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Kato T, Shiono Y, Koseki T. Identification and characterization of an acetyl xylan esterase from Aspergillus oryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:337-342. [PMID: 34376338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the identification and characterization of an acetyl xylan esterase, designated as AoAXEC, which was previously annotated as a hypothetical protein encoded by AO090023000158 in the Aspergillus oryzae genomic database. Based on its amino acid sequence, a low sequence identity to known acetyl xylan esterases was observed in the sequence of characterized acetyl xylan esterase. The gene fused with α-factor signal sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae instead of the native signal sequence was cloned into a vector, pPICZαC, and expressed successfully in Pichia pastoris as an active extracellular protein. The purified recombinant protein had pH and temperature optima of 7.0 and 50 °C, respectively, and was stable up to 50 °C. The optimal substrate for hydrolysis by the purified recombinant AoAXEC, among a panel of α-naphthyl esters (C2-C16), was α-naphthyl propionate (C3), with an activity of 0.35 ± 0.006 units/mg protein. No significant difference of the Km value was observed between C3 (2.3 ± 0.7 mM) and C2 (1.9 ± 0.4 mM). In contrast, kcat value for C3 (18 ± 3.9 s-1) was higher compared to C2 (4.5 ± 0.7 s-1). The purified recombinant enzyme displayed a low activity toward acyl chain substrates containing eight or more carbon atoms. Recombinant AoAXEC catalyzed the release of acetic acid from wheat arabinoxylan. However, no activity was detected on methyl esters of ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, or sinapic acids. Additionally, the liberation of phenolic acids, such as ferulic acid, from wheat arabinoxylan was not exhibited by the recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoe Kato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takuya Koseki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan.
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Xu J, Zhao X, Yao Q, Zong W, Dai S, Deng Z, Liu S, Yun J, Yang X, Li H. Cloning, characterization of a novel acetyl xylan esterase, and its potential application on wheat straw utilization. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1947393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshen Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zong
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Dai
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zujun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Liu
- Guangzhou Basic Clean Cosmetics Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jeonyun Yun
- Guangzhou Basic Clean Cosmetics Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Guangzhou Basic Clean Cosmetics Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioactive Drug Research, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Li X, Griffin K, Langeveld S, Frommhagen M, Underlin EN, Kabel MA, de Vries RP, Dilokpimol A. Functional Validation of Two Fungal Subfamilies in Carbohydrate Esterase Family 1 by Biochemical Characterization of Esterases From Uncharacterized Branches. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:694. [PMID: 32671051 PMCID: PMC7332973 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal members of Carbohydrate Esterase family 1 (CE1) from the CAZy database include both acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs) and feruloyl esterases (FAEs). AXEs and FAEs are essential auxiliary enzymes to unlock the full potential of feedstock. They are being used in many biotechnology applications including food and feed, pulp and paper, and biomass valorization. AXEs catalyze the hydrolysis of acetyl group from xylan, while FAEs release ferulic and other hydroxycinnamic acids from xylan and pectin. Previously, we reported a phylogenetic analysis for the fungal members of CE1, establishing five subfamilies (CE1_SF1–SF5). Currently, the characterized AXEs are in the subfamily CE1_SF1, whereas CE1_SF2 contains mainly characterized FAEs. These two subfamilies are more related to each other than to the other subfamilies and are predicted to have evolved from a common ancestor, but target substrates with a different molecular structure. In this study, four ascomycete enzymes from CE1_SF1 and SF2 were heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris and characterized with respect to their biochemical properties and substrate preference toward different model and plant biomass substrates. The selected enzymes from CE1_SF1 only exhibited AXE activity, whereas the one from CE1_SF2 possessed dual FAE/AXE activity. This dual activity enzyme also showed broad substrate specificity toward model substrates for FAE activity and efficiently released both acetic acid and ferulic acid (∼50%) from wheat arabinoxylan and wheat bran which was pre-treated with a commercial xylanase. These fungal AXEs and FAEs also showed promising biochemical properties, e.g., high stability over a wide pH range and retaining more than 80% of their residual activity at pH 6.0–9.0. These newly characterized fungal AXEs and FAEs from CE1 have high potential for biotechnological applications. In particular as an additional ingredient for enzyme cocktails to remove the ester-linked decorations which enables access for the backbone degrading enzymes. Among these novel enzymes, the dual FAE/AXE activity enzyme also supports the evolutionary relationship of CE1_SF1 and SF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kelli Griffin
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sandra Langeveld
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Frommhagen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Emilie N Underlin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Koh S, Imamura S, Fujino N, Mizuno M, Sato N, Makishima S, Biely P, Amano Y. Characterization of Acetylxylan Esterase from White-Rot Fungus Irpex lacteus. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2019; 66:131-137. [PMID: 34429691 PMCID: PMC8367635 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2019_0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate esterase family 1 (CE1) in CAZy contains acetylxylan esterases (AXEs) and feruloyl esterases (FAEs). Here we cloned a gene coding for an AXE belonging to CE1 from Irpex lacteus (IlAXE1). IlAXE1 was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. IlAXE1 hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl acetate, α-naphthyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate, however, it did not show any activity on ethyl ferulate and methyl p-coumarate. We also examined the activity on partially acetylated and feruloylated xylan extracted from corncob by hydrothermal reaction. Similarly, ferulic and p-coumaric acids were not liberated, and acetic acid was only detected in the reaction mixture. The results indicated that IlAXE1 is an acetylxylan esterase actually reacted to acetyl xylan. However, since IlAXE1 was unable to completely release acetic acid esterifying xylopyranosyl residues, it is assumed that acetyl groups exhibiting resistance to deacetylation by IlAXE1 are present in corn cob xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Koh
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | - Seika Imamura
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University
| | | | - Masahiro Mizuno
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,4 Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University
| | | | - Satoshi Makishima
- 4 Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University.,5 B Food Science Co., Ltd
| | - Peter Biely
- 6 Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences
| | - Yoshihiko Amano
- 1 Department of Bioscience and Textile Technology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University.,4 Department of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University
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Sista Kameshwar AK, Qin W. Understanding the structural and functional properties of carbohydrate esterases with a special focus on hemicellulose deacetylating acetyl xylan esterases. Mycology 2018; 9:273-295. [PMID: 30533253 PMCID: PMC6282417 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1492979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl and methyl esterifications are two major naturally found substitutions in the plant cell-wall polysaccharides. The non-cellulosic plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicellulose are differentially esterified by the O-acetyl and methyl groups to cease the action of various hydrolytic enzymes secreted by different fungi and bacterial species. Thus, microorganisms have emerged with a special class of enzymes known as carbohydrate esterases (CE). The CE catalyse O-de, N-deacetylation of acetylated saccharide residues (esters or amides, where sugars play the role of alcohol/amine/acid). Carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) database has classified CE into 16 classes, of which hemicellulose deacetylating CE were grouped into eight classes (CE-1 to CE-7 and CE-16). Various plant biomass degrading fungi and bacteria secretes acetyl xylan esterases (AcXE); however, these enzymes exhibit varied substrate specificities. AcXE and xylanases-coupled pretreatment methods exhibit significant applications, such as enhancing animal feedstock, baking industry, production of food additives, paper and pulp, xylitol production and biorefinery-based industries, respectively. Thus, understanding the structural and functional properties of acetyl xylan esterase will significantly aid in developing the efficient AcXE with wide range of industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Mäkelä MR, Dilokpimol A, Koskela SM, Kuuskeri J, de Vries RP, Hildén K. Characterization of a feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus terreus facilitates the division of fungal enzymes from Carbohydrate Esterase family 1 of the carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) database. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:869-880. [PMID: 29697197 PMCID: PMC6116738 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) are accessory enzymes for plant biomass degradation, which catalyse hydrolysis of carboxylic ester linkages between hydroxycinnamic acids and plant cell‐wall carbohydrates. They are a diverse group of enzymes evolved from, e.g. acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs), lipases and tannases, thus complicating their classification and prediction of function by sequence similarity. Recently, an increasing number of fungal FAEs have been biochemically characterized, owing to their potential in various biotechnological applications and multitude of candidate FAEs in fungal genomes. However, only part of the fungal FAEs are included in Carbohydrate Esterase family 1 (CE1) of the carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZy) database. In this work, we performed a phylogenetic analysis that divided the fungal members of CE1 into five subfamilies of which three contained characterized enzymes with conserved activities. Conservation within one of the subfamilies was confirmed by characterization of an additional CE1 enzyme from Aspergillus terreus. Recombinant A. terreus FaeD (AtFaeD) showed broad specificity towards synthetic methyl and ethyl esters, and released ferulic acid from plant biomass substrates, demonstrating its true FAE activity and interesting features as potential biocatalyst. The subfamily division of the fungal CE1 members enables more efficient selection of candidate enzymes for biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Salla M Koskela
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Kuuskeri
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
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Adesioye FA, Makhalanyane TP, Biely P, Cowan DA. Phylogeny, classification and metagenomic bioprospecting of microbial acetyl xylan esterases. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 93-94:79-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Liu S, Ding S. Replacement of carbohydrate binding modules improves acetyl xylan esterase activity and its synergistic hydrolysis of different substrates with xylanase. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:73. [PMID: 27770795 PMCID: PMC5075172 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylation of the xylan backbone was a major obstacle to enzymatic decomposition. Removal of acetyl groups by acetyl xylan esterases (AXEs) is essential for completely enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan. Appended carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) can promote the enzymatic deconstruction of plant cell walls by targeting and proximity effects. Fungal acetyl xylan esterases are strictly appended to cellulose-specific CBM1. It is still unclear whether xylan-specific CBMs have a greater advantage than CBM1 in potentiating the activity of fungal deacetylating enzymes and its synergistic hydrolysis of different substrates with xylanase. RESULTS Three recombinant AXE1s fused with different xylan-specific CBMs, together with wild-type AXE1 with CBM1 and CBM1-deleted mutant AXE1dC, were constructed in this study. The optimal temperature and pH of recombinant AXE1s was 50 °C and 8.0 (except AXE1dC-CBM6), respectively. Cellulose-specific CBM1 in AXE1 obviously contributed to its catalytic action against substrates compared with AXE1dC. However, replacement of CBM1 with xylan-specific CBM4-2 significantly enhanced AXE1 thermostability and catalytic activity against soluble substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate. Whereas replacements with xylan-specific CBM6 and CBM22-2 were more effective in enzymatic release of acetic acid from destarched wheat bran, NaClO2-treated wheat straw, and water-insoluble wheat arabinoxylan compared to AXE1. Moreover, replacement with CBM6 and CBM22-2 also resulted in higher degree releases of reducing sugar and acetic acid from different substrates when simultaneous hydrolysis with xylanase. A good linear relationship exists between the acetic acid and reducing sugar release. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that the replacement with CBM6 and CBM22-2 not only significantly improved the catalysis efficiency of AXE1, but also increased its synergistic hydrolysis of different substrates with xylanase, indicating the significance of targeting effect in AXE1 catalysis mediated by xylan-specific CBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
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Eminoğlu A, Ülker S, Sandallı C. Cloning, Purification and Characterization of Acetyl Xylane Esterase from Anoxybacillus flavithermus DSM 2641(T) with Activity on Low Molecular-Weight Acetates. Protein J 2016; 34:237-42. [PMID: 26126589 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-015-9618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Family 4 carbohydrate esterases (CE-4) have deacetylate different forms of acetylated poly/oligosaccharides in nature. This family is recognized with a specific polysaccharide deacetylase domain assigned as NodB homology domain in their secondary structure. Most family 4 carbohydrate esterases have been structurally and biochemically characterized. However, this is the first study about the enzymological function of pdaB-like CE4s from thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacillus flavithermus DSM 2641(T). A. flavithermus WK1 genome harbors five putative CE4 family genes. One of them is 762 bp long and encodes a protein of 253 amino acids in length and it was used as reference sequence in this study. It was described as acetyl xylane esterase (AXE) in genome project and this AfAXE gene was amplified without signal sequence and cloned. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), purified by nickel affinity chromatography and its purity was visualized on SDS-PAGE. The activity of the recombinant enzyme was shown by zymogram analysis with α-naphtyl acetate as a substrate. The enzyme was characterized spectrophotometrically using chromogenic p-nitrophenyl acetate. Optimum temperature and pH were determined as 50 °C and 7.5, respectively. Km and Vmax were determined as 0.43 mM and 3333.33 U/mg, respectively under optimum conditions. To our knowledge this is the first enzymological characterization of a pdaB-like family 4 carbohydrate esterase from the members of Anoxybacillus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Eminoğlu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Fener, Rize, Turkey
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10
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Chaib De Mares M, Hess J, Floudas D, Lipzen A, Choi C, Kennedy M, Grigoriev IV, Pringle A. Horizontal transfer of carbohydrate metabolism genes into ectomycorrhizal Amanita. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1552-1564. [PMID: 25407899 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Amanita encompasses both symbiotic, ectomycorrhizal fungi and asymbiotic litter decomposers; all species are derived from asymbiotic ancestors. Symbiotic species are no longer able to degrade plant cell walls. The carbohydrate esterases family 1 (CE1s) is a diverse group of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism, including decomposition and carbon storage. CE1 genes of the ectomycorrhizal A. muscaria appear diverged from all other fungal homologues, and more similar to CE1s of bacteria, suggesting a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. In order to test whether AmanitaCE1s were acquired horizontally, we built a phylogeny of CE1s collected from across the tree of life, and describe the evolution of CE1 genes among Amanita and relevant lineages of bacteria. CE1s of symbiotic Amanita were very different from CE1s of asymbiotic Amanita, and are more similar to bacterial CE1s. The protein structure of one CE1 gene of A. muscaria matched a depolymerase that degrades the carbon storage molecule poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Asymbiotic Amanita do not carry sequence or structural homologues of these genes. The CE1s acquired through HGT may enable novel metabolisms, or play roles in signaling or defense. This is the first evidence for the horizontal transfer of carbohydrate metabolism genes into ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Chaib De Mares
- Department of Microbial Ecology, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jaqueline Hess
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Cindy Choi
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Megan Kennedy
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Anne Pringle
- Harvard Forest, 324 North Main Street, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
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Rytioja J, Hildén K, Yuzon J, Hatakka A, de Vries RP, Mäkelä MR. Plant-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from Basidiomycetes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2014; 78:614-49. [PMID: 25428937 PMCID: PMC4248655 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00035-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Basidiomycete fungi subsist on various types of plant material in diverse environments, from living and dead trees and forest litter to crops and grasses and to decaying plant matter in soils. Due to the variation in their natural carbon sources, basidiomycetes have highly varied plant-polysaccharide-degrading capabilities. This topic is not as well studied for basidiomycetes as for ascomycete fungi, which are the main sources of knowledge on fungal plant polysaccharide degradation. Research on plant-biomass-decaying fungi has focused on isolating enzymes for current and future applications, such as for the production of fuels, the food industry, and waste treatment. More recently, genomic studies of basidiomycete fungi have provided a profound view of the plant-biomass-degrading potential of wood-rotting, litter-decomposing, plant-pathogenic, and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) basidiomycetes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on plant polysaccharide depolymerization by basidiomycete species from diverse habitats. In addition, these data are compared to those for the most broadly studied ascomycete genus, Aspergillus, to provide insight into specific features of basidiomycetes with respect to plant polysaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rytioja
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer Yuzon
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annele Hatakka
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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A novel neutral xylanase with high SDS resistance from Volvariella volvacea: characterization and its synergistic hydrolysis of wheat bran with acetyl xylan esterase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 40:1083-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A neutral xylanase (XynII) from Volvariella volvacea was identified and characterized. Unlike other modular xylanases, it consists of only a single GH10 catalytic domain with a unique C-terminal sequence (W-R-W-F) and a phenylalanine and proline-rich motif (T-P-F-P-P-F) at N-terminus, indicating that it is a novel GH10 xylanase. XynII exhibited optimal activity at pH 7 and 60 °C and stability over a broad range of pH 4.0–10.0. XynII displayed extreme highly SDS resistance retaining 101.98, 92.99, and 69.84 % activity at the presence of 300 mM SDS on birchwood, soluble oat spelt, and beechwood xylan, respectively. It remained largely intact after 24 h of incubation with proteinase K at a protease to protein ratio of 1:50 at 37 °C. The kinetic constants K m value towards beechwood xylan was 0.548 mg ml−1, and the k cat/K m ratio, reflecting the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, was 126.42 ml mg−1 s−1 at 60 °C. XynII was a true endo-acting xylanase lacking cellulase activity. It has weak activity towards xylotriose but efficiently hydrolyzed xylans and xylooligosaccharides larger than xylotriose mainly to xylobiose. Synergistic action with acetyl xylan esterase (AXEI) from V. volvacea was observed for de-starched wheat bran. The highest degree of synergy (DS 1.42) was obtained in sequential reactions with AXEI digestion preceding XynII. The high SDS resistance and intrinsic stability suggested XynII may have potential applications in various industrial processes especially for the detergent and textile industries and animal feed industries.
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Tian B, Chen Y, Ding S. A combined approach for improving alkaline acetyl xylan esterase production in Pichia pastoris, and effects of glycosylation on enzyme secretion, activity and stability. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 85:44-50. [PMID: 22750674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High level expression of axe1, a gene previously cloned from Volvariella volvacea that encodes an acetyl xylan esterase with two potential N-linked glycosylation sites, has been achieved in Pichia pastoris using a codon-optimized axe1 synthesized by the primer extension PCR procedure. The GC content of the codon-optimized axe1 was 48.62% compared with 55.49% in the native gene. Using the codon-optimized construct, AXE1 expression in P. pastoris was increased from an undetectable level to 136.45 U/ml six days after induction of yeast cultures grown in BMMY medium. A further increase (to 463 U/ml) was achieved when conditions for yeast culture were optimized as follows: 2.8% methanol, 0.63% casamino acids, and pH 8.0. This latter value represented a 3.4-fold and 246-fold increase in the enzyme levels recorded in non-optimized P. pastoris cultures and in rice straw-grown cultures of V. volvacea, respectively. N-linked glycosylation played an essential role in AXE1 secretion but had only a slight effect on the catalytic activity and stability of the recombinant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biological Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Topakas E, Moukouli M, Dimarogona M, Christakopoulos P. Expression, characterization and structural modelling of a feruloyl esterase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:399-411. [PMID: 22012339 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A ferulic acid esterase (FAE) from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (synonym Sporotrichum thermophile), belonging to the carbohydrate esterase family 1 (CE-1), was functionally expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The putative FAE from the genomic DNA was successfully cloned in P. pastoris X-33 to confirm that the enzyme exhibits FAE activity. The recombinant FAE was purified to its homogeneity (39 kDa) and subsequently characterized using a series of model substrates including methyl esters of hydroxycinnamates, alkyl ferulates and monoferuloylated 4-nitrophenyl glycosides. The substrate specificity profiling reveals that the enzyme shows a preference for the hydrolysis of methyl caffeate and p-coumarate and a strong preference for the hydrolysis of n-butyl and iso-butyl ferulate. The enzyme was active on substrates containing ferulic acid ester linked to the C-5 and C-2 linkages of arabinofuranose, whilst it was found capable of de-esterifying acetylated glucuronoxylans. Ferulic acid (FA) was efficiently released from destarched wheat bran when the esterase was incubated together with an M3 xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (a maximum of 41% total FA released after 1 h incubation). Prediction of the secondary structure of MtFae1a was performed in the PSIPRED server whilst modelling the 3D structure was accomplished by the use of the HH 3D structure prediction server.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Topakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Pai CK, Wu ZY, Chen MJ, Zeng YF, Chen JW, Duan CH, Li ML, Liu JR. Molecular cloning and characterization of a bifunctional xylanolytic enzyme from Neocallimastix patriciarum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:1451-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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