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Developmentally distinct CD4 + T reg lineages shape the CD8 + T cell response to acute Listeria infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113329119. [PMID: 35239442 PMCID: PMC8915796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113329119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ Treg response following acute Listeria infection is heterogeneous and deploys two distinct modes of suppression coinciding with initial pathogen exposure and resolution of infection. This bimodal suppression of CD8+ T cells during priming and contraction is mediated by separate Treg lineages. These findings make a significant contribution to our understanding of the functional plasticity inherent within Tregs, which allows these cells to serve as a sensitive and dynamic cellular rheostat for the immune system to prevent autoimmune pathology in the face of inflammation attendant to acute infection, enable expansion of the pathogen-specific response needed to control the infection, and reestablish immune homeostasis after the threat has been contained. CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) must prevent immunopathology by cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) responding to acute infection and restore immune homeostasis following pathogen clearance, yet little is known about the specific populations or mechanisms governing these discrete events. We found that acute Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) infection produces a phenotypically and functionally complex Treg response comprising two separate suppressor cell subpopulations, with an early Treg peak occurring at 24 h postinfection and a later peak arising by day 7. The first wave of Tregs suppress primary CTL expansion via a contact-independent mechanism involving CD73-derived adenosine (Ado) production from extracellular adenosine monophosphate (5′-AMP), while the second originates from different precursors and acts throughout the contraction phase via contact-dependent gap junction transfer of 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)—both potent inhibitors of T cell proliferation. We speculate that the early activation of CD73 on Tregs is enhanced in inflamed tissues due to high purine release from apoptotic cells, whereas late-phase gap junction–dependent Tregs rely more on cell number and less on tissue inflammation. This study importantly reveals that CTL priming and contraction phases are separately fine-tuned by developmentally distinct Treg lineages during an acute infection.
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Porturas TP, Sun H, Buchlis G, Lou Y, Liang X, Cathopoulis T, Fayngerts S, Johnson DS, Wang Z, Chen YH. Crucial roles of TNFAIP8 protein in regulating apoptosis and Listeria infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5743-50. [PMID: 25948813 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8 or TIPE) is a newly described regulator of cancer and infection. However, its precise roles and mechanisms of actions are not well understood. We report in this article that TNFAIP8 regulates Listeria monocytogenes infection by controlling pathogen invasion and host cell apoptosis in a RAC1 GTPase-dependent manner. TNFAIP8-knockout mice were resistant to lethal L. monocytogenes infection and had reduced bacterial load in the liver and spleen. TNFAIP8 knockdown in murine liver HEPA1-6 cells increased apoptosis, reduced bacterial invasion into cells, and resulted in dysregulated RAC1 activation. TNFAIP8 could translocate to plasma membrane and preferentially associate with activated RAC1-GTP. The combined effect of reduced bacterial invasion and increased sensitivity to TNF-α-induced clearance likely protected the TNFAIP8-knockout mice from lethal listeriosis. Thus, by controlling bacterial invasion and the death of infected cells through RAC1, TNFAIP8 regulates the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Porturas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Honghong Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - George Buchlis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Yunwei Lou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Ji'nan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Ji'nan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Terry Cathopoulis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Svetlana Fayngerts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Derek S Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
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Nakane A. [Host responses to bacterial infections]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2014; 69:479-89. [PMID: 25186639 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.69.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria and host defense system have been evolved by their offense and defense. In vivo research is crucial for elucidation of interactions between them. I have investigated their offence and defense by various standpoints using mouse models of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Herein, the results of my research including the roles of endogenous cytokines in host defense, the attenuation of host defense mechanism in obesity and diabetes, the development of vaccines against S. aureus infection by staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) family molecules, and the emesis-inducing mechanism of SEA are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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Hoge J, Yan I, Jänner N, Schumacher V, Chalaris A, Steinmetz OM, Engel DR, Scheller J, Rose-John S, Mittrücker HW. IL-6 Controls the Innate Immune Response againstListeria monocytogenesvia Classical IL-6 Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:703-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Martin PL, Bugelski PJ. Concordance of preclinical and clinical pharmacology and toxicology of monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins: soluble targets. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:806-22. [PMID: 22168335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins directed towards soluble targets make an important contribution to the treatment of disease. The purpose of this review was to correlate the clinical and preclinical data on the 14 currently approved mAbs and fusion proteins targeted to soluble targets. The principal sources used to gather data were: the peer reviewed Literature; European Medicines Agency 'Scientific Discussions' and United States Food and Drug Administration 'Pharmacology/Toxicology Reviews' and package inserts (United States Prescribing Information). Data on the following approved biopharmaceuticals were included: adalimumab, anakinra, bevacizumab, canakinumab, certolizumab pegol, denosumab, eculizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, omalizumab, ranibizumab, rilonacept and ustekinumab. Some related biopharmaceuticals in late-stage development were also included for comparison. Good concordance with human pharmacodynamics was found for both non-human primates (NHPs) receiving the human biopharmaceutical and mice receiving rodent homologues (surrogates). In contrast, there was limited concordance for human adverse effects in genetically deficient mice, mice receiving surrogates or NHPs receiving the human pharmaceutical. In summary, the results of this survey show that although both mice and NHPs have good predictive value for human pharmacodynamics, neither species have good predictive value for human adverse effects. No evidence that NHPs have superior predictive value was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Martin
- Biologics Toxicology, Janssen Research & Development, Radnor, PA 19087, USA.
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Graham AC, Carr KD, Sieve AN, Indramohan M, Break TJ, Berg RE. IL-22 production is regulated by IL-23 during Listeria monocytogenes infection but is not required for bacterial clearance or tissue protection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17171. [PMID: 21347242 PMCID: PMC3039664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a gram-positive bacterium that is a common contaminant of processed meats and dairy products. In humans, ingestion of LM can result in intracellular infection of the spleen and liver, which can ultimately lead to septicemia, meningitis, and spontaneous abortion. Interleukin (IL)-23 is a cytokine that regulates innate and adaptive immune responses by inducing the production of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22. We have recently demonstrated that the IL-23/IL-17 axis is required for optimal recruitment of neutrophils to the liver, but not the spleen, during LM infection. Furthermore, these cytokines are required for the clearance of LM during systemic infection. In other infectious models, IL-22 induces the secretion of anti-microbial peptides and protects tissues from damage by preventing apoptosis. However, the role of IL-22 has not been thoroughly investigated during LM infection. In the present study, we show that LM induces the production of IL-22 in vivo. Interestingly, IL-23 is required for the production of IL-22 during primary, but not secondary, LM infection. Our findings suggest that IL-22 is not required for clearance of LM during primary or secondary infection, using both systemic and mucosal models of infection. IL-22 is also not required for the protection of LM infected spleens and livers from organ damage. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-22 produced during LM infection must play a role other than clearance of LM or protection of tissues from pathogen- or immune-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Graham
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karen D. Carr
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy N. Sieve
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mohanalaxmi Indramohan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Break
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rance E. Berg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
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Ulett GC, Adderson EE. Regulation of Apoptosis by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mechanistic Diversity and Consequences for Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:119-141. [PMID: 19081777 DOI: 10.2174/157339506776843033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is an important physiological mechanism, through which the human immune system regulates homeostasis and responds to diverse forms of cellular damage. PCD may also be involved in immune counteraction to microbial infection. Over the past decade, the amount of research on bacteria-induced PCD has grown tremendously, and the implications of this mechanism on immunity are being elucidated. Some pathogenic bacteria actively trigger the suicide response in critical lineages of leukocytes that orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses; other bacteria proactively prevent PCD to benefit their own survival and persistence. Currently, the microbial virulence factors, which represent the keys to unlocking the suicide response in host cells, are a primary focus of this field. In this review, we discuss these bacterial "apoptosis regulatory molecules" and the apoptotic events they either trigger or prevent, the host target cells of this regulatory activity, and the possible ramifications for immunity to infection. Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, and Clostridia species are discussed as important agents of human infection that modulate PCD pathways in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Moore TA, Lau HY, Cogen AL, Standiford TJ. Defective innate antibacterial host responses during murine Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 deficiency versus therapy with anti-TNF-alpha. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 41 Suppl 3:S213-7. [PMID: 15983903 DOI: 10.1086/430126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria. A significant clinical complication of pulmonary infection with K. pneumoniae is peripheral blood dissemination, which results in a systemic infection coincident with the localized pulmonary infection. This study describes the critical importance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1)-mediated signaling during K. pneumoniae bacteremia. TNFR1-deficient mice displayed a significantly increased mortality rate after intravenous inoculation. Unexpectedly, this increased mortality occurred in the absence of either increased bacterial burden or increased liver injury. However, excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha , was observed in TNFR1-deficient mice, compared with that observed in infected C57BL/6 mice, which suggests that production was dysregulated in the absence of TNFR1 signaling. In contrast, other experiments examined the effect of immunotherapy with anti-TNF-alpha during K. pneumoniae bacteremia. Administration of a neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibody completely ablated K. pneumoniae-induced liver injury. This reduction in liver injury failed to translate into an improved survival rate, because mice died of the infection as late as 10 days after infection. Bacterial clearance after neutralization of TNF-alpha was significantly impaired at later time points during infection. Diminished production of liver-associated cytokines and chemokines correlated with impaired bacterial clearance, which suggests that antibacterial immune responses were dampened. These data indicate that the antibacterial host response is dysregulated in mice lacking TNFR1 or TNF-alpha bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA.
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Rukavina T, Vasiljev V, Ticac B. Proinflammatory cytokines in antilipopolysaccharide immunity against Klebsiella infections. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 2005:88-95. [PMID: 16030391 PMCID: PMC1533908 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken in order to determine
whether proinflammatory cytokines are involved in a previously
described protection against Klebsiella infection
mediated by antilipopolysaccharide antibodies. BALB/c mice were
infected intraperitoneally with a lethal challenge of
Klebsiella pneumoniae Caroli. One group of mice was
protected with monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharide
prior to infection and the second was not. We determined the
number of colony-forming units at different time points in the
blood of infected animals and paralleled them with plasma levels
of five proinflammatory cytokines measured by enzyme immunoassays.
Our results show that the two groups of animals tested expressed
different plasma concentrations for all cytokines. The greatest
difference was detected 24 hours after infection, with a higher
production in the unprotected group. We concluded that a reduced
cytokine production is partially responsible for the survival of
protected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Rukavina
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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Zheng SJ, Jiang J, Shen H, Chen YH. Reduced Apoptosis and Ameliorated Listeriosis in TRAIL-Null Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5652-8. [PMID: 15494516 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Although it is well recognized that apoptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease, the molecular mechanisms of cell death in listeriosis remain to be established. We report in this study that mice deficient in TRAIL were partially resistant to primary listeriosis, and blocking TRAIL with a soluble death receptor 5 markedly ameliorated the disease. The numbers of Listeria in the liver and spleen of TRAIL+/+ mice were 10-100 times greater than those in TRAIL-/- mice following primary Listeria infection. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the survival rate of TRAIL-/- mice. Lymphoid and myeloid cell death was significantly inhibited in TRAIL-/- mice, which led to marked enlargement of the spleen. These results establish a critical role for TRAIL in apoptosis during listeriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Moore TA, Lau HY, Cogen AL, Monteleon CL, Standiford TJ. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy during murine Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia: increased mortality in the absence of liver injury. Shock 2004; 20:309-15. [PMID: 14501943 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000087203.34916.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of gram-negative bacterial pneumonia, often resulting in bacteremia concurrent with the localized pulmonary infection. The beneficial role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha during pulmonary infection has been well documented; however, consequences of TNF-alpha production during systemic bacterial infection are controversial. A murine model of K. pneumoniae was developed to address this important issue. Liver-associated TNF-alpha mRNA was induced within 30 min after intravenous bacterial inoculation and remained elevated through 6 h before returning to near-baseline at 24 h postinfection. Intravenous K. pneumoniae infection induced liver cellular injury that was completely ablated when mice were pretreated with a neutralizing anti-TNF-alpha antibody. Interestingly, this reduction in liver injury failed to translate into improved survival. Mice receiving anti-TNF-alpha continued to succumb to the infection even out to day 10 postinfection. Bacterial clearance after TNF-alpha neutralization was significantly impaired at later time points during infection. Correlating with impaired bacterial clearance was diminished production of liver-associated MIP-2, MIP-1alpha, MCP-1, and interferon-gamma. Further evidence of diminished antibacterial immune responses was noted when the activational status of splenic natural killer cells in anti-TNF-alpha-treated mice was examined 24 h postinfection. Natural killer cells displayed decreased CD69 expression. Combined, these data indicate that the beneficial effects of TNF-alpha during systemic K. pneumoniae infection outweigh the detrimental effects of TNF-alpha-mediated hepatocyte cellular injury. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy, although preventing liver injury during blood-borne bacterial infection, results in a dampened anti-bacterial host response, resulting in decreased bacterial clearance and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA.
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12
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Moore TA, Perry ML, Getsoian AG, Monteleon CL, Cogen AL, Standiford TJ. Increased mortality and dysregulated cytokine production in tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-deficient mice following systemic Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4891-900. [PMID: 12933830 PMCID: PMC187315 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.4891-4900.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2003] [Revised: 04/17/2003] [Accepted: 05/27/2003] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant clinical complication of pulmonary infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae is peripheral blood dissemination, resulting in a systemic infection concurrent with the localized pulmonary infection. In this context, little is known about the role of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-mediated innate immune responses during systemic Klebsiella infections. Mice lacking TNFR1 were significantly more susceptible to Klebsiella-induced mortality following intravenous inoculation. Bacterial clearance was impaired in TNFR1-deficient mice at early times following infection. Unexpectedly, bacterial burdens at the onset of mortality (days 2 to 3 postinfection) were not higher in mice lacking TNFR1. However, elevated production of liver-associated proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha[, and gamma interferon [IFN-gamma]) and chemokines (MIP-1 alpha, MIP-2, and MCP-1) was observed within the first 24 h of infection. Additionally, excessive plasma-associated IFN-gamma was also observed late in the course of infection (day 3). Spleen cells from day-3 infected TNFR1-deficient mice secreted markedly enhanced levels of IFN-gamma when cultured in vitro. Additionally, there was a marked increase in the total number of activated lymphocyte subsets as indicated by CD69 upregulation. A notable exception was the sharp decrease in the frequency of splenic NK T cells in infected TNFR1 knockout (KO) mice. Anti-TNF-alpha therapy in TNFR1 KO mice significantly reduced chemokine production and liver injury. Combined, these data indicate a dysregulated antibacterial host response following intravenous Klebsiella infection in the absence of TNFR1 signaling, resulting in heightened cytokine production and hyperactivation of specific splenic lymphocyte subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Klebsiella Infections/immunology
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/injuries
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutralization Tests
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA.
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Panagio LA, Felipe I, Vidotto MC, Gaziri LCJ. Early membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine followed by late necrosis in murine macrophages induced by Candida albicans from an HIV-infected individual. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51:929-936. [PMID: 12448676 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-11-929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that Candida albicans isolate (CR1) from an HIV-infected individual induced apoptosis of macrophages was examined by optical microscopy, binding of annexin V-FITC and analyses of DNA degradation (TUNEL tests and agarose gel electrophoresis). Resident murine peritoneal macrophages co-incubated for 5-15 min with C. albicans CR1 bound annexin V, whereas macrophages incubated with either heat-inactivated strain CR1, C. albicans 577 (isolated from a patient with mucocutaneous candidiasis) or C. albicans FCF14 (a mutant that did not produce proteases and phospholipases) did not bind annexin for up to 2 h of observation. However, macrophages exposed to C. albicans CR1 did not present the pattern of DNA degradation typical of apoptosis. Macrophages became increasingly permeable to propidium iodide from 30 min to 2 h after their exposure to C. albicans CR1. Most of the phagocytosed C. albicans CR1 yeast cells switched to germ-tubes inside the macrophages after incubation for 1-2 h. These results show that macrophages exposed to C. albicans CR1 presented early signs of apoptosis but progressed to necrosis, and suggest that Candida strains that readily switch to germ-tubes inside those apoptotic cells might have a competitive advantage in vivo because released germ-tubes resist further attack by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Felipe
- Departments of Microbiology, *General Pathology and †Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - L C J Gaziri
- Departments of Microbiology, *General Pathology and †Physiological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86051-990 Londrina, Brazil
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Vázquez-Boland JA, Kuhn M, Berche P, Chakraborty T, Domínguez-Bernal G, Goebel W, González-Zorn B, Wehland J, Kreft J. Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:584-640. [PMID: 11432815 PMCID: PMC88991 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.3.584-640.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1484] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a highly fatal opportunistic foodborne infection. Pregnant women, neonates, the elderly, and debilitated or immunocompromised patients in general are predominantly affected, although the disease can also develop in normal individuals. Clinical manifestations of invasive listeriosis are usually severe and include abortion, sepsis, and meningoencephalitis. Listeriosis can also manifest as a febrile gastroenteritis syndrome. In addition to humans, L. monocytogenes affects many vertebrate species, including birds. Listeria ivanovii, a second pathogenic species of the genus, is specific for ruminants. Our current view of the pathophysiology of listeriosis derives largely from studies with the mouse infection model. Pathogenic listeriae enter the host primarily through the intestine. The liver is thought to be their first target organ after intestinal translocation. In the liver, listeriae actively multiply until the infection is controlled by a cell-mediated immune response. This initial, subclinical step of listeriosis is thought to be common due to the frequent presence of pathogenic L. monocytogenes in food. In normal individuals, the continual exposure to listerial antigens probably contributes to the maintenance of anti-Listeria memory T cells. However, in debilitated and immunocompromised patients, the unrestricted proliferation of listeriae in the liver may result in prolonged low-level bacteremia, leading to invasion of the preferred secondary target organs (the brain and the gravid uterus) and to overt clinical disease. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii are facultative intracellular parasites able to survive in macrophages and to invade a variety of normally nonphagocytic cells, such as epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and endothelial cells. In all these cell types, pathogenic listeriae go through an intracellular life cycle involving early escape from the phagocytic vacuole, rapid intracytoplasmic multiplication, bacterially induced actin-based motility, and direct spread to neighboring cells, in which they reinitiate the cycle. In this way, listeriae disseminate in host tissues sheltered from the humoral arm of the immune system. Over the last 15 years, a number of virulence factors involved in key steps of this intracellular life cycle have been identified. This review describes in detail the molecular determinants of Listeria virulence and their mechanism of action and summarizes the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of listeriosis and the cell biology and host cell responses to Listeria infection. This article provides an updated perspective of the development of our understanding of Listeria pathogenesis from the first molecular genetic analyses of virulence mechanisms reported in 1985 until the start of the genomic era of Listeria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Vázquez-Boland
- Grupo de Patogénesis Molecular Bacteriana, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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