subglottic stenosis: aetiology at the cellular and molecular level. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/159/200218. [PMID: 33472959 PMCID: PMC9489001 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0218-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a narrowing of the airway just below the vocal cords. This narrowing typically consists of fibrotic scar tissue, which may be due to a variety of diseases. This review focuses on post-intubation (PI) SGS. SGS can result in partial or complete narrowing of the airway. This narrowing is caused by fibrosis and can cause serious breathing difficulties. It can occur in both adults and children. The pathogenesis of post-intubation SGS is not well understood; however, it is considered to be the product of an abnormal healing process. This review discusses how intubation can change the local micro-environment, leading to dysregulated tissue repair. We discuss how mucosal inflammation, local hypoxia and biomechanical stress associated with intubation can promote excess tissue deposition that occurs during the pathological process of SGS. COVID-19 may cause an increased incidence of subglottic stenosis (SGS). In this review, the cellular and molecular aetiology of post-intubation SGS is outlined and we discuss how better knowledge of the underlying biology can inform SGS management.https://bit.ly/2RSliRK
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Dorris
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland .,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Russell
- Children's Hospital Ireland Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Madeline Murphy
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Boulter L, Bullock E, Mabruk Z, Brunton VG. The fibrotic and immune microenvironments as targetable drivers of metastasis. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:27-36. [PMID: 33239677 PMCID: PMC7782519 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made over the past 40 years in treating patients with cancer, effective therapies for those who are diagnosed with advanced metastatic disease are still few and far between. Cancer cells do not exist in isolation: rather, they exist within a complex microenvironment composed of stromal cells and extracellular matrix. Within this tumour microenvironment exists an interplay between the two main stromal cell subtypes, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and immune cells, that are important in controlling metastasis. A complex network of paracrine signalling pathways between CAFs, immune cells and tumour cells are involved at multiple stages of the metastatic process, from invasion and intravasation at the primary tumour site to extravasation and colonisation in the metastatic site. Heterogeneity and plasticity within stromal cell populations also contribute to the complexity. Although many of these processes are likely to be common to a number of metastatic sites, we will describe in detail the interplay within the liver, a preferred site of metastasis for many tumours. A greater understanding of these networks provides opportunities for the design of new therapeutic approaches for targeting the metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Esme Bullock
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Zeanap Mabruk
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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Park SR, Kim SR, Lee JW, Park CH, Yu WJ, Lee SJ, Chon SJ, Lee DH, Hong IS. Development of a novel dual reproductive organ on a chip: recapitulating bidirectional endocrine crosstalk between the uterine endometrium and the ovary. Biofabrication 2020; 13. [PMID: 32998123 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abbd29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional 2D or even 3Din vitroculture models for human reproductive organs cannot properly recapitulate the bidirectional endocrine crosstalk between the uterine endometrium and the ovary. This crosstalk is essential for maintaining the various physiological features and functions of each tissue. Moreover, mostin vitromodels for the female reproductive tract also fail to mimic its multicellular structure. We therefore developed a novel 'dual reproductive organ on a chip' that reflects the bidirectional endocrine cross-talk and the complex multicellular structures by integrating various cellular components of both the human uterine endometrium and the ovary with several biodegradable natural polymers. Indeed, the bidirectional endocrine crosstalk between these two tissues is achieved through media sharing between channels, and it can markedly improve the viability of loaded cells within each chamber of the chip platform. In addition, we also identified a reliable reproductive toxicity marker, SERPINB2, which is significantly increased in response to various toxic exposures in both endometrial and ovarian follicular cells. Based on these findings, we next established a SERPINB2 luciferase reporter system that was specifically designed for detecting and quantifying the toxicity of certain substances. By introducing this SERPINB2 luciferase reporter system into the loaded cells within the chip platform, we ultimately developed an effective 'dual reproductive organ-on-chip' that was successfully used to predict the reproductive toxicity of various hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ra Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Rim Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Joon Yu
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Deajeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Deajeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
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38
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Chen J, Argemi J, Odena G, Xu MJ, Cai Y, Massey V, Parrish A, Vadigepalli R, Altamirano J, Cabezas J, Gines P, Caballeria J, Snider N, Sancho-Bru P, Akira S, Rusyn I, Gao B, Bataller R. Hepatic lipocalin 2 promotes liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15558. [PMID: 32968110 PMCID: PMC7512007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced fibrosis and portal hypertension influence short-term mortality. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) regulates infection response and increases in liver injury. We explored the role of intrahepatic LCN2 in human alcoholic hepatitis (AH) with advanced fibrosis and portal hypertension and in experimental mouse fibrosis. We found hepatic LCN2 expression and serum LCN2 level markedly increased and correlated with disease severity and portal hypertension in patients with AH. In control human livers, LCN2 expressed exclusively in mononuclear cells, while its expression was markedly induced in AH livers, not only in mononuclear cells but also notably in hepatocytes. Lcn2-/- mice were protected from liver fibrosis caused by either ethanol or CCl4 exposure. Microarray analysis revealed downregulation of matrisome, cell cycle and immune related gene sets in Lcn2-/- mice exposed to CCl4, along with decrease in Timp1 and Edn1 expression. Hepatic expression of COL1A1, TIMP1 and key EDN1 system components were elevated in AH patients and correlated with hepatic LCN2 expression. In vitro, recombinant LCN2 induced COL1A1 expression. Overexpression of LCN2 increased HIF1A that in turn mediated EDN1 upregulation. LCN2 contributes to liver fibrosis and portal hypertension in AH and could represent a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiegen Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gemma Odena
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ming-Jiang Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, DM, 20892, USA
| | - Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, DM, 20892, USA
| | - Veronica Massey
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Austin Parrish
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Hepatology-Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Quironsalud Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Cabezas
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Research Institute Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Pere Gines
- Hospital Clinic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan Caballeria
- Hospital Clinic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natasha Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Hospital Clinic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas Y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, DM, 20892, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Sarkar S, Bhattacharya S, Alam MJ, Yadav R, Banerjee SK. Hypoxia aggravates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in presence of high fat choline deficient diet: A pilot study. Life Sci 2020; 260:118404. [PMID: 32920003 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM NAFLD is a chronic and progressive disease for which there are no FDA-approved drugs available in the market. Drug discovery is a time-consuming procedure and requires screening of hundreds of small molecules to find new chemical entities (NECs) for a particular disease. Current preclinical NAFLD animal models take a longer time, which enhances the duration and expenses of the screening procedure. Hence to shorten the duration, we have proposed a preclinical animal model for rapid induction of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced stage of NAFLD in rats. METHODOLOGY The animals were divided into three groups; control, high fat choline deficient (HFCD) and high fat choline deficient diet with sodium nitrite (40 mg/kg b.w. i.p. per day) (HFCD + NaNO2) respectively. Four weeks later physical and serum biochemical parameters were assessed, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed, and histopathology and gene expression were analysed. KEY FINDINGS Hypoxic stress aggravates the lipid accumulation, ballooning, lobular inflammation and fibrosis in hepatic tissue in presence of HFCD diet. SIGNIFICANCE This novel rodent model could be a useful NAFLD model to screen small molecules rapidly for treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Sarkar
- Non-communicable Disease Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sankarsan Bhattacharya
- Non-communicable Disease Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Md Jahangir Alam
- Non-communicable Disease Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Yadav
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Non-communicable Disease Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati 781101, Assam, India.
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40
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Novo E, Bocca C, Foglia B, Protopapa F, Maggiora M, Parola M, Cannito S. Liver fibrogenesis: un update on established and emerging basic concepts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108445. [PMID: 32524998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrogenesis is defined as a dynamic and highly integrated process occurring during chronic injury to liver parenchyma that can result in excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (i.e., liver fibrosis). Liver fibrogenesis, together with chronic inflammatory response, is then primarily involved in the progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD) irrespective of the specific etiology. In the present review we will first offer a synthetic and updated overview of major basic concepts in relation to the role of myofibroblasts (MFs), macrophages and other hepatic cell populations involved in CLD to then offer an overview of established and emerging issues and mechanisms that have been proposed to favor and/or promote CLD progression. A special focus will be dedicated to selected issues that include emerging features in the field of cholangiopathies, the emerging role of genetic and epigenetic factors as well as of hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and related mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Novo
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Bocca
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Beatrice Foglia
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Protopapa
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Maggiora
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cannito
- University of Torino, Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
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41
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Extracellular vesicles derived from fat-laden hepatocytes undergoing chemical hypoxia promote a pro-fibrotic phenotype in hepatic stellate cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165857. [PMID: 32512191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a key issue in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Observations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) suggest that hypoxia contributes to progression to NASH and liver fibrosis, and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by injured hepatocytes has been implicated in NAFLD progression. AIM To evaluate the effects of hypoxia on hepatic pro-fibrotic response and EV release in experimental NAFLD and to assess cellular crosstalk between hepatocytes and human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2). METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with fatty acids and subjected to chemically induced hypoxia using the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) stabilizer cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Lipid droplets, oxidative stress, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic-associated genes were assessed. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation. LX-2 cells were treated with EVs from hepatocytes. The CDAA-fed mouse model was used to assess the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) in experimental NASH. RESULTS Chemical hypoxia increased steatosis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expressions in fat-laden HepG2 cells. Chemical hypoxia also increased the release of EVs from HepG2 cells. Treatment of LX2 cells with EVs from fat-laden HepG2 cells undergoing chemical hypoxia increased expression pro-fibrotic markers. CDAA-fed animals exposed to IH exhibited increased portal inflammation and fibrosis that correlated with an increase in circulating EVs. CONCLUSION Chemical hypoxia promotes hepatocellular damage and pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signaling in steatotic hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. EVs from fat-laden hepatocytes undergoing chemical hypoxia evoke pro-fibrotic responses in LX-2 cells.
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42
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Dong W, Kong M, Zhu Y, Shao Y, Wu D, Lu J, Guo J, Xu Y. Activation of TWIST Transcription by Chromatin Remodeling Protein BRG1 Contributes to Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:340. [PMID: 32478075 PMCID: PMC7237740 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathophysiological process to which many different cell types contribute. Endothelial cells play versatile roles in the regulation of liver fibrosis. The underlying epigenetic mechanism is not fully appreciated. In the present study, we investigated the role of BRG1, a chromatin remodeling protein, in the modulation of endothelial cells in response to pro-fibrogenic stimuli in vitro and liver fibrosis in mice. We report that depletion of BRG1 by siRNA abrogated TGF-β or hypoxia induced down-regulation of endothelial marker genes and up-regulation of mesenchymal marker genes in cultured endothelial cells. Importantly, endothelial-specific BRG1 deletion attenuated CCl4 induced liver fibrosis in mice. BRG1 knockdown in vitro or BRG1 knockout in vivo was accompanied by the down-regulation of TWIST, a key regulator of endothelial phenotype. Mechanistically, BRG1 interacted with and was recruited to the TWIST promoter by HIF-1α to activate TWIST transcription. BRG1 silencing rendered a more repressive chromatin structure surrounding the TWIST promoter likely contributing to TWIST down-regulation. Inhibition of HIF-1α activity dampened liver fibrosis in mice. Similarly, pharmaceutical inhibition of TWIST alleviated liver fibrosis in mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that epigenetic activation of TWIST by BRG1 contributes to the modulation of endothelial phenotype and liver fibrosis. Therefore, targeting the HIF1α-BRG1-TWIST axis may yield novel therapeutic solutions to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Medical Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Translational Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the human body and is prone for cancer metastasis. Although the metastatic pattern can differ depending on the cancer type, the liver is the organ to which cancer cells most frequently metastasize for the majority of prevalent malignancies. The liver is unique in several aspects: the vascular structure is highly permeable and has unparalleled dual blood connectivity, and the hepatic tissue microenvironment presents a natural soil for the seeding of disseminated tumor cells. Although 70% of the liver is composed of the parenchymal hepatocytes, the remaining 30% is composed of nonparenchymal cells including Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Recent discoveries show that both the parenchymal and the nonparenchymal cells can modulate each step of the hepatic metastatic cascade, including the initial seeding and colonization as well as the decision to undergo dormancy versus outgrowth. Thus, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms orchestrating the formation of a hospitable hepatic metastatic niche and the identification of the drivers supporting this process is critical for the development of better therapies to stop or at least decrease liver metastasis. The focus of this perspective is on the bidirectional interactions between the disseminated cancer cells and the unique hepatic metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Mielgo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
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Strickland J, Garrison D, Copple BL. Hypoxia upregulates Cxcl12 in hepatocytes by a complex mechanism involving hypoxia-inducible factors and transforming growth factor-β. Cytokine 2020; 127:154986. [PMID: 31951966 PMCID: PMC7255688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cxcl12, or stromal-derived factor-1, is a chemokine produced by several hepatic cell types, including hepatocytes, after liver injury and surgical resection. Studies have revealed that Cxcl12 is important for regeneration of the liver after surgical resection and for development of liver fibrosis during chronic liver injury. While the function of Cxcl12 in the liver is well established, the mechanism by which Cxcl12 is upregulated is not fully understood. Because regions of hypoxia develop in the liver following injury, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia upregulates Cxcl12 in hepatocytes by a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent mechanism. METHODS To test this hypothesis, primary mouse hepatocytes were isolated from the livers of HIF-1α-deficient mice or HIF-1β-deficient mice and exposed to 1% oxygen. Cxcl12 expression was increased following exposure of primary mouse hepatocytes to 1% oxygen. Previously we have shown, that in addition to HIFs, transforming growth factor-β is required for upregulation of a subset of genes in hypoxic hepatocytes. To examine the role of TGF-β in regulation of Cxcl12 during hypoxia, hepatocytes were pretreated with the TGF-β receptor I inhibitor, SB431542. RESULTS Upregulation of Cxcl12 by hypoxia was partially prevented in hepatocytes from HIF-1α-deficient mice and completely prevented in hepatocytes from HIF-1β-deficient hepatocytes. This suggests that under hypoxic conditions, both HIF-1α and HIF-2α regulate Cxcl12 in hepatocytes. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with SB431542 completely prevented upregulation Cxcl12 by hypoxia. Further, treatment of hepatocytes with recombinant TGF-β1 upregulated Cxcl12 in hepatocytes cultured in room air. CONCLUSION Collectively, these studies demonstrate that hypoxia upregulates Cxcl12 in primary mouse hepatocytes by a mechanism that involves HIFs and TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Strickland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Domonique Garrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bryan L Copple
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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45
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Tsiapalis D, De Pieri A, Spanoudes K, Sallent I, Kearns S, Kelly JL, Raghunath M, Zeugolis DI. The synergistic effect of low oxygen tension and macromolecular crowding in the development of extracellular matrix-rich tendon equivalents. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025018. [PMID: 31855856 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies play an important role in tendon tissue engineering, with tenocytes being the most prominent and potent cell population available. However, for the development of a rich extracellular matrix tenocyte-assembled tendon equivalent, prolonged in vitro culture is required, which is associated with phenotypic drift. Recapitulation of tendon tissue microenvironment in vitro with cues that enhance and accelerate extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, whilst maintaining tenocyte phenotype, may lead to functional cell therapies. Herein, we assessed the synergistic effect of low oxygen tension (enhances extracellular matrix synthesis) and macromolecular crowding (enhances extracellular matrix deposition) in human tenocyte culture. Protein analysis demonstrated that human tenocytes at 2% oxygen tension and with 50 μg ml-1 carrageenan (macromolecular crowder used) significantly increased synthesis and deposition of collagen types I, III, V and VI. Gene analysis at day 7 illustrated that human tenocytes at 2% oxygen tension and with 50 μg ml-1 carrageenan significantly increased the expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1, procollagen-lysine 2- oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2, scleraxis, tenomodulin and elastin, whilst chondrogenic (e.g. runt-related transcription factor 2, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, aggrecan) and osteogenic (e.g. secreted phosphoprotein 1, bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein) trans-differentiation markers were significantly down-regulated or remained unchanged. Collectively, our data clearly illustrates the beneficial synergistic effect of low oxygen tension and macromolecular crowding in the accelerated development of tissue equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsiapalis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland. Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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46
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Maâlej S, Jedidi S, Hannachi H, Gharsalli H, Sahnoun I, Neji H, El Gharbi L. Prévalence et facteurs de risque de stéatose hépatique chez les adultes tunisiens atteints de syndrome d’apnées hypopnées obstructives du sommeil. Rev Mal Respir 2020; 37:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.11.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. About two third of patients with CRC will develop distant recurrence at some point in time. Liver is the most common site where distant metastasis takes place. While the overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic CRC was poor about 3 decades ago, there has been tremendous improvement in this area in the recent years. With the advent of effective systemic chemotherapy and biologic agents and better understanding of the biological behaviour of the tumour, aggressive treatment strategies such as metastatectomy of the liver metastases (or lung metastases) are now acceptable. More importantly, it has transformed the way how stage IV CRCs are being managed. From predominantly palliative as the primary aim, a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is now the mainstay of treatment with very successful outcomes. Combination of systemic therapies with liver resection has been shown to be effective in providing promising survival benefits. In addition, other adjunctive modalities in targeting the liver metastases such as ablation, combining resection and ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), hepatic artery perfusion, etc. have also been demonstrated variable outcome in treating colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Very recently, transplant oncologists have also explored using liver transplantation as a treatment modality for unresectable CRLM, which has demonstrated very good long-term survival in well selected cases. The new paradigm in the treatment of metastatic CRC has dawned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Wei Chieh Kow
- Division of Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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48
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Zhang L, Zhou D, Li J, Yan X, Zhu J, Xiao P, Chen T, Xie X. Effects of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Hypoxia and the Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGFβ-1) and SMADs Pathway in a Mouse Model of Cirrhosis. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7182-7190. [PMID: 31550244 PMCID: PMC6775794 DOI: 10.12659/msm.916428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in liver fibrosis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to use a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver fibrosis to investigate the effects of BM-MSCs during liver hypoxia and the involvement of the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and SMADs pathway. Material/Methods Thirty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group (n=10), the model group (n=10), and the BM-MSC-treated model group (n=10). In the model group, liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4. BM-MSCs were transplanted after 12 weeks of CCl4 treatment. The serum biochemical parameters and histological changes in the liver, using histochemical stains, were investigated. The expression of collagen type I (collagen I), alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGF-β1, SMAD3, SMAD7, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) were assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain (RT-qPCR) reaction. Results Treatment with BM-MSCs reduced the expression of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) compared with the model group, and reduced liver fibrosis determined histologically using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining compared with the model group. The area of liver fibrosis decreased after BM-MSCs treatment (p<0.05). Protein expression of HIF-1α and VEGF were decreased after BM-MSCs treatment (p<0.05). Transplantation of BM-MSCs reduced the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, collagen I, α-SMA, and SMAD3 (p<0.05). Conclusions BM-MSC transplantation reduced CCl4-induced murine liver fibrosis, indicating that in a hypoxic microenvironment, BM-MSCs may inhibit the TGFβ-1/SMADs pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland).,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Junfeng Li
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- The 4th People's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Pathology of Donggang Branch, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Xiao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Tuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
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49
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Strowitzki MJ, Ritter AS, Kimmer G, Schneider M. Hypoxia-adaptive pathways: A pharmacological target in fibrotic disease? Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104364. [PMID: 31376431 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing responses are physiological reactions to injuries and share common characteristics and phases independently of the injured organ or tissue. A major hallmark of wound healing responses is the formation of extra-cellular matrix (ECM), mainly consisting of collagen fibers, to restore the initial organ architecture and function. Overshooting wound healing responses result in unphysiological accumulation of ECM and collagen deposition, a process called fibrosis. Importantly, hypoxia (oxygen demand exceeds supply) plays a significant role during wound healing responses and fibrotic diseases. Under hypoxic conditions, cells activate a gene program, including the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which induces the expression of HIF target genes counteracting hypoxia. In contrast, in normoxia, so-called HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) oxygen-dependently hydroxylate HIF-α, which marks it for proteasomal degradation. Importantly, PHDs can be pharmacologically inhibited (PHI) by so-called PHD inhibitors. There is mounting evidence that the HIF-pathway is continuously up-regulated during the development of tissue fibrosis, and that pharmacological (HIFI) or genetic inhibition of HIF can prevent organ fibrosis. By contrast, initial (short-term) activation of the HIF pathway via PHI during wound healing seems to be beneficial in several models of inflammation or acute organ injury. Thus, timing and duration of PHI and HIFI treatment seem to be crucial. In this review, we will highlight the role of hypoxia-adaptive pathways during wound healing responses and development of fibrotic disease. Moreover, we will discuss whether PHI and HIFI might be a promising treatment option in fibrotic disease, and consider putative pitfalls that might result from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina S Ritter
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gwendolyn Kimmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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50
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Feng J, Wang C, Liu T, Li J, Wu L, Yu Q, Li S, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Chen J, Ji J, Chen K, Mao Y, Wang F, Dai W, Fan X, Wu J, Guo C. Procyanidin B2 inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells and angiogenesis via the Hedgehog pathway during liver fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:6479-6493. [PMID: 31328391 PMCID: PMC6714206 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is a wound‐healing process of liver featured by the over‐deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and angiogenesis. However, the effective treatment is lacking. Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is a flavonoid extract abundant in grape seeds with anti‐oxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer properties. The present study aimed to determine effects of PB2 on liver fibrosis. Method The CCl4‐induced mouse liver fibrosis model and a human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line (LX2 cells) were used to study the activation, ECM production and angiogenesis of HSCs through Western blotting analysis, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry and tubulogenesis assay. A Hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor (cyclopamine) and Smoothened agonist (SAG) were used to investigate the role of PB2 on Hh pathway. Results The results showed that PB2 could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of HSCs. PB2 could also down‐regulate the expressions of VEGF‐A, HIF‐1α, α‐SMA, Col‐1 and TGF‐β1 of HSCs in vivo and in vitro. The application of SAG and cyclopamine proved that PB2 targets on Hh pathway. Conclusions PB2 inhibited the Hh pathway to suppress the activation, ECM production and angiogenesis of HSCs, therefore reverses the progression of liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Tenth Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Mao
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Jinshan, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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