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St Jean SC, Ricart Arbona RJ, Mishkin N, Monette S, Wipf JRK, Henderson KS, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Lipman NS, Carrasco SE. Chlamydia muridarum infection causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia in NOD.Cg- PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:145-156. [PMID: 37434451 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231183907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The murine bacterial pathogen Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) has been used to study human Chlamydia infections in various mouse models. CD4+ T-cells, natural killer cells, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated immunity are important to control experimentally induced Cm infections. Despite its experimental use, natural infection by Cm has not been documented in laboratory mice since the 1940s. In 2022, the authors reported the discovery of natural Cm infections in numerous academic institutional laboratory mouse colonies around the globe. To evaluate the impact of Cm infection in severely immunocompromised mice, 19 NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice were cohoused with Cm shedding, naturally infected immunocompetent mice and/or their soiled bedding for 4 weeks and subsequently euthanized. Clinical disease, characterized by lethargy, dyspnea, and weight loss, was observed in 11/19 NSG mice, and 16/18 NSG mice had neutrophilia. All mice exhibited multifocal to coalescing histiocytic and neutrophilic bronchointerstitial pneumonia (17/19) or bronchiolitis (2/19) with intraepithelial chlamydial inclusions (CIs). Immunofluorescence showed CIs were often associated with bronchiolar epithelium. CIs were frequently detected by immunohistochemistry in tracheal and bronchiolar epithelium (19/19), as well as throughout the small and large intestinal epithelium without lesions (19/19). In a subset of cases, Cm colonized the surface epithelium in the nasopharynx (16/19), nasal cavity (7/19), and middle ear canal (5/19). Endometritis and salpingitis with intraepithelial CI were identified in a single mouse. These findings demonstrate that Cm infection acquired through direct contact or soiled bedding causes significant pulmonary pathology and widespread intestinal colonization in NSG mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C St Jean
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Sébastien Monette
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Juliette R K Wipf
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Neil S Lipman
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sebastian E Carrasco
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Jahnke R, Matthiesen S, Zaeck LM, Finke S, Knittler MR. Chlamydia trachomatis Cell-to-Cell Spread through Tunneling Nanotubes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0281722. [PMID: 36219107 PMCID: PMC9769577 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02817-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are transient cellular connections that consist of dynamic membrane protrusions. They play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and mediate the intercellular exchanges of molecules and organelles. TNTs can form between different cell types and may contribute to the spread of pathogens by serving as cytoplasmic corridors. We demonstrate that Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis-infected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and other cells form TNT-like structures through which reticulate bodies (RBs) pass into uninfected cells. Observed TNTs have a life span of 1 to 5 h and contain microtubules, which are essential for chlamydial transfer. They can bridge distances of up to 50 μm between connecting neighboring cells. Consistent with the biological role for TNTs, we show that C. trachomatis spread also occurs under conditions in which the extracellular route of chlamydial entry into host cells is blocked. Based on our findings, we propose that TNTs play a critical role in the direct, cell-to-cell transmission of chlamydia. IMPORTANCE Intracellular bacterial pathogens often undergo a life cycle in which they parasitize infected host cells in membranous vacuoles. Two pathways have been described by which chlamydia can exit infected host cells: lytic cell destruction or exit via extrusion formation. Whether direct, cell-to-cell contact may also play a role in the spread of infection is unknown. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) interconnect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells to mediate efficient communication and the exchange of material between them. We used Chlamydia trachomatis and immortalized cells to analyze whether TNTs mediate bacterial transmission from an infected donor to uninfected acceptor cells. We show that chlamydia-infected cells build TNTs through which the intracellular reticulate bodies (RBs) of the chlamydia can pass into uninfected neighboring cells. Our study contributes to the understanding of the function of TNTs in the cell-to-cell transmission of intracellular pathogens and provides new insights into the strategies by which chlamydia spreads among multicellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Jahnke
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Svea Matthiesen
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael R. Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
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Donati M, Di Francesco A, Baldelli R, Magnino S, Pignanelli S, Shurdhi A, Delucca F, Cevenini R. In vitro detection of neutralising antibodies to Chlamydia suis in pig sera. Vet Rec 2009; 164:173-4. [PMID: 19202171 DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.6.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Donati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica Specialistica e Sperimentale, Policlinico S. Orsola, Università di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Rumpianesi F, Donati M, La Placa M, Negosanti M, D'Antuono A, Cevenini R. Use of the ligase chain reaction on urine of men and their female sexual partners for detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 2:123-126. [PMID: 11866829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1996.tb00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate an in vitro DNA amplification assay named the ligase chain reaction (LCR) for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid DNA in urine from men and women, in comparison with urethral swab culture in men and cervical swab culture in women. METHODS: 591 patients (394 men with urethritis and 197 female sex partners) attending a center for sexually transmitted diseases in northern Italy between January 1994 and January 1995 were enrolled in this study. A cervical swab was collected from women and a urethral swab from men for standard tissue cell culture. From each patient 20 mL of the first stream of the urine (FVU), taken at least 2 h after the last urination, were collected for LCR analysis. Discrepant results were further analyzed by direct fluorescence and a LCR with alternative primers. RESULTS: In men the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection by urethral culture was 13.45% and, after resolution of discordant results, the LCR method performed on FVU showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 89.4%, 100%, 100% and 98.2%, respectively; the sensitivity of tissue cell culture was 92.8%. In female sex partners, the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection by cervical culture was 3.04%; LCR detected eight true positive samples, two more than tissue cell culture, and no false-negative results. CONCLUSION: LCR analysis of FVU is a rapid, non-invasive technique and represents a good alternative to tissue cell culture. Further study is needed to investigate possible LCR inhibitors present in urine samples.
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Donati M, Rodrìguez Fermepin M, Olmo A, D'Apote L, Cevenini R. Comparative in-vitro activity of moxifloxacin, minocycline and azithromycin against Chlamydia spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43:825-7. [PMID: 10404322 DOI: 10.1093/jac/43.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-vitro activity of moxifloxacin, a new 8-methoxyquinolone, was compared with minocycline and azithromycin against 40 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci. Both the MIC and the MBC of moxifloxacin ranged from 0.03 to 0.125 mg/L. MICs of minocycline ranged from 0.015 to 0.06 mg/L and MBCs between 0.03 and 0.25 mg/L. MICs of azithromycin ranged from 0.03 to 0.125 mg/L and the MBCs between 0.06 and 0.5 mg/L. MBC values of moxifloxacin were the same as MICs in 32 (80%) of 40 strains tested, whereas those of minocycline and azithromycin were two to four times higher than their MICs. These data confirm those previously obtained indicating that quinolones kill chlamydial strains at concentrations equivalent to their MICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donati
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Policlinico S. Orsola, University of Bologna, Italy
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Farencena A, Comanducci M, Donati M, Ratti G, Cevenini R. Characterization of a new isolate of Chlamydia trachomatis which lacks the common plasmid and has properties of biovar trachoma. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2965-9. [PMID: 9199473 PMCID: PMC175415 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.7.2965-2969.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A Chlamydia trachomatis urethral isolate, alpha/95, yielding pgp3-negative but otherwise normal inclusions by immunofluorescence also gave negative results when pCT-homologous DNA was searched by PCR and Southern blotting. omp-1 sequence analysis identified alpha/95 as a new genotype B variant. These findings confirm that pCT is not required for chlamydial growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farencena
- Sezione di Microbiologia, DMCSS, Policlinico S. Orsola, Università di Bologna, Italy
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7
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Donati M, Rumpianesi F, Pavan G, D'Apote L, Cevenini R. Detection of serum antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae by in vitro neutralization and microimmunofluorescence assays. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 284:52-7. [PMID: 8837368 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae (IOL-207) were studied by the microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay and in vitro neutralization in serum samples from 230 healthy adults and 332 patients at risk of C. pneumoniae infection. In the MIF test, the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was 53.9% among healthy subjects and 40.7% in the patients. An MIF antibody titre of > or = 1 : 512, consistent with acute infection by C. pneumoniae was documented in 23 out of 332 patients, and in none of the healthy adults. C. pneumoniae complement-dependent neutralizing antibody was detected in 25.8% and 31.2%, respectively of MIF-positive sera from healthy subjects and patients. The neutralizing antibody detection rate was 52.2% among the 23 patients with MIF titres of > or = 1 : 512. Complement-independent neutralization was observed in only 5 sera from healthy subjects and in 3 sera from patients. The complement-dependent neutralizing ability of sera significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with MIF titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donati
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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Rumpianesi F, Donati M, Negosanti M, D'Antuono A, La Placa M, Cevenini R. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by a ligase chain reaction amplification method. Sex Transm Dis 1996; 23:177-80. [PMID: 8724505 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199605000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ligase chain reaction is an in vitro DNA amplification technique that exponentially amplifies selected DNA sequences. GOAL To evaluate a ligase chain reaction assay for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis cryptic plasmid DNA (LCx Chlamydia) in patients routinely attending a sexually transmitted disease center in Italy. STUDY DESIGN Urethral or cervical swabs were obtained from 501 consecutive patients (334 men and 167 women). The samples were assayed in parallel with LCx Chlamydia and conventional tissue culture; discordant results were further assayed by direct immunofluorescence and a ligase chain reaction with alternate primers. RESULTS After resolution of discordant results, the LCx method showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 100%, 99.3%, 96.7%, and 100% in men; 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100% in women; and 100%, 99.5%, 97.1%, and 100% overall, respectively. By comparison, the sensitivity of tissue culture was 81.4% in men, 50% in women, and 77.6% overall. CONCLUSIONS The automated LCx method is sensitive, fast, and accurate and represents a useful diagnostic tool for C. trachomatis infection, even in low and medium prevalence populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rumpianesi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Sambri V, Armati S, Cevenini R. Animal and human antibodies reactive with the outer surface protein A and B of Borrelia burgdorferi are borreliacidal, in vitro, in the presence of complement. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 7:67-71. [PMID: 8364524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1993.tb00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyspecific antibodies present in ascitic fluids of mice (pMIAFs) immunized with whole Borrelia burgdorferi cells exerted borreliacidal activity in vitro when tested with complement and homologous antigen but not with heterologous B. hermsii. Similarly, monospecific mouse antibodies obtained by immunizing mice with purified preparations of outer surface protein A and B of B. burgdorferi were borreliacidal. On the contrary, mouse monospecific antibodies raised against the 41-kDa flagellar protein of B. burgdorferi did not kill borreliae in the presence of complement. A complement-mediated, in vitro, borreliacidal activity was observed in human sera from patients with Lyme disease when antibodies against OspA and/or OspB were detectable in sera by the Western blotting technique. The in vitro borreliacidal activity of human sera was evident after 14 h incubation with live B. burgdorferi spirochaetes and complement, whereas antibodies present in mouse immune ascitic fluids killed borreliae after 1 h incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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10
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Ricci S, Cevenini R, Cosco E, Comanducci M, Ratti G, Scarlato V. Transcriptional analysis of the Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid pCT identifies temporally regulated transcripts, anti-sense RNA and sigma 70-selected promoters. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1993; 237:318-26. [PMID: 7683369 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We analysed transcription of the DNA region immediately downstream of the origin of replication in the chlamydial plasmid pCT. This region comprises two convergent open reading frames (ORF7, ORF8), encoding putative polypeptides that are homologous to each other and with C-terminal domains typical of the phage integrase family of proteins. Northern blot and RNA 5' end mapping analyses indicated that both ORFs were transcribed in the late phase of the chlamydial replicative cycle. RNA mapping showed the presence of a transcript starting 31 nucleotides (nt) before the ATG start codon of ORF7, and two temporally regulated transcripts starting 59 and 89 nt upstream of the ATG start codon of ORF8. Two abundant RNA species of 225 and 415 nt were also identified as overlapping anti-sense transcripts (AS-RNAs), complementary to the 3' end of ORF8 mRNA, with identical 5' ends but different 3' ends. In vitro and in vivo experiments in Escherichia coli showed that the sigma 70-RNA polymerase complex was capable of initiating RNA synthesis at the same sites as observed in Chlamydia trachomatis for ORF7 and AS-RNA transcripts, but was not able to transcribe ORF8. In accord with this, sequences at -10 and -35 nt upstream of the RNA 5' ends resemble sigma 70 consensus promoters in the case of ORF7 and AS, but not in the case of the two ORF8 transcripts. Therefore, transcription of ORF7 and ORF8 is controlled by different types of promoters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ricci
- Immunobiological Research Institute Siena (IRIS), Italy
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Abstract
The presence of carbohydrates on proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was investigated by using a digoxigenin labeling method together with Schiff staining and N-glycosidase F assay. The two major outer surface exposed proteins of 31 kDa and 34 kDa showed to be glycosylated and gel filtration high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of proteins of B. burgdorferi metabolically labeled with 14C-N-acetylglucosamine revealed the incorporation of the carbohydrate into the glycosyl residue of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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Cevenini R, Sambri V, Massaria F, Placa M, Brocchi E, Simone F. Complement-mediated in vitro bactericidal activity of monoclonal antibodies reactive with outer-surface-protein OspB ofBorrelia burgdorferi. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sambri V, Moroni A, Massaria F, Brocchi E, De Simone F, Cevenini R. Immunological characterization of a low molecular mass polypeptidic antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY 1991; 3:345-9. [PMID: 1725956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a low molecular mass polypeptidic antigen in Borrelia burgdorferi was described. The protein was exposed at the bacterial surface since it was clearly identified by mAb 3H4 using the immunofluorescence test performed with living bacteria. This antigen was cleaved by proteinase K treatment, whereas it was resistant to the action of chymotrypsin, trypsin and thermolysin. Western blotting analysis of the immunological reactivity of this antigenic structure performed using monoclonal antibody, mouse-immune ascitic fluids raised against B. burgdorferi and other spirochetes, sera from patients with Lyme disease and other infirmities in which false positive results in serological tests for B. burgdorferi have been described, demonstrated that this protein expresses only species-specific epitopes which may be recognized during human B. burgdorferi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sambri
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, S. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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Ratti G, Moroni A, Cevenini R. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in patients with non-gonococcal urethritis using the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Pathol 1991; 44:564-8. [PMID: 1856288 PMCID: PMC496795 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.44.7.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A practical protocol using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was designed for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in clinical samples. DNA was extracted from material collected on urethral swabs and used as substrate for the PCR. The target was a 600 basepair DNA segment of the multicopy plasmid that is common to all strains of the bacterium. Negative samples were checked for loss of DNA or presence of polymerase inhibitors by a second PCR, targeted to a conserved segment of the human genome. The whole procedure was tested on 216 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). All patients were independently assessed by tissue culture isolation (60 positive samples) and a commercial immunoenzymatic assay. The PCR protocol, while sufficiently simple for routine application, was reliable and, for the diagnosis of urethritis, at least as good as tissue culture isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ratti
- Sclavo Research Centre, Siena, Italy
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Cevenini R, Sambri V, Pileri S, Ratti G, La Placa M. Development of transplantable ascites tumours which continuously produce polyclonal antibodies in pristane primed BALB/c mice immunized with bacterial antigens and complete Freund's adjuvant. J Immunol Methods 1991; 140:111-8. [PMID: 2061607 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(91)90132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial immunogens (whole cells of Borrelia burgdorferi, elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis and purified proteins of 22 and 24 kDa of Borrelia hermsii) were emulsified with an excess of complete Freund's adjuvant and injected (i.p.) on days 0, 7, 14 and 21, into BALB/c mice treated with pristane on day 6. This procedure induced the development of antibody-producing ascites tumours which could be serially transplanted in pristane-conditioned mice. Ascites tumours continued to yield a consistent amount of specific polyclonal antibody after ten serial transplants. The method described appears to be particularly useful for the production of a large amount of antibody when only small amounts of immunogen are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cevenini
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, Italy
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Cevenini R, Donati M, Brocchi E, Simone F, Placa M. Partial characterization of an 89-kDa highly immunoreactive protein fromChlamydia psittaciA/22 causing ovine abortion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Cevenini R, Moroni A, Sambri V, Perini S, La Placa M. Serological response to chlamydial infection in sheep, studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb02431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Cevenini R, Donati M, La Placa M. Effects of penicillin on the synthesis of membrane proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis LGV2 serotype. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb03147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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