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Wei J, Fei Z, Pan G, Weiss LM, Zhou Z. Current Therapy and Therapeutic Targets for Microsporidiosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835390. [PMID: 35356517 PMCID: PMC8959712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular, spore-forming parasitic fungi which are grouped with the Cryptomycota. They are both opportunistic pathogens in humans and emerging veterinary pathogens. In humans, they cause chronic diarrhea in immune-compromised patients and infection is associated with increased mortality. Besides their role in pébrine in sericulture, which was described in 1865, the prevalence and severity of microsporidiosis in beekeeping and aquaculture has increased markedly in recent decades. Therapy for these pathogens in medicine, veterinary, and agriculture has become a recent focus of attention. Currently, there are only a few commercially available antimicrosporidial drugs. New therapeutic agents are needed for these infections and this is an active area of investigation. In this article we provide a comprehensive summary of the current as well as several promising new agents for the treatment of microsporidiosis including: albendazole, fumagillin, nikkomycin, orlistat, synthetic polyamines, and quinolones. Therapeutic targets which could be utilized for the design of new drugs are also discussed including: tubulin, type 2 methionine aminopeptidase, polyamines, chitin synthases, topoisomerase IV, triosephosphate isomerase, and lipase. We also summarize reports on the utility of complementary and alternative medicine strategies including herbal extracts, propolis, and probiotics. This review should help facilitate drug development for combating microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihui Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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2
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El Bissati K, Redel H, Ting LM, Lykins JD, McPhillie MJ, Upadhya R, Woster PM, Yarlett N, Kim K, Weiss LM. Novel Synthetic Polyamines Have Potent Antimalarial Activities in vitro and in vivo by Decreasing Intracellular Spermidine and Spermine Concentrations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:9. [PMID: 30838177 PMCID: PMC6382690 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two compounds belonging to several classes of polyamine analogs have been examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and in vivo. Four lead compounds from the thiourea sub-series and one compound from the urea-based analogs were found to be potent inhibitors of both chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) and chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strains of Plasmodium with IC50 values ranging from 150 to 460 nM. In addition, the compound RHW, N1,N7-bis (3-(cyclohexylmethylamino) propyl) heptane-1,7-diamine tetrabromide was found to inhibit Dd2 with an IC50 of 200 nM. When RHW was administered to P. yoelii-infected mice at 35 mg/kg for 4 days, it significantly reduced parasitemia. RHW was also assayed in combination with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor difluoromethylornithine, and the two drugs were found not to have synergistic antimalarial activity. Furthermore, these inhibitors led to decreased cellular spermidine and spermine levels in P. falciparum, suggesting that they exert their antimalarial activities by inhibition of spermidine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Henry Redel
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Li-Min Ting
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Joseph D Lykins
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Rajendra Upadhya
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kami Kim
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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3
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Azam A, Peerzada MN, Ahmad K. Parasitic diarrheal disease: drug development and targets. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1183. [PMID: 26617574 PMCID: PMC4621754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the manifestation of gastrointestinal infection and is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity specifically among the children of less than 5 years age worldwide. Moreover, in recent years there has been a rise in the number of reports of intestinal infections continuously in the industrialized world. These are largely related to waterborne and food borne outbreaks. These occur by the pathogenesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms like bacteria and parasites. The parasitic intestinal infection has remained mostly unexplored and under assessed in terms of therapeutic development. The lack of new drugs and the risk of resistance have led us to carry out this review on drug development for parasitic diarrheal diseases. The major focus has been depicted on commercially available drugs, currently synthesized active heterocyclic compounds and unique drug targets, that are vital for the existence and growth of the parasites and can be further exploited for the search of therapeutically active anti-parasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Azam
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India
| | - Mudasir N. Peerzada
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India
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4
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Bacchi CJ, Yarlett N, Faciane E, Bi X, Rattendi D, Weiss LM, Woster PM. Metabolism of an alkyl polyamine analog by a polyamine oxidase from the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:2599-604. [PMID: 19223636 PMCID: PMC2687184 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00267-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidium responsible for systemic illness in mammals. In the course of developing leads to new therapy for microsporidiosis, we found that a bis(phenylbenzyl)3-7-3 analog of spermine, 1,15-bis{N-[o-(phenyl)benzylamino}-4,12-diazapentadecane (BW-1), was a substrate for an E. cuniculi amine oxidase activity. The primary natural substrate for this oxidase activity was N'-acetylspermine, but BW-1 had activity comparable to that of the substrate. As the sole substrate, BW-1 gave linear reaction rates over 15 min and K(m) of 2 microM. In the presence of N'-acetylspermine, BW-1 acted as a competitive inhibitor of oxidase activity and may be a subversive substrate, resulting in increased peroxide production. By use of (13)C-labeled BW-1 as a substrate and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, two products were determined to be oxidative metabolites, a hydrated aldehyde or dicarboxylate and 2(phenyl)benzylamine. These products were detected after exposure of (13)C-labeled BW-1 to E. cuniculi preemergent spore preparations and to uninfected host cells. In previous studies, BW-1 was curative in a rodent model of infection with E. cuniculi. The results in this study demonstrate competitive inhibition of oxidase activity by BW-1 and support further studies of this oxidase activity by the parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus J Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, 41 Park Row, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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5
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Hamana K, Hagiwara H, Yamamoto Y. Analysis of cellular polyamines of slime molds in comparison to the polyamine profiles of phylogenetically related organisms. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2006; 52:107-12. [PMID: 16778354 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.52.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koei Hamana
- Gunma University School of Health Sciences, Japan.
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Taupin V, Méténier G, Vivarès CP, Prensier G. An improved procedure for Percoll gradient separation of sporogonial stages in Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Microsporidia). Parasitol Res 2006; 99:708-14. [PMID: 16738886 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular development of microsporidian parasites comprises a proliferative phase (merogony) followed by a differentiation phase (sporogony) leading to the release of resistant spores. Sporogony implies, successively, meront-to-sporont transformation, sporont division into sporoblasts, and sporogenesis. We report a procedure improving the separation of sporogonial stages of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a species that develops inside parasitophorous vacuoles of mammalian cells. Supernatants of E. cuniculi-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures provided a large number of parasites mixed with host-cell debris. This material was gently homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% saponin and 0.05% Triton X-100 then filtered through glass wool columns. Centrifugation of the filtrate on 70% Percoll-0.23 M sucrose gradient gave a reproducible pattern of bands at different densities. Transmission electron microscopy showed that three of the four collected fractions were free of visible contaminants. Corresponding prominent cell stages were early sporoblasts (fraction B), late sporoblasts plus immature spores (fraction C), and mature spores (fraction D). Further centrifugation of the lightest fraction (A) on 30% Percoll-0.23 M sucrose gradient generated a sporont-rich fraction (A2). First analysis of proteins from fractions A2 and D by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis suggested a potential use of the described method for proteomic profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Taupin
- Equipe Parasitologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LBP, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, 24 Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
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7
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Chavant P, Taupin V, El Alaoui H, Wawrzyniak I, Chambon C, Prensier G, Méténier G, Vivarès CP. Proteolytic activity in Encephalitozoon cuniculi sporogonial stages: predominance of metallopeptidases including an aminopeptidase-P-like enzyme. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:1425-33. [PMID: 16137693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A fraction enriched in spore precursor cells (sporoblasts) of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, an intracellular parasite of mammals, was obtained by Percoll gradient centrifugation. Soluble extracts of these cells exhibited proteolytic activity towards azocasein, with an alkaline optimum pH range (9-10). Prevalence of some metallopeptidases was supported by the stimulating effect of Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ ions, and inhibition by two chelating agents (EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline), a thiol reductant (dithiothreitol) and two aminopeptidase inhibitors (bestatin and apstatin). Zymographic analysis revealed four caseinolytic bands at about 76, 70, 55 and 50 kDa. Mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides from one-dimensional gel slices identified a cytosol (leucine) aminopeptidase homologue (M17 family) in 50-kDa band and an enzyme similar to aminopeptidase P (AP-P) of cytosolic type (M24B subfamily) in 70-kDa band. Multiple sequence alignments showed conservation of critical residues for catalysis and metal binding. A long insertion in a common position was found in AP-P sequences from E. cuniculi and Nosema locustae, an insect-infecting microsporidian. The expression of cytosolic AP-P in sporogonial stages of microsporidia may suggest a key role in the attack of proline-containing peptides as a prerequisite to long-duration biosynthesis of structural proteins destined to the sporal polar tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chavant
- Parasitologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, LBP, UMR-CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal-Clermont 2, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France
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8
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Leiro J, Cano E, Ubeira FM, Orallo F, Sanmartín ML. In vitro effects of resveratrol on the viability and infectivity of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2497-501. [PMID: 15215100 PMCID: PMC434200 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.7.2497-2501.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidians of the genus Encephalitozoon are an important cause of disease in immunocompromised patients, and there are currently no completely effective treatments. The present study investigated the viability and infectivity of spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi that had been exposed to resveratrol (RESV), a natural phytoalexin found in grapes and red wine. RESV at 50 microM showed significant sporicidal activity, and at 10 to 50 microM it reduced the capacity of the spores to infect dog kidney epithelial cells of the MDCK line. At 10 microM RESV also significantly inhibited intracellular development of the parasite, without affecting host cell viability. These results suggest that RESV may be useful in the treatment of Encephalitozoon infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Leiro
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, C/Constantino Candeira s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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9
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Bacchi CJ, Rattendi D, Faciane E, Yarlett N, Weiss LM, Frydman B, Woster P, Wei B, Marton LJ, Wittner M. Polyamine metabolism in a member of the phylum Microspora (Encephalitozoon cuniculi): effects of polyamine analogues. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2004; 150:1215-1224. [PMID: 15133083 PMCID: PMC3109667 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The uptake, biosynthesis and catabolism of polyamines in the microsporidian parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi are detailed with reference to the effects of oligoamine and arylamine analogues of polyamines. Enc. cuniculi, an intracellular parasite of mammalian cells, has both biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes of polyamine metabolism, as demonstrated in cell-free extracts of mature spores. The uptake of polyamines was measured in immature, pre-emergent spores isolated from host cells by Percoll gradient. Spermine was rapidly taken up and metabolized to spermidine and an unknown, possibly acetamidopropanal, by spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and polyamine oxidase (PAO). Most of the spermidine and the unknown product were found in the cell incubation medium, indicating they were released from the cell. bis(Ethyl) oligoamine analogues of polyamines, such as SL-11144 and SL-11158, as well as arylamine analogues [BW-1, a bis(phenylbenzyl) 3-7-3 analogue] blocked uptake and interconversion of spermine at micromolar levels and, in the case of BW-1, acted as substrate for PAO. The Enc. cuniculi PAO activity differed from that found in mammalian cells with respect to pH optimum, substrate specificity and sensitivity to known PAO inhibitors. SL-11158 inhibited SSAT activity with a mixed type of inhibition in which the analogue had a 70-fold higher affinity for the enzyme than the natural substrate, spermine. The interest in Enc. cuniculi polyamine metabolism and the biochemical effects of these polyamine analogues is warranted since they cure model infections of Enc. cuniculi in mice and are potential candidates for human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus J. Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Donna Rattendi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Evangeline Faciane
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Patrick Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Benjamin Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | - Murray Wittner
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Vujcic S, Diegelman P, Bacchi CJ, Kramer DL, Porter CW. Identification and characterization of a novel flavin-containing spermine oxidase of mammalian cell origin. Biochem J 2002; 367:665-75. [PMID: 12141946 PMCID: PMC1222929 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2002] [Revised: 07/24/2002] [Accepted: 07/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During polyamine catabolism, spermine and spermidine are first acetylated by spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and subsequently oxidized by polyamine oxidase (PAO) to produce spermidine and putrescine, respectively. In attempting to clone the PAO involved in this back-conversion pathway, we encountered an oxidase that preferentially cleaves spermine in the absence of prior acetylation by SSAT. A BLAST search using maize PAO sequences identified homologous mammalian cDNAs derived from human hepatoma and mouse mammary carcinoma: the encoded proteins differed by 20 amino acids. When either cDNA was transiently transfected into HEK-293 cells, intracellular spermine pools decreased by 75% while spermidine and N (1)-acetylspermidine pools increased, suggesting that spermine was selectively and directly oxidized by the enzyme. Substrate specificity using lysates of oxidase-transfected HEK-293 cells revealed that the newly identified oxidase strongly favoured spermine over N (1)-acetylspermine and that it failed to act on N (1)-acetylspermidine, spermidine or the preferred PAO substrate, N (1), N (12)-diacetylspermine. The PAO inhibitor, MDL-72,527, only partially blocked oxidation of spermine while a previously reported PAO substrate, N (1)-( n -octanesulphonyl)spermine, potently inhibited the reaction. Overall, the data indicate that the enzyme represents a novel mammalian oxidase which, on the basis of substrate specificity, we have designated spermine oxidase in order to distinguish it from the PAO involved in polyamine back-conversion. The identification of an enzyme capable of directly oxidizing spermine to spermidine has important implications for understanding polyamine homoeostasis and for interpreting metabolic and cellular responses to clinically relevant polyamine analogues and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavoljub Vujcic
- Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Bacchi CJ, Orozco D, Weiss LM, Frydman B, Valasinas A, Yarlett N, Marton LJ, Wittner M. SL-11158, a synthetic oligoamine, inhibits polyamine metabolism of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; Suppl:92S-94S. [PMID: 11906095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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12
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Bacchi CJ, Weiss LM, Lane S, Frydman B, Valasinas A, Reddy V, Sun JS, Marton LJ, Khan IA, Moretto M, Yarlett N, Wittner M. Novel synthetic polyamines are effective in the treatment of experimental microsporidiosis, an opportunistic AIDS-associated infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:55-61. [PMID: 11751111 PMCID: PMC127003 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.1.55-61.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are eukaryotic obligate intracellular protists that are emerging pathogens in immunocompromised hosts, such as patients with AIDS or patients who have undergone organ transplantation. We have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that synthetic polyamine analogs are effective antimicrosporidial agents with a broad therapeutic window. CD8-knockout mice or nude mice infected with the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi were cured when they were treated with four different novel polyamine analogs at doses ranging from 1.25 to 5 mg/kg of body weight/day for a total of 10 days. Cured animals demonstrated no evidence of parasitemia by either PCR or histologic staining of tissues 30 days after untreated control animals died.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus J Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, New York 10038-1598, USA.
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ERRATUM. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Zou Y, Wu Z, Sirisoma N, Woster PM, Casero RA, Weiss LM, Rattendi D, Lane S, Bacchi CJ. Novel alkylpolyamine analogues that possess both antitrypanosomal and antimicrosporidial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1613-7. [PMID: 11412992 PMCID: PMC3109676 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of alkyl- or aralkyl-substituted polyamine analogues was synthesized containing a 3-7-3 polyamine backbone. These analogues were evaluated in vitro, and in one case in vivo, for activity as antitrypanosomal agents, and for activity against opportunistic infection caused by Microsporidia. Compound 21 inhibits trypanosomal growth with an IC(50) as low as 31nM, while compound 24 shows promising activity in vitro against trypanosomes, and against Microsporidia in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Zhiqian Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nilantha Sirisoma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.:+1-313-577-1525; fax: +1-313-577-2033;
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, 424 N. Bond St., Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Donna Rattendi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Schennella Lane
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Cyrus J. Bacchi
- Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biology, Pace University, New York, NY 10038, USA
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