1
|
Mukhortova L, Krivobokov L, Schepaschenko D. Postfire dynamics of standing dead tree stock in northern boreal forests. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20225200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfire is one of the main forest disturbing factors in the boreal zone of Siberia that can cause significant changes in tree stands dynamics. Tree mortality caused by fire can significantly increase a standing dead tree pool that is one of the poorly studied components of forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was assessing of post-fire changes in the standing dead tree pool in northern boreal larch forests of Central Siberia (Russia). We analyzed dynamics of the standing dead tree stock on experimental plots, which were affected by wildfire of moderate severity in 2013. The stock of standing dead trees was measured on these plots before and 1, 2, and 7 years after the fire. It was found that about half of the pre-fire standing dead trees fall down during the first year after the fire. At the same time, tree mortality caused by the fire significantly contributed to the total standing dead tree stock in these ecosystems. Our study showed that a significant part of the pre-fire standing dead trees and trees killed by fire can remain standing after the moderate severity fire. This standing dead wood conserves carbon for a long time.
Collapse
|
2
|
Thorn S, Chao A, Georgiev KB, Müller J, Bässler C, Campbell JL, Castro J, Chen YH, Choi CY, Cobb TP, Donato DC, Durska E, Macdonald E, Feldhaar H, Fontaine JB, Fornwalt PJ, Hernández RMH, Hutto RL, Koivula M, Lee EJ, Lindenmayer D, Mikusiński G, Obrist MK, Perlík M, Rost J, Waldron K, Wermelinger B, Weiß I, Żmihorski M, Leverkus AB. Estimating retention benchmarks for salvage logging to protect biodiversity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4762. [PMID: 32958767 PMCID: PMC7505835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests are increasingly affected by natural disturbances. Subsequent salvage logging, a widespread management practice conducted predominantly to recover economic capital, produces further disturbance and impacts biodiversity worldwide. Hence, naturally disturbed forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world, with consequences for their associated biodiversity. However, there are no evidence-based benchmarks for the proportion of area of naturally disturbed forests to be excluded from salvage logging to conserve biodiversity. We apply a mixed rarefaction/extrapolation approach to a global multi-taxa dataset from disturbed forests, including birds, plants, insects and fungi, to close this gap. We find that 75 ± 7% (mean ± SD) of a naturally disturbed area of a forest needs to be left unlogged to maintain 90% richness of its unique species, whereas retaining 50% of a naturally disturbed forest unlogged maintains 73 ± 12% of its unique species richness. These values do not change with the time elapsed since disturbance but vary considerably among taxonomic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany.
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 30043, Taiwan
| | - Kostadin B Georgiev
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, 94481, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation, Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - John L Campbell
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Jorge Castro
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Yan-Han Chen
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, 30043, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Tyler P Cobb
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, T5J 0G2, Canada
| | - Daniel C Donato
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ewa Durska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ellen Macdonald
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Department of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Joseph B Fontaine
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Paula J Fornwalt
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | | | - Richard L Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Matti Koivula
- Natural Resources Institute (LUKE), P. O. Box 2, FI-00791, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Urban Planning Research Group, Daejeon Sejong Research Institute, Daejeon, 34863, Korea
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Grzegorz Mikusiński
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
- School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Box 43, SE-739 21, Skinnskatteberg, Sweden
| | - Martin K Obrist
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Michal Perlík
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josep Rost
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona. Facultat de Ciències, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kaysandra Waldron
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Health and Biotic Interactions-Forest Entomology, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Michał Żmihorski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Alexandro B Leverkus
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstr. 5, 96181, Rauhenebrach, Germany
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiménez-Morillo NT, Almendros G, De la Rosa JM, Jordán A, Zavala LM, Granged AJP, González-Pérez JA. Effect of a wildfire and of post-fire restoration actions in the organic matter structure in soil fractions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138715. [PMID: 32570307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of wildfires and of restoration actions on soil organic matter (SOM) content and structure was studied in a soil under pine (Pinus pinea) from Doñana National Park (SW Spain). Samples were collected from burnt areas before (B) and after post-fire restoration (BR) and compared with an unburnt (UB) site. Analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS) was used to investigate SOM molecular composition in whole soil samples and in coarse (CF) and fine (FF) fractions. The results were interpreted using a van Krevelen graphical-statistical method. Highest total organic carbon (TOC) was found in UB soil and no differences were found between B and BR soils. The CF had the highest TOC values and FF presented differences among the three scenarios. Respect to SOM structure, the B soil was depleted in lignin and enriched in unspecific aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and in all scenarios, CF SOM consisted mainly of lignocellulose derived compounds and fatty acids. In general, FF SOM was found more altered than CF. High contribution of unspecific aromatic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was observed in B-FF whereas BR-FF samples comprised considerable proportions of compounds from labile biomass, possibly due to soil mixing during rehabilitation actions. The fire caused a defunctionalisation of lignin-derived phenolics and the formation of pyrogenic compounds. The van Krevelen diagram was found useful to-at first sight-differentiate between chemical processes caused by fire and of the rehabilitation actions. Fire exerted SOM demethoxylation, dealkylation and dehydration. Our results indicate that soil management actions after the fire lead to an increase in aromaticity corresponding to the accumulation of lignin and polycyclic aromatic compounds. This suggests additional inputs from charred lignocellulosic biomass, including black carbon, that was incorporated into the soil during rehabilitation practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicasio T Jiménez-Morillo
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; HERCULES Laboratory, Universidade de Évora, Palácio do Vimioso, 7000-089 Évora, Portugal
| | - Gonzalo Almendros
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN, CSIC), C/Serrano 115-B, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M De la Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), MOSS Group, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Jordán
- Med_Soil Research Group, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Lorena M Zavala
- Med_Soil Research Group, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Arturo J P Granged
- Med_Soil Research Group, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - José A González-Pérez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), MOSS Group, Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Georgiev KB, Chao A, Castro J, Chen Y, Choi C, Fontaine JB, Hutto RL, Lee E, Müller J, Rost J, Żmihorski M, Thorn S. Salvage logging changes the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional successional trajectories of forest bird communities. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin B. Georgiev
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Biocenter University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics National Tsing Hua University Hsin‐Chu Taiwan
| | - Jorge Castro
- Department of Ecology University of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Yan‐Han Chen
- Institute of Statistics National Tsing Hua University Hsin‐Chu Taiwan
| | - Chang‐Yong Choi
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Joseph B. Fontaine
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Richard L. Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
| | - Eun‐Jae Lee
- Urban Planning Research Group Daejeon Sejong Research Institute Daejeon Korea
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Biocenter University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Josep Rost
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Food Industries University of Vic‐Central University of Catalonia Catalonia Spain
| | - Michal Żmihorski
- Mammal Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Białowieża Poland
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Biocenter University of Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adedoja O, Dormann CF, Kehinde T, Samways MJ. Refuges from fire maintain pollinator-plant interaction networks. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5777-5786. [PMID: 31160998 PMCID: PMC6540659 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire is a major disturbance factor in many terrestrial ecosystems, leading to landscape transformation in fire-prone areas. Species in mutualistic interactions are often highly sensitive to disturbances like fire events, but the degree and complexity of their responses are unclear. We use bipartite insect-flower interaction networks across a recently burned landscape to explore how plant-pollinator interaction networks respond to a recent major fire event at the landscape level, and where fire refuges were present. We also investigate the effectiveness of these refuges at different elevations (valley to hilltop) for the conservation of displaced flower-visiting insects during fire events. Then, we explore how the degree of specialization of flower-visiting insects changes across habitats with different levels of fire impact. We did this in natural areas in the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) biodiversity hotspot, which is species rich in plants and pollinators. Bees and beetles were the most frequent pollinators in interactions, followed by wasps and flies. Highest interaction activity was in the fire refuges and least in burned areas. Interactions also tracked flower abundance, which was highest in fire refuges in the valley and lowest in burned areas. Interactions consisted mostly of specialized flower visitors, especially in refuge areas. The interaction network and species specialization were lowest in burned areas. However, species common to at least two fire classes showed no significant difference in species specialization. We conclude that flower-rich fire refuges sustain plant-pollinator interactions, especially those involving specialized species, in fire-disturbed landscape. This may be an important shelter for specialized pollinator species at the time that the burned landscape goes through regrowth and succession as part of ecosystem recovery process after a major fire event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Adedoja
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
- Biometry and Environmental System AnalysisUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Carsten F. Dormann
- Biometry and Environmental System AnalysisUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leverkus AB, Rey Benayas JM, Castro J. Shifting demographic conflicts across recruitment cohorts in a dynamic post-disturbance landscape. Ecology 2018; 97:2628-2639. [PMID: 27859134 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Seed dispersal effectiveness, which measures the number of adult plant individuals produced by seed dispersal, is the product of the number of seeds dispersed and the probability a seed produces an adult. Directed dispersal to certain habitat types may enhance some stages of recruitment but disfavor others, generating demographic conflicts in plant ontogeny. We asked whether temporal changes in habitat features may affect the distribution of seedlings recruited from dispersed acorns, and whether this could induce shifts in the life-stage conflicts experienced by successive cohorts of naturally recruited plants. As early successional habitats are characterized by rapid change, we used a burnt pine stand in southern Spain to monitor the recruitment and performance of a major tree species (Quercus ilex) across 7 yr in four types of post-fire habitats. These differed in structure and included patches of unburnt forest and three management alternatives of burnt trees: logging, partial cutting, and nonintervention. Young oaks that resprouted after the fire were mainly located near acorn sources, while new seedlings initially emerged mostly in habitats with standing snags due to habitat selection by European jays, Garrulus glandarius, for dispersal. The dead pines gradually collapsed and attracted less dispersal, so subsequent seedling cohorts mainly recruited within patches of unburnt pines. These live pines enhanced the survival of the oaks located beneath their canopy but greatly reduced their growth as compared to the other post-fire habitats, thus representing a demographic conflict that was absent elsewhere. As a consequence of the directional shift in the habitat where seedlings recruited, successive seedling cohorts experienced a gradual improvement in their likelihood of survival but a reduction in growth. The progressive intensification of this life-stage conflict hinged on the reduction of vertical structures in the habitat with standing burnt pines. Recruitment success thus involved temporal variation in the habitat where recruitment occurred, likely resulting from changes in the direction of seed dispersal, and spatial variation in habitat suitability for seedling establishment and growth. Temporal changes in habitat structure can indirectly change the environment in which recruitment occurs, and consequently seed dispersal effectiveness, by shifting the direction of seed dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - José María Rey Benayas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, UD Ecología, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Ciencias, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Castillo-Escrivà A, López-Iborra GM, Cortina J, Tormo J. The use of branch piles to assist in the restoration of degraded semiarid steppes. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Castillo-Escrivà
- Departament of Ecology/IMEM Ramón Margalef; Universidad de Alicante; Apartado 99, Alicante E-03080 Spain
| | - Germán M. López-Iborra
- Departament of Ecology/IMEM Ramón Margalef; Universidad de Alicante; Apartado 99, Alicante E-03080 Spain
| | - Jordi Cortina
- Departament of Ecology/IMEM Ramón Margalef; Universidad de Alicante; Apartado 99, Alicante E-03080 Spain
| | - Jaume Tormo
- Departament of Ecology/IMEM Ramón Margalef; Universidad de Alicante; Apartado 99, Alicante E-03080 Spain
- Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Technological College; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), University of Zaragoza; Ctra. de Cuarte s/n, Zaragoza E-22071 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Post-Fire Salvage Logging Imposes a New Disturbance that Retards Succession: The Case of Bryophyte Communities in a Macaronesian Laurel Forest. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Thorn S, Bässler C, Brandl R, Burton PJ, Cahall R, Campbell JL, Castro J, Choi CY, Cobb T, Donato DC, Durska E, Fontaine JB, Gauthier S, Hebert C, Hothorn T, Hutto RL, Lee EJ, Leverkus AB, Lindenmayer DB, Obrist MK, Rost J, Seibold S, Seidl R, Thom D, Waldron K, Wermelinger B, Winter MB, Zmihorski M, Müller J. Impacts of salvage logging on biodiversity: a meta-analysis. J Appl Ecol 2017; 55:279-289. [PMID: 29276308 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Logging to "salvage" economic returns from forests affected by natural disturbances has become increasingly prevalent globally. Despite potential negative effects on biodiversity, salvage logging is often conducted, even in areas otherwise excluded from logging and reserved for nature conservation, inter alia because strategic priorities for post-disturbance management are widely lacking.A review of the existing literature revealed that most studies investigating the effects of salvage logging on biodiversity have been conducted less than 5 years following natural disturbances, and focused on non-saproxylic organisms.A meta-analysis across 24 species groups revealed that salvage logging significantly decreases numbers of species of eight taxonomic groups. Richness of dead wood dependent taxa (i.e. saproxylic organisms) decreased more strongly than richness of non-saproxylic taxa. In contrast, taxonomic groups typically associated with open habitats increased in the number of species after salvage logging.By analysing 134 original species abundance matrices, we demonstrate that salvage logging significantly alters community composition in 7 of 17 species groups, particularly affecting saproxylic assemblages.Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that salvage logging is not consistent with the management objectives of protected areas. Substantial changes, such as the retention of dead wood in naturally disturbed forests, are needed to support biodiversity. Future research should investigate the amount and spatio-temporal distribution of retained dead wood needed to maintain all components of biodiversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | | | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philip J Burton
- University of Northern British Columbia, Terrace, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cahall
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John L Campbell
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jorge Castro
- Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Chang-Yong Choi
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel C Donato
- School of Environmental & Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ewa Durska
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joseph B Fontaine
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Hebert
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Richard L Hutto
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Urban Planning Research Group, Daejeon Sejong Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Alexandro B Leverkus
- Ecology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martin K Obrist
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Josep Rost
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Food Industries, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, Catalonia, Vic., Spain.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Thom
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaysandra Waldron
- Department of Wood and Forest Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Forest Dynamics - Forest Entomology, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Zmihorski
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Rauhenebrach, Germany.,Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leverkus AB, Castro J. An ecosystem services approach to the ecological effects of salvage logging: valuation of seed dispersal. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1057-1063. [PMID: 28342237 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forest disturbances diminish ecosystem services and boost disservices. Because post-disturbance management intends to recover the greatest possible value, selling timber often prevails over other considerations. Ecological research has shown diverse effects of salvage logging, yet such research has focused on the biophysical component of post-disturbance ecosystems and lacks the link with human well-being. Here we bridge that gap under the ecosystem services framework by assessing the impact of post-fire management on a non-timber value. By employing the replacement cost method, we calculated the value of the post-fire natural regeneration of Holm oaks in southern Spain under three post-fire management options by considering the cost of planting instead. The value of this ecosystem service in non-intervention areas doubled that of salvage-logged stands due to the preference for standing dead trees by the main seed disperser. Still, most of the value resulted from the resprouting capacity of oaks. The value of this and other ecosystem services should be added to traditional cost/benefit analyses of post-disturbance management. We thus call for a more holistic approach to salvage logging research, one that explicitly links ecological processes with human well-being through ecosystem services, to better inform decision-makers on the outcomes of post-disturbance management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
García-Orenes F, Arcenegui V, Chrenková K, Mataix-Solera J, Moltó J, Jara-Navarro AB, Torres MP. Effects of salvage logging on soil properties and vegetation recovery in a fire-affected Mediterranean forest: A two year monitoring research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:1057-1065. [PMID: 28214114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-fire management can have an additional impact on the ecosystem; in some cases, even more severe than the fire. Salvage logging (SL) is a common practice in most fire-affected areas. The management of burnt wood can determine microclimatic conditions and seriously affect soil properties. In some cases, the way of doing it, using heavy machinery, and the vulnerability of soils to erosion and degradation can make this management potentially aggressive to soil. Research was done in "Sierra de Mariola Natural Park" (E Spain). A forest fire (>500ha) occurred in July 2012. In February 2013, SL treatment was applied in a part of the affected forest. Plots for monitoring this effect were installed in this area and in a similar nearby area where no treatment was done, used as control (C). Soil samplings were done immediately after treatment and every 6months during two years. Some soil properties were analysed, including organic matter (OM) content, nitrogen (N) available phosphorous (P) basal soil respiration (BSR), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), bulk density (BD), water repellency (WR), aggregate stability (AS) and field capacity (FC). SL treatment caused an increase in BD, a decrease of AS, FC, OM and N. In the control area, in general the soil properties remained constant across the 2years of monitoring, and the microbial parameters (BSR and Cmic), initially affected by the fire, recovered faster in C than in the SL area. Plant recovery also showed some differences between treatments. No significant differences were observed in the number of plant species recorded (richness) comparing C versus SL plots, but the number of individuals of each species (evenness) was significantly higher in C plots. In conclusion, we can affirm that for the conditions of this study case, SL had a negative effect on the soil-plant system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F García-Orenes
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - V Arcenegui
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - K Chrenková
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - J Mataix-Solera
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain.
| | - J Moltó
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - A B Jara-Navarro
- GEA, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - M P Torres
- Department of Applied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Pons P, Rost J. The challenge of conserving biodiversity in harvested burned forests. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:226-228. [PMID: 27336916 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Pons
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona. Facultat de Ciències, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep Rost
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Girona. Facultat de Ciències, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Biociències, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Carrer de la Laura 13, 08500, Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cuatianquiz Lima C, Macías Garcia C. Pre- and post-experimental manipulation assessments confirm the increase in number of birds due to the addition of nest boxes. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1806. [PMID: 26998410 PMCID: PMC4797770 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary cavity nesting (SCN) birds breed in holes that they do not excavate themselves. This is possible where there are large trees whose size and age permit the digging of holes by primary excavators and only rarely happens in forest plantations, where we expected a deficit of both breeding holes and SCN species. We assessed whether the availability of tree cavities influenced the number of SCNs in two temperate forest types, and evaluated the change in number of SCNs after adding nest boxes. First, we counted all cavities within each of our 25-m radius sampling points in mature and young forest plots during 2009. We then added nest boxes at standardised locations during 2010 and 2011 and conducted fortnightly bird counts (January-October 2009-2011). In 2011 we added two extra plots of each forest type, where we also conducted bird counts. Prior to adding nest boxes, counts revealed more SCNs in mature than in young forest. Following the addition of nest boxes, the number of SCNs increased significantly in the points with nest boxes in both types of forest. Counts in 2011 confirmed the increase in number of birds due to the addition of nest boxes. Given the likely benefits associated with a richer bird community we propose that, as is routinely done in some countries, forest management programs preserve old tree stumps and add nest boxes to forest plantations in order to increase bird numbers and bird community diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Cuatianquiz Lima
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Berry LE, Driscoll DA, Stein JA, Blanchard W, Banks SC, Bradstock RA, Lindenmayer DB. Identifying the location of fire refuges in wet forest ecosystems. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:2337-2348. [PMID: 26910959 DOI: 10.1890/14-1699.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of large, high-severity fires threatens the survival of old-growth specialist fauna in fire-prone forests. Within topographically diverse montane forests, areas that experience less severe or fewer fires compared with those prevailing in the landscape may present unique resource opportunities enabling old-growth specialist fauna to survive. Statistical landscape models that identify the extent and distribution of potential fire refuges may assist land managers to incorporate these areas into relevant biodiversity conservation strategies. We used a case study in an Australian wet montane forest to establish how predictive fire simulation models can be interpreted as management tools to identify potential fire refuges. We examined the relationship between the probability of fire refuge occurrence as predicted by an existing fire refuge model and fire severity experienced during a large wildfire. We also examined the extent to which local fire severity was influenced by fire severity in the surrounding landscape. We used a combination of statistical approaches, including generalized linear modeling, variogram analysis, and receiver operating characteristics and area under the curve analysis (ROC AUC). We found that the amount of unburned habitat and the factors influencing the retention and location of fire refuges varied with fire conditions. Under extreme fire conditions, the distribution of fire refuges was limited to only extremely sheltered, fire-resistant regions of the landscape. During extreme fire conditions, fire severity patterns were largely determined by stochastic factors that could not be predicted by the model. When fire conditions were moderate, physical landscape properties appeared to mediate fire severity distribution. Our study demonstrates that land managers can employ predictive landscape fire models to identify the broader climatic and spatial domain within which fire refuges are likely to be present. It is essential that within these envelopes, forest is protected from logging, roads, and other developments so that the ecological processes related to the establishment and subsequent use of fire refuges are maintained.
Collapse
|
16
|
Thorn S, Bässler C, Gottschalk T, Hothorn T, Bussler H, Raffa K, Müller J. New insights into the consequences of post-windthrow salvage logging revealed by functional structure of saproxylic beetles assemblages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101757. [PMID: 25050914 PMCID: PMC4106782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Windstorms, bark beetle outbreaks and fires are important natural disturbances in coniferous forests worldwide. Wind-thrown trees promote biodiversity and restoration within production forests, but also cause large economic losses due to bark beetle infestation and accelerated fungal decomposition. Such damaged trees are often removed by salvage logging, which leads to decreased biodiversity and thus increasingly evokes discussions between economists and ecologists about appropriate strategies. To reveal the reasons behind species loss after salvage logging, we used a functional approach based on four habitat-related ecological traits and focused on saproxylic beetles. We predicted that salvage logging would decrease functional diversity (measured as effect sizes of mean pairwise distances using null models) as well as mean values of beetle body size, wood diameter niche and canopy cover niche, but would increase decay stage niche. As expected, salvage logging caused a decrease in species richness, but led to an increase in functional diversity by altering the species composition from habitat-filtered assemblages toward random assemblages. Even though salvage logging removes tree trunks, the most negative effects were found for small and heliophilous species and for species specialized on wood of small diameter. Our results suggested that salvage logging disrupts the natural assembly process on windthrown trees and that negative ecological impacts are caused more by microclimate alteration of the dead-wood objects than by loss of resource amount. These insights underline the power of functional approaches to detect ecosystem responses to anthropogenic disturbance and form a basis for management decisions in conservation. To mitigate negative effects on saproxylic beetle diversity after windthrows, we recommend preserving single windthrown trees or at least their tops with exposed branches during salvage logging. Such an extension of the green-tree retention approach to windthrown trees will preserve natural succession and associated communities of disturbed spruce forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thorn
- Sachgebiet Forschung und Dokumentation, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Claus Bässler
- Sachgebiet Forschung und Dokumentation, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Thomas Gottschalk
- Hochschule für Forstwirtschaft Rottenburg, Rottenburg am Neckar, Germany
| | - Torsten Hothorn
- Abteilung Biostatistik, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Bussler
- Bavarian State Institute for Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Kenneth Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America
| | - Jörg Müller
- Sachgebiet Forschung und Dokumentation, Nationalparkverwaltung Bayerischer Wald, Grafenau, Germany
- Chair for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Santos X, Mateos E, Bros V, Brotons L, De Mas E, Herraiz JA, Herrando S, Miño À, Olmo-Vidal JM, Quesada J, Ribes J, Sabaté S, Sauras-Yera T, Serra A, Vallejo VR, Viñolas A. Is response to fire influenced by dietary specialization and mobility? A comparative study with multiple animal assemblages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88224. [PMID: 24516616 PMCID: PMC3917858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire is a major agent involved in landscape transformation and an indirect cause of changes in species composition. Responses to fire may vary greatly depending on life histories and functional traits of species. We have examined the taxonomic and functional responses to fire of eight taxonomic animal groups displaying a gradient of dietary and mobility patterns: Gastropoda, Heteroptera, Formicidae, Coleoptera, Araneae, Orthoptera, Reptilia and Aves. The fieldwork was conducted in a Mediterranean protected area on 3 sites (one unburnt and two burnt with different postfire management practices) with five replicates per site. We collected information from 4606 specimens from 274 animal species. Similarity in species composition and abundance between areas was measured by the Bray-Curtis index and ANOSIM, and comparisons between animal and plant responses by Mantel tests. We analyze whether groups with the highest percentage of omnivorous species, these species being more generalist in their dietary habits, show weak responses to fire (i.e. more similarity between burnt and unburnt areas), and independent responses to changes in vegetation. We also explore how mobility, i.e. dispersal ability, influences responses to fire. Our results demonstrate that differences in species composition and abundance between burnt and unburnt areas differed among groups. We found a tendency towards presenting lower differences between areas for groups with higher percentages of omnivorous species. Moreover, taxa with a higher percentage of omnivorous species had significantly more independent responses of changes in vegetation. High- (e.g. Aves) and low-mobility (e.g. Gastropoda) groups had the strongest responses to fire (higher R scores of the ANOSIM); however, we failed to find a significant general pattern with all the groups according to their mobility. Our results partially support the idea that functional traits underlie the response of organisms to environmental changes caused by fire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Santos
- CIBIO/InBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos), Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo Mateos
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Bros
- Parc Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac, Oficina Tècnica de Parcs Naturals, Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Grup d’Ecologia del Paisatge, Àrea de Biodiversitat, CEMFOR-CTFC (Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya), Solsona, Spain
- CREAF(Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva De Mas
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, de la Conducta y Conservación, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Almería, Spain
| | - Joan A. Herraiz
- AIM (Asociación Ibérica de Mirmecologia), Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Sergi Herrando
- Grup d’Ecologia del Paisatge, Àrea de Biodiversitat, CEMFOR-CTFC (Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya), Solsona, Spain
- ICO (Institut Català d’Ornitologia), Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngel Miño
- Parc Natural de Sant Llorenç del Munt i l’Obac, Oficina Tècnica de Parcs Naturals, Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Olmo-Vidal
- Servei de Biodiversitat i Protecció dels Animals, Direcció General del Medi Natural i Biodiversitat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Quesada
- ICO (Institut Català d’Ornitologia), Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribes
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Sabaté
- CREAF(Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament d’Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Sauras-Yera
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Serra
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V. Ramón Vallejo
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundación CEAM. Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Spain
| | - Amador Viñolas
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leverkus AB, Lorite J, Navarro FB, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Castro J. Post-fire salvage logging alters species composition and reduces cover, richness, and diversity in Mediterranean plant communities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 133:323-331. [PMID: 24412981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An intense debate exists on the effects of post-fire salvage logging on plant community regeneration, but scant data are available derived from experimental studies. We analyzed the effects of salvage logging on plant community regeneration in terms of species richness, diversity, cover, and composition by experimentally managing a burnt forest on a Mediterranean mountain (Sierra Nevada, S Spain). In each of three plots located at different elevations, three replicates of three treatments were implemented seven months after the fire, differing in the degree of intervention: "Non-Intervention" (all trees left standing), "Partial Cut plus Lopping" (felling 90% of the trees, cutting the main branches, and leaving all the biomass in situ), and "Salvage Logging" (felling and piling the logs, and masticating the woody debris). Plant composition in each treatment was monitored two years after the fire in linear point transects. Post-fire salvage logging was associated with reduced species richness, Shannon diversity, and total plant cover. Moreover, salvaged sites hosted different species assemblages and 25% lower cover of seeder species (but equal cover of resprouters) compared to the other treatments. Cover of trees and shrubs was also lowest in Salvage Logging, which could suggest a potential slow-down of forest regeneration. Most of these results were consistent among the three plots despite plots hosting different plant communities. Concluding, our study suggests that salvage logging may reduce species richness and diversity, as well as the recruitment of woody species, which could delay the natural regeneration of the ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro B Leverkus
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Juan Lorite
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Navarro
- Grupo de Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, Área de Producción Ecológica y Recursos Naturales, IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil, Camino de Purchil s/n, E-18004 Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Departamento de Desertificación y Geo-ecología, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas-CSIC, E-04120 Almería, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Medio Ambiente (CEAMA), E-18006 Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Castro
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of management intervention on post-disturbance community composition: an experimental analysis using bayesian hierarchical models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59900. [PMID: 23533659 PMCID: PMC3606292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As human demand for ecosystem products increases, management intervention may become more frequent after environmental disturbances. Evaluations of ecological responses to cumulative effects of management interventions and natural disturbances provide critical decision-support tools for managers who strive to balance environmental conservation and economic development. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effects of salvage logging on avian community composition in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests affected by beetle outbreaks in Oregon, USA, 1996–1998. Treatments consisted of the removal of lodgepole pine snags only, and live trees were not harvested. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to quantify occupancy dynamics for 27 breeding species, while accounting for variation in the detection process. We examined how magnitude and precision of treatment effects varied when incorporating prior information from a separate intervention study that occurred in a similar ecological system. Regardless of which prior we evaluated, we found no evidence that the harvest treatment had a negative impact on species richness, with an estimated average of 0.2–2.2 more species in harvested stands than unharvested stands. Estimated average similarity between control and treatment stands ranged from 0.82–0.87 (1 indicating complete similarity between a pair of stands) and suggested that treatment stands did not contain novel assemblies of species responding to the harvesting prescription. Estimated treatment effects were positive for twenty-four (90%) of the species, although the credible intervals contained 0 in all cases. These results suggest that, unlike most post-fire salvage logging prescriptions, selective harvesting after beetle outbreaks may meet multiple management objectives, including the maintenance of avian community richness comparable to what is found in unharvested stands. Our results provide managers with prescription alternatives to respond to severe beetle outbreaks that continue to occur across extensive portions of the dry forests of western North America.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hossack BR, Lowe WH, Honeycutt RK, Parks SA, Corn PS. Interactive effects of wildfire, forest management, and isolation on amphibian and parasite abundance. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:479-492. [PMID: 23634596 DOI: 10.1890/12-0316.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Projected increases in wildfire and other climate-driven disturbances will affect populations and communities worldwide, including host-parasite relationships. Research in temperate forests has shown that wildfire can negatively affect amphibians, but this research has occurred primarily outside of managed landscapes where interactions with human disturbances could result in additive or synergistic effects. Furthermore, parasites represent a large component of biodiversity and can affect host fitness and population dynamics, yet they are rarely included in studies of how vertebrate hosts respond to disturbance. To determine how wildfire affects amphibians and their parasites, and whether effects differ between protected and managed landscapes, we compared abundance of two amphibians and two nematodes relative to wildfire extent and severity around wetlands in neighboring protected and managed forests (Montana, USA). Population sizes of adult, male long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma macrodactylum) decreased with increased burn severity, with stronger negative effects on isolated populations and in managed forests. In contrast, breeding population sizes of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) increased with burn extent in both protected and managed protected forests. Path analysis showed that the effects of wildfire on the two species of nematodes were consistent with differences in their life history and transmission strategies and the responses of their hosts. Burn severity indirectly reduced abundance of soil-transmitted Cosmocercoides variabilis through reductions in salamander abundance. Burn severity also directly reduced C. variabilis abundance, possibly though changes in soil conditions. For the aquatically transmitted nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis, the positive effect of burn extent on density of Columbia spotted frog larvae indirectly increased parasite abundance. Our results show that effects of wildfire on amphibians depend upon burn extent and severity, isolation, and prior land use. Through subsequent effects on the parasites, our results also reveal how changes in disturbance regimes can affect communities across trophic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Hossack
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, 790 East Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Temporal changes in the breeding bird community caused by post-fire treatments after the Samcheok forest fire in Korea. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-012-0203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Castro J, Puerta-Piñero C, Leverkus AB, Moreno-Rueda G, Sánchez-Miranda A. Post-fire salvage logging alters a key plant-animal interaction for forest regeneration. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00089.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
23
|
Utility of Remotely Sensed Imagery for Assessing the Impact of Salvage Logging after Forest Fires. REMOTE SENSING 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/rs4072112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
24
|
Kroll AJ, Giovanini J, Jones JE, Arnett EB, Altman B. Effects of salvage logging of beetle-killed forests on avian species and foraging guild abundance. J Wildl Manage 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
25
|
Rost J, Clavero M, Brotons L, Pons P. The effect of postfire salvage logging on bird communities in Mediterranean pine forests: the benefits for declining species. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Fire Ecology and Post-Fire Restoration Approaches in Southern European Forest Types. MANAGING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2208-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
27
|
Mateos E, Santos X, Pujade-Villar J. Taxonomic and functional responses to fire and post-fire management of a Mediterranean hymenoptera community. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2011; 48:1000-1012. [PMID: 21947367 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-011-9750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fire is one of the commonest disturbances worldwide, transforming habitat structure and affecting ecosystem functioning. Understanding how species respond to such environmental disturbances is a major conservation goal that should be monitored using functionally and taxonomically diverse groups such as Hymenoptera. In this respect, we have analyzed the taxonomic and functional response to fire and post-fire management of a Hymenoptera community from a Mediterranean protected area. Thus, Hymenoptera were sampled at fifteen sites located in three burnt areas submitted to different post-fire practices, as well as at five sites located in peripheral unburnt pine forest. A total of 4882 specimens belonging to 33 families, which were classified into six feeding groups according to their dietary preferences, were collected. ANOVA and Redundancy Analyses showed a taxonomic and functional response to fire as all burnt areas had more Hymenoptera families, different community composition and higher numbers of parasitoids than the unburnt area. Taxonomic differences were also found between burnt areas in terms of the response of Hymenoptera to post-fire management. In general the number of parasitoids was positively correlated to the number of potential host arthropods. Parasitoids are recognized to be sensitive to habitat changes, thus highlighting their value for monitoring the functional responses of organisms to habitat disturbance. The taxonomic and functional responses of Hymenoptera suggest that some pine-forest fires can enhance habitat heterogeneity and arthropod diversity, hence increasing interspecific interactions such as those established by parasitoids and their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Mateos
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|