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Zheng LL, Wang LT, Pang YW, Sun LP, Shi L. Recent advances in the development of deubiquitinases inhibitors as antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116161. [PMID: 38262120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a type of post-translational modification that covalently links ubiquitin to a target protein, which plays a critical role in modulating protein activity, stability, and localization. In contrast, this process is reversed by deubiquitinases (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from ubiquitinated substrates. Dysregulation of DUBs is associated with several human diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Thus, DUBs have become promising targets for drug development. Although the physiological and pathological effects of DUBs are increasingly well understood, the clinical drug discovery of selective DUB inhibitors has been challenging. Herein, we summarize the structures and functions of main classes of DUBs and discuss the recent progress in developing selective small-molecule DUB inhibitors as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Li-Ting Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Ye-Wei Pang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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2
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Kozak M, Hu J. DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:71. [PMID: 38250884 PMCID: PMC10820593 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of DNA vaccination was introduced in the early 1990s. Since then, advancements in the augmentation of the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines have brought this technology to the market, especially in veterinary medicine, to prevent many diseases. Along with the successful COVID mRNA vaccines, the first DNA vaccine for human use, the Indian ZyCovD vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, was approved in 2021. In the current review, we first give an overview of the DNA vaccine focusing on the science, including adjuvants and delivery methods. We then cover some of the emerging science in the field of DNA vaccines, notably efforts to optimize delivery systems, better engineer delivery apparatuses, identify optimal delivery sites, personalize cancer immunotherapy through DNA vaccination, enhance adjuvant science through gene adjuvants, enhance off-target and heritable immunity through epigenetic modification, and predict epitopes with bioinformatic approaches. We also discuss the major limitations of DNA vaccines and we aim to address many theoretical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kozak
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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3
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Ghosh A, Himaja A, Biswas S, Kulkarni O, Ghosh B. Advances in the Delivery and Development of Epigenetic Therapeutics for the Treatment of Cancer. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5981-6009. [PMID: 37899551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression at the transcriptional level is altered by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, and acetylation, which can upregulate, downregulate, or entirely silence genes. Pathological dysregulation of epigenetic processes can result in the development of cancer, neurological problems, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. It is of promising therapeutic interest to find medications that target these epigenetic alterations. Despite the enormous amount of work that has been done in this area, very few molecules have been approved for clinical purposes. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in epigenetic therapeutics for cancer, with a specific focus on emerging delivery and development strategies. Various delivery systems, including pro-drugs, conjugated molecules, nanoparticles (NPs), and liposomes, as well as remedial strategies such as combination therapies, and epigenetic editing, are being investigated to improve the efficacy and specificity of epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs). Furthermore, the challenges associated with available epi-drugs and the limitations of their translation into clinics have been discussed. Target selection, isoform selectivity, physiochemical properties of synthesized molecules, drug screening, and scalability of epi-drugs from preclinical to clinical fields are the major shortcomings that are addressed. This Review discusses novel strategies for the identification of new biomarkers, exploration of the medicinal chemistry of epigenetic modifiers, optimization of the dosage regimen, and design of proper clinical trials that will lead to better utilization of epigenetic modifiers over conventional therapies. The integration of these approaches holds great potential for improving the efficacy and precision of epigenetic treatments, ultimately benefiting cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science- Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Ambati Himaja
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science- Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Onkar Kulkarni
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science- Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
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4
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Wang K, Wang X, Pan Q, Zhao B. Liquid biopsy techniques and pancreatic cancer: diagnosis, monitoring, and evaluation. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:167. [PMID: 37803304 PMCID: PMC10557192 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01870-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most common malignancies. Surgical resection is a potential curative approach for PC, but most patients are unsuitable for operations when at the time of diagnosis. Even with surgery, some patients may still experience tumour metastasis during the operation or shortly after surgery, as precise prognosis evaluation is not always possible. If patients miss the opportunity for surgery and resort to chemotherapy, they may face the challenging issue of chemotherapy resistance. In recent years, liquid biopsy has shown promising prospects in disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and prognosis assessment. As a noninvasive detection method, liquid biopsy offers advantages over traditional diagnostic procedures, such as tissue biopsy, in terms of both cost-effectiveness and convenience. The information provided by liquid biopsy helps clinical practitioners understand the molecular mechanisms underlying tumour occurrence and development, enabling the formulation of more precise and personalized treatment decisions for each patient. This review introduces molecular biomarkers and detection methods in liquid biopsy for PC, including circulating tumour cells (CTCs), circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes. Additionally, we summarize the applications of liquid biopsy in the early diagnosis, treatment response, resistance assessment, and prognostic evaluation of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangchun Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Organ Transplantation and Hepatobiliary, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Bei Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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5
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Xie Z, Zhou Z, Yang S, Zhang S, Shao B. Epigenetic regulation and therapeutic targets in the tumor microenvironment. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:17. [PMID: 37273004 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial to neoplastic processes, fostering proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Epigenetic regulations, primarily including DNA and RNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA, have been generally recognized as an essential feature of tumor malignancy, exceedingly contributing to the dysregulation of the core gene expression in neoplastic cells, bringing about the evasion of immunosurveillance by influencing the immune cells in TME. Recently, compelling evidence have highlighted that clinical therapeutic approaches based on epigenetic machinery modulate carcinogenesis through targeting TME components, including normalizing cells' phenotype, suppressing cells' neovascularization and repressing the immunosuppressive components in TME. Therefore, TME components have been nominated as a promising target for epigenetic drugs in clinical cancer management. This review focuses on the mechanisms of epigenetic modifications occurring to the pivotal TME components including the stroma, immune and myeloid cells in various tumors reported in the last five years, concludes the tight correlation between TME reprogramming and tumor progression and immunosuppression, summarizes the current advances in cancer clinical treatments and potential therapeutic targets with reference to epigenetic drugs. Finally, we summarize some of the restrictions in the field of cancer research at the moment, further discuss several interesting epigenetic gene targets with potential strategies to boost antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zirui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuxian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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6
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Solomou G, Finch A, Asghar A, Bardella C. Mutant IDH in Gliomas: Role in Cancer and Treatment Options. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112883. [PMID: 37296846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a common feature of many cancers and, in some cases, is a consequence of mutation in metabolic genes, such as the ones involved in the TCA cycle. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is mutated in many gliomas and other cancers. Physiologically, IDH converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), but when mutated, IDH reduces α-KG to D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2-HG). D2-HG accumulates at elevated levels in IDH mutant tumours, and in the last decade, a massive effort has been made to develop small inhibitors targeting mutant IDH. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge about the cellular and molecular consequences of IDH mutations and the therapeutic approaches developed to target IDH mutant tumours, focusing on gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Solomou
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Alina Finch
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asim Asghar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chiara Bardella
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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7
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Raufi AG, May MS, Hadfield MJ, Seyhan AA, El-Deiry WS. Advances in Liquid Biopsy Technology and Implications for Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4238. [PMID: 36835649 PMCID: PMC9958987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a climbing incidence. The majority of cases are detected late, with incurable locally advanced or metastatic disease. Even in individuals who undergo resection, recurrence is unfortunately very common. There is no universally accepted screening modality for the general population and diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response, and detection of recurrence relies primarily on the use of imaging. Identification of minimally invasive techniques to help diagnose, prognosticate, predict response or resistance to therapy, and detect recurrence are desperately needed. Liquid biopsies represent an emerging group of technologies which allow for non-invasive serial sampling of tumor material. Although not yet approved for routine use in pancreatic cancer, the increasing sensitivity and specificity of contemporary liquid biopsy platforms will likely change clinical practice in the near future. In this review, we discuss the recent technological advances in liquid biopsy, focusing on circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, microRNAs, and circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Raufi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michael S. May
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthew J. Hadfield
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Attila A. Seyhan
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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8
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Stein RA, Thompson LM. Epigenetic changes induced by pathogenic Chlamydia spp. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad034. [PMID: 38031337 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, and C. psittaci, the three Chlamydia species known to cause human disease, have been collectively linked to several pathologies, including conjunctivitis, trachoma, respiratory disease, acute and chronic urogenital infections and their complications, and psittacosis. In vitro, animal, and human studies also established additional correlations, such as between C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis and between C. trachomatis and ovarian cancer. As part of their survival and pathogenesis strategies as obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia spp. modulate all three major types of epigenetic changes, which include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and microRNA-mediated gene silencing. Some of these epigenetic changes may be implicated in key aspects of pathogenesis, such as the ability of the Chlamydia spp. to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, interfere with DNA damage repair, suppress cholesterol efflux from infected macrophages, act as a co-factor in human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated cervical cancer, prevent apoptosis, and preserve the integrity of mitochondrial networks in infected host cells. A better understanding of the individual and collective contribution of epigenetic changes to pathogenesis will enhance our knowledge about the biology of Chlamydia spp. and facilitate the development of novel therapies and biomarkers. Pathogenic Chlamydia spp. contribute to epigenetically-mediated gene expression changes in host cells by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Lily M Thompson
- NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
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9
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Zob DL, Augustin I, Caba L, Panzaru MC, Popa S, Popa AD, Florea L, Gorduza EV. Genomics and Epigenomics in the Molecular Biology of Melanoma-A Prerequisite for Biomarkers Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010716. [PMID: 36614156 PMCID: PMC9821083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common and aggressive tumor originating from melanocytes. The increasing incidence of cutaneous melanoma in recent last decades highlights the need for predictive biomarkers studies. Melanoma development is a complex process, involving the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Genetic aberrations include BRAF, NRAS, NF1, MAP2K1/MAP2K2, KIT, GNAQ, GNA11, CDKN2A, TERT mutations, and translocations of kinases. Epigenetic alterations involve microRNAs, non-coding RNAs, histones modifications, and abnormal DNA methylations. Genetic aberrations and epigenetic marks are important as biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of disease recurrence, and for therapeutic targets. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the genomic and epigenetic changes in melanoma and discusses the latest scientific information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Luminita Zob
- Department of Medical Oncology, AI. Trestioreanu Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iolanda Augustin
- Department of Medical Oncology, AI. Trestioreanu Institute of Oncology, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lavinia Caba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Monica-Cristina Panzaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Setalia Popa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Delia Popa
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laura Florea
- Department of Nephrology-Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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10
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Investigation of the effects of the royal jelly on genomic demethylation and tumor suppressor genes in human cancer cells. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:59. [PMID: 36564533 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01927-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Royal jelly is a gelatinous nutrient secretion produced by the mandibular glands of young worker honey bees and has a critical role in honey bee life. In the honey bee colonies, queen and worker honey bees have very different morphologies and behaviors due to their diet in the larval period, despite having the same genome. In comparison, queen bees formed from larvae that feed royal jelly exclusively, and worker bees formed from larvae that feed on much less royal jelly. DNA methylation has been shown to play a critical role in the development of queen and worker honeybees. Alterations in DNA methylation, one of the epigenetic mechanisms defined as hereditable nucleotide modifications that occur in gene expression without changes in the DNA sequence, are closely related to many diseases, especially cancer. Hypermethylation of CpG islands located in the promoter regions of genes causes gene silencing and tumor suppressor genes epigenetically have silenced in cancer. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes disrupts nearly all cellular pathways in cancer. In contrast to genetic alterations, gene silencing by epigenetic modifications may potentially be reversed and used in cancer treatment. Royal jelly, which causes epigenetic changes in bee colonies, has the potential to cause a change in cancer cells. In our study, royal jelly's effects on DNA methyltransferase enzyme and gene methylation of RASSF1A tumor suppressor were investigated in human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HT29, and A549), and modifications in the gene expression profile of royal jelly were determined by next generation sequencing.
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11
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Dube PS, Legoabe LJ, Beteck RM. Quinolone: a versatile therapeutic compound class. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10581-8. [PMID: 36527518 PMCID: PMC9758687 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nalidixic acid is one pinnacle in medicinal chemistry, which opened a new area of research that has led to the discovery of several life-saving antimicrobial agents (generally referred to as fluoroquinolones) for over decades. Although fluoroquinolones are frequently encountered in the literature, the utility of quinolone compounds extends far beyond the applications of fluoroquinolones. Quinolone-based compounds have been reported for activity against malaria, tuberculosis, fungal and helminth infections, etc. Hence, the quinolone scaffold is of great interest to several researchers in diverse disciplines. This article highlights the versatility of the quinolone pharmacophore as a therapeutic agent beyond the fluoroquinolone profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelelisiwe S. Dube
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Lesetja J. Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
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12
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Villarreal-García V, Estupiñan-Jiménez JR, Vivas-Mejía PE, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Vázquez-Guillén JM, Reséndez-Pérez D. A vicious circle in breast cancer: The interplay between inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and microRNAs. Front Oncol 2022; 12:980694. [PMID: 36226048 PMCID: PMC9548555 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.980694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide. This highly heterogeneous disease is molecularly stratified into luminal A, luminal B, HER2, triple-negative/basal-like, and normal-like subtypes. An important aspect in BC progression is the activation of inflammatory processes. The activation of CD8+/Th1, NK, and M1 tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), leads to tumor destruction. In contrast, an anti-inflammatory response mediated by CD4+/Th2 and M2 TAMs will favor tumor progression. Inflammation also stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators like reactive oxygen species (ROS). In chronic inflammation, ROS activates oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. In cancer, ROS plays a dual role with anti-tumorigenic and pro-tumorigenic effects in cell signaling pathways that control proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are known to be involved in BC progression and inflammation, can be regulated by ROS. At the same time, miRNAs regulate the expression of genes modulating oxidative stress. In this review, we will discuss the interplay between inflammation, ROS, and miRNAs as anticancer and tumor promoter molecules in BC. A clear understanding of the role of miRNAs in the regulation of ROS production and inflammation, may lead to new opportunities for therapy in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Villarreal-García
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Roberto Estupiñan-Jiménez
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Pablo E. Vivas-Mejía
- Department of Biochemestry, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Vázquez-Guillén
- Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana Reséndez-Pérez
- Departmento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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13
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Ahmed YW, Alemu BA, Bekele SA, Gizaw ST, Zerihun MF, Wabalo EK, Teklemariam MD, Mihrete TK, Hanurry EY, Amogne TG, Gebrehiwot AD, Berga TN, Haile EA, Edo DO, Alemu BD. Epigenetic tumor heterogeneity in the era of single-cell profiling with nanopore sequencing. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:107. [PMID: 36030244 PMCID: PMC9419648 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing has brought the technology to the next generation in the science of sequencing. This is achieved through research advancing on: pore efficiency, creating mechanisms to control DNA translocation, enhancing signal-to-noise ratio, and expanding to long-read ranges. Heterogeneity regarding epigenetics would be broad as mutations in the epigenome are sensitive to cause new challenges in cancer research. Epigenetic enzymes which catalyze DNA methylation and histone modification are dysregulated in cancer cells and cause numerous heterogeneous clones to evolve. Detection of this heterogeneity in these clones plays an indispensable role in the treatment of various cancer types. With single-cell profiling, the nanopore sequencing technology could provide a simple sequence at long reads and is expected to be used soon at the bedside or doctor's office. Here, we review the advancements of nanopore sequencing and its use in the detection of epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannis Wondwosen Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhan Ababaw Alemu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Addisu Bekele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tebeje Gizaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Fekadie Zerihun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endriyas Kelta Wabalo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Degef Teklemariam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehayneh Kelemu Mihrete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Yibru Hanurry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tensae Gebru Amogne
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assaye Desalegne Gebrehiwot
- Department of Medical Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Nida Berga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebsitu Abate Haile
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dessiet Oma Edo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuwork Derebew Alemu
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
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14
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Zhang S, Duan S, Xie Z, Bao W, Xu B, Yang W, Zhou L. Epigenetic Therapeutics Targeting NRF2/KEAP1 Signaling in Cancer Oxidative Stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:924817. [PMID: 35754474 PMCID: PMC9218606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.924817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its negative regulator kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) regulate various genes involved in redox homeostasis, which protects cells from stress conditions such as reactive oxygen species and therefore exerts beneficial effects on suppression of carcinogenesis. In addition to their pivotal role in cellular physiology, accumulating innovative studies indicated that NRF2/KEAP1-governed pathways may conversely be oncogenic and cause therapy resistance, which was profoundly modulated by epigenetic mechanism. Therefore, targeting epigenetic regulation in NRF2/KEAP1 signaling is a potential strategy for cancer treatment. In this paper, the current knowledge on the role of NRF2/KEAP1 signaling in cancer oxidative stress is presented, with a focus on how epigenetic modifications might influence cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, the prospect that epigenetic changes may be used as therapeutic targets for tumor treatment is also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sining Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuojun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanlin Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Medical Affairs, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Muhammad A, Forcados GE, Katsayal BS, Bako RS, Aminu S, Sadiq IZ, Abubakar MB, Yusuf AP, Malami I, Faruk M, Ibrahim S, Pase PA, Ahmed S, Abubakar IB, Abubakar M, Yates C. Potential epigenetic modifications implicated in triple- to quadruple-negative breast cancer transition: a review. Epigenomics 2022; 14:711-726. [PMID: 35473304 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has resulted in delineation into the quadruple-negative breast cancer (QNBC) subgroup. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications and associated changes in chromatin architecture have been implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis. Herein, the authors highlight genes with observed epigenetic modifications that are associated with more aggressive TNBC/QNBC pathogenesis and possible interventions. Advanced literature searches were done on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar. The results suggest that nine epigenetically altered genes/differentially expressed proteins in addition to the downregulated androgen receptor are associated with TNBC aggressiveness and could be implicated in the TNBC to QNBC transition. Thus, restoring the normal expression of these genes via epigenetic reprogramming could be therapeutically beneficial to TNBC and QNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.,Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | | | - Babangida Sanusi Katsayal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Rabiatu Suleiman Bako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Idris Zubairu Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Department of Physiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2254, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.,Centre for Advanced Medical Research & Training (CAMRET), Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2254, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ibrahim Malami
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Ethnopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2254, Sokoto, Nigeria.,Centre for Advanced Medical Research & Training (CAMRET), Usmanu Danfodiyo University, P.M.B 2254, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Faruk
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Sani Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Peter Abur Pase
- Department of Surgery, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Saad Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Babangida Abubakar
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science & Technology, PMB 1144, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Abubakar
- Department of Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Clayton Yates
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
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16
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Methylation at CpG sites related to growth differentiation factor-15 was not prospectively associated with cardiovascular death in discordant monozygotic twins. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4410. [PMID: 35292700 PMCID: PMC8924170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction patients had decreased methylation at four growth differentiating factor-15 (GDF-15) related CpG sites (cg13033858, cg16936953, cg17150809, and cg18608055). These sites had not been studied for their association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. Thus, we aimed to assess the associations independent of genes, shared environment, and traditional CVD risk factors. Nineteen white, male, monozygotic twin pairs discordant for CVD deaths were included from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Twin Study (NHLBI) initiated in 1969. Data on vital status was collected through December 31, 2014. Methylation of buffy coat DNA at exam 3 (1986–87) was measured using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Principal component analysis was used to generate a score representing blood leukocyte composition and baseline CVD risk factors and predominated with natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells, and Framingham risk score. Conditional logistic regression demonstrated that methylation at the four CpG sites was not associated with CVD deaths before (all p > 0.05, bootstrapped p > 0.05) and after adjustment for the score (all p > 0.05). Joint influences of cg16936953 and the score were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, joint influences of methylation at the site cg16936953 and the score are prospectively associated with CVD deaths independent of germline and common environment. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier for NHLBI Twin Study: NCT00005124.
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17
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Horniblow RD, Pathak P, Balacco DL, Acharjee A, Lles E, Gkoutos G, Beggs AD, Tselepis C. IRON-MEDIATED EPIGENETIC ACTIVATION OF NRF2 TARGETS. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 101:108929. [PMID: 34954079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of excess dietary iron within the colonic lumen are well documented, particularly in the context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Proposed mechanisms that underpin iron-associated intestinal disease include: i) the pro-inflammatory and ROS-promoting nature of iron, ii) gene-expression alterations, and iii) intestinal microbial dysbiosis. However, to date no studies have examined the effect of iron on the colonic epigenome. Here we demonstrate that chronic iron exposure of colonocytes leads to significant hypomethylation of the epigenome. Bioinformatic analysis highlights a significant epigenetic effect on NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) pathway targets (including NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 [NQO1] and Glutathione peroxidase 2 [GPX2]); this demethylating effect was validated and subsequent gene and protein expression quantified. These epigenetic modifications were not observed upon the diminishment of cellular lipid peroxidation with endogenous glutathione and the subsequent removal of iron. Additionally, the induction of TET1 expression was found post-iron treatment, highlighting the possibility of an oxidative-stress induction of TET1 and subsequent hypomethylation of NRF2 targets. In addition, a strong time dependence on the establishment of iron-orchestrated hypomethylation was found which was concurrent with the increase in the intracellular labile iron pool (LIP) and lipid peroxidation levels. These epigenetic changes were further validated in murine intestinal mucosa in models administered a chronic iron diet, providing evidence for the likelihood of dietary-iron mediated epigenetic alterations in vivo. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between NQO1 and GPX2 demethylation and human intestinal tissue iron-status, thus suggesting that these iron-mediated epigenetic modifications are likely in iron-replete enterocytes. Together, these data describe a novel mechanism by which excess dietary iron is able to alter the intestinal phenotype, which could have implications in iron-mediated intestinal disease and the regulation of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Horniblow
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Prachi Pathak
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dario L Balacco
- Birmingham Dental School, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Animesh Acharjee
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva Lles
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgios Gkoutos
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Birmingham, UK; MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR), Midlands Site, UK
| | - Andrew D Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chris Tselepis
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Bonet J, Chen M, Dabad M, Heath S, Gonzalez-Perez A, Lopez-Bigas N, Lagergren J. DeepMP: a deep learning tool to detect DNA base modifications on Nanopore sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2021; 38:1235-1243. [PMID: 34718417 PMCID: PMC8826383 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btab745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION DNA methylation plays a key role in a variety of biological processes. Recently, Nanopore long-read sequencing has enabled direct detection of these modifications. As a consequence, a range of computational methods have been developed to exploit Nanopore data for methylation detection. However, current approaches rely on a human-defined threshold to detect the methylation status of a genomic position and are not optimized to detect sites methylated at low frequency. Furthermore, most methods use either the Nanopore signals or the basecalling errors as the model input and do not take advantage of their combination. RESULTS Here, we present DeepMP, a convolutional neural network-based model that takes information from Nanopore signals and basecalling errors to detect whether a given motif in a read is methylated or not. Besides, DeepMP introduces a threshold-free position modification calling model sensitive to sites methylated at low frequency across cells. We comprehensively benchmarked DeepMP against state-of-the-art methods on Escherichia coli, human and pUC19 datasets. DeepMP outperforms current approaches at read-based and position-based methylation detection across sites methylated at different frequencies in the three datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION DeepMP is implemented and freely available under MIT license at https://github.com/pepebonet/DeepMP. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Bonet
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed. or
| | - Mandi Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden,Science for Life Laboratory, 171 65 Solna Stockholm, Sweden,To whom correspondence should be addressed. or
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Heath
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Gonzalez-Perez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain,Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lagergren
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden,Science for Life Laboratory, 171 65 Solna Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Xiao W, Zhou Q, Wen X, Wang R, Liu R, Wang T, Shi J, Hu Y, Hou J. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Overcome Epigenetic Reprogramming for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:702360. [PMID: 34603017 PMCID: PMC8484527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment is a significant challenge for the global health system, although various pharmacological and therapeutic discoveries have been made. It has been widely established that cancer is associated with epigenetic modification, which is reversible and becomes an attractive target for drug development. Adding chemical groups to the DNA backbone and modifying histone proteins impart distinct characteristics on chromatin architecture. This process is mediated by various enzymes modifying chromatin structures to achieve the diversity of epigenetic space and the intricacy in gene expression files. After decades of effort, epigenetic modification has represented the hallmarks of different cancer types, and the enzymes involved in this process have provided novel targets for antitumor therapy development. Epigenetic drugs show significant effects on both preclinical and clinical studies in which the target development and research offer a promising direction for cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the different types of epigenetic enzymes which target corresponding protein domains, emphasize DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA-mediated cooperation with epigenetic modification, and highlight recent achievements in developing targets for epigenetic inhibitor therapy. This article reviews current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes and displays their performances in different stages of clinical trials. Future studies are further needed to address their off-target effects and cytotoxicity to improve their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaodan Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonic, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chengdu First People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Information Department of Medical Security Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonghe Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of PLA, Chengdu, China
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20
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Fonseca A, Ramalhete SV, Mestre A, Pires das Neves R, Marreiros A, Castelo-Branco P, Roberto VP. Identification of colorectal cancer associated biomarkers: an integrated analysis of miRNA expression. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:21991-22029. [PMID: 34547721 PMCID: PMC8507258 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This complex disease still holds severe problems concerning diagnosis due to the high invasiveness nature of colonoscopy and the low accuracy of the alternative diagnostic methods. Additionally, patient heterogeneity even within the same stage is not properly reflected in the current stratification system. This scenario highlights the need for new biomarkers to improve non-invasive screenings and clinical management of patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as good candidate biomarkers in cancer as they are stable molecules, easily measurable and detected in body fluids thus allowing for non-invasive diagnosis and/or prognosis. In this study, we performed an integrated analysis first using 4 different datasets (discovery cohorts) to identify miRNAs associated with colorectal cancer development, unveil their role in this disease by identifying putative targets and regulatory networks and investigate their ability to serve as biomarkers. We have identified 26 differentially expressed miRNAs which interact with frequently deregulated genes known to participate in commonly altered pathways in colorectal cancer. Most of these miRNAs have high diagnostic power, and their prognostic potential is evidenced by panels of 5 miRNAs able to predict the outcome of stage II and III colorectal cancer patients. Notably, 8 miRNAs were validated in three additional independent cohorts (validation cohorts) including a plasma cohort thus reinforcing the value of miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Fonseca
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Sara Ventura Ramalhete
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - André Mestre
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Pires das Neves
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Ana Marreiros
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Pedro Castelo-Branco
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Vânia Palma Roberto
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro 8005-139, Portugal.,Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
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21
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Nizam W, Yeo HL, Obeng-Gyasi S, Brock MV, Johnston FM. Disparities in Surgical Oncology: Management of Advanced Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2021; 28:8056-8073. [PMID: 34268636 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-021-10275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant variations in the patterns of care, incidence, and mortality rates of several common cancers have been noted. These disparities have been attributed to a complex interplay of factors, including genetic, environmental, and healthcare-related components. Within this review, primarily focusing on commonly occurring cancers (breast, lung, colorectal), we initially summarize the burden of these disparities with regard to incidence and screening patterns. We then explore the interaction between several proven genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences that are known to contribute to these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasay Nizam
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather L Yeo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samilia Obeng-Gyasi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabian M Johnston
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Division of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Program, Complex General Surgical Oncology Fellowship, Division of Surgical Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Keyvani-Ghamsari S, Khorsandi K, Rasul A, Zaman MK. Current understanding of epigenetics mechanism as a novel target in reducing cancer stem cells resistance. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:120. [PMID: 34051847 PMCID: PMC8164819 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, after extensive studies in the field of cancer, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as a major factor in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and recurrence. CSCs are a subpopulation of bulk tumors, with stem cell-like properties and tumorigenic capabilities, having the abilities of self-renewal and differentiation, thereby being able to generate heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells and lead to resistance toward anti-tumor treatments. Highly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, CSCs have heterogeneity and can migrate to different organs and metastasize. Recent studies have demonstrated that the population of CSCs and the progression of cancer are increased by the deregulation of different epigenetic pathways having effects on gene expression patterns and key pathways connected with cell proliferation and survival. Further, epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA methylations) have been revealed to be key drivers in the formation and maintenance of CSCs. Hence, identifying CSCs and targeting epigenetic pathways therein can offer new insights into the treatment of cancer. In the present review, recent studies are addressed in terms of the characteristics of CSCs, the resistance thereof, and the factors influencing the development thereof, with an emphasis on different types of epigenetic changes in genes and main signaling pathways involved therein. Finally, targeted therapy for CSCs by epigenetic drugs is referred to, which is a new approach in overcoming resistance and recurrence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khatereh Khorsandi
- Department of Photodynamic, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khatir Zaman
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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Beilner D, Kuhn C, Kost BP, Vilsmaier T, Vattai A, Kaltofen T, Mahner S, Schmoeckel E, Dannecker C, Jückstock J, Mayr D, Jeschke U, Heidegger HH. Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) is a positive prognosticator for cervical cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:1307-1314. [PMID: 33861372 PMCID: PMC8490237 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Enzymes with epigenetic functions play an essential part in development of cancer. However, the significance of epigenetic changes in cervical carcinoma as a prognostic factor has not been fully investigated. Nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) presents itself as a potentially important element for epigenetic modification and as a potential prognostic aspect in cervical cancer. Methods By immunohistochemical staining of 250 tumor samples, the expression strength of NCoR was measured and evaluated by immunoreactive score (IRS) in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Results A low expression of NCoR in our patients was a disadvantage in overall survival. Expression of NCoR was negatively correlated with viral oncoprotein E6, acetylated histone H3 acetyl K9 and FIGO status, and positively correlated to p53. Conclusions Our study has identified epigenetic modification of tumor cells thus seems to be of relevance in cervical cancer as well for diagnosis, as a marker or as a potential therapeutic target in patients with advanced cervical carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beilner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd P Kost
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Vilsmaier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Till Kaltofen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Street 56, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Dannecker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Julia Jückstock
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Street 56, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Helene Hildegard Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Maistrasse 11, 80337, Munich, Germany
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Epigenome Chaos: Stochastic and Deterministic DNA Methylation Events Drive Cancer Evolution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081800. [PMID: 33918773 PMCID: PMC8069666 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth with a high potential to invade other tissues. Genetic abnormalities and epigenetic alterations found in tumors can be due to high levels of DNA damage and repair. These can be transmitted to daughter cells, which assuming other alterations as well, will generate heterogeneous and complex populations. Deciphering this complexity represents a central point for understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer and its therapy. Here, we summarize the genomic and epigenomic events that occur in cancer and discuss novel approaches to analyze the epigenetic complexity of cancer cell populations. Abstract Cancer evolution is associated with genomic instability and epigenetic alterations, which contribute to the inter and intra tumor heterogeneity, making genetic markers not accurate to monitor tumor evolution. Epigenetic changes, aberrant DNA methylation and modifications of chromatin proteins, determine the “epigenome chaos”, which means that the changes of epigenetic traits are randomly generated, but strongly selected by deterministic events. Disordered changes of DNA methylation profiles are the hallmarks of all cancer types, but it is not clear if aberrant methylation is the cause or the consequence of cancer evolution. Critical points to address are the profound epigenetic intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity and the nature of the heterogeneity of the methylation patterns in each single cell in the tumor population. To analyze the methylation heterogeneity of tumors, new technological and informatic tools have been developed. This review discusses the state of the art of DNA methylation analysis and new approaches to reduce or solve the complexity of methylated alleles in DNA or cell populations.
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Kim MJ, Lee HJ, Choi MY, Kang SS, Kim YS, Shin JK, Choi WS. UHRF1 Induces Methylation of the TXNIP Promoter and Down-Regulates Gene Expression in Cervical Cancer. Mol Cells 2021; 44:146-159. [PMID: 33795533 PMCID: PMC8019600 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, and consequent down-regulation, of tumour suppressor genes occurs in response to epigenetic stimuli during cancer development. Similarly, human oncoviruses, including human papillomavirus (HPV), up-regulate and augment DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities, thereby decreasing tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) expression. Ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1), an epigenetic regulator of DNA methylation, is overexpressed in HPV-induced cervical cancers. Here, we investigated the role of UHRF1 in cervical cancer by knocking down its expression in HeLa cells using lentiviral-encoded short hairpin (sh)RNA and performing cDNA microarrays. We detected significantly elevated expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a known TSG, in UHRF1-knockdown cells, and this gene is hypermethylated in cervical cancer tissue and cell lines, as indicated by whole-genome methylation analysis. Up-regulation of UHRF1 and decreased TXNIP were further detected in cervical cancer by western blot and immunohistochemistry and confirmed by Oncomine database analysis. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified the inverted CCAAT domain-containing UHRF1-binding site in the TXNIP promoter and demonstrated UHRF1 knockdown decreases UHRF1 promoter binding and enhances TXNIP expression through demethylation of this region. TXNIP promoter CpG methylation was further confirmed in cervical cancer tissue by pyrosequencing and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Critically, down-regulation of UHRF1 by siRNA or UHRF1 antagonist (thymoquinone) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7), which stabilises and promotes UHRF1 function, is increased by HPV viral protein E6/E7 overexpression. These results indicate HPV might induce carcinogenesis through UHRF1-mediated TXNIP promoter methylation, thus suggesting a possible link between CpG methylation and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Han Ju Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Mee Young Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
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Singh M, Kumar V, Sehrawat N, Yadav M, Chaudhary M, Upadhyay SK, Kumar S, Sharma V, Kumar S, Dilbaghi N, Sharma AK. Current paradigms in epigenetic anticancer therapeutics and future challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:422-440. [PMID: 33766649 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Any alteration at the genetic or epigenetic level, may result in multiplex of diseases including tumorigenesis which ultimately results in the cancer development. Restoration of the normal epigenome by reversing the epigenetic alterations have been reported in tumors paving the way for development of an effective epigenetic treatment in cancer. However, delineating various epigenetic events has been a challenging task so far despite substantial progress in understanding DNA methylation and histone modifications during transcription of genes. Many inhibitors in the form of epigenetic drugs mostly targeting chromatin and histone modifying enzymes including DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) enzyme inhibitors and a histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitor, have been in use subsequent to the approval by FDA for cancer treatment. Similarly, other inhibitory drugs, such as FK228, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and MS-275, have been successfully tested in clinical studies. Despite all these advancements, still we see a hazy view as far as a promising epigenetic anticancer therapy is concerned. The challenges are to have more specific and effective inhibitors with negligible side effects. Moreover, the alterations seen in tumors are not well understood for which one has to gain deeper insight into the tumor pathology as well. Current review focusses on such epigenetic alterations occurring in cancer and the effective strategies to utilize such alterations for potential therapeutic use and treatment in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Nirmala Sehrawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Mayank Chaudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Sushil K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Varruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT, 160019, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio& Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio& Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, 133207, Haryana, India.
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Ansari I, Chaturvedi A, Chitkara D, Singh S. CRISPR/Cas mediated epigenome editing for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:570-583. [PMID: 33421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the relationship between epigenetic alterations, their effects on gene expression and the knowledge that these epigenetic alterations are reversible, have opened up new therapeutic pathways for treating various diseases, including cancer. This has led the research for a better understanding of the mechanism and pathways of carcinogenesis and provided the opportunity to develop the therapeutic approaches by targeting such pathways. Epi-drugs, DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibitors and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are the best examples of epigenetic therapies with clinical applicability. Moreover, precise genome editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas has proven their efficacy in epigenome editing, including the alteration of epigenetic markers, such as DNA methylation or histone modification. The main disadvantage with DNA gene editing technologies is off-target DNA sequence alteration, which is not an issue with epigenetic editing. It is known that cancer is linked with epigenetic alteration, and thus CRISPR/Cas system shows potential for cancer therapy via epigenome editing. This review outlines the epigenetic therapeutic approach for cancer therapy using CRISPR/Cas, from the basic understanding of cancer epigenetics to potential applications of CRISPR/Cas in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad 500032, Telangana, India.
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Attalla S, Taifour T, Bui T, Muller W. Insights from transgenic mouse models of PyMT-induced breast cancer: recapitulating human breast cancer progression in vivo. Oncogene 2021; 40:475-491. [PMID: 33235291 PMCID: PMC7819848 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is associated with the second highest cancer-associated deaths worldwide. Therefore, understanding the key events that determine breast cancer progression, modulation of the tumor-microenvironment and metastasis, which is the main cause of cancer-associated death, are of great importance. The mammary specific polyomavirus middle T antigen overexpression mouse model (MMTV-PyMT), first published in 1992, is the most commonly used genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) for cancer research. Mammary lesions arising in MMTV-PyMT mice follow similar molecular and histological progression as human breast tumors, making it an invaluable tool for cancer researchers and instrumental in understanding tumor biology. In this review, we will highlight key studies that demonstrate the utility of PyMT derived GEMMs in understanding the molecular basis of breast cancer progression, metastasis and highlight its use as a pre-clinical tool for therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Attalla
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Tarek Taifour
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Tung Bui
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - William Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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Association of RASSF1A, DCR2, and CASP8 Methylation with Survival in Neuroblastoma: A Pooled Analysis Using Reconstructed Individual Patient Data. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7390473. [PMID: 33381579 PMCID: PMC7755470 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7390473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous tumor affecting children. It shows a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes; therefore, development of risk stratification is critical to provide optimum treatment. Since epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation have emerged as an important feature of both development and progression in NB, in this study, we aimed to quantify the effect of methylation of three distinct genes (RASSF1A, DCR2, and CASP8) on overall survival in NB patients. We performed a systematic review using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane libraries. Individual patient data was retrieved from extracted Kaplan–Meier curves. Data from studies was then merged, and analysis was done on the full data set. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Methylation of the three genes had worse overall survival than the unmethylated arms. Five-year survival for the methylated arm of RASSF1A, DCR2, and CASP8 was 63.19% (95% CI 56.55-70.60), 57.78% (95% CI 47.63-70.08), and 56.39% (95% CI 49.53-64.19), respectively, while for the unmethylated arm, it was 93.10% (95% CI 87.40–99.1), 84.84% (95% CI 80.04-89.92), and 83.68% (95% CI 80.28-87.22), respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that in NB patients, RASSF1A, DCR2, and CASP8 methylation is associated with poor prognosis. Large prospective studies will be necessary to confirm definitive correlation between methylation of these genes and survival taking into account all other known risk factors. (PROSPERO registration number CRD42017082264).
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30
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Jaworski JJ, Morgan RD, Sivakumar S. Circulating Cell-Free Tumour DNA for Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3704. [PMID: 33317202 PMCID: PMC7763954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease, with mortality rates negatively associated with the stage at which the disease is detected. Early detection is therefore critical to improving survival outcomes. A recent focus of research for early detection is the use of circulating cell-free tumour DNA (ctDNA). The detection of ctDNA offers potential as a relatively non-invasive method of diagnosing pancreatic cancer by using genetic sequencing technology to detect tumour-specific mutational signatures in blood samples before symptoms manifest. These technologies are limited by a number of factors that lower sensitivity and specificity, including low levels of detectable ctDNA in early stage disease and contamination with non-cancer circulating cell-free DNA. However, genetic and epigenetic analysis of ctDNA in combination with other standard diagnostic tests may improve early detection rates. In this review, we evaluate the genetic and epigenetic methods under investigation in diagnosing pancreatic cancer and provide a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej J. Jaworski
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK;
| | - Robert D. Morgan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Shivan Sivakumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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31
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Xiang R, Fu T. Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma analysis identifies promoter methylation-based cancer subtypes and signatures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21234. [PMID: 33277583 PMCID: PMC7719188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) and colon adenocarcinoma (CAC) are the most common gastrointestinal cancer subtypes, with a high incidence and mortality. Numerous studies have shown that its occurrence and progression are significantly related to abnormal DNA methylation, especially CpG island methylation. However, little is known about the application of DNA methylation in GAC and CAC. The methylation profiles were accessed from the Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify promoter methylation-based cancer subtypes and signatures for GAC and CAC. Six hypo-methylated clusters for GAC and six hyper-methylated clusters for CAC were separately generated with different OS profiles, tumor progression became worse as the methylation level decreased in GAC or increased in CAC, and hypomethylation in GAC and hypermethylation in CAC were negatively correlated with microsatellite instability. Additionally, the hypo- and hyper-methylated site-based signatures with high accuracy, high efficiency and strong independence can separately predict the OS of GAC and CAC patients. By integrating the methylation-based signatures with prognosis-related clinicopathologic characteristics, two clinicopathologic-epigenetic nomograms were cautiously established with strong predictive performance and high accuracy. Our research indicates that methylation mechanisms differ between GAC and CAC, and provides novel clinical biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of GAC and CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshen Xiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.,The Central Laboratory of the First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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HSATII RNA is induced via a noncanonical ATM-regulated DNA damage response pathway and promotes tumor cell proliferation and movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31891-31901. [PMID: 33257565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017734117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentromeric human satellite II (HSATII) repeats are normally silent but can be actively transcribed in tumor cells, where increased HSATII copy number is associated with a poor prognosis in colon cancer, and in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected fibroblasts, where the RNA facilitates viral replication. Here, we report that HCMV infection or treatment of ARPE-19 diploid epithelial cells with DNA-damaging agents, etoposide or zeocin, induces HSATII RNA expression, and a kinase-independent function of ATM is required for the induction. Additionally, various breast cancer cell lines growing in adherent, two-dimensional cell culture express HSATII RNA at different levels, and levels are markedly increased when cells are infected with HCMV or treated with zeocin. High levels of HSATII RNA expression correlate with enhanced migration of breast cancer cells, and knockdown of HSATII RNA reduces cell migration and the rate of cell proliferation. Our investigation links high expression of HSATII RNA to the DNA damage response, centered on a noncanonical function of ATM, and demonstrates a role for the satellite RNA in tumor cell proliferation and movement.
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33
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Phimmachanh M, Han JZR, O'Donnell YEI, Latham SL, Croucher DR. Histone Deacetylases and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Neuroblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578770. [PMID: 33117806 PMCID: PMC7575710 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that play a key role in regulating gene expression by remodeling chromatin structure. An imbalance of histone acetylation caused by deregulated HDAC expression and activity is known to promote tumor progression in a number of tumor types, including neuroblastoma, the most common solid tumor in children. Consequently, the inhibition of HDACs has emerged as a potential strategy to reverse these aberrant epigenetic changes, and several classes of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to inhibit tumor proliferation, or induce differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in neuroblastoma. Further, the combined use of HDACi with other chemotherapy agents, or radiotherapy, has shown promising pre-clinical results and various HDACi have progressed to different stages in clinical trials. Despite this, the effects of HDACi are multifaceted and more work needs to be done to unravel their specific mechanisms of actions. In this review, we discuss the functional role of HDACs in neuroblastoma and the potential of HDACi to be optimized for development and use in the clinic for treatment of patients with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Phimmachanh
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yolande E I O'Donnell
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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34
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Wang S, Yu Y, Fang Y, Huang H, Wu D, Fang H, Bai Y, Sun C, Yu A, Fan Q, Yu Z, Zhang C, Wang C, Tai Z, Huang Y, Li N. Whole-exome sequencing reveals genetic underpinnings of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma in the Chinese population. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:397-401. [PMID: 33077413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhang Wang
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Huiyao Huang
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Anqi Yu
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qi Fan
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zicheng Yu
- Geneplus-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Geneplus-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | | | | | - Yi Huang
- Geneplus-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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35
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Kavianpour P, Gemmell MCM, Kahlert JU, Rendina LM. Histone Deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) Inhibitors Containing Boron. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2786-2791. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poya Kavianpour
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Madeleine C. M. Gemmell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jan U. Kahlert
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Louis M. Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney The University of Sydney F11, Eastern Avenue Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute Camperdown NSW 2050 Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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36
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Kozako T, Itoh Y, Honda SI, Suzuki T. Epigenetic Control Using Small Molecules in Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32857-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Kim YS, Choi MY, Cho GJ, Choi WS. UHRF1 silences gelsolin to inhibit cell death in early stage cervical cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:1061-1068. [PMID: 32312517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide. Two oncoproteins encoded by the HPV genome, E6 and E7, are required for epigenetic modifications that promote cervical cancer development. We found that knockdown of HPV E6/E7 by siRNA reduced the levels of ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1) but increased the levels of gelsolin (GSN) in early stage cervical cancer cells. In addition, we found that UHRF1 levels were increased and GSN levels were decreased in early stage cervical cancer compared with those in normal cervical tissues, as shown by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and analysis of the Oncomine database. Moreover, knockdown of UHRF1 resulted in increased cell death in cervical cancer cell lines. Treatment of E6/E7-transformed HaCaT (HEK001) cells and HeLa cells with the DNA-hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A increased GSN expression levels. UHRF1 knockdown in HEK001 cells by siRNA or the UHRF1 antagonist thymoquinone increased GSN levels, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and increased the levels of p27 and cleaved PARP. Those results indicate that upregulation of UHRF1 by HPV E6/E7 causes GSN silencing and a reduction of cell death in early stage cervical cancer, suggesting that GSN might be a useful therapeutic target in early stage cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ju Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sook Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Young Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Bodepudi SK, Devdas SK, Maka VV, Rasmi P, Hiregoudar SS, Kilara N. Hypomethylating Agents Use in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Single-Center Experience. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_155_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease. Approximately 80% of older AML patients will die of their disease or its treatment with currently available antileukemic therapy because of the adverse prognostic risk factors. In elderly patients who are not candidates for induction chemotherapy (IC) or who declines IC, the preferred induction regimen is with hypomethylating agents (HMAs). In India, data regarding therapy with HMA, response to therapy and overall survival (OS) is seldom reported. Aims: This study aims to study the response rate and survival of patients treated with HMAs in whom IC was not feasible. Settings and Design: This is retrospective and descriptive single-center study. Subjects and Methods: Data of newly diagnosed AML patients who were unfit for IC and treated with HMA in our institution was collected retrospectively and analyzed. Results: Twenty-three patients received HMAs as a treatment for AML. Eight (34.7%) of 23 patients had initial response to therapy (two [25%] had complete remission [CR], four [50%] had CR with incomplete hematologic recovery, one [12.5%] had partial remission) and one (12.5%) had stable disease. The median progression-free survival and OS observed are 6.06 ± 0.65 months and 7 ± 1.32 months, respectively. Conclusions: HMAs provide an important additional treatment option in newly diagnosed AML patients who are older, with poor performance status, higher comorbidity indices, and who refuse IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Bodepudi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Devdas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayak V Maka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Palassery Rasmi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumathi S Hiregoudar
- Transfusion Medicine and Blood Centre, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nalini Kilara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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39
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Amini S, Abak A, Sakhinia E, Abhari A. MicroRNA-221 and MicroRNA-222 in Common Human Cancers: Expression, Function, and Triggering of Tumor Progression as a Key Modulator. Lab Med 2020; 50:333-347. [PMID: 31049571 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short (~22 nucleotides [nt]), single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides that are regulatory in nature and are often dysregulated in various diseases, including cancer. miRNAs can act as oncomiRs (miRNAs associated with cancer) or tumor suppressor miRNAs and have the potential to be a diagnostic, prognostic, noninvasive biomarker for these diseases. MicroRNA-221 (miR-221) and microRNA-222 (miR-222) are homologous miRNAs, located on the human chromosome Xp11.3, which factored significantly in impairment in the regulation of a wide range of cancers. In this review, we have highlighted the most consistently reported dysregulated miRNAs that trigger human tissues to express cancerous features and surveyed the role of those miRNAs in metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and tumor prognosis. Also, we applied the causes of drug resistance and the role of coordinated actions of these miRNAs to epigenetic changes and selected miRNAs as a potential type of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Amini
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Sakhinia
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Tabriz Genetic Analysis Center (TGAC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abhari
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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40
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Yang JH, Lin LK, Zhang S. Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-335 contributes to nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102302. [PMID: 31732311 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MircoRNA-335 (miR-335), a member of mircoRNAs (miRNAs) family, has been found to be correlated with tumor invasion and metastasis. In this study, we aimed to detect the effect of miR-335 methylation on metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS RT-PCR and methylation-specific PCR were applied to detect the expression levels of miR-335 and miR-335 methylation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. RESULTS The levels of miR-335 expression were significantly lower in nasopharyngeal cancer tissues with promoter methylation, compared to those with promoter unmethylation. The levels of miR-335 gene promoter methylation were higher in 14 (46.7%) out of 30 nasopharyngeal cancer tissues. Furthermore, the patients with cervical lymph node metastasis had higher methylation rate in miR-335 promoter (66.7% versus 16.7%) than those without cervical lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION Gene methylation contributes the expression of miR-335 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The expression of miR-335 methylation is correlated with the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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41
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Paddibhatla I, Gautam DK, Mishra RK. SETDB1 modulates the differentiation of both the crystal cells and the lamellocytes in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2019; 456:74-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Zhao Z, Shilatifard A. Epigenetic modifications of histones in cancer. Genome Biol 2019; 20:245. [PMID: 31747960 PMCID: PMC6868810 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic modifications of histones are versatile marks that are intimately connected to development and disease pathogenesis including human cancers. In this review, we will discuss the many different types of histone modifications and the biological processes with which they are involved. Specifically, we review the enzymatic machineries and modifications that are involved in cancer development and progression, and how to apply currently available small molecule inhibitors for histone modifiers as tool compounds to study the functional significance of histone modifications and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Simpson Querrey 7th Floor 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Simpson Querrey 7th Floor 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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43
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Singh G, Krishan P. Dietary restriction regimens for fighting kidney disease: Insights from rodent studies. Exp Gerontol 2019; 128:110738. [PMID: 31593758 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review critically discusses the research findings on the effects of various dietary restriction regimens in rodent models of kidney disease. Long-term caloric restriction executed at both early and progressive stages of kidney disease was found to exert beneficial effects in rodents. Moreover, some studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of short-term caloric restriction in treating the kidney disease of variable aetiologies possibly by improving mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy process and suppression of inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying these short-term caloric restriction mediated protective effects in rodent models of kidney disease are not completely understood. Importantly, few available evidences have also suggested that carbohydrate restriction can exert beneficial effects in aging and experimentally induced renal injury models, but the mechanisms are not explored yet. Interestingly, the benefits of low protein diet in kidney disease models are extensively reported in literature. However, in most of these studies implementation of the low protein dietary regimen was found to associated with increased high carbohydrate and caloric intake (non-isocaloric). Thus, testing the effects of low protein diet under isocaloric conditions might further help to particularly understand the role of dietary protein content in pathology of kidney disease. Moreover, the direct evidences comparing the efficacy of various dietary restriction regimens in rodent models of kidney diseases are also scarce at present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Krishan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
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44
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Denys A, Allain F. The Emerging Roles of Heparan Sulfate 3- O-Sulfotransferases in Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:507. [PMID: 31249810 PMCID: PMC6582251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the expression of heparan sulfate (HS)-modifying enzymes has been frequently observed in cancer. Consequently, dysregulation of the HS biosynthetic machinery results in dramatic changes in the HS structure, thereby impacting a range of pivotal cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression including proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and immune escape. HS 3-O-sulfotransferases (HS3STs) catalyse the maturation step of glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfation within HS chains. Although seven HS3ST isozymes have been described in human, 3-O-sulfation is a rare modification and only a few biological processes have been described to be influenced by 3-O-sulfated HS. An aberrant expression of HS3STs has been reported in a variety of cancers. Thus, it was suggested that changes in the expression of these enzymes as a result of tumorigenesis or tumor growth may critically influence cancer cell behavior. In accordance with this assumption, a number of studies have documented the epigenetic repression of HS3ST2 and HS3ST3A in many cancers. However, the situation is not so clear, and there is accumulating evidence that HS3ST2, HS3ST3A, HS3ST3B, and HS3ST4 may also act as tumor-promoting enzymes in a number of cancer cells depending on their phenotypes and molecular signatures. In this mini-review, we focus on the recent insights regarding the abnormal expression of HS3STs in cancer and discuss the functional consequences on tumor cell behavior. In term of clinical outcome, further investigations are needed to explore the potential value of HS3STs and/or their 3-O-sulfated products as targets for therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Denys
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Allain
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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45
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Li W, Xu L. Epigenetic Function of TET Family, 5-Methylcytosine, and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Hematologic Malignancies. Oncol Res Treat 2019; 42:309-318. [PMID: 31055566 DOI: 10.1159/000498947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays significant roles in a variety of biological and pathological processes including mammalian development, genomic imprinting, retrotransposon silencing, and X-chromosome inactivation. Recent discoveries indicated that ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases can convert 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). The TET family includes three members: TET1, TET2, and TET3. With increasing evidence, more and more biological and pathological processes in which 5-hmC and TET family serve unparalleled biological roles are noticed, for example, DNA demethylation and transcriptional regulation of different target genes, which are involved in many human diseases, especially hematologic malignancies, resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and so on. In this review, we focus on the diverse functions of TET family and the novel epigenetic marks, 5-mC and 5-hmC, in hematologic malignancies. This review will provide valuable insights into the potential targets of hematologic malignancies. Further understanding of the normal and pathological functions of TET family may provide new methods to develop novel epigenetic therapies for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Immunotherapy, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Research and Foreign Affairs, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China,
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46
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Dimopoulos K, Grønbæk K. Epigenetic therapy in hematological cancers. APMIS 2019; 127:316-328. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimopoulos
- Department of Hematology Rigshospitalet University Hospital Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology DanStem Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kirsten Grønbæk
- Department of Hematology Rigshospitalet University Hospital Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology DanStem Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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47
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Smith CJ, Perfetti TA, King JA. Rodent 2-year cancer bioassays and in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests insufficiently predict risk or model development of human carcinomas. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319849648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carr J Smith
- Albemarle Corporation, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Nurse Anesthesia, Florida State University, Panama City, FL, USA
| | | | - Judy A King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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48
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Perez S, Gal-Tanamy M. Studying the Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Epigenetic Signature After Cure with Direct-Acting Antivirals. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1911:191-207. [PMID: 30593627 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8976-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy efficiently eradicates HCV infection, epidemiological studies show that sustained virological response (SVR) following anti-HCV treatment reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk for HCC. We have recently demonstrated that HCV infection induces genome-wide epigenetic changes that reprogram host gene expression and persist as "epigenetic signature" following virus eradication by DAAs. We suggest that this epigenetic signature underlie the residual risk for HCC post-SVR. Here, we provide a methodology to study the HCV-induced epigenetic signature. We describe a ChIP-seq protocol to evaluate changes in epigenome profile following HCV infection, its cure with DAA, and after treatment with epigenetic modifier inhibitor. We also describe evaluation of changes in the gene expression profile using RNA-seq. The integration between detected alterations in epigenetic marks and gene expression allows for identification of biological processes that are involved in HCV-driven oncogenesis before and after cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Perez
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Meital Gal-Tanamy
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
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49
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Orouji E, Utikal J. Tackling malignant melanoma epigenetically: histone lysine methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:145. [PMID: 30466474 PMCID: PMC6249913 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation can affect gene expression. Histone acetylation is commonly associated with activation of gene expression whereas histone methylation is linked to either activation or repression of gene expression. Depending on the site of histone modification, several histone marks can be present throughout the genome. A combination of these histone marks can shape global chromatin architecture, and changes in patterns of marks can affect the transcriptomic landscape. Alterations in several histone marks are associated with different types of cancers, and these alterations are distinct from marks found in original normal tissues. Therefore, it is hypothesized that patterns of histone marks can change during the process of tumorigenesis. This review focuses on histone methylation changes (both removal and addition of methyl groups) in malignant melanoma, a deadly skin cancer, and the implications of specific inhibitors of these modifications as a combinatorial therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Orouji
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Rd. South Campus Research Building 4, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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50
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Nazeri E, Gouran Savadkoohi M, Majidzadeh-A K, Esmaeili R. Chondrosarcoma: An overview of clinical behavior, molecular mechanisms mediated drug resistance and potential therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 131:102-109. [PMID: 30293700 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are known as a heterogeneous class of cancers arisen in the connective tissues and demonstrated various histological subtypes including both soft tissue and bone origin. Chondrosarcoma is one of the main types of bone sarcoma that shows a considerable deficiency in response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. While conventional treatment based on surgery, chemo-and radiotherapy are used in this tumor, high rate of death especially among children and adolescents are reported. Due to high resistance to current conventional therapies in chondrosarcoma, there is an urgent requirement to recognize factors causing resistance and discover new strategies for optimal treatment. In the past decade, dysregulation of genes associated with tumor development and therapy resistance has been studied to find potential therapeutic targets to overcome resistance. In this review, clinical aspects of chondrosarcoma are summarized. Moreover, it gives a summary of gene dysregulation, mutation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs associated with tumor development and therapeutic response modulation. Finally, the probable role of tumor microenvironment in chondrosarcoma drug resistance and targeted therapies as a promising molecular therapeutic approach are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nazeri
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rezvan Esmaeili
- Genetics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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