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Therapy of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Therapy of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_72-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Park SY, Kim JH, Cho SI, Kim KI, Cho HJ, Park CW, Lee CH, Kim HO. Induction of a hardening phenomenon and quantitative changes of ceramides in stratum corneum. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26:35-42. [PMID: 24648684 PMCID: PMC3956793 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hardening phenomenon of human skin after repeated exposure to the irritants is well-known, but the precise mechanism remains elusive. Objective To modify the previous experimental model of hardening phenomenon by repeated applications of two different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solutions to Korean healthy volunteers and to investigate the quantitative changes of ceramides in stratum corneum before and after chronic repeated irritation. Methods Eight hundred microliters of distilled water containing 0.1% and 2% SLS was applied for 10 minutes on the forearm of 41 healthy volunteers for 3 weeks. After an intervening 3-week rest, 24-hour patch tests with 1% SLS were conducted on previously irritated sites. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema index and quantity of ceramide were measured in the stratum corneum before and after irritation. Results TEWL values on the sites preirritated with 2% SLS were lower than those with 0.1% SLS. Hardening phenomenon occurred in 24 volunteers at day 44. The changes in ceramide levels were not significantly higher in the hardened skin than in the non-hardened skin. Conclusion Repetitive stimulation with a higher concentration of SLS can more easily trigger skin hardening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hye Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Ick Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Il Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Wook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Heon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Visscher MO, Randall Wickett R. Hand hygiene compliance and irritant dermatitis: a juxtaposition of healthcare issues. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:402-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Randall Wickett
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati; OH; 45267; U.S.A
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Therapy and Rehabilitation of Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03827-3_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Davis JA, Visscher MO, Wickett RR, Hoath SB. Influence of tumour necrosis factor-α polymorphism-308 and atopy on irritant contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 63:320-32. [PMID: 20731689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic irritant hand dermatitis is an issue for healthcare workers and may negatively impact infection control. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of a G to A transition at position -308 on the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene on chronically damaged skin of healthcare workers during exposure and recovery from repetitive hand hygiene, after intensive treatment, and on the irritant response in normal skin. PATIENTS/MATERIALS/METHODS In 68 healthcare workers with irritant hand dermatitis, we genotyped TNF-α-308 and measured the epidermal response via quantitative digital imaging, erythema, dryness, and barrier integrity. RESULTS Excess hand erythema decreased with hand hygiene exposure and increased during time off for AA/GA genotypes, but had opposite effects for GG. AA/GA had smaller reductions in dryness with lotion treatment and larger reductions in excess erythema than GG. The atopic diathesis and heightened neurosensory irritation resulting from water and lactic acid significantly influenced the responses. Repeated exposure to water and sodium lauryl sulfate (0.05, 0.1%) produced higher erythema in normal skin for AA/GA than for GG. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the TNF-α polymorphism at -308 and an atopic history impact the severity of irritation and recovery from exposure and response to treatment for common hand skin products in both chronic irritant hand dermatitis and normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Davis
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Kezic S, Visser MJ, Verberk MM. Individual susceptibility to occupational contact dermatitis. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2009; 47:469-478. [PMID: 19834255 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.47.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Occupational Contact Dermatitis (OCD) is one of the most common work-related diseases. High risk occupations are in health care, hairdressing, food sector and metal industry. OCD tends to become chronic; persistent OCD often results in impaired quality of life and loss of work ability. The purpose of this article is to review the present knowledge on the factors which determine individual susceptibility to acquire OCD. Recent discoveries regarding genes involved in the skin barrier, inflammatory response and biotransformation of xenobiotics provide more insight in the individual susceptibility for OCD. Knowledge of the factors which predispose to OCD is useful in occupational health practice for the application of preventive measures and for career guidance for apprentices and workers in high risk occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Kezic
- Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Watkins SA, Maibach HI. The hardening phenomenon in irritant contact dermatitis: an interpretative update. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 60:123-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Piggott CDS, Hayes B, Robb CW, Thomas L, Creech CB, Smith ML. Chemical Burn Induced by Cutaneous Exposure to a Concentrated Sodium Hypochlorite and Alkyl Sulfate Solution. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2008; 26:189-94. [PMID: 17687684 DOI: 10.1080/15569520701502799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute irritant contact dermatitis induced by cutaneous exposure to chemicals is a common dermatologic problem in the workplace. In severe cases, irritant contact responses can result in a caustic burn. Chemical burn induced by concentrated sodium hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach) has been reported infrequently in the literature, with no previously reported cases of chemical burn due to an alkyl sulfate (a common surfactant in cleaning fluids). Here we describe a chemical burn in a 16-year-old girl resulting from exposure to a solution of concentrated sodium hypochlorite and alkyl sulfate applied as a sanitizer to the interior of roller skates worn at work. OBSERVATIONS The diagnosis was made on the basis of the patient's exposure history, clinical appearance, and laboratory results. On physical examination, the erythematous plaque, located at the site of chemical exposure, had intact skin lines, surrounding edema, and decreased sensitivity to touch. The peripheral white blood cell count was within normal limits and bacterial and fungal cultures from the lesion were negative. CONCLUSIONS The irritant effect of exposure to chemicals, including those that usually are not major irritants, and the possible additive effect of simultaneous exposure to different chemicals, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute dermatitis of unknown etiology. Moreover, increased reporting of cases of chemical-induced acute irritant contact dermatitis will help lead to crucial early and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D S Piggott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1301 22nd Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Goffin V, Letawe C, Piérard GE. Temperature-Dependent Effect of Skin-Cleansing Products on Human Stratum Corneum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569529609048868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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EFFENDY I, KWANGSUKSTITH C, CHIAPPE M, MAIBACH H. Effects of calcipotriol on stratum corneum barrier function, hydration and cell renewal in humans. Br J Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Angelova-Fischer I, Tsankov N, Basketter D. Skin irritation and sensitization: mechanisms and new approaches for risk assessment. 1. Skin irritation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21:124-35. [PMID: 18523410 DOI: 10.1159/000131077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous irritation presents a major health problem with serious social and occupational impact. The interaction between an irritant and the human skin depends on multiple factors: the intrinsic properties and the nature of the irritant itself, and specific individual- and environment-related variables. The main pathological mechanisms of irritancy include skin barrier disruption, induction of a cytokine cascade and involvement of the oxidative stress network; all of them resulting in a visible or subclinical inflammatory reaction. In vivo, different non-invasive parameters for the evaluation of skin irritation and irritant potential of compounds and their specific formulations have been introduced, such as epidermal barrier function, skin hydration, surface pH, lipid composition, skin colour and skin blood flow. The diverse physiological changes caused by irritating agents require implementation of a multiparametric approach in the evaluation of cutaneous irritancy.
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de Jongh CM, Lutter R, Verberk MM, Kezic S. Differential cytokine expression in skin after single and repeated irritation by sodium lauryl sulphate. Exp Dermatol 2008; 16:1032-40. [PMID: 18031463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In vivo levels of cytokines and presence of neutrophils and eosinophils in skin irritation are not well known. Our objective was to get more insight in inflammatory mediators and markers involved in single and repeated skin irritation. We sampled epidermis-derived fluid using a novel technology that includes application of a negative pressure on the skin after creation of micropores in the stratum corneum by a laser. In nine volunteers, transdermal fluid was sampled after a single 4-h 10% sodium lauryl sulphate exposure and a repeated 3-week exposure (0.1% sodium lauryl sulphate). Twenty-seven cytokines were assessed by multiplex assay, and IL-1alpha, eosinophil cationic protein and myeloperoxidase by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of eosinophil cationic protein were increased after irritation and correlated with levels of myeloperoxidase. The levels of inflammatory mediators showed large interindividual differences in unexposed and exposed skin. Despite this variation, several mediators clearly showed increased levels: CC chemokine ligand (CCL)11, CXCL10 and vascular endothelial growth factor after both single and repeated exposure, IL-1alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor after single exposure and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) after repeated exposure. After repeated exposure, CCL5 and the ratio IL-1RA/IL-1alpha both increased compared with single exposure. We conclude that single and repeated irritation induces differential and concerted expression of various inflammatory mediators and markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M de Jongh
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
We investigated the biological response of regular human skin to alcohol-based disinfectants and detergents in a repetitive test design. Using non-invasive diagnostic tools such as transepidermal water loss, laser-Doppler flowmetry and corneometry, we quantified the irritative effects of a propanol-based hand disinfectant (Sterillium), its propanol mixture (2-propanol 45% w/w and 1-propanol 30% w/w), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 0.5% and distilled water. The substances were applied in a 2-D patch test in a repetitive occlusive test design to the back. Additionally, we performed a wash test on the forearms that was supposed to mimic the skin affection in the normal daily routine of health care workers. In this controlled half-side test design, we included the single application of the hand rub, SLS 0.5% and water as well as a tandem application of the same substances. Patch test and wash test showed similar results. The alcohol-based test preparations showed minimal irritation rather comparable to the application of water. However, the detergent SLS produced stronger barrier disruption, erythema and dryness than the alcohol-based preparations. There was no additional irritation at the combined use of SLS and disinfectants. By contrary, there was even a decrease in barrier disruption and erythema induced by the tandem application of SLS followed by alcohol-based disinfection compared with the use of SLS alone. These findings show a less irritant effect of alcohol-based disinfectants on the skin than detergents. Our study shows that there is no summation of irritating effects of a common detergent and propanol and that the combination of washing and disinfection has a rather protective aspect compared with washing alone.
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Fuchs SM, Heinemann C, Schliemann-Willers S, Härtl H, Fluhr JW, Elsner P. Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos in sodium lauryl sulphate-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Skin Res Technol 2007; 12:223-7. [PMID: 17026651 DOI: 10.1111/j.0909-752x.2006.00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of Poria cocos (PoCo) on experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a repeated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) irritation model. METHODS The anti-irritative effect of PoCo was evaluated with a visual score and quantified by non-invasive bioengineering methods, namely chromametry and transepidermal water loss. Three concentrations of PoCo in base cream DAC (amphiphilic emollient; German pharmacopoeia) were tested in a 4-day repetitive irritation test using SLS. RESULTS A statistically significant anti-inflammatory activity was observed for PoCo by all three methods when applied in parallel to the induction period of ICD. Application of PoCo after induction of ICD once a day for 5 days, starting just at the end of 4 days, was without any effect. CONCLUSION An anti-inflammatory efficacy of PoCo on the elicitation phase of the ICD induced by repeated SLS test could be observed and quantified by three independent, non-invasive biophysical assessment parameters. This effect can be explained by its influence on pro-inflammatory enzymes, namely phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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De Jongh CM, Verberk MM, Withagen CET, Jacobs JJL, Rustemeyer T, Kezic S. Stratum corneum cytokines and skin irritation response to sodium lauryl sulfate. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:325-33. [PMID: 16787454 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about cytokines involved in chronic irritant contact dermatitis. Individual cytokine profiles might explain at least part of the differences in the individual response to irritation. Our objective was to investigate the relation between baseline stratum corneum (SC) cytokine levels and the skin response to a single and a repeated irritation test. This study also aimed to determine changes in SC cytokine levels after repeated irritation. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema were measured in 20 volunteers after single 24-hr exposure to 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and during and after repeated exposure to 0.1% SLS over a 3-week period. SC cytokine levels were measured from an unexposed skin site and from the repeatedly exposed site. Interleukin (IL)-1alpha decreased by 30% after repeated exposure, while IL-1RA increased 10-fold and IL-8 increased fourfold. Baseline IL-1RA and IL-8 values were predictors of TEWL and erythema after single exposure (r = 0.55-0.61). 6 subjects showed barrier recovery during repeated exposure. Baseline IL-1RA and IL-8 levels are likely to be indicators of higher skin irritability after single exposure to SLS. Barrier repair in some of the subjects might explain the lack of agreement between the TEWL response after single and repeated irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M De Jongh
- Academic Medical Center, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Belsito DV. Occupational contact dermatitis: etiology, prevalence, and resultant impairment/disability. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 53:303-13. [PMID: 16021126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous irritant and allergic responses account for the vast majority of cases of occupational contact dermatitis (OCD). Although the pathophysiologic responses to these two different exposures are distinct, the clinical differentiation between chronic cumulative irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis can be difficult and frequently requires patch testing. This article reviews the recommended algorithms that clinicians should utilize to assess whether a worker suffers from OCD. The prevalence of OCD, its predisposing factors (both endogenous and exogenous), and prognosis are discussed in depth. Finally, issues surrounding the assessment of impairment and disability resulting from OCD are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald V Belsito
- Division of Dermatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7319, USA.
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Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Loussouarn G, Haubrechts C, Léger DS, Piérard GE. Skin capacitance imaging and corneosurfametry. A comparative assessment of the impact of surfactants on stratum corneum. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:249-53. [PMID: 16689808 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Silicon image sensor (SIS) technology was recently introduced as an innovative tool (SkinChip, L'Oréal) providing sensitive imaging of the skin capacitance. This method can detect discrete focal variations in skin surface hydration, and thus early discrete manifestations of skin irritation induced by surfactants. In the present in vivo study, 2 neat and diluted shampoos, and 5% and 10% sodium laurylsulfate solutions were tested on human skin. Each surfactant solution was gently rubbed on the skin using wet hair wicks mimicking the casual use of a shampoo on the scalp. Clinical and SIS evaluations were carried out. In addition, the same products were tested using the ex vivo corneosurfametry bioassay performed on human stratum corneum (SC) harvested by cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings. The colourimetric index of mildness (CIM) was measured on these samples. The product reactivity with the SC was recognized by darker skin capacitance images, and by both lowered SkinChip-generated values and lowered CIM values. The extent in changes varied according to the nature of the test products and their concentrations. The SkinChip image changes likely corresponded to the acute surfactant-induced water swelling of the corneocytes. Skin capacitance imaging and corneosurfametry allow to disclose discrete surfactant-induced alterations of corneocytes.
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KRASTEVA M, PEGUET-NAVARRO J, MOULON C, COURTELLEMONT P, REDZINIAK G, SCHMITT D. In vitro
primary sensitization of hapten-specific T cells by cultured human epidermal Langerhans cells-a screening predictive assay for contact sensitizers. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:1142-6. [PMID: 16307649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of alcohol-based disinfectant used on normal skin has been debated. OBJECTIVES The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of repeated exposure to an alcohol-based disinfectant, a detergent and an alcohol-based disinfectant/detergent alternately for 10 days, including noninvasive measurements in the evaluation. Skin reactivity in irritated skin after a 4-week interval was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detergent, disinfectant and alternate disinfectant and detergent were applied twice daily every 10 min for 1 h to the ventral upper arms and forearms of 17 healthy volunteers. A control area was included. After 4 weeks an SLS patch was applied to each area. Irritant reactions were quantified with a visual score recording and measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour were performed on days 1, 5, 11, 38 and 40. RESULTS On day 5 the detergent caused a higher visual score than either disinfectant applied alone or alternate disinfectant and detergent, P < 0.05. On day 11 detergent and alternate disinfectant and detergent caused a higher score than disinfectant, P < 0.05. An increased irritant response for detergent compared with disinfectant alone and alternate disinfectant and detergent was confirmed by TEWL evaluations on days 5 and 11, P < 0.001, while no significant difference was found by colour measurement. After 4 weeks, when evaluated by colour measurement, significantly less response to the SLS patch was found on the disinfectant-treated area compared with the control area and detergent area, and a similar trend was found for TEWL, although it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Alcohol-based disinfectant caused less visible skin irritation and less skin barrier disruption than the use of detergent. The alternate use of detergent and disinfectant caused less irritation than the use of detergent, and a possible interaction between the two irritants was not indicated. After 4 weeks there was a tendency for decreased skin reactivity in the skin areas which had 4 weeks previously been exposed to disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Pedersen
- National Allergy Research Centre for Consumer Products, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-Denmark.
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Branco N, Lee I, Zhai H, Maibach HI. Long-term repetitive sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation of the skin: an in vivo study. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 53:278-84. [PMID: 16283906 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin may adapt to topical irritants through accommodation. This study focuses on long-term exposure to irritants and attempts to demonstrate accommodation. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) induced irritant contact dermatitis at 3 concentrations (0.025% to 0.075%). Distilled water, acetone and an empty chamber served as controls. Experimental compounds were applied to forearms of 7 healthy volunteers for 24 hr before replacing by a fresh chamber for 6 non-consecutive weeks over 103 days. Possible accommodation was quantified by visual scoring (erythema and dryness) and by bioengineering parameters: transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, chromametry and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Significant erythema, dryness, elevated TEWL, skin colour reflectance and LDF values occurred during the exposure periods. Upon repeat exposure, an immediate and augmented response in erythema, TEWL, skin colour reflectance and LDF developed. However, irritant skin changes were not sustained. Irritation parameters return to baseline after cessation of exposure. There was no evidence of sustained irritation or accommodation after the last exposure. Study findings do not document sustained accommodation or adaptive hyposensitivity after long-term repetitive irritant exposure under these test conditions. Alternative models should be developed to prove or disprove the accommodation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Branco
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA
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Heinemann C, Paschold C, Fluhr J, Wigger-Alberti W, Schliemann-Willers S, Farwanah H, Raith K, Neubert R, Elsner P. Induction of a Hardening Phenomenon by Repeated Application of SLS: Analysis of Lipid Changes in the Stratum Corneum. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85:290-5. [PMID: 16191847 DOI: 10.1080/00015550410026362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of the skin to repeated influence of exogenous irritants is called the hardening phenomenon. We investigated the stratum corneum lipid composition before and after induction of a hardening phenomenon. Irritant contact dermatitis was induced in 23 non-atopic volunteers by repeated occlusive application of 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) over 3 weeks. At 3, 6 and 9 weeks after irritation, the SLS responses of pre-irritated skin and normal skin were compared. The horny layer lipid composition (ceramides 1-7, cholesterol and free fatty acids) was assessed before irritation and 3, 6 and 9 weeks after irritation. During the first 2 weeks of irritation the transepidermal water loss increased continuously and seemed to decrease during the third week (effect of adaptation). The barrier function of pre-irritated sites was more stable to SLS challenge. Three weeks after irritation, there was a significant increase of ceramide 1 (p<0.001). The only volunteer without hardening phenomenon showed no increase of ceramide 1. Ceramide 1 seems to play a key role as a protection mechanism against repeated irritation.
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Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T. Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 2005; 52:82-7. [PMID: 15725285 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The most important risk factor for occupational contact dermatitis in hospital personnel is the exposure to irritants such as water, detergents and alcohol-based solutions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the short-term effects of repeated exposure to an alcohol-based disinfectant, to a detergent and to an alcohol-based disinfectant/detergent alternately. The hardening effect in preirritated skin after a 4-week interval was also evaluated. Detergent, disinfectant and disinfectant/detergent alternately were applied daily every 15 min for 6 h for 2 days to the flexor upper arms and forearms of 15 volunteers. A control area was included. After 4 weeks, a sodium lauryl sulfate patch was applied to each area. Irritant reactions were quantified by visual score, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour at baseline, D3, D8, D35 and D37. As evaluated by clinical assessment, detergent caused more redness of the skin than both disinfectant applied alone and disinfectant/detergent alternately at D3 and D8, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively. An increased irritant response for detergent as compared to disinfectant alone and disinfectant/detergent was confirmed by TEWL and colour evaluations, P = 0.001 and P = 0.001 and P = 0.006 and P = 0.009, respectively. No hardening effect in preirritated skin was found after a 4-week interval. In conclusion, hand disinfection with alcohol-based disinfectant or alternate use of disinfectant/detergent causes less skin irritation than hand disinfection with a detergent. This study evaluated the short-term effects of disinfectant and detergent exposure only, and more long-term studies are necessary before recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kynemund Pedersen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Uhoda E, Lévêque JL, Piérard GE. Silicon Image Sensor Technology for in vivo Detection of Surfactant-Induced Corneocyte Swelling and Drying. Dermatology 2005; 210:184-8. [PMID: 15785044 DOI: 10.1159/000083507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several instrumental methods can indirectly assess some specific aspects of cutaneous irritation at the level of the stratum corneum (SC). OBJECTIVE There is a need for developing more sensitive approaches in this field. METHODS We assessed a recently introduced innovative tool (SkinChip) based on capacitive pixel-sensing technology in its potential to detect early discrete manifestations of skin irritation. The sensor generates a detailed non-optical picture corresponding to a capacitance map of the skin surface reaching 50 microm pixel resolution. Some topographical details can be easily disclosed and the SC hydration as well. Two surfactant solutions were tested on volunteers. These solutions were applied under test patches for 2 days on the volar forearms. Clinical and SkinChip assessments were performed 3 h after removing the patch. RESULTS The generated images allowed a precise observation of skin irritation which appeared as a two-step process. Early changes consisted of darker pixels corresponding to overhydrated swollen corneocytes at the irritated sites. Two days later, the same area appeared as white pixels, indicating the loss of corneocyte hydration. CONCLUSION The SkinChip device appears to be a very sensitive tool for detecting the early steps of surfactant-induced skin irritation affecting the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Uhoda
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Medical Center of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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25
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Fluhr JW, Bankova L, Fuchs S, Kelterer D, Schliemann-Willers S, Norgauer J, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P. Fruit acids and sodium hydroxide in the food industry and their combined effect with sodium lauryl sulphate: controlled in vivo tandem irritation study. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:1039-48. [PMID: 15541082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous exposure to a variety of irritants has been extensively studied in recent years. Nevertheless, knowledge of the induction of irritant dermatitis, especially by mild irritants at low doses and for a short duration of exposure, is still incomplete. OBJECTIVES To quantify the irritant effects and barrier disruption properties of ascorbic acid (ASC), acetic acid (ACA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), particularly in combination with an anionic detergent, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). METHODS In a tandem repeated irritation test, the irritants were applied for 30 min twice daily for 4 days to the skin of the mid-back of 19 healthy volunteers of both sexes. We used bioengineering techniques for measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour reflectance, as well as visual scoring. RESULTS Repeated application of ASC and ACA caused a moderate increase in TEWL and erythema. The sequential application of ASC or ACA and SLS enhanced these effects. NaOH induced a strong reaction when applied both occlusively and nonocclusively as well as in combination with SLS, with an early onset of the inflammatory signs, leading to discontinuation of the application on the third day in most of the test fields. Notably, the irritant effect of NaOH was not as marked when applied sequentially with SLS. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that concurrent application of an anionic detergent and a mild acidic irritant can lead to disruption of the barrier function which, although not additive, is still considerable. The combined application of SLS and mild acids does not prevent SLS-induced irritation. Furthermore, we showed that NaOH in low concentrations may also act as a potent irritant but that its effect is not enhanced by SLS. The necessity of adequate skin protection and reduction of contact with substances that are potentially barrier disruptive and irritant, e.g. in the food industry, is emphasized, not only when handling detergents, but also when processing food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fluhr
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
Skin is subjected to many environmental threats, some of which altering the structure and function of the stratum corneum. Among them, surfactants are recognized factors that may influence irritant contact dermatitis. The present study was conducted to compare the variations in skin capacitance and corneosurfametry (CSM) reactivity before and after skin exposure to repeated subclinical injuries by 2 hand dishwashing liquids. A forearm immersion test was performed on 30 healthy volunteers. 2 daily soak sessions were performed for 5 days. At inclusion and the day following the last soak session, skin capacitance was measured and cyanoacrylate skin-surface strippings were harvested. The latter specimens were used for the ex vivo microwave CSM. Both types of assessments clearly differentiated the 2 hand dishwashing liquids. The forearm immersion test allowed the discriminant sensitivity of CSM to increase. Intact skin capacitance did not predict CSM data. By contrast, a significant correlation was found between the post-test conductance and the corresponding CSM data. In conclusion, a forearm immersion test under realistic conditions can discriminate the irritation potential between surfactant-based products by measuring skin conductance and performing CSM. In vivo skin preconditioning by surfactants increases CSM sensitivity to the same surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Uhoda
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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27
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Abstract
It is of great importance to find ways to lower the incidence of chronic irritant contact dermatitis. In this process, it is crucial to have insight in the factors that can predict irritancy. This review offers a survey of recent findings in the field of skin irritancy testing, discussed in the context of renowned, older work. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors that may determine the outcome of irritancy testing in the human skin model are considered. In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in factors influencing the development of occupational dermatitis by means of prospective cohort studies. This promising new area of investigation is discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tupker
- Department of Dermatology, Antonius Hospital, NL-3430 EM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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Fuchs M, Schliemann-Willers S, Heinemann C, Elsner P. Tacrolimus enhances irritation in a 5-day human irritancy in vivo model. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 46:290-4. [PMID: 12084083 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.460508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (FK 506) is a macrolide discovered in 1984 as a metabolic product of Streptomyces tsukabaensis. It has been used successfully in treating atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, lichen planus mucosae and pyoderma gangrenosum. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of FK 506 in 2 human skin inflammation models. FK 506 as Protopic(R) cream was tested (i) in a 4-day repetitive irritation test with 2 x daily application of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), and (ii) in a UVB erythema model. The effect was evaluated visually and quantified by non-invasive bioengineering methods, namely chromametry and tewametry (TEWL). When FK 506 was applied 30 min after SLS irritation, an increased inflammation in comparison to controls was observed with all 3 methods, with only the TEWL data reaching statistical significance. 1 x daily application of FK 506 for 5 days, starting at the end of the 4-day irritation period, was without any effect. Similarly, no effect of FK 506 was seen in the UVB model. In conclusion, FK 506 was shown to enhance experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis and not to accelerate healing of irritant contact dermatitis and UVB erythema.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany.
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29
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Wigger-Alberti W, Krebs A, Elsner P. Experimental irritant contact dermatitis due to cumulative epicutaneous exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene: single and concurrent application. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143:551-6. [PMID: 10971328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice, cutaneous exposure to a variety of irritants such as surfactants and solvents is frequent. Although the induction of irritant dermatitis by single irritants has been extensively studied in recent years, our knowledge of the effects of simultaneous application of different irritants is limited. Using non-invasive techniques for measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour reflectance, we quantified the irritant effects of single and concurrent application of 0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and undiluted toluene (TOL) in vivo. The irritants were applied twice daily for 30 min to the volar forearms of 20 volunteers. Repeated application of SLS and TOL induced an irritant reaction, as indicated by an increase in TEWL and skin redness. In contrast to SLS alone, the application of TOL alone induced only a moderate increase in TEWL, confirming previous results. Concurrent application of SLS/TOL and TOL/SLS induced significantly stronger reactions than those caused by twice daily application of each irritant on its own. Our results demonstrate that a mixed application of an anionic detergent and an organic solvent has an additive effect on skin irritation. It is suggested that pretreatment with SLS causes an increased susceptibility to TOL irritation and vice versa. Thus, the necessity for special precautions against skin absorption of TOL when handling detergents such as SLS is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wigger-Alberti
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Str. 35, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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30
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Hermanns, Piérard-Franchimont, Piérard. Skin colour assessment in safety testing of cosmetics. An overview. Int J Cosmet Sci 2000; 22:67-71. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goffin V, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Passive sustainable hydration of the stratum corneum following surfactant challenge. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999; 24:308-11. [PMID: 10457137 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.1999.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants exhibit a protein-denaturating potency which is responsible for water uptake and swelling of the stratum corneum. There is also an increased transepidermal water loss related to the alteration of the barrier function. In the present prospective study, we evaluated sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS)-dependent changes in electrometric properties of skin. Single and iterative SLS challenges were performed. Measurements were made using a NOVA DPM on continuous mode for 5 min in order to assess both the baseline surface hydration and the rate of changes during probe occlusion. The present noninvasive instrumental evaluation of surfactant irritancy shows high sensitivity in each subject, but suffers from large inter-individual variability in the skin response following single and iterative sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) challenges. The baseline surface hydration, that is almost unaffected 1 h after removing SLS patches, significantly decreases after a lag time of 24 h. The rate of water accumulation in the stratum corneum during the probe occlusion is significantly increased by SLS and is proportional to the SLS concentration and the number of iterative patches. Single water- or SLS-patch-tests fail to predict the skin response to cumulative SLS challenges and inter-individual variability is large for all electrometric variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Goffin
- Belgian SSTC Research Center 5596, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Reiche L, Willis C, Wilkinson J, Shaw S, de Lacharrière O. Clinical morphology of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nonanoic acid (NAA) irritant patch test reactions at 48 h and 96 h in 152 subjects. Contact Dermatitis 1998; 39:240-3. [PMID: 9840260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study of 152 women, comparison of patch test responses between 2 irritants over 96 h at 2 symmetrical anatomical sites is studied. 2 irritants, each at 4 different concentrations (nonanoic acid (NAA) 80%, 40%, 20%, 10%; sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) 3%, 2%, 1% and 0.5%) and using propan-1ol and 'water for injection' as the respective controls, were placed as 15 microl aliquots, soaked onto filter paper discs in Finn Chambers, on the volunteer's left and right lower back. The patches were removed at 47, and read at 48 and 96 h. Irritant reactions were evaluated for erythema and surface changes by degree and area affected. Statistical analysis of the results showed that erythema decreased with time for all concentrations of NAA, and at higher concentrations for SLS. Surface changes increased with time for SLS and at higher concentrations of NAA. There was no statistically significant difference comparing left and right sides. Traditionally in patch testing, reactions which fade after 48 h have been regarded as irritant rather than allergic. This study refutes that assumption. Data from our left to right comparisons, made in the same individuals at the same time, show that irritant reactions may be more reproducible than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reiche
- Dermatology Department, Amersham General Hospital, Bucks, UK
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33
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Lund CH, Nonato LB, Kuller JM, Franck LS, Cullander C, Durand DJ. Disruption of barrier function in neonatal skin associated with adhesive removal. J Pediatr 1997; 131:367-72. [PMID: 9329411 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(97)80060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients in the neonatal intensive care unit require life support and monitoring equipment that must be securely attached to the skin; removal or replacement often causes skin trauma. In this study, we compared the effects of application and removal of three different adhesives on the skin barrier function of premature neonates. The effects were measured by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), colorimetric measurements, and visual inspection. DESIGN Thirty neonates, between 26 and 40 weeks of gestational age and with birth weights ranging from 690 to 3000 gm, were enrolled in the study during the first week of life. Pieces of plastic tape (1 cm2), pectin barrier, and hydrophilic gel were applied to previously undisturbed sites on the back. A fourth site was used as a control. We measured TEWL, colorimetric readings, and visual inspection scores of skin irritation and stripping at each of the four sites serially: before adhesive application, 30 minutes after adhesive removal, and 24 hours later. RESULTS Thirty minutes after adhesive removal, TEWL, colorimetric measurements, and visual inspection scores were all significantly higher at the sites of plastic tape and pectin barrier removal than at the control and gel adhesive sites (p < 0.01), demonstrating greater disruption of skin barrier function with removal of the plastic tape and pectin barrier. When the neonates were divided into three groups on the basis of birth weight (< 1000 gm [n = 10], 1000 to 1500 gm [n = 11], and > 1500 gm [n = 9], the same pattern of greater disruption in skin barrier function, as measured by TEWL, was observed in each birth weight group. Twenty-four hours after adhesive removal, TEWL of the plastic tape and pectin barrier sites were not significantly different from the control site, indicating recovery of skin barrier function. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a single application and removal of two commonly used adhesives, plastic tape and pectin barrier, disrupts skin barrier function in neonates of varying gestational ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lund
- Department of Nursing, Children's Hospital Oakland 94609, USA
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34
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Tupker RA, Willis C, Berardesca E, Lee CH, Fartasch M, Agner T, Serup J. Guidelines on sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure tests. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 37:53-69. [PMID: 9285167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This report reviews the clinical and histopathological reactions caused by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and the non-invasive methods that can characterize these reactions. Furthermore, SLS exposure techniques and factors that may influence the outcome of these exposures are discussed. Finally, guidelines are introduced for each exposure technique in order to have a uniform approach to SLS testing in man. Since different study aims warrant different testing conditions, we have proposed 2 categories, namely susceptibility testing and provocative testing, tailored to the aim with which the study is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tupker
- Department of Dermatological Research, Leo Pharmaceutical Products, Ballerup, Denmark
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35
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Abstract
Our understanding of the details of the recovery time of acute irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is limited. We examined skin reactivity to a model surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), on previous acute ICD and normal sites over time with visual grading and noninvasive instruments. Acute ICD was induced on the upper arms of 18 volunteers (aged 30 to 51 years) by occluded application of 1% SLS for 24 h. Previous ICD and normal sites were provoked by occluded application of 2% or 7.5% SLS 30 min daily 4 consecutive days. Skin reactivity was assessed daily by visual erythema scoring (VES), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin color reflectance (SCR) and electrical capacitance (EC). Skin function of previous ICD sites assessed by VES, TEWL, SCR, and EC did not normalize until 2 weeks later; all parameters of previous ICD returned to normal after 3 weeks. While skin reactivity to 2% and 7.5% SLS showed no differences between previous ICD and normal sites at 4 weeks, differences of irritant reactivity especially 7.5% SLS between previous ICD and normal sites were significant at 3 weeks post-provocation. Our results demonstrate that irritation evaluated with irritant provocation was long-lasting, even though skin functional parameters assessed by various bioengineering instruments returned to normal. Complete recovery of skin function including irritability after acute ICD induced by 1% SLS was achieved approximately 4 weeks later. The date were generated with a model surfactant; it remains to be determined whether similar responses will be noted with chemicals of different physiochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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36
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EFFENDY I, KWANGSUKSTITH C, CHIAPPE M, MAIBACH H. Effects of calcipotriol on stratum corneum barrier function, hydration and cell renewal in humans. Br J Dermatol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1996.tb03828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Seidenari S, Belletti B, Schiavi ME. Skin reactivity to sodium lauryl sulfate in patients with respiratory atopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:47-52. [PMID: 8682963 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No literature data are available on the skin reactivity of patients with respiratory atopy alone. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to assess skin reactivity to detergents in patients with allergic asthma, rhinitis, or both. METHODS The skin of the volar aspect of the forearm of 19 subjects with allergic asthma or rhinitis (or both) was challenged with a single exposure to 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate. The skin response was evaluated by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, and echogenicity measurements. Results were compared with those obtained in 19 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 20 healthy subjects. RESULTS In patients with AD preexposure TEWL values were higher than in healthy subjects, whereas capacitance values were lower. In this patient group, postexposure TEWL, capacitance, and echogenicity values showed more pronounced variations than in healthy subjects. Conversely, in patients with allergic asthma or rhinitis (or both), both baseline and postexposure TEWL, capacitance, and echogenicity values were similar to those in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Patients with respiratory atopy without AD do not have the functional abnormalities characteristic of skin affected by AD, either under baseline conditions or after exposure to sodium lauryl sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seidenari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena, Italy
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38
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Judge MR, Griffiths HA, Basketter DA, White IR, Rycroft RJ, McFadden JP. Variation in response of human skin to irritant challenge. Contact Dermatitis 1996; 34:115-7. [PMID: 8681538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle to the establishment of a protocol for in vivo irritant skin testing in humans is the apparent variability of responses between individuals. This study of the threshold response of normal human skin to a standard irritant (sodium lauryl sulfate 0.3-10%), in a group of 22 subjects, revealed a marked interindividual variation in their threshold reaction. The results demonstrate that this phenomenon does exist and that it will have to be allowed for in future human irritant test systems or assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Judge
- St. John's Insitute of Dermatology, St. Thomas's Hospital, London, UK
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39
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Patil S, Singh P, Sarasour K, Maibach H. Quantification of sodium lauryl sulfate penetration into the skin and underlying tissue after topical application--pharmacological and toxicological implications. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:1240-4. [PMID: 8801341 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600841018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is known to penetrate skin and cause cutaneous irritation. Some of these effects have been well-defined using bioengineering techniques. In this study, the ability of SLS to penetrate skin was quantified in a hairless rat model. In addition, local deep tissue penetration and systemic exposure to SLS were also evaluated to assess the toxic potential of topically applied SLS. SLS was observed to penetrate directly to a depth of about 5-6 mm below the applied site. Systemic redistribution was predominantly responsible in determining concentrations of SLS in tissues deeper than 5-6 mm. Epidermal concentrations of SLS after application of 1% (34 mM) aqueous SLS solution for 24 h were above the threshold levels which are known to evoke typical skin irritation responses. Deeper underlying tissues including dermis, subcutaneous, and muscle may also be exposed to high levels of SLS. Topically applied SLS was also observed in blood and contralateral tissues but the observed levels were not likely to elicit any systemic side effects at these doses. Traces of SLS were observed in tissues 7 days after single 24 h application of SLS, which supports the prolonged barrier disruption data generated using conventional bioengineering techniques. Cumulative treatment of SLS significantly increased the concentration of this compound in the underlying epidermis. The known preferential affinity of SLS for skin lipids and proteins was further confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo results. However, in vitro studies failed to predict the underlying tissue toxicity of SLS under the patch site when compared to the in vivo results. Such quantitative pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations may be useful predictors for effective use of surfactants as penetration enhancers in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patil
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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