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Amelogenin-Derived Peptides in Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179224. [PMID: 34502132 PMCID: PMC8431254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived peptides, named LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11, in bone tissue engineering. Interestingly, these peptides seem to maintain or even improve the biological activity of the full-length protein, which has received attention in the field of bone regeneration. In this article, the authors combined a systematic and a narrative review. The former is focused on the existing scientific evidence on LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11's ability to induce the production of mineralized extracellular matrix, while the latter is concentrated on the structure and function of amelogenin and amelogenin-derived peptides. Overall, the collected data suggest that LRAP and SP are able to induce stromal stem cell differentiation towards osteoblastic phenotypes; specifically, SP seems to be more reliable in bone regenerative approaches due to its osteoinduction and the absence of immunogenicity. However, even if some evidence is convincing, the limited number of studies and the scarcity of in vivo studies force us to wait for further investigations before drawing a solid final statement on the real potential of amelogenin-derived peptides in bone tissue engineering.
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Rahmati M, Frank MJ, Walter SM, Monjo MC, Satué M, Reseland JE, Lyngstadaas SP, Haugen HJ. Osteoimmunomodulatory Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivate and Strontium Coating Layers: A Short- and Long-Term In Vivo Study. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5169-5181. [PMID: 32954227 PMCID: PMC7493216 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, surface modification of implant surfaces has gained substantial attention as a promising solution to avoid the failure of biomaterials after implantation. Although researchers suggest several strategies for surface functionalization of titanium-based implants, only a few studies have compared the osteoimmunomodulatory effects of ionic nanostructures and biofunctionalization in the same biological model. Enamel matrix derivate (EMD) and strontium are both known for their positive influences on bone cell responses. In this study, we functionalized the titanium-zirconium implant surface with EMD and strontium using an electrochemical cathodic polarization method. Afterward, we evaluated the osteoimmunomodulatory effects of EMD or strontium coated titanium-zirconium implants in the tibia of eight Gray Bastard Chinchilla rabbits. We performed 2 and 3D micro-CT, wound fluid, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses on bone tissues after 4- and 8-weeks of implantation. Although the results could indicate some differences between groups regarding the bone quality, there was no difference in bone amount or volume. EMD stimulated higher ALP activity and lower cytotoxicity in wound fluid, as well as a lower expression of inflammatory markers after 8 weeks indicating its osteoimmunomodulatory effects after implantation. Overall, the results suggested that ionic nanostructure modification and biofunctionalization might be useful in regulating the immune responses to implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahmati
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Johannes Frank
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Institute
of Medical and Polymer Engineering, Chair of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Martin Walter
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Institute
of Medical and Polymer Engineering, Chair of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Marta Cabrer Monjo
- Department
of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic
Islands, ES-07122 Palma, Spain
- Balearic
Islands Health Institute (IdISBa), ES-07010 Palma, Spain
| | - Maria Satué
- Department
of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic
Islands, ES-07122 Palma, Spain
- Balearic
Islands Health Institute (IdISBa), ES-07010 Palma, Spain
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary
Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department
of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1109
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
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Olstad OK, Gautvik VT, LeBlanc M, Kvernevik KJ, Utheim TP, Runningen A, Wiig H, Kirkegaard C, Raastad T, Reppe S, Gautvik KM. Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a musculoskeletal disease with a common genetic trait which responds to strength training: a translational intervention study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2020; 12:1759720X20929443. [PMID: 32536985 PMCID: PMC7268165 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x20929443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical evidence suggests that body muscle mass is positively associated with bone mass, of significance for the elderly population at risk of osteoporosis (OP). Furthermore, muscle and bone interact mechanically and functionally, via local interactions as well as remotely via secreted components. Thus, it was of interest to compare muscle transcriptomes in postmenopausal OP and healthy women, and study effects of strength training on the muscle transcriptome, muscle stress proteins and bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: Skeletal muscle histological and genetic properties were compared in postmenopausal healthy (n = 18) and OP (n = 17) women before and after heavy-load strength training for 13–15 weeks. The cohorts were of similar age and body mass index without interfering diseases, medication or difference in lifestyle factors. Muscle biopsies obtained before and after intervention were studied histologically, and stress proteins and transcriptomes analyzed. Results: The OP women showed distinct muscle transcription profiles when compared with healthy women and had higher levels of the stress proteins HSP70 and α-β-crystalline. A set of 12 muscle transcripts, including ACSS3, FZD4, GNAI1 and IGF1, were differentially expressed before and after intervention (false discovery rate ⩽0.10, p ⩽0.001), and their corresponding bone transcripts were associated with BMD. Experimental data underline and describe the functionality of these genes in bone biology. OP women had 8% (p <0.01) higher proportion of type I fibres, but muscle fibre cross-sectional area did not differ. Muscle strength increased in both groups (p <0.01). Conclusions: Postmenopausal healthy and OP women have distinct muscle transcriptomes [messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) and microRNAs] that are modulated by strength training, translating into key protein alterations and muscle fibre changes. The function of common skeletal muscle and bone genes in postmenopausal OP is suggestive of a shared disease trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marissa LeBlanc
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Runningen
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Wiig
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Kirkegaard
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - Kaare Morten Gautvik
- Lovisenberg Diakonale Sykehus, Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberggata 17, Oslo 0456, Norway
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Hu Q, Zhou J, Xu X, Dai H. Effect of EMD on the orthodontically induced root resorption repair process in rats. J Orofac Orthop 2018; 79:83-95. [PMID: 29396597 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-017-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While different levels of root resorption may occur in orthodontic treatment, several preventive approaches have been reported. Nevertheless, little is known about the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on root repair during orthodontic tooth movement. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of EMD on root resorption repair following the application of orthodontic force. MATERIALS AND METHODS A force of 100 g was exerted for 14 days on the left maxillary first molars of twenty 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats divided into the EMD and control groups (n = 10 per group). In the EMD group, repeatedly injection of Emdogain® was administered after the appliance was removed, while phosphate-buffered saline was administered in the control group. In vivo microcomputed tomography (CT), haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and immunohistochemistry were then used to evaluate the effect of EMD on the process of root repair. RESULTS In the EMD group, the observed decrease in root resorption crater volume and increase in both the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness were significantly greater than those in the control group. H&E staining showed that the periodontal fibres were relatively regular in arrangement and that the surface of the cementum was smooth in the EMD group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed higher bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression levels in the EMD group than in the control group. In addition, the osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression levels were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION EMD enhanced the repair process following orthodontically induced root resorption in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Dai
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China.
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Douglas TE, Vandrovcová M, Kročilová N, Keppler JK, Zárubová J, Skirtach AG, Bačáková L. Application of whey protein isolate in bone regeneration: Effects on growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone-forming cells. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:28-36. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Filova E, Vandrovcova M, Jelinek M, Zemek J, Houdkova J, Kocourek T, Stankova L, Bacakova L. Adhesion and differentiation of Saos-2 osteoblast-like cells on chromium-doped diamond-like carbon coatings. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:17. [PMID: 28000113 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films are promising for use in coating orthopaedic, dental and cardiovascular implants. The problem of DLC layers lies in their weak layer adhesion to metal implants. Chromium is used as a dopant for improving the adhesion of DLC films. Cr-DLC layers were prepared by a hybrid technology, using a combination of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) from a graphite target and magnetron sputtering. Depending on the deposition conditions, the concentration of Cr in the DLC layers moved from zero to 10.0 at.%. The effect of DLC layers with 0.0, 0.9, 1.8, 7.3, 7.7 and 10.0 at.% Cr content on the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells was assessed in vitro. The DLC samples that contained 7.7 and 10.0 at.% of Cr supported cell spreading on day 1 after seeding. On day three after seeding, the most apparent vinculin-containing focal adhesion plaques were also found on samples with higher concentrations of chromium. On the other hand, the expression of type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase at the mRNA and protein level was the highest on Cr-DLC samples with a lower concentration of Cr (0-1.8 at.%). We can conclude that higher concentrations of chromium supported cell adhesion; however DLC and DLC doped with a lower concentration of chromium supported osteogenic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Filova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Vandrovcova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Nam. Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zemek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Houdkova
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kocourek
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Nam. Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Stankova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bacakova
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Monteiro N, Smith EE, Angstadt S, Zhang W, Khademhosseini A, Yelick PC. Dental cell sheet biomimetic tooth bud model. Biomaterials 2016; 106:167-79. [PMID: 27565550 PMCID: PMC5025039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies offer promising therapies for both medicine and dentistry. Our long-term goal is to create functional biomimetic tooth buds for eventual tooth replacement in humans. Here, our objective was to create a biomimetic 3D tooth bud model consisting of dental epithelial (DE) - dental mesenchymal (DM) cell sheets (CSs) combined with biomimetic enamel organ and pulp organ layers created using GelMA hydrogels. Pig DE or DM cells seeded on temperature-responsive plates at various cell densities (0.02, 0.114 and 0.228 cells 10(6)/cm(2)) and cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days were used to generate DE and DM cell sheets, respectively. Dental CSs were combined with GelMA encapsulated DE and DM cell layers to form bioengineered 3D tooth buds. Biomimetic 3D tooth bud constructs were cultured in vitro, or implanted in vivo for 3 weeks. Analyses were performed using micro-CT, H&E staining, polarized light (Pol) microscopy, immunofluorescent (IF) and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. H&E, IHC and IF analyses showed that in vitro cultured multilayered DE-DM CSs expressed appropriate tooth marker expression patterns including SHH, BMP2, RUNX2, tenascin and syndecan, which normally direct DE-DM interactions, DM cell condensation, and dental cell differentiation. In vivo implanted 3D tooth bud constructs exhibited mineralized tissue formation of specified size and shape, and SHH, BMP2 and RUNX2and dental cell differentiation marker expression. We propose our biomimetic 3D tooth buds as models to study optimized DE-DM cell interactions leading to functional biomimetic replacement tooth formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Monteiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, M824, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Elizabeth E Smith
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, M824, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Shantel Angstadt
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, M824, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Weibo Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, M824, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-MIT, Biomaterials Innovations Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Pamela C Yelick
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, M824, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Martins L, Leme AFP, Kantovitz KR, de Luciane Martins EN, Sallum EA, Casati MZ, Nociti FH. Leucine-Rich Amelogenin Peptide (LRAP) Uptake by Cementoblast Requires Flotillin-1 Mediated Endocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:556-565. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciane Martins
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Enilson Antonio Sallum
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Márcio Zaffalon Casati
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Francisco Humberto Nociti
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil
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9
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Almqvist S, Kleinman HK, Werthén M, Thomsen P, Agren MS. Effects of amelogenins on angiogenesis-associated processes of endothelial cells. J Wound Care 2016; 20:68, 70-5. [PMID: 21378680 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2011.20.2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of an amelogenin mixture on integrin-dependent adhesion, DNA synthesis and apoptosis of cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and angiogenesis in an organotypic assay. METHOD Immobilised antibodies against specific integrins (alpha-1, alpha-2, alpha-3, alpha-4, alpha-5, alpha-v, ß1, ß2, ß3, ß4, ß6, alpha-vß3, alpha-vß5 and alpha-5ß1) were used to capture treated human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, which were detected colourimetrically. DNA synthesis of the cells was monitored by 5-bromo-2'- deoxyuridine incorporation and apoptosis by a TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling technique. Tubule formation from aortic arches of 13-d-old chick embryos were followed over 48h. RESULTS The amelogenin mixture increased microvessel outgrowth by 76% (p < 0.01, n=12) from the aortic explants. Also, amelogenins increased the adhesion (p < 0.01, n = 5) by multiple angiogenesis associated integrin subunits and alpha-vß3, alpha-vß5 and alpha-5ß1 heterodimers on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells at a non-mitogenic concentration (100 µg/ml). Conversely, amelogenins at 1,000 µg/ml decreased microvessel formation possibly due to attenuation of corresponding integrins despite increasing (p < 0.001, n = 8) DNA synthesis. No significant apoptosis was detected in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells cultured on Matrigel with and without amelogenins. CONCLUSION Increased surface expression of integrins on endothelial cells may contribute to the proangiogenic property of amelogenins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Almqvist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gotheburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Amin HD, Olsen I, Knowles J, Dard M, Donos N. Interaction of enamel matrix proteins with human periodontal ligament cells. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:339-47. [PMID: 26121967 PMCID: PMC4762925 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives It has recently been shown that enamel matrix derivative (EMD) components (Fraction C, containing <6 kDa peptides (mainly a 5.3 kDa tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP)), and Fraction A, containing a mixture of >6 kDa peptides (including a leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP))) differentially regulate osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. The present study examined whether EMD and the EMD Fractions (i) bind and internalize into PDL cells and (ii) precipitate and form insoluble complexes on PDL cells. Materials and methods Biotin-labelled EMD/EMD Fractions were incubated with PDL cells under various different culture conditions and confocal and electron microscopies were carried out to examine the binding and intracellular trafficking of these proteins. Results The results reported here show, for the first time, that at least some components in Fraction A and the TRAP peptide in Fraction C can bind and be internalized by human PDL cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In addition, Fraction A was found to form insoluble aggregate-like structures on PDL cells, whereas Fraction C was soluble in culture media. Conclusion Soluble amelogenin isoform TRAP appears to be internalizing into a subset of PDL cells. Moreover, TRAP uptake is most likely controlled by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Clinical relevance Information on interaction between PDL cells and EMD/TRAP might prove useful in designing targeted interventions (i.e. use of chemically prepared soluble amelogenin peptides) to repair/regenerate periodontal tissues. Such interventions can also (i) avoid the use of rather crude animal-derived enamel matrix protein (EMP)/EMD preparation and (ii) preparation of cost-effective and more controlled chemically synthesized amelogenin peptides for the clinical use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00784-015-1510-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh D Amin
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Irwin Olsen
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jonathan Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Michel Dard
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Nikolaos Donos
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Corrêa MG, Gomes Campos ML, Marques MR, Ambrosano GMB, Casati MZ, Nociti FH, Sallum EA. Alcohol intake may impair bone density and new cementum formation after enamel matrix derivative treatment: histometric study in rats. J Periodontal Res 2015; 51:60-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Corrêa
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. L. Gomes Campos
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. R. Marques
- Division of Histology; Department of Morphology; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - G. M. B. Ambrosano
- Division of Biostatistics; Department of Community Dentistry; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Z. Casati
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. H. Nociti
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - E. A. Sallum
- Division of Periodontics; Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics; Piracicaba Dental School; University of Campinas; Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
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12
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Villa O, Brookes SJ, Thiede B, Heijl L, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Subfractions of enamel matrix derivative differentially influence cytokine secretion from human oral fibroblasts. J Tissue Eng 2015; 6:2041731415575857. [PMID: 26090085 PMCID: PMC4456328 DOI: 10.1177/2041731415575857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative is used to promote periodontal regeneration during the corrective phase of the treatment of periodontal defects. Our main goal was to analyze the bioactivity of different molecular weight fractions of enamel matrix derivative. Enamel matrix derivative, a complex mixture of proteins, was separated into 13 fractions using size-exclusion chromatography and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were treated with either enamel matrix derivative or the different fractions. Proliferation and cytokine secretion to the cell culture medium were measured and compared to untreated cells. The liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the most abundant peptides were amelogenin and leucine-rich amelogenin peptide related. The fractions containing proteins above 20 kDa induced an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 secretion, whereas lower molecular weight fractions enhanced proliferation and secretion of interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and reduced interleukin-4 release. The various molecular components in the enamel matrix derivative formulation might contribute to reported effects on tissue regeneration through their influence on vascularization, the immune response, and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Villa
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven J Brookes
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Bernd Thiede
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Staale P Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pullisaar H, Verket A, Szoke K, Tiainen H, Haugen HJ, Brinchmann JE, Reseland JE, Østrup E. Alginate hydrogel enriched with enamel matrix derivative to target osteogenic cell differentiation in TiO2 scaffolds. J Tissue Eng 2015; 6:2041731415575870. [PMID: 26090086 PMCID: PMC4456326 DOI: 10.1177/2041731415575870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of bone tissue engineering is to employ scaffolds, cells, and growth factors to facilitate healing of bone defects. The aim of this study was to assess the viability and osteogenic differentiation of primary human osteoblasts and adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells from various donors on titanium dioxide (TiO2) scaffolds coated with an alginate hydrogel enriched with enamel matrix derivative. Cells were harvested for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on days 14 and 21, and medium was collected on days 2, 14, and 21 for protein analyses. Neither coating with alginate hydrogel nor alginate hydrogel enriched with enamel matrix derivative induced a cytotoxic response. Enamel matrix derivative–enriched alginate hydrogel significantly increased the expression of osteoblast markers COL1A1, TNFRSF11B, and BGLAP and secretion of osteopontin in human osteoblasts, whereas osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells seemed unaffected by enamel matrix derivative. The alginate hydrogel coating procedure may have potential for local delivery of enamel matrix derivative and other stimulatory factors for use in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Pullisaar
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Verket
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krisztina Szoke
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna Tiainen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan E Brinchmann
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esben Østrup
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Effect of bone graft density on in vitro cell behavior with enamel matrix derivative. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1643-51. [PMID: 25518814 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1388-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bone replacement grafting materials play an important role in regenerative dentistry. Despite a large array of tested bone-grafting materials, little information is available comparing the effects of bone graft density on in vitro cell behavior. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to compare the effects of cells seeded on bone grafts at low and high density in vitro for osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The response of osteoblasts to the presence of a growth factor (enamel matrix derivative, (EMD)) in combination with low (8 mg per well) or high (100 mg per well) bone grafts (BG; natural bone mineral, Bio-Oss®) density, was studied and compared for osteoblast cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation as assessed by real-time PCR. Standard tissue culture plastic was used as a control with and without EMD. RESULTS The present study demonstrates that in vitro testing of bone-grafting materials is largely influenced by bone graft seeding density. Osteoblast adhesion was up to 50 % lower when cells were seeded on high-density BG when compared to low-density BG and control tissue culture plastic. Furthermore, proliferation was affected in a similar manner whereby cell proliferation on high-density BG (100 mg/well) was significantly increased when compared to that on low-density BG (8 mg/well). In contrast, cell differentiation was significantly increased on high-density BG as assessed by real-time PCR for markers collagen 1 (Col 1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OC) as well as alizarin red staining. The effects of EMD on osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation further demonstrated that the bone graft seeding density largely controls in vitro results. EMD significantly increased cell attachment only on high-density BG, whereas EMD was able to further stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts on control culture plastic and low-density BG when compared to high-density BG. CONCLUSION The results from the present study demonstrate that the in vitro conditions largely influence cell behavior of osteoblasts seeded on bone grafts and in vitro testing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results also illustrate the necessity for careful selection of bone graft seeding density to optimize in vitro testing and provide the clinician with a more accurate description of the osteopromotive potential of bone grafts.
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Jeong Y, Yang W, Ko H, Kim M. The effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and enamel matrix derivative on the bioactivity of mineral trioxide aggregate in MC3T3-E1cells. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 39:187-94. [PMID: 25110642 PMCID: PMC4125582 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.3.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and enamel matrix derivative (EMD) respectively with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on hard tissue regeneration have been investigated in previous studies. This study aimed to compare the osteogenic effects of MTA/BMP-2 and MTA/EMD treatment in MC3T3-E1 cells. Materials and Methods MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with MTA (ProRoot, Dentsply), BMP-2 (R&D Systems), EMD (Emdogain, Straumann) separately and MTA/BMP-2 or MTA/EMD combination. Mineralization was evaluated by staining the calcium deposits with alkaline phosphatase (ALP, Sigma-Aldrich) and Alizarin red (Sigma-Aldrich). The effects on the osteoblast differentiation were evaluated by the expressions of osteogenic markers, including ALP, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN) and osteonectin (OSN), as determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR, AccuPower PCR, Bioneer). Results Mineralization increased in the BMP-2 and MTA/BMP-2 groups and increased to a lesser extent in the MTA/EMD group but appeared to decrease in the MTA-only group based on Alizarin red staining. ALP expression largely decreased in the EMD and MTA/EMD groups based on ALP staining. In the MTA/BMP-2 group, mRNA expression of OPN on day 3 and BSP and OCN on day 7 significantly increased. In the MTA/EMD group, OSN and OCN gene expression significantly increased on day 7, whereas ALP expression decreased on days 3 and 7 (p < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest the MTA/BMP-2 combination promoted more rapid differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells than did MTA/EMD during the early mineralization period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdan Jeong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ulsan University Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonkyung Yang
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ulsan University Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Ko
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ulsan University Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miri Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Ulsan University Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Gruber R, Stähli A, Miron RJ, Bosshardt DD, Sculean A. Common target genes of palatal and gingival fibroblasts for EMD: the microarray approach. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:103-12. [PMID: 24824040 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Connective tissue grafts are frequently applied, together with Emdogain(®) , for root coverage. However, it is unknown whether fibroblasts from the gingiva and from the palate respond similarly to Emdogain. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of Emdogain(®) on fibroblasts from palatal and gingival connective tissue using a genome-wide microarray approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human palatal and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to Emdogain(®) and RNA was subjected to microarray analysis followed by gene ontology screening with Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery functional annotation clustering, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins functional protein association network. Microarray results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS The transcription levels of 106 genes were up-/down-regulated by at least five-fold in both gingival and palatal fibroblasts upon exposure to Emdogain(®) . Gene ontology screening assigned the respective genes into 118 biological processes, six cellular components, eight molecular functions and five pathways. Among the striking patterns observed were the changing expression of ligands targeting the transforming growth factor-beta and gp130 receptor family as well as the transition of mesenchymal epithelial cells. Moreover, Emdogain(®) caused changes in expression of receptors for chemokines, lipids and hormones, and for transcription factors such as SMAD3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and those of the ETS family. CONCLUSION The present data suggest that Emdogain(®) causes substantial alterations in gene expression, with similar patterns observed in palatal and gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gruber
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Riksen EA, Landin MA, Reppe S, Nakamura Y, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Enamel matrix derivative promote primary human pulp cell differentiation and mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7731-49. [PMID: 24857913 PMCID: PMC4057702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been found to induce reactive dentin formation; however the molecular mechanisms involved are unclear. The effect of EMD (5–50 μg/mL) on primary human pulp cells were compared to untreated cells and cells incubated with 10−8 M dexamethasone (DEX) for 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days in culture. Expression analysis using Affymetrix microchips demonstrated that 10 μg/mL EMD regulated several hundred genes and stimulated the gene expression of proteins involved in mesenchymal proliferation and differentiation. Both EMD and DEX enhanced the expression of amelogenin (amel), and the dentinogenic markers dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSSP) and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1), as well as the osteogenic markers osteocalcin (OC, BGLAP) and collagen type 1 (COL1A1). Whereas, only EMD had effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA expression, the stimulatory effect were verified by enhanced secretion of OC and COL1A from EMD treated cells, and increased ALP activity in cell culture medium after EMD treatment. Increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and monocyte chemoattractant proteins (MCP-1) in the cell culture medium were also found. Consequently, the suggested effect of EMD is to promote differentiation of pulp cells and increases the potential for pulpal mineralization to favor reactive dentine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Aurstad Riksen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria A Landin
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sjur Reppe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, N-0450 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
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Frank MJ, Walter MS, Rubert M, Thiede B, Monjo M, Reseland JE, Haugen HJ, Lyngstadaas SP. Cathodic Polarization Coats Titanium Based Implant Materials with Enamel Matrix Derivate (EMD). MATERIALS 2014; 7:2210-2228. [PMID: 28788564 PMCID: PMC5453263 DOI: 10.3390/ma7032210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The idea of a bioactive surface coating that enhances bone healing and bone growth is a strong focus of on-going research for bone implant materials. Enamel matrix derivate (EMD) is well documented to support bone regeneration and activates growth of mesenchymal tissues. Thus, it is a prime candidate for coating of existing implant surfaces. The aim of this study was to show that cathodic polarization can be used for coating commercially available implant surfaces with an immobilized but functional and bio-available surface layer of EMD. After coating, XPS revealed EMD-related bindings on the surface while SIMS showed incorporation of EMD into the surface. The hydride layer of the original surface could be activated for coating in an integrated one-step process that did not require any pre-treatment of the surface. SEM images showed nano-spheres and nano-rods on coated surfaces that were EMD-related. Moreover, the surface roughness remained unchanged after coating, as it was shown by optical profilometry. The mass peaks observed in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis confirmed the integrity of EMD after coating. Assessment of the bioavailability suggested that the modified surfaces were active for osteoblast like MC3M3-E1 cells in showing enhanced Coll-1 gene expression and ALP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Frank
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1109 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
- Institute of Medical and Polymer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 15, Garching 85748, Germany.
| | - Martin S Walter
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1109 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
- Institute of Medical and Polymer Engineering, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstrasse 15, Garching 85748, Germany.
| | - Marina Rubert
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca ES-07122, Spain.
| | - Bernd Thiede
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1125 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
| | - Marta Monjo
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1109 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
- Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca ES-07122, Spain.
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1109 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1109 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
| | - Ståle Petter Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1109 Blindern, Oslo NO-0317, Norway.
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Corrêa MG, Gomes Campos ML, Marques MR, Bovi Ambrosano GM, Casati MZ, Nociti FH, Sallum EA. Outcome of enamel matrix derivative treatment in the presence of chronic stress: histometric study in rats. J Periodontol 2013; 85:e259-67. [PMID: 24283657 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychologic stress and clinical hypercortisolism have been related to direct effects on bone metabolism. However, there is a lack of information regarding the outcomes of regenerative approaches under the influence of chronic stress (CS). Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been used in periodontal regenerative procedures, resulting in improvement of clinical parameters. Thus, the aim of this histomorphometric study is to evaluate the healing of periodontal defects after treatment with EMD under the influence of CS in the rat model. METHODS Twenty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups; G1: CS (restraint stress for 12 hours/day) (n = 10), and G2: not exposed to CS (n = 10). Fifteen days after initiation of CS, fenestration defects were created at the buccal aspect of the first mandibular molar of all animals from both groups. After the surgeries, the defects of each animal were randomly assigned to two subgroups: non-treated control and treated with EMD. The animals were euthanized 21 days later. RESULTS G1 showed less bone density (BD) compared to G2. EMD provided an increased defect fill (DF) in G1 and higher BD and new cementum formation (NCF) in both groups. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in G1 when compared to G2 and in EMD-treated sites of both groups. CONCLUSIONS CS may produce a significant detrimental effect on BD. EMD may provide greater DF compared to non-treated control in the presence of CS and increased BD and NCF in the presence or absence of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica G Corrêa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Corrêa MG, Gomes Campos ML, Marques MR, Casati MZ, Nociti FH, Sallum EA. Histometric Analysis of the Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative on the Healing of Periodontal Defects in Rats With Diabetes. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1309-18. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lacruz RS, Brookes SJ, Wen X, Jimenez JM, Vikman S, Hu P, White SN, Lyngstadaas SP, Okamoto CT, Smith CE, Paine ML. Adaptor protein complex 2-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and related gene activities, are a prominent feature during maturation stage amelogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:672-87. [PMID: 23044750 PMCID: PMC3562759 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular events defining enamel matrix removal during amelogenesis are poorly understood. Early reports have suggested that adaptor proteins (AP) participate in ameloblast-mediated endocytosis. Enamel formation involves the secretory and maturation stages, with an increase in resorptive function during the latter. Here, using real-time PCR, we show that the expression of clathrin and adaptor protein subunits are upregulated in maturation stage rodent enamel organ cells. AP complex 2 (AP-2) is the most upregulated of the four distinct adaptor protein complexes. Immunolocalization confirms the presence of AP-2 and clathrin in ameloblasts, with strongest reactivity at the apical pole. These data suggest that the resorptive functions of enamel cells involve AP-2 mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, thus implying the likelihood of specific membrane-bound receptor(s) of enamel matrix protein debris. The mRNA expression of other endocytosis-related gene products is also upregulated during maturation including: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1); cluster of differentiation 63 and 68 (Cd63 and Cd68); ATPase, H(+) transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit D2 (Atp6v0d2); ATPase, H(+) transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit B2 (Atp6v1b2); chloride channel, voltage-sensitive 7 (Clcn7); and cathepsin K (Ctsk). Immunohistologic data confirms the expression of a number of these proteins in maturation stage ameloblasts. The enamel of Cd63-null mice was also examined. Despite increased mRNA and protein expression in the enamel organ during maturation, the enamel of Cd63-null mice appeared normal. This may suggest inherent functional redundancies between Cd63 and related gene products, such as Lamp1 and Cd68. Ameloblast-like LS8 cells treated with the enamel matrix protein complex Emdogain showed upregulation of AP-2 and clathrin subunits, further supporting the existence of a membrane-bound receptor-regulated pathway for the endocytosis of enamel matrix proteins. These data together define an endocytotic pathway likely used by ameloblasts to remove the enamel matrix during enamel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90605, USA
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Lees JD, Robinson C, Shore RC, Paine ML, Brookes SJ. Cellular uptake and processing of enamel matrix derivative by human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 58:348-54. [PMID: 22939369 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), is an extract of porcine developing enamel matrix. Its commercialised form Emdogain, is claimed to stimulate periodontal regeneration by recapitulating original developmental processes, although the mechanism remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate interactions between EMD and human periodontal ligament (HPDL) fibroblasts in vitro. DESIGN HPDL fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of fluorescently labelled EMD and cellular EMD uptake was monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Internalised EMD proteins were characterised using SDS-PAGE. RESULTS EMD was internalised by HPDL fibroblasts leading to the appearance of multiple, vesicle-like structure in the cytoplasm. The internalised protein was composed mainly of the major 20kDa amelogenin component of EMD which was subsequently processed with time to generate a cumulative 5kDa component. CONCLUSIONS Cellular uptake and subsequent intracellular processing of EMD components by dental mesenchymal cells may play a role in EMD bioactivity and in part explain the turnover of Emdogain when placed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Lees
- Department of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
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Miron RJ, D. Bosshardt D, Hedbom E, Zhang Y, Haenni B, Buser D, Sculean A. Adsorption of Enamel Matrix Proteins to a Bovine-Derived Bone Grafting Material and Its Regulation of Cell Adhesion, Proliferation, and Differentiation. J Periodontol 2012; 83:936-47. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Riksen EA, Petzold C, Brookes S, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Human osteoblastic cells discriminate between 20-kDa amelogenin isoforms. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119 Suppl 1:357-65. [PMID: 22243268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is used to stimulate healing of alveolar bone after destructive marginal periodontitis; however, the roles of the different EMD constituents are unclear. The aim here was to compare the effect of two EMD fractions (A1 and A2) on primary human osteoblasts cultured in the presence of 50 μg ml(-1) of A1, A2, or EMD. SDS-PAGE showed that A1 and A2 were comprised of amelogenins migrating at around 20 kDa. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that A1 and A2 had different secondary structures, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) identified different peptide mass values. Osteoblasts responded differently to A1 and A2. Whereas A1 enhanced the proliferation [measured by the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)] of osteoblasts, the expression of runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) mRNA, and the secretion of interleukin 6 (IL-6) into the cell culture medium, exposure to A2 resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, increased expression of CD44 mRNA, and increased secretion of osteoprotegrin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL). The level of osteocalcin in the cell culture medium was increased after all treatments, while A2 stimulated the expression of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) mRNA. The results suggest that both A1 and A2 participate in the observed effect of EMD, but have different effects on the expression of osteoblast mRNA and the secretion of osteoblast protein, and thus might facilitate the differentiation of a different phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Riksen
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Obregon-Whittle MV, Stunes AK, Almqvist S, Brookes SJ, Lees JD, Lee JD, Syversen U, Lyngstadaas SP, Reseland JE. Enamel matrix derivative stimulates expression and secretion of resistin in mesenchymal cells. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119 Suppl 1:366-72. [PMID: 22243269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we wanted to identify the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on adipocytokines, so-called adipokines. Primary human cells of mesenchymal origin (osteoblasts, periodontal ligament cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and pulp cells) and hematopoietic origin (monocytes) were incubated with EMD. The levels of adipokines in cell culture medium were quantified using the Lincoplex human adipocyte panel (Luminex) and by real-time PCR of mRNA isolated from cell lysates. Rats were injected with 2 mg of EMD or saline intramuscularly every third day for 14 d. Blood samples were taken before and after injections, and the level of resistin in rat plasma was measured by ELISA. We found a dramatic increase in the secretion of resistin from mesenchymal stem cells, and verified this result in all the cells of mesenchymal origin tested. However, we observed no significant changes in the amount of resistin secreted from monocytes exposed to EMD compared with the control. Injections of EMD significantly enhanced the circulating levels of resistin in rats, and EMD also significantly enhanced the activity of the resistin promoter in transfected mesenchymal stem cells, indicating a direct effect on resistin expression. Our results indicate that resistin may play a role in mediating the biological effect of EMD in mesenchymal tissues.
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Ramis JM, Rubert M, Vondrasek J, Gayà A, Lyngstadaas SP, Monjo M. Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative and of Proline-Rich Synthetic Peptides on the Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Toward the Osteogenic Lineage. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1253-63. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Maria Ramis
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marina Rubert
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jiri Vondrasek
- Institute of Biotechnology Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antoni Gayà
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Marta Monjo
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Tanimoto K, Huang YC, Tanne Y, Kunimatsu R, Michida M, Yoshioka M, Ozaki N, Sasamoto T, Yoshimi Y, Kato Y, Tanne K. Amelogenin enhances the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:411-9. [PMID: 22653431 DOI: 10.1159/000335912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenins are the major constituent of developing extracellular enamel matrix proteins and are understood to have an exclusively epithelial origin. Recent studies have demonstrated that amelogenins can be detected in other tissues, including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but the role of amelogenins in MSCs remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of recombinant human full-length amelogenin (rh174) on the osteogenic differentiation of cultured human MSCs. MSCs isolated from human bone marrow were cultured in osteoblastic differentiation medium with 0, 10 or 100 ng/ml rh174. The mRNA levels of bone markers were examined by real-time PCR analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium concentration were determined. Mineralization was evaluated by alizarin red staining. The mRNA levels of ALP, type I collagen, osteopontin and bone sialoprotein in the MSCs treated with rh174 became significantly higher than those in non-treated controls. Treatment of MSCs with rh174 also enhanced ALP activity and calcium concentration, resulting in enhanced mineralization, as denoted by high intensity of alizarin red staining. In conclusion, the present study showed that rh174 enhances the mineralization accompanied by the upregulation of bone markers in human bone marrow MSCs during osteogenic differentiation, suggesting a certain role of amelogenin in the modulation of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Tanimoto K, Kunimatsu R, Tanne Y, Huang YC, Michida M, Yoshimi Y, Miyauchi M, Takata T, Tanne K. Differential Effects of Amelogenin on Mineralization of Cementoblasts and Periodontal Ligament Cells. J Periodontol 2012; 83:672-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Izumikawa M, Hayashi K, Polan MAA, Tang J, Saito T. Effects of amelogenin on proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:879731. [PMID: 22547998 PMCID: PMC3322511 DOI: 10.1100/2012/879731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the function of amelogenin, the major protein of enamel matrix derivative, on the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of cultured rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), toward the establishment of future bone regenerative therapies. No differences in the morphology of BMSCs or in cell numbers were found between amelogenin addition and additive-free groups. The promotion of ALPase activity and the formation of mineralized nodules were detected at an early stage in amelogenin addition group. In quantitative real-time RT-PCR, mRNA expression of osteopontin, osteonectin, and type I collagen was promoted for 0.5 hours and 24 hours by addition of amelogenin. The mRNA expression of osteocalcin and DMP-1 was also stimulated for 24 hours and 0.5 hours, respectively, in amelogenin addition group. These findings clearly indicate that amelogenin promoted the differentiation and mineralization of rat BMSCs but did not affect cell proliferation or cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Izumikawa
- Division of Clinical Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Amin HD, Olsen I, Knowles JC, Donos N. Differential effect of amelogenin peptides on osteogenic differentiation in vitro: identification of possible new drugs for bone repair and regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1193-202. [PMID: 22320389 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel matrix proteins (EMP) have been shown to promote regeneration of periodontal ligament and root cementum, and sometimes to enhance the differentiation of bone-forming cells in vitro and new bone growth in vivo. However, the inconsistent and unpredictable effects of EMP that have been reported for bone regeneration may be due to the highly variable composition of this heterogeneous material, which is comprised mainly of amelogenin and amelogenin-derived peptides. The present study has therefore examined the effects of naturally occurring low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) fractions of Emdogain(®) (EMD; Institut Straumann, Basel, Switzerland), a commercially available form of EMP, on osteogenic differentiation of bone precursor cells in vitro. In addition, the effects of chemically synthesized specific components of LMW and HMW-namely, the tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP), a specific amelogenin isoform derived by proteolytic clipping, and a leucine-rich amelogenin peptide (LRAP), an isoform derived by alternative splicing-on bone-forming cell activity were also investigated. Our findings demonstrate that while TRAP suppressed the formation of bone-like mineralized nodules, LRAP upregulated osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, synthetically produced TRAP and its unique C-terminal 12 amino acid sequence (TCT) also suppressed bone-forming cells, whereas LRAP and its unique C-terminal 23 amino acid sequence (LCT) markedly enhanced terminal differentiation of bone-forming cells. These findings suggest that the differential effects of amelogenin-derived peptide sequences present in EMP could be of potential clinical value, with the novel bioactive TCT peptide as a useful tool for limiting pathological bone cell growth and the unique LCT sequence having therapeutic benefits in the treatment of periodontal and orthopedic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh D Amin
- Periodontology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Anabolic Actions of the Regenerative Agent Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) in Oral Periosteal Fibroblasts and MG 63 Osteoblasts, Modulation by Nicotine and Glutathione in a Redox Environment. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:143-62. [PMID: 24956521 PMCID: PMC4031020 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study seeks to explore anabolic effects of a periodontal regenerative agent enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Its modulation by nicotine and the anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) are investigated in human periosteal fibroblasts (HPF) and MG63 osteoblasts. Androgen biomarkers of oxidative stress and healing, resulting from radiolabeled androgen substrates are assayed. This in vitro model simulates a redox environment relevant to the periodontal lesion. It aims to confirm the hypothesis that EMD is an effective regenerative agent in a typically redox environment of the periodontal lesion. Monolayer cultures of MG63 osteoblasts and HPF established in culture medium are incubated with androgen substrates, and optimal concentrations of EMD, nicotine and GSH, alone and in combination. EMD significantly enhances yields of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) an effective bioactive metabolite, alone and in combination with GSH, to overcome oxidative effects of nicotine across cultures. The ‘in vitro’ findings of this study could be extrapolated to “in vivo” applications of EMD as an adjunctive regenerative therapeutic agent in an environment of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased yields of DHT implicated in matrix synthesis and direct antioxidant capacity, confirm the potential applications for enamel matrix derivative in periodontal regenerative procedures.
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Grandin HM, Gemperli AC, Dard M. Enamel matrix derivative: a review of cellular effects in vitro and a model of molecular arrangement and functioning. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 18:181-202. [PMID: 22070552 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), the active component of Emdogain®, is a viable option in the treatment of periodontal disease owing to its ability to regenerate lost tissue. It is believed to mimic odontogenesis, though the details of its functioning remain the focus of current research. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to review all relevant literature reporting on the composition/characterization of EMD as well as the effects of EMD, and its components amelogenin and ameloblastin, on the behavior of various cell types in vitro. In this way, insight into the underlying mechanism of regeneration will be garnered and utilized to propose a model for the molecular arrangement and functioning of EMD. METHODS A review of in vitro studies of EMD, or components of EMD, was performed using key words "enamel matrix proteins" OR "EMD" OR "Emdogain" OR "amelogenin" OR "ameloblastin" OR "sheath proteins" AND "cells." Results of this analysis, together with current knowledge on the molecular composition of EMD and the structure and regulation of its components, are then used to present a model of EMD functioning. RESULTS Characterization of the molecular composition of EMD confirmed that amelogenin proteins, including their enzymatically cleaved and alternatively spliced fragments, dominate the protein complex (>90%). A small presence of ameloblastin has also been reported. Analysis of the effects of EMD indicated that gene expression, protein production, proliferation, and differentiation of various cell types are affected and often enhanced by EMD, particularly for periodontal ligament and osteoblastic cell types. EMD also stimulated angiogenesis. In contrast, EMD had a cytostatic effect on epithelial cells. Full-length amelogenin elicited similar effects to EMD, though to a lesser extent. Both the leucine-rich amelogenin peptide and the ameloblastin peptides demonstrated osteogenic effects. A model for molecular structure and functioning of EMD involving nanosphere formation, aggregation, and dissolution is presented. CONCLUSIONS EMD elicits a regenerative response in periodontal tissues that is only partly replicated by amelogenin or ameloblastin components. A synergistic effect among the various proteins and with the cells, as well as a temporal effect, may prove important aspects of the EMD response in vivo.
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Abstract
The role of regenerative periodontal therapy is the reconstitution of lost periodontal structures, ie, new formation of root cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The outcome of basic research has pointed to the important role of enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) in periodontal wound healing. Histologic results from animal and human studies have shown that treatment with EMD promotes periodontal regeneration. Moreover, clinical studies have indicated that treatment with EMD positively influences periodontal wound healing in humans. The goal of this paper is to review the existing literature on EMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana J Rathva
- Department of Periodontics, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep University, Gujarat, India
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Jiang SY, Shu R, Song ZC, Xie YF. Effects of enamel matrix proteins on proliferation, differentiation and attachment of human alveolar osteoblasts. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:372-9. [PMID: 21702859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) have been demonstrated to promote periodontal regeneration. However, effects of EMPs on human alveolar osteoblasts (hAOBs), up to now, have still been unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate influence of EMPs on proliferation, differentiation and attachment of hAOBs in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS EMPs were extracted using the acetic acid method, hAOBs were obtained and cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of osteogenic markers and cell attachment were measured in the absence and in the presence of EMPs (50, 100 and 200 μg/ml). RESULTS EMPs increased proliferation of hAOBs; however, they inhibited ALP activity and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers (collagen I, ALP, runt-related protein 2, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin). Meanwhile, EMPs hindered hAOBs' attachment. These effects occurred in EMPs concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that EMPs may inhibit osteoblastic differentiation and attachment to prevent ankylosis and allow other cell types to regenerate periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Jiang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Miron RJ, Hedbom E, Ruggiero S, Bosshardt DD, Zhang Y, Mauth C, Gemperli AC, Iizuka T, Buser D, Sculean A. Premature osteoblast clustering by enamel matrix proteins induces osteoblast differentiation through up-regulation of connexin 43 and N-cadherin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23375. [PMID: 21858092 PMCID: PMC3156132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has garnered much interest in the dental field for its apparent bioactivity that stimulates regeneration of periodontal tissues including periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. Despite its widespread use, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear and an understanding of its biological interactions could identify new strategies for tissue engineering. Previous in vitro research has demonstrated that EMD promotes premature osteoblast clustering at early time points. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of cell clustering on vital osteoblast cell-cell communication and adhesion molecules, connexin 43 (cx43) and N-cadherin (N-cad) as assessed by immunofluorescence imaging, real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. In addition, differentiation markers of osteoblasts were quantified using alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and von Kossa staining. EMD significantly increased the expression of connexin 43 and N-cadherin at early time points ranging from 2 to 5 days. Protein expression was localized to cell membranes when compared to control groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity was also significantly increased on EMD-coated samples at 3, 5 and 7 days post seeding. Interestingly, higher activity was localized to cell cluster regions. There was a 3 fold increase in osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein mRNA levels for osteoblasts cultured on EMD-coated culture dishes. Moreover, EMD significantly increased extracellular mineral deposition in cell clusters as assessed through von Kossa staining at 5, 7, 10 and 14 days post seeding. We conclude that EMD up-regulates the expression of vital osteoblast cell-cell communication and adhesion molecules, which enhances the differentiation and mineralization activity of osteoblasts. These findings provide further support for the clinical evidence that EMD increases the speed and quality of new bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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36
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Qu Z, Andrukhov O, Laky M, Ulm C, Matejka M, Dard M, Rausch-Fan X. Effect of enamel matrix derivative on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells grown on the titanium implant surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nokhbehsaim M, Winter J, Rath B, Jäger A, Jepsen S, Deschner J. Effects of enamel matrix derivative on periodontal wound healing in an inflammatory environment in vitro. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:479-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Potijanyakul P, Sattayasansakul W, Pongpanich S, Leepong N, Kintarak S. Effects of enamel matrix derivative on bioactive glass in rat calvarium defects. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2010; 36:195-204. [PMID: 20553173 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-09-00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering-based bone grafting has emerged as a viable alternative to biologic and synthetic grafts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain gel, Biora AB, Malmö, Sweden) on bioactive glass in enhancing bone formation in rat calvarium defects. Twenty rats were used in the study. In all animals, 2 standardized critical-sized calvarial defects (5.0 mm diameter) were created surgically. The animals were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Group AI: one calvarial defect was filled with bioactive glass plus EMD, while the contralateral defect was filled with bioactive glass alone. The healing period was 2 weeks. Groups AII and AIII: the animals were treated in the same manner as in group AI, but the healing periods were 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Group B: one calvarial defect was filled with EMD only, while the contralateral defect was empty (CSD). The healing period was 8 weeks. New bone formation was evaluated by radiomorphometry and histomorphometry. Results of radiomorphometry showed no significant difference in the mean optical density between bioactive glass with EMD and bioactive glass alone; no defect completely regenerated with bone. The histologic analysis revealed that defects filled with bioactive glass plus EMD in all groups contained slightly more percentage of new bone than those filled with bioactive glass alone; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The highest percentage of new bone formation was present at 8 weeks in the bioactive glass plus EMD group. Bioactive glass particles, used with or without EMD, maintained the volume and contour of the area grafted in CSD. However, they did not lead to a significant difference in bone formation when compared with CSD 8 weeks postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisanu Potijanyakul
- Department of Oral Surgery, Prince of Songkla university, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Chen FM, Zhang J, Zhang M, An Y, Chen F, Wu ZF. A review on endogenous regenerative technology in periodontal regenerative medicine. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7892-927. [PMID: 20684986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a globally prevalent inflammatory disease that causes the destruction of the tooth-supporting apparatus and potentially leads to tooth loss. Currently, the methods to reconstitute lost periodontal structures (i.e. alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and root cementum) have relied on conventional mechanical, anti-infective modalities followed by a range of regenerative procedures such as guided tissue regeneration, the use of bone replacement grafts and exogenous growth factors (GFs), and recently developed tissue engineering technologies. However, all current or emerging paradigms have either been shown to have limited and variable outcomes or have yet to be developed for clinical use. To accelerate clinical translation, there is an ongoing need to develop therapeutics based on endogenous regenerative technology (ERT), which can stimulate latent self-repair mechanisms in patients and harness the host's innate capacity for regeneration. ERT in periodontics applies the patient's own regenerative 'tools', i.e. patient-derived GFs and fibrin scaffolds, sometimes in association with commercialized products (e.g. Emdogain and Bio-Oss), to create a material niche in an injured site where the progenitor/stem cells from neighboring tissues can be recruited for in situ periodontal regeneration. The choice of materials and the design of implantable devices influence therapeutic potential and the number and invasiveness of the associated clinical procedures. The interplay and optimization of each niche component involved in ERT are particularly important to comprehend how to make the desired cell response safe and effective for therapeutics. In this review, the emerging opportunities and challenges of ERT that avoid the ex vivo culture of autologous cells are addressed in the context of new approaches for engineering or regeneration of functional periodontal tissues by exploiting the use of platelet-rich products and its associated formulations as key endogenous resources for future clinical management of periodontal tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Chen
- Department of Periodontology & Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Corrêa MG, Campos MLG, Benatti BB, Marques MR, Casati MZ, Nociti FH, Sallum EA. The impact of cigarette smoke inhalation on the outcome of enamel matrix derivative treatment in rats: histometric analysis. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1820-8. [PMID: 20629543 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is the most significant risk factor of periodontal disease. Clinical evidence has demonstrated that tobacco may negatively influence the results after surgical and non-surgical periodontal therapy. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) have been used in periodontal regenerative procedures resulting in improvement of clinical parameters. The effect of EMD in the presence of tobacco compounds is unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) on the results of EMD treatment. METHODS Twenty-two Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: Group 1, CSI (n = 11); Group 2, non-exposed (n = 11). Thirty days after initiation of CSI, fenestration defects were created at the buccal aspect of the first mandibular molar. The study followed a split-mouth design. After the surgeries the defects were randomly assigned to two subgroups: non-treated control and treated with EMD. The animals were sacrificed 21 days later and the percentage of defect fill, density of newly formed bone, and new cementum formation were histometrically assessed. The number of osteoclasts was determined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. RESULTS CSI was associated with less bone density compared to the non-exposed group. EMD provided an increased defect fill and new cementum formation in both groups. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in the CSI non-treated control group compared to the non-treated control of the non-exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS EMD may provide increased defect fill and cementum formation in the presence or absence of CSI. However, tobacco smoke produced a detrimental effect on bone healing when density of newly formed bone was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica G Corrêa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Almqvist S, Werthén M, Johansson A, Agren MS, Thomsen P, Lyngstadaas SP. Amelogenin is phagocytized and induces changes in integrin configuration, gene expression and proliferation of cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:947-954. [PMID: 20012165 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are central in wound healing by expressing important mediators and producing and remodelling extracellular matrix (ECM) components. This study aimed at elucidating possible mechanisms of action of the ECM protein amelogenin on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Amelogenin at 100 and 1000 microg/ml increased binding of NHDF via several integrins, including alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5 and alpha5beta1. Further, both surface interaction and cellular uptake of amelogenin by NHDF was observed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Gene microarray studies showed >8-fold up or down-regulation of genes, of which most are involved in cellular growth, migration and differentiation. The effect of amelogenin was exemplified by increased proliferation over 7 days. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of amelogenin on wound healing are possibly conducted by stimulating fibroblast signalling, proliferation and migration via integrin interactions. It is hypothesized that amelogenin stimulates wound healing by providing connective tissue cells with a temporary extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Almqvist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 412, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Yamaoka M, Ishizuka M, Takahashi M, Uematsu T, Furusawa K. Bone formation with disruption of the lamina dura in the mandibular third molar. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2010; 2:1-3. [PMID: 23671397 PMCID: PMC3643139 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The lamina dura is a healthy structural component in teeth. This study highlights the association of bone formation with disruption of lamina dura below the crown of the mandibular horizontal incompletely impacted third molar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Yamaoka
- Matsumoto Dental University, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
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Lyngstadaas SP, Wohlfahrt JC, Brookes SJ, Paine ML, Snead ML, Reseland JE. Enamel matrix proteins; old molecules for new applications. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009; 12:243-53. [PMID: 19627527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2009.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emdogain (enamel matrix derivative, EMD) is well recognized in periodontology, where it is used as a local adjunct to periodontal surgery to stimulate regeneration of periodontal tissues lost to periodontal disease. The biological effect of EMD is through stimulation of local growth factor secretion and cytokine expression in the treated tissues, inducing a regenerative process that mimics odontogenesis. The major (>95%) component of EMD is Amelogenins (Amel). No other active components have so far been isolated from EMD, and several studies have shown that purified amelogenins can induce the same effect as the complete EMD. Amelogenins comprise a family of highly conserved extracellular matrix proteins derived from one gene. Amelogenin structure and function is evolutionary well conserved, suggesting a profound role in biomineralization and hard tissue formation. A special feature of amelogenins is that under physiological conditions the proteins self-assembles into nanospheres that constitute an extracellular matrix. In the body, this matrix is slowly digested by specific extracellular proteolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase) in a controlled process, releasing bioactive peptides to the surrounding tissues for weeks after application. Based on clinical and experimental observations in periodontology indicating that amelogenins can have a significant positive influence on wound healing, bone formation and root resorption, several new applications for amelogenins have been suggested. New experiments now confirm that amelogenins have potential for being used also in the fields of endodontics, bone regeneration, implantology, traumatology, and wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Lyngstadaas
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Bosshardt DD. Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:87-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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46
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Barkana I, Alexopoulou E, Ziv S, Jacob-Hirsch J, Amariglio N, Pitaru S, Vardimon AD, Nemcovsky CE. Gene profile in periodontal ligament cells and clones with enamel matrix proteins derivative. J Clin Periodontol 2007; 34:599-609. [PMID: 17433045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2007.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evaluate enamel matrix proteins derivative effect on gene expression profiles in cultured human periodontal ligament cell population and its clones. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were explanted. Cell cloning was performed and clones classified into fibroblastic (FB) and mineralized tissue forming (MTF) according to their capacity to express alkaline phosphatase and form mineralized tissue. All cell cultures were grown for 7 days, with and without enamel proteins added to the medium. Following RNA extraction, expression profiling was performed by hybridization with a DNA micro-array. Selected genes differed from the control at a significant level smaller than p<0.01. RESULTS Enamel proteins induced major qualitative changes in mRNA expression in all PDL cell populations, differently affecting the entire PDL cell population and its clones. In the entire PDL cell population, enamel proteins significantly enhanced PDL cell function, with a general effect on enhanced cell functional metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Enamel proteins enhanced gene expression responsible for protein and mineralized tissue synthesis in the entire PDL population. In the MTF clones, nucleic acid metabolism, protein metabolism and signal transduction related genes were up-regulated, while in the FB clones, up-regulated genes were related to cell adhesion, nucleic acid metabolism and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Barkana
- Department of Orthodontics, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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