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D'Silva NJ, Perez-Pacheco C, Schmitd LB. The 3D's of Neural Phenotypes in Oral Cancer: Distance, Diameter, and Density. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200188. [PMID: 36373694 PMCID: PMC9957924 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer; survival is poor, and response to treatment varies. Metastasis or recurrence in the regional lymph nodes is associated with poor survival. Consequently, overt or occult spread to the lymph nodes is used to identify patients who will receive adjuvant radiation therapy. Perineural invasion and the diameter of nerves exhibiting perineural invasion have also been suggested to be of prognostic significance. The explosion of interest in cancer neuroscience in the last two decades has led to novel biological insights into interactions between nerves and tumor cells. However, the criteria for defining perineural invasion have lagged behind current knowledge. It is important to re-evaluate the concept of perineural invasion and identify other neural phenotypes in OSCC that can impact treatment selection and prognosis. In addition to perineural invasion, neural phenotypes that are of potential relevance to tumor progression include nerve-tumor distance, nerve diameter, and nerve density. This manuscript discusses the translational significance of recent mechanistic studies on the progression of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha J D'Silva
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Cindy Perez-Pacheco
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ligia B Schmitd
- Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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2
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Atherton MA, Park S, Horan NL, Nicholson S, Dolan JC, Schmidt BL, Scheff NN. Sympathetic modulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nociception in the presence of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pain 2023; 164:27-42. [PMID: 35714327 PMCID: PMC9582047 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) causes more severe pain and psychological stress than other types of cancer. Despite clinical evidence linking pain, stress, and cancer progression, the underlying relationship between pain and sympathetic neurotransmission in oral cancer is unknown. We found that human HNSCC tumors and mouse tumor tissue are innervated by peripheral sympathetic and sensory nerves. Moreover, β-adrenergic 1 and 2 receptors (β-ARs) are overexpressed in human oral cancer cell lines, and norepinephrine treatment increased β-AR2 protein expression as well as cancer cell proliferation in vitro. We have recently demonstrated that inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) signaling reduces oral cancer-induced nociceptive behavior. Norepinephrine-treated cancer cell lines secrete more TNFα which, when applied to tongue-innervating trigeminal neurons, evoked a larger Ca 2+ transient; TNF-TNFR inhibitor blocked the increase in the evoked Ca 2+ transient. Using an orthotopic xenograft oral cancer model, we found that mice demonstrated significantly less orofacial cancer-induced nociceptive behavior during systemic β-adrenergic inhibitory treatment with propranolol. Furthermore, chemical sympathectomy using guanethidine led to a significant reduction in tumor size and nociceptive behavior. We infer from these results that sympathetic signaling modulates oral cancer pain through TNFα secretion and tumorigenesis. Further investigation of the role of neurocancer communication in cancer progression and pain is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Atherton
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stella Park
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, DDS Program, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicole L Horan
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Samuel Nicholson
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, DDS Program, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - John C Dolan
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, DDS Program, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, DDS Program, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicole N Scheff
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Mravec B, Horvathova L, Hunakova L. Neurobiology of Cancer: the Role of β-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Various Tumor Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217958. [PMID: 33114769 PMCID: PMC7662752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of cancer depends on both tumor micro- and macroenvironments. In addition, psychosocial and spiritual “environments” might also affect cancer. It has been found that the nervous system, via neural and humoral pathways, significantly modulates processes related to cancer at the level of the tumor micro- and macroenvironments. The nervous system also mediates the effects of psychosocial and noetic factors on cancer. Importantly, data accumulated in the last two decades have clearly shown that effects of the nervous system on cancer initiation, progression, and the development of metastases are mediated by the sympathoadrenal system mainly via β-adrenergic receptor signaling. Here, we provide a new complex view of the role of β-adrenergic receptor signaling within the tumor micro- and macroenvironments as well as in mediating the effects of the psychosocial and spiritual environments. In addition, we describe potential preventive and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mravec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 814 39 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-(2)-59357527; Fax: +421-(2)-59357601
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 814 39 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Luba Hunakova
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Stavropoulos I, Sarantopoulos A, Liverezas A. Does sympathetic nervous system modulate tumor progression? A narrative review of the literature. J Drug Assess 2020; 9:106-116. [PMID: 32939316 PMCID: PMC7470065 DOI: 10.1080/21556660.2020.1782414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in tumor development, progression and metastasis is studied for more than half a century and is attracting more attention during the last years. In this narrative review, we aim to a chronological and methodological presentation of the most interesting and pioneering studies on the subject. Methods The complexity of the autonomic nervous system’s interaction with the immune system, its direct and indirect effects on tumors and their surrounding tissues, plus the diversity and heterogeneity in the design and methodology of the studies, provide hard-to-interpret data and, at times, controversial findings. Studies are categorized into four main groups regarding the distribution of sympathetic nerve fibers inside the tumor, the effect of sympathectomy on cancer progression, the role of neurotransmitters on tumor growth and the impact of sympathetic adrenergic signaling on the anti-tumor immune response. Results Studies from all four categories converge to a common point. There is strong evidence that SNS function plays a role in the development and progression of tumors and subsequently the modification of SNS function, locally or diffusely, can affect the course of tumor growth. Conclusion The impact of SNS function on cancer behavior may be exerted in two ways, directly via the sympathetic nerve fibers or through widely distributed neurotransmitters. Modification of them, combined or not with treatments altering the immune function, could be the target for future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Department of Neurophysiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angelos Sarantopoulos
- Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patra, Patra, Greece
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Mravec B, Tibensky M, Horvathova L. Stress and cancer. Part I: Mechanisms mediating the effect of stressors on cancer. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577311. [PMID: 32652365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Observations indicating a link between psychosocial stress and cancer can be traced back almost 2 millennia. However, the pathways and mechanisms interconnecting them has only been elucidated in more detail since the end of the 20th century. Importantly, recently accumulated evidences have confirmed the ability of stress to promote the induction and progression of cancer. The main aim of this review is to describe the pathways and mechanisms mediating the stimulatory effects of the neuroendocrine stress response on the induction of cancer, potentiation of cancer growth, and the development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mravec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Tibensky
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Marques-Oliveira GH, Silva TM, Valadares HMS, Raposo HF, Carolino RDOG, Garófalo MAR, Anselmo-Franci JA, do Carmo Kettelhut I, de Oliveira HCF, Chaves VE. Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Analysis in Innervated and Denervated Adipose Tissue from Cafeteria Diet-Fed Rats. Lipids 2019; 54:231-244. [PMID: 31025715 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies show that cafeteria diet increases body adiposity, plasma insulin levels, and sympathetic activity to brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) of Wistar rats, leading to rapid and progressive changes in the metabolic profile. The identification of suitable reference genes that are not affected by the experimental conditions is a critical step in accurate normalization of the reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), a commonly used assay to elucidate changes in the gene expression profile. In the present study, the effects of the cafeteria diet and sympathetic innervation on the gene expression of adrenoceptor beta 3 (Adrb3) from BAT and WAT were assessed using one of the most stable and one of the least stable genes as normalizers. Rats were fed the cafeteria diet and on the 17th day, interscapular BAT or retroperitoneal WAT was denervated and, 7 days after surgery, the contralateral innervated tissue was used as control. Ten reference genes were evaluated (18S, B2m, Actb, CypA, Gapdh, Hprt1, Rpl32, Tbp, Ubc, and Ywhaz) and ranked according to their stability using the following algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative delta threshold cycle (ΔC t ) method. According to the algorithms employed, the normalization of Adrb3 expression by the least stable genes produced opposite results compared with the most stable genes and literature data. In cafeteria and control diet-fed rats, the three most stable genes were Hprt1, Tbp, and Rpl32 for interscapular BAT and Tbp, B2m, and Hprt1 for retroperitoneal WAT, while the least stable genes were 18S, Actb, and Gapdh for both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleuber Henrique Marques-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaís Marques Silva
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helder Magno Silva Valadares
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetic, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helena Fonseca Raposo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, 13.083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruither de Oliveira Gomes Carolino
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Dentristy School, University of São Paulo, Avenue of Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonieta Rissato Garófalo
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenue of Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Dentristy School, University of São Paulo, Avenue of Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis do Carmo Kettelhut
- Departments of Biochemistry-Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenueof Café s/n, 14.040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Coutinho Franco de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, 13.083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Ernestânia Chaves
- Laboratory of Physiology, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Avenue Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35.501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Denervation leads to volume regression in breast cancer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2018; 71:833-839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Zheng Z, Wan Y, Liu Y, Zhu L, Tang J, Huang W, Cheng B. Lumbar sympathectomy regulates vascular cell turnover in rat hindfoot plantar skin. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 67:149-157. [PMID: 28759961 DOI: 10.3233/ch-170257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sympathetic denervation and impaired angiogenesis cause skin diseases. However, the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and vascular cell turnover in normal skin remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of sympathetic denervation on vascular cell turnover in normal skin. METHODS Rats underwent bilateral L2-4 sympathetic trunk resection (sympathectomy group) or sham operation (control). Hindfoot plantar skin was analyzed 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS Mural cell marker (α-smooth muscle actin; p < 0.001, and desmin; p = 0.047) expression decreased 2 weeks after sympathectomy, but recovered 3 months after sympathectomy (p > 0.05). CD31 levels were lower in the experimental group than in the control group at 2 weeks (p = 0.009), but not at 3 months. Von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin-2 expression were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). Angiopoietin-1 expression levels were higher in the experimental group than in the control group at 2 weeks (p = 0.035), but not at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Lumbar sympathectomy regulates vascular cell turnover in rat hindfoot plantar skin by inhibiting mural cell proliferation and increasing angiopoietin-1 expression. Sympathetic nerves therefore play an important role in plantar skin vascular cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Zheng
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yishu Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China.,The Graduate School of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbing Tang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China.,The Graduate School of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Center of Wound Treatment, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China.,The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, PLA, Guangzhou, China
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Horvathova L, Tillinger A, Padova A, Mravec B. Sympathectomized tumor-bearing mice survive longer but develop bigger melanomas. Endocr Regul 2017; 50:207-214. [PMID: 27941180 DOI: 10.1515/enr-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously we have shown that 20 days after the tumor cells injection smaller melanomas have been developed in chemically sympathectomized mice in comparison with animals having intact sympathetic nervous system. However, it is known that chemical sympathectomy reduces the sympathetic neurotransmission only temporarily. In the present study, we monitored the survival of the sympathectomized mice with melanoma with an attempt to find out how long the suppressing effect of sympathectomy on the melanoma growth may endure. METHODS The chemical sympathectomy was performed by intraperitoneal injection of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine in male C57BL/6J mice. Seven days later, the animals were injected subcutaneously with B16-F10 melanoma cells. Then, melanoma development, survival of the tumor-bearing mice and weight of the developed tumor mass were analyzed. RESULTS Sympathectomy delayed the development of the palpable tumors (18th day vs.14th day) and significantly prolonged the survival of the tumor-bearing mice (median 34 days vs. 29 days). However, the weight of the developed melanoma was significantly increased in the sympathectomized mice in comparison with the animals having intact sympathetic nervous system. CONCLUSIONS The data of the present study showed that effect of the chemical sympathectomy, performed before the tumor growth induction, persisted even at the time when sympathetic nerves started to regenerate that resulted in a prolonged survival of the mice with melanoma. However, comparing to our previous study, in which we have shown a reduced tumor mass in earlier stages of the tumor growth, specifically 20 days after melanoma cells injection, now we indicate that in later stages of the melanoma progression, the tumor mass was significantly increased in sympathectomized animals. These contra-intuitive findings may indicate that interventions affecting the sympathetic nervous system may exert complex effect on the tumor progression. Based on these data we may suggest that the potential therapeutic interventions affecting the sympathetic signaling in the tumor tissue and its microenvironment should attenuate the sympathetic neurotransmission not only temporarily but till the complete regression of the tumor tissue.
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10
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Horvathova L, Mravec B. Effect of the autonomic nervous system on cancer progression depends on the type of tumor: solid are more affected then ascitic tumors. Endocr Regul 2017; 50:215-224. [PMID: 27941177 DOI: 10.1515/enr-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A number of recently published studies have shown that the sympathetic nervous system may influence cancer progression. There are, however, some ambiguities about the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the modulation of growth of different tumor types. Moreover, tumor models used for investigation of the autonomic neurotransmission role in the processes related to the cancer growth and progression are mainly of the solid nature. The knowledge about the nervous system involvement in the modulation of the development and progression of malignant ascites is only fragmental. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to summarize the results of our experimental studies focused on the elucidation of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the modulation of tumor growth in animals. We are summarizing data from studies, in which not only different experimental approaches in order to influence the autonomic neurotransmission, but also different tumor models have been used. METHODS Three different types of tumor models, namely solid rat intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma, solid murine subcutaneous melanoma, and rat ascites hepatoma, and three types of interventions have been used in order to modulate the autonomic neurotransmission, specifically chemical sympathectomy, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or the electric stimulation of the vagus nerve. RESULTS We have proved a strong stimulatory effect of the sympathetic nerves on the development and growth in both solid tumors, rat fibrosarcoma as well as murine melanoma, and significant inhibitory impact on the survival time of tumor-bearing animals. The progression of ascites hepatoma in rats was not influenced by chemical sympathectomy. Modulation of parasympathetic signalization by vagotomy or vagal nerve stimulation does not affect fibrosarcoma and ascites hepatoma growth and survival of the tumor-bearing rats. CONCLUSIONS Based on the obtained data, it seems that the solid types of tumors are suitable substrate for the direct action of neurotransmitters released especially from the sympathetic nerves. In contrast, it appears that the malignant ascites are not under the direct autonomic nerves control; however, an indirect action via the immune functions modulation cannot be excluded.
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Horvathova L, Padova A, Tillinger A, Osacka J, Bizik J, Mravec B. Sympathectomy reduces tumor weight and affects expression of tumor-related genes in melanoma tissue in the mouse. Stress 2016; 19:528-34. [PMID: 27416924 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1213808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that sympathetic nerves may potentiate tumor growth, including melanoma. To elucidate possible mechanisms for this effect, we performed chemical sympathectomy by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (100 mg/kg of body weight); in nine adult male C57BL/6J mice; nine control mice received i.p. vehicle (VEH). Seven days later, all mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 × 10(3) B16-F10 melanoma cells. Mice were euthanized 20 d after injection of melanoma cells, for measurement of tumor weight and expression of genes related to sympathetic signaling, apoptosis, hypoxia and angiogenesis in tumor tissue. To assess potential involvement of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in the effect of sympathectomy on melanoma growth, concentrations of plasma corticosterone and level of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in tumor tissue were determined. We found that sympathectomy significantly attenuated melanoma growth (tumor weight 0.29 ± 0.16 g versus 1.02 ± 0.30 g in controls; p < 0.05). In tumor tissue from sympathectomized mice, we found significantly increased gene expression (measured by real-time PCR), relative to VEH-injected controls, of tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and glucocorticoid receptor (all p < 0.05), and alpha1, beta1 and beta3 adrenergic receptors (all p < 0.025), and factors related to apoptosis (Bcl-2 and caspase-3; p < 0.05) and hypoxia (hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha) (p = 0.005). Plasma corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in these mice. Our findings indicate that sympathectomy induces complex changes in the tumor microenvironment reducing melanoma growth. Such complex changes should be considered in the prediction of responses of cancer patients to interventions affecting sympathetic signaling in tumor tissue and its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Horvathova
- a Institute of Experimental Endocrinology , Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Padova
- b Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- a Institute of Experimental Endocrinology , Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jana Osacka
- a Institute of Experimental Endocrinology , Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jozef Bizik
- c Cancer Research Institute , Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- a Institute of Experimental Endocrinology , Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
- b Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
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Keskinov AA, Tapias V, Watkins SC, Ma Y, Shurin MR, Shurin GV. Impact of the Sensory Neurons on Melanoma Growth In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156095. [PMID: 27227315 PMCID: PMC4882065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve endings are often identified within solid tumors, but their impact on the tumor growth and progression remains poorly understood. Emerging data suggests that the central nervous system may affect cancer development and spreading via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomous nervous system. However, the role of the afferent sensory neurons in tumor growth is unclear, except some reports on perineural invasion in prostate and pancreatic cancer and cancer-related pain syndrome. Here, we provide the results of primary testing of the concept that the interaction between melanoma cells and sensory neurons may induce the formation of tumor-supporting microenvironment via attraction of immune regulatory cells by the tumor-activated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We report that despite DRG cells not directly up-regulating proliferation of melanoma cells in vitro, presence of DRG neurons allows tumors to grow significantly faster in vivo. This effect has been associated with increased production of chemokines by tumor-activated DRG neurons and attraction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells both in vitro and in vivo. These initial proof-of-concept results justify further investigations of the sensory (afferent) nervous system in the context of tumorigenesis and the local protumorigenic immunoenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Keskinov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Victor Tapias
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States of America
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States of America
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,United States of America
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Hiller JG, Parat MO, Ben-Eliyahu S. The Role of Perioperative Pharmacological Adjuncts in Cancer Outcomes: Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists, NSAIDs and Anti-fibrinolytics. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-015-0113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Horvathova L, Tillinger A, Sivakova I, Mikova L, Mravec B, Bucova M. Chemical sympathectomy increases neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in tumor-bearing rats but does not influence cancer progression. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 278:255-61. [PMID: 25468774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system regulates many immune functions and modulates the anti-tumor immune defense response, too. Therefore, we studied the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine induced sympathectomy on selected hematological parameters and inflammatory markers in rats with Yoshida AH130 ascites hepatoma. We found that chemically sympathectomized tumor-bearing rats had significantly increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, leukocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Although our findings showed that sympathetic denervation in tumor-bearing rats led to increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, that is an indicator of the disease progression, we found no significant changes in tumor growth and survival of sympathectomized tumor-bearing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Sivakova
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Mikova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 3, 833 06 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Bucova
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Odborarske namestie 14, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Ye Y, Bae SS, Viet CT, Troob S, Bernabé D, Schmidt BL. IB4(+) and TRPV1(+) sensory neurons mediate pain but not proliferation in a mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma. Behav Brain Funct 2014; 10:5. [PMID: 24524628 PMCID: PMC3942073 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer pain severely limits function and significantly reduces quality of life. Subtypes of sensory neurons involved in cancer pain and proliferation are not clear. Methods We produced a cancer model by inoculating human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells into the hind paw of athymic mice. We quantified mechanical and thermal nociception using the paw withdrawal assays. Neurotoxins isolectin B4-saporin (IB4-SAP), or capsaicin was injected intrathecally to selectively ablate IB4(+) neurons or TRPV1(+) neurons, respectively. JNJ-17203212, a TRPV1 antagonist, was also injected intrathecally. TRPV1 protein expression in the spinal cord was quantified with western blot. Paw volume was measured by a plethysmometer and was used as an index for tumor size. Ki-67 immunostaining in mouse paw sections was performed to evaluate cancer proliferation in situ. Results We showed that mice with SCC exhibited both mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Selective ablation of IB4(+) neurons by IB4-SAP decreased mechanical allodynia in mice with SCC. Selective ablation of TRPV1(+) neurons by intrathecal capsaicin injection, or TRPV1 antagonism by JNJ-17203212 in the IB4-SAP treated mice completely reversed SCC-induced thermal hyperalgesia, without affecting mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, TRPV1 protein expression was increased in the spinal cord of SCC mice compared to normal mice. Neither removal of IB4(+) or TRPV1(+) neurons affected SCC proliferation. Conclusions We show in a mouse model that IB4(+) neurons play an important role in cancer-induced mechanical allodynia, while TRPV1 mediates cancer-induced thermal hyperalgesia. Characterization of the sensory fiber subtypes responsible for cancer pain could lead to the development of targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian L Schmidt
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University, New York, USA.
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Fioretto ET, Rahal SC, Borges AS, Mayhew TM, Nyengaard JR, Marcondes JS, Balieiro JCDC, Teixeira CR, de Melo MP, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, de Lima AR, da Silva AAP, Coppi AA. Hypertrophy and neuron loss: structural changes in sheep SCG induced by unilateral sympathectomy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:475-81. [PMID: 21334426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, superior cervical ganglionectomy has been performed to investigate a variety of scientific topics from regulation of intraocular pressure to suppression of lingual tumour growth. Despite these recent advances in our understanding of the functional mechanisms underlying superior cervical ganglion (SCG) growth and development after surgical ablation, there still exists a need for information concerning the quantitative nature of the relationships between the removed SCG and its remaining contralateral ganglion and between the remaining SCG and its modified innervation territory. To this end, using design-based stereological methods, we have investigated the structural changes induced by unilateral ganglionectomy in sheep at three distinct timepoints (2, 7 and 12 weeks) after surgery. The effects of time, and lateral (left-right) differences, were examined by two-way analyses of variance and paired t-tests. Following removal of the left SCG, the main findings were: (i) the remaining right SCG was bigger at shorter survival times, i.e. 74% at 2 weeks, 55% at 7 weeks and no increase by 12 weeks, (ii) by 7 weeks after surgery, the right SCG contained fewer neurons (no decrease at 2 weeks, 6% fewer by 7 weeks and 17% fewer by 12 weeks) and (iii) by 7 weeks, right SCG neurons were also larger and the magnitude of this increase grew substantially with time (no rise at 2 weeks, 77% by 7 weeks and 215% by 12 weeks). Interaction effects between time and ganglionectomy-induced changes were significant for SCG volume and mean perikaryal volume. These findings show that unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy has profound effects on the contralateral ganglion. For future investigations, it would be interesting to examine the interaction between SCGs and their innervation targets after ganglionectomy. Is the ganglionectomy-induced imbalance between the sizes of innervation territories the milieu in which morphoquantitative changes, particularly changes in perikaryal volume and neuron number, occur? Mechanistically, how would those changes arise? Are there any grounds for believing in a ganglionectomy-triggered SCG cross-innervation and neuroplasticity?
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson T Fioretto
- Department of Morphology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
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Raju B, Ibrahim SO. Pathophysiology of oral cancer in experimental animal models: a review with focus on the role of sympathetic nerves. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:1-9. [PMID: 20819130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Global increase in incidence and mortality as well as poor prognosis of oral cancer (OC) has intensified efforts towards early detection and prevention of this disfiguring disease. Several studies have been conducted using experimental animal models to understand the pathophysiology and molecular events involved in OC. Lack of identification of specific biomarkers during the multifaceted steps of oral carcinogenesis has hindered its diagnosis and treatment. Solid stress generated by growing tumors as well as abnormalities in tumor vasculature lead to increased interstitial fluid pressure, which could obstruct therapeutic drug delivery to tumors. Furthermore, the sympathetic nervous system is known to affect angiogenesis, vessel permeability, immune responses and carcinogenesis. Recent findings indicate that, in addition to angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors, tumor cells release neurotrophic factors that initiate innervation. Interactions between cytokines and sympathetic neurotransmitters, and their respective receptors expressed by the nerve, immune and tumor cells appear to influence tumor growth. Thus, understanding the complex signaling processes and interrelationships between vascular, nervous and immune systems during oral carcinogenesis may prove vital for successful prevention and treatment of OC. This review aims at outlining the available knowledge on pathophysiology of OC in experimental animal models including evidence from our own findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Raju
- Department of Biomedicine, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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