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Carmagnola D, Pellegrini G, Dellavia C, Rimondini L, Varoni E. Tissue engineering in periodontology: Biological mediators for periodontal regeneration. Int J Artif Organs 2019; 42:241-257. [DOI: 10.1177/0391398819828558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Teeth and the periodontal tissues represent a highly specialized functional system. When periodontal disease occurs, the periodontal complex, composed by alveolar bone, root cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva, can be lost. Periodontal regenerative medicine aims at recovering damaged periodontal tissues and their functions by different means, including the interaction of bioactive molecules, cells, and scaffolds. The application of growth factors, in particular, into periodontal defects has shown encouraging effects, driving the wound healing toward the full, multi-tissue periodontal regeneration, in a precise temporal and spatial order. The aim of the present comprehensive review is to update the state of the art concerning tissue engineering in periodontology, focusing on biological mediators and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carmagnola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Pellegrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Dellavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro,” Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases, CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro,” Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Varoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Setiawan IGNY, Suyasa IK, Astawa P, Dusak IWS, Kawiyana IKS, Aryana IGNW. Recombinant platelet derived growth factor-BB and hyaluronic acid effect in rat osteoarthritis models. J Orthop 2019; 16:230-233. [PMID: 30906129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) arises from imbalance of cartilage metabolism between the synthesis and degradation of type II collagen by the chondrocyte. Collagen type II degradation is characterized by increase in the biomarker of C-telopeptide fragment of type II collagen (CTX-II), while the anabolic process of cartilage is characterized by an increase in the biosynthesis of procollagen amino terminal N-propeptide type IIA (PIIANP). Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) with Hyaluronic Acid (HA) as a potent growth factor can be used to stimulate the higher formation of chondrocyte and PIIANP levels and lower CTX-II levels in mouse knee osteoarthritis model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Ketut Suyasa
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Udayana Faculty of Medicine, Indonesia
| | - Putu Astawa
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Udayana Faculty of Medicine, Indonesia
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Diederichs S, Renz Y, Hagmann S, Lotz B, Seebach E, Richter W. Stimulation of a calcified cartilage connecting zone by GDF-5-augmented fibrin hydrogel in a novel layered ectopic in vivo model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2214-2224. [PMID: 29068568 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering approaches for reconstructing full-depth cartilage defects need to comprise a zone of calcified cartilage to tightly anchor cartilage constructs into the subchondral bone. Here, we investigated whether growth and differentiation factor-5-(GDF-5)-augmented fibrin hydrogel can induce a calcified cartilage-layer in vitro that seamlessly connects cartilage-relevant biomaterials with bone tissue. Human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were embedded in fibrin hydrogel and subjected to chondrogenesis with TGF-β with or without GDF-5 before constructs were implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice. A novel layered ectopic in vivo model was developed and GDF-5-augmented fibrin with BMSCs was used to glue hydrogel and collagen constructs onto bone disks to investigate formation of a calcified cartilage connecting zone. GDF-5 significantly enhanced ALP activity during in vitro chondrogenesis while ACAN and COL2A1 mRNA, proteoglycan-, collagen-type-II- and collagen-type-X-deposition remained similar to controls. Pellets pretreated with GDF-5 mineralized faster in vivo and formed more ectopic bone. In the novel layered ectopic model, GDF-5 strongly supported calcified cartilage formation that seamlessly connected with the bone. Pro-chondrogenic and pro-hypertrophic activity makes GDF-5-augmented fibrin an attractive bioactive hydrogel with high potential to stimulate a calcified cartilage connecting zone in situ that might promote integration of cartilage scaffolds with bone. Thus, GDF-5-augmented fibrin hydrogel promises to overcome poor fixation of biomaterials in cartilage defects facilitating their long-term regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2214-2224, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Renz
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Hagmann
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedict Lotz
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Seebach
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
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Degenkolbe E, Schwarz C, Ott CE, König J, Schmidt-Bleek K, Ellinghaus A, Schmidt T, Lienau J, Plöger F, Mundlos S, Duda GN, Willie BM, Seemann P. Improved bone defect healing by a superagonistic GDF5 variant derived from a patient with multiple synostoses syndrome. Bone 2015; 73:111-9. [PMID: 25543012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple synostoses syndrome 2 (SYNS2) is a rare genetic disease characterized by multiple fusions of the joints of the extremities, like phalangeal joints, carpal and tarsal joints or the knee and elbows. SYNS2 is caused by point mutations in the Growth and Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF5), which plays an essential role during skeletal development and regeneration. We selected one of the SYNS2-causing GDF5 mutations, p.N445T, which is known to destabilize the interaction with the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) antagonist NOGGIN (NOG), in order to generate the superagonistic GDF5 variant GDF5(N445T). In this study, we tested its capacity to support regeneration in a rat critical-sized defect model in vivo. MicroCT and histological analyses indicate that GDF5(N445T)-treated defects show faster and more efficient healing compared to GDF5 wild type (GDF5(wt))-treated defects. Microarray-based gene expression and quantitative PCR analyses from callus tissue point to a specific acceleration of the early phases of bone healing, comprising the inflammation and chondrogenesis phase. These results support the concept that disease-deduced growth factor variants are promising lead structures for novel therapeutics with improved clinical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Degenkolbe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Schwarz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus-Eric Ott
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana König
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Schmidt
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jasmin Lienau
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Mundlos
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Seemann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Pilipchuk SP, Plonka AB, Monje A, Taut AD, Lanis A, Kang B, Giannobile WV. Tissue engineering for bone regeneration and osseointegration in the oral cavity. Dent Mater 2015; 31:317-38. [PMID: 25701146 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The focus of this review is to summarize recent advances on regenerative technologies (scaffolding matrices, cell/gene therapy and biologic drug delivery) to promote reconstruction of tooth and dental implant-associated bone defects. METHODS An overview of scaffolds developed for application in bone regeneration is presented with an emphasis on identifying the primary criteria required for optimized scaffold design for the purpose of regenerating physiologically functional osseous tissues. Growth factors and other biologics with clinical potential for osteogenesis are examined, with a comprehensive assessment of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Potential novel improvements to current matrix-based delivery platforms for increased control of growth factor spatiotemporal release kinetics are highlighting including recent advancements in stem cell and gene therapy. RESULTS An analysis of existing scaffold materials, their strategic design for tissue regeneration, and use of growth factors for improved bone formation in oral regenerative therapies results in the identification of current limitations and required improvements to continue moving the field of bone tissue engineering forward into the clinical arena. SIGNIFICANCE Development of optimized scaffolding matrices for the predictable regeneration of structurally and physiologically functional osseous tissues is still an elusive goal. The introduction of growth factor biologics and cells has the potential to improve the biomimetic properties and regenerative potential of scaffold-based delivery platforms for next-generation patient-specific treatments with greater clinical outcome predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P Pilipchuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alexandra B Plonka
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alberto Monje
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Andrei D Taut
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Alejandro Lanis
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Benjamin Kang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Lee J, Wikesjö UM. Growth/differentiation factor-5: pre-clinical and clinical evaluations of periodontal regeneration and alveolar augmentation - review. J Clin Periodontol 2014; 41:797-805. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaebum Lee
- Laboratory for Applied Periodontal & Craniofacial Regeneration (LAPCR); Department of Periodontics; Georgia Regents University College of Dental Medicine; Augusta GA USA
| | - Ulf M.E. Wikesjö
- Laboratory for Applied Periodontal & Craniofacial Regeneration (LAPCR); Departments of Periodontics & Oral Biology; Georgia Regents University College of Dental Medicine; Augusta GA USA
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Yamano S, Haku K, Yamanaka T, Dai J, Takayama T, Shohara R, Tachi K, Ishioka M, Hanatani S, Karunagaran S, Wada K, Moursi AM. The effect of a bioactive collagen membrane releasing PDGF or GDF-5 on bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2446-53. [PMID: 24388383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative procedures using barrier membrane technology are presently well established in periodontal/endodontic surgery. The objective of this study was to compare the subsequent effects of the released platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and growth/differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) from collagen membranes (CMs) on bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies were conducted using MC3T3-E1 mouse preosteoblasts cultured with or without factors. Cell viability, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone marker gene expression were then measured. In vivo studies were conducted by placing CMs with low or high dose PDGF or GDF-5 in rat mandibular defects. At 4 weeks after surgery new bone formation was measured using μCT and histological analysis. The results of in vitro studies showed that CM/GDF-5 significantly increased ALP and cell proliferation activities without cytotoxicity in MC3T3-E1 cells when compared to CM/PDGF or CM alone. Gene expression analysis revealed that Runx2 and Osteocalcin were significantly increased in CM/GDF-5 compared to CM/PDGF or control. Quantitative and qualitative μCT and histological analysis for new bone formation revealed that although CM/PDGF significantly enhanced bone regeneration compared to CM alone or control, CM/GDF-5 significantly accelerated bone regeneration to an even greater extent than CM/PDGF. The results also showed that GDF-5 induced new bone formation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that this strategy, using a CM carrying GDF-5, might lead to an improvement in the current clinical treatment of bone defects for periodontal and implant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Yamano
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Ken Haku
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Takuto Yamanaka
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Jisen Dai
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Tadahiro Takayama
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Ryutaro Shohara
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Keita Tachi
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Mika Ishioka
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Shigeru Hanatani
- Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Sanjay Karunagaran
- Department of Prosthodontics, The University of Tennessee College of Dentistry, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Keisuke Wada
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amr M Moursi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
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Tian HT, Zhang B, Tian Q, Liu Y, Yang SH, Shao ZW. Construction of self-assembled cartilage tissue from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by hypoxia combined with GDF-5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:700-706. [PMID: 24142723 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is widely known that hypoxia can promote chondrogenesis of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in monolayer cultures. However, the direct impact of oxygen tension on hMSC differentiation in three-dimensional cultures is still unknown. This research was designed to observe the direct impact of oxygen tension on the ability of hMSCs to "self assemble" into tissue-engineered cartilage constructs. hMSCs were cultured in chondrogenic medium (CM) containing 100 ng/mL growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) at 5% (hypoxia) and 21% (normoxia) O2 levels in monolayer cultures for 3 weeks. After differentiation, the cells were digested and employed in a self-assembly process to produce tissue-engineered constructs under hypoxic and normoxic conditions in vitro. The aggrecan and type II collagen expression, and type X collagen in the self-assembled constructs were assessed by using immunofluorescent and immunochemical staining respectively. The methods of dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB), hydroxyproline and PicoGreen were used to measure the total collagen content, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and the number of viable cells in each construct, respectively. The expression of type II collagen and aggrecan under hypoxic conditions was increased significantly as compared with that under normoxic conditions. In contrast, type X collagen expression was down-regulated in the hypoxic group. Moreover, the constructs in hypoxic group showed more significantly increased total collagen and GAG than in normoxic group, which were more close to those of the natural cartilage. These findings demonstrated that hypoxia enhanced chondrogenesis of in vitro, scaffold-free, tissue-engineered constructs generated using hMSCs induced by GDF-5. In hypoxic environments, the self-assembled constructs have a Thistological appearance and biochemical parameters similar to those of the natural cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Shu-Hua Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zeng-Wu Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Chang MC, Lin LD, Tseng HC, Chang BE, Chan CP, Lee SY, Chang HH, Lin PS, Tseng SK, Jeng JH. Growth and differentiation factor-5 regulates the growth and differentiation of human dental pulp cells. J Endod 2013; 39:1272-7. [PMID: 24041390 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a multifunctional protein that regulates the development and repair in many tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether GDF-5 may influence the proliferation, differentiation, and collagen turnover of human dental pulp cells. METHODS Human dental pulp cells were treated with different concentrations of GDF-5 (0-500 ng/mL). Morphology of pulp cells was observed under a microscope. Cell proliferation was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Immunofluorescent assay was used to observe the percentages of cell mitosis. Collagen content was measured by Sircol collagen assay. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level in the culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and ALP enzyme activity assay. RESULTS After exposure of dental pulp cells to various concentrations of GDF-5, cell number was up-regulated significantly in dose-dependent manner. GDF-5 also stimulated mitosis of dental pulp cells as indicated by an increased percentage of binucleated cells from 28% to 35%-45%. GDF-5 did not affect the collagen content and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 level of pulp cells. GDF-5 decreased the ALP activity of pulp cells as analyzed by ALP staining and enzyme activity assay, with 14%-44% of inhibition. CONCLUSIONS GDF-5 revealed mitogenic and proliferative activity to dental pulp cells. GDF-5 showed inhibitory effect on ALP activity but little effect on the collagen turnover. These events are crucial in specific stages of dental pulp repair and regeneration. GDF-5 may be potentially used for tissue engineering of pulp-dentin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Biomedical Science Team, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kim YT, Wikesjö UM, Jung UW, Lee JS, Kim TG, Kim CK. Comparison Between a β-Tricalcium Phosphate and an Absorbable Collagen Sponge Carrier Technology for rhGDF-5–Stimulated Periodontal Wound Healing/Regeneration. J Periodontol 2013; 84:812-20. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kleinschmidt K, Ploeger F, Nickel J, Glockenmeier J, Kunz P, Richter W. Enhanced reconstruction of long bone architecture by a growth factor mutant combining positive features of GDF-5 and BMP-2. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5926-36. [PMID: 23680368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non healing bone defects remain a worldwide health problem and still only few osteoinductive growth factors are available for clinical use in bone regeneration. By introducing BMP-2 residues into growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-5 we recently produced a mutant GDF-5 protein BB-1 which enhanced heterotopic bone formation in mice. Designed to combine positive features of GDF-5 and BMP-2, we suspected that this new growth factor variant may improve long bone healing compared to the parent molecules and intended to unravel functional mechanisms behind its action. BB-1 acquired an increased binding affinity to the BMP-IA receptor, mediated enhanced osteogenic induction of human mesenchymal stem cells versus GDF-5 and higher VEGF secretion than BMP-2 in vitro. Rabbit radius defects treated with a BB-1-coated collagen carrier healed earlier and with increased bone volume compared to BMP-2 and GDF-5 according to in vivo micro-CT follow-up. While BMP-2 callus often remained spongy, BB-1 supported earlier corticalis and marrow cavity formation, showing no pseudojoint persistence like with GDF-5. Thus, by combining positive angiogenic and osteogenic features of GDF-5 and BMP-2, only BB-1 restored a natural bone architecture within 12 weeks, rendering this promising growth factor variant especially promising for long bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kleinschmidt
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mehta M, Schmidt-Bleek K, Duda GN, Mooney DJ. Biomaterial delivery of morphogens to mimic the natural healing cascade in bone. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1257-76. [PMID: 22626978 PMCID: PMC3425736 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complications in treatment of large bone defects using bone grafting still remain. Our understanding of the endogenous bone regeneration cascade has inspired the exploration of a wide variety of growth factors (GFs) in an effort to mimic the natural signaling that controls bone healing. Biomaterial-based delivery of single exogenous GFs has shown therapeutic efficacy, and this likely relates to its ability to recruit and promote replication of cells involved in tissue development and the healing process. However, as the natural bone healing cascade involves the action of multiple factors, each acting in a specific spatiotemporal pattern, strategies aiming to mimic the critical aspects of this process will likely benefit from the usage of multiple therapeutic agents. This article reviews the current status of approaches to deliver single GFs, as well as ongoing efforts to develop sophisticated delivery platforms to deliver multiple lineage-directing morphogens (multiple GFs) during bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Mehta
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Clendenning DE, Mortlock DP. The BMP ligand Gdf6 prevents differentiation of coronal suture mesenchyme in early cranial development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36789. [PMID: 22693558 PMCID: PMC3365063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth Differentiation Factor-6 (Gdf6) is a member of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules. Previous studies have shown that Gdf6 plays a role in formation of a diverse subset of skeletal joints. In mice, loss of Gdf6 results in fusion of the coronal suture, the intramembranous joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones. Although the role of GDFs in the development of cartilaginous limb joints has been studied, limb joints are developmentally quite distinct from cranial sutures and how Gdf6 controls suture formation has remained unclear. In this study we show that coronal suture fusion in the Gdf6-/- mouse is due to accelerated differentiation of suture mesenchyme, prior to the onset of calvarial ossification. Gdf6 is expressed in the mouse frontal bone primordia from embryonic day (E) 10.5 through 12.5. In the Gdf6-/- embryo, the coronal suture fuses prematurely and concurrently with the initiation of osteogenesis in the cranial bones. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and Runx2 expression assays both showed that the suture width is reduced in Gdf6+/- embryos and is completely absent in Gdf6-/- embryos by E12.5. ALP activity is also increased in the suture mesenchyme of Gdf6+/- embryos compared to wild-type. This suggests Gdf6 delays differentiation of the mesenchyme occupying the suture, prior to the onset of ossification. Therefore, although BMPs are known to promote bone formation, Gdf6 plays an inhibitory role to prevent the osteogenic differentiation of the coronal suture mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E. Clendenning
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Douglas P. Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Park JC, Wikesjö UME, Koo KT, Lee JS, Kim YT, Pippig SD, Bastone P, Kim CS, Kim CK. Maturation of alveolar bone following implantation of an rhGDF-5/PLGA composite into 1-wall intra-bony defects in dogs: 24-week histometric observations. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:565-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chul Park
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Ulf M. E. Wikesjö
- Departments of Periodontics and Oral Biology; Laboratory for Applied Periodontal & Craniofacial Regeneration (LAPCR); Georgia Health Sciences University College of Dental Medicine; Augusta; GA; USA
| | - Ki-Tae Koo
- Department of Periodontology; College of Dentistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Lee
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul; Korea
| | | | | | - Chang-Sung Kim
- Department of Periodontology; Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration; College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Chong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Periodontology; Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration (MRC); College of Dentistry; Yonsei University; Seoul; Korea
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Cheng X, Yang T, Meng W, Liu H, Zhang T, Shi R. Overexpression of GDF5 through an adenovirus vector stimulates osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:56-67. [PMID: 22287558 DOI: 10.1159/000330791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells combined with gene therapy could be an important way to facilitate bone regeneration. In this study, the aim was to investigate the potential of growth and differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) to genetically manipulate human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for bone regeneration. Recombinant adenovirus Ad-GDF5 and Ad-GFP were constructed and identified, and the titer of both were determined. Third-passage hMSCs were infected with adenovirus, and the expression of GDF5 was confirmed by detection of GFP-positive cells, GDF5 mRNA levels, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). hMSCs at passage 3 were divided into four groups: (1) an experimental group infected with Ad-GDF5, (2) a positive control group cultured with osteogenic differentiation medium, (3) a control group infected with Ad-GFP cultured with standard medium, and (4) a blank control group cultured with standard medium. Evaluation of cell morphology and proliferation, analysis of the expression of genes related to osteogenic differentiation, von Kossa staining, and immunofluorescent staining of collagen I were used to investigate the osteogenesis of cells among the groups. After culturing the cells for 2 days under each corresponding condition, the cells were detached and subcutaneously injected into the backs of nude mice to evaluate bone formation. Samples were collected for histological staining, protein Western blotting, and micro-computer tomography. When infected with Ad-GDF5, hMSCs could overexpress GDF5 for a prolonged period in vitro and reach a concentration of 160 ng/ml. Cells infected with Ad-GDF5 or cultured in osteogenic medium displayed osteogenic differentiation based on their histological and cellular properties and on their gene and protein expression patterns. Furthermore, Ad-GDF5 showed a better ability to upregulate the expression of collagen I, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin mRNA than the osteogenic medium. Furthermore, Ad-GDF5 expression was associated with enhanced bone formation in vivo. Our findings suggest that hMSCs infected with Ad-GDF5 can differentiate in an osteogenic direction and may be a promising cell source for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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Hatakeyama Y, Hatakeyama J, Maruya Y, Oka K, Tsuruga E, Inai T, Sawa Y. Growth Differentiation Factor 5 (GDF-5) Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) Expression in Periodontal Ligament Cells and Modulates MMP-2 and MMP-13 Activity in Osteoblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4137/btri.s8120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily expressed in periodontal tissues, promotes extracellular matrix (ECM) in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are proteolytic enzymes that degrade ECM and are expressed in PDL cells. To date, little is known about the regulation of MMP synthesis and secretion in PDL cells. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of GDF-5 on MMP production and activity in PDL cells. GDF-5 increased both collagen type I alpha 2 (Col Iα2) and MMP-2 gene expression in cells derived from mouse PDL tissues after 3 days of culture. Because PDL cells represent a heterogeneous population, we examined gelatinolytic activity and gene expression profiles in an osteoblast cell line. After 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours of culture, GDF-5 increased both Col Iα2 and MMP gene expression in osteoblasts. GDF-5 also promoted MMP-2 activity as revealed by gelatin zymography after 7 days of culture. In the presence of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190, on the other hand, MMP-2 activity was blocked. Taken together, these results indicate that GDF-5 may increase simultaneously the gene expression of type I collagen and MMP-2 in the osteoblast-like cells among the PDL cells and p38 MAP kinase pathway in osteoblast could involve in the regulation of MMP-2 enzyme activity induced by GDF-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hatakeyama
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Junko Hatakeyama
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yuriko Maruya
- Pediatric Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8565, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Eichi Tsuruga
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Inai
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
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Coleman CM, Scheremeta BH, Boyce AT, Mauck RL, Tuan RS. Delayed fracture healing in growth differentiation factor 5-deficient mice: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2011; 469:2915-24. [PMID: 21590487 PMCID: PMC3171561 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-011-1912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is a key regulator of skeletogenesis and bone repair and induces bone formation in spinal fusions and nonunion applications by enhancing chondrocytic and osteocytic differentiation and stimulating angiogenesis. Elucidating the contribution of GDF-5 to fracture repair may support its clinical application in complex fractures. QUESTIONS/PURPOSE We therefore asked whether the absence of GDF-5 during fracture repair impaired bone healing as assessed radiographically, histologically, and mechanically. METHODS In this pilot study, we performed tibial osteotomies on 10-week-old male mice, stabilized by intramedullary and extramedullary nailing. Healing was assessed radiographically and histologically on Days 1 (n = 1 wild-type; n = 5 bp [brachopodism]), 5 (n = 3 wild-type; n = 3 bp), 10 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 3 bp), 14 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 6 bp), 21 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 6 bp), 28 (n = 7 wild-type; n = 6 bp), and 56 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 6 bp) after fracture. After 10 (n = 7 wild-type; n = 7 bp contralateral and n = 3 bp fractured tibiae), 14 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 6 bp), 21 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 6 bp), 28 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 3 bp), and 56 (n = 8 wild-type; n = 6 bp) days, the callus cross-sectional area was calculated. We characterized the mechanical integrity of the healing fracture by yield stress and Young's modulus at 28 (n = 6 wild-type; n = 3 bp) and 56 (n = 8 wild-type; n = 6 bp) days postfracture. RESULTS The absence of GDF-5 impaired cartilaginous matrix deposition in the callus and reduced callus cross-sectional area. After 56 days, the repaired bp fracture was mechanically comparable to that of controls. CONCLUSIONS Although GDF-5 deficiency did not compromise long-term fracture healing, a delay in cartilage formation and remodeling supports roles for GDF-5 in the early phase of bone repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Local delivery of GDF-5 to clinically difficult fractures may simulate cartilage formation in the callus and support subsequent remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Coleman
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Bethesda, MD USA
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway City, County Galway Ireland
| | - Brooke H. Scheremeta
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Bethesda, MD USA
- Schneider Children’s Hospital, New Hyde Park, NY USA
| | - Amanda T. Boyce
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Bethesda, MD USA
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Cartilage Biology and Orthopaedics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Service, Bethesda, MD USA
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 221, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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Stavropoulos A, Becker J, Capsius B, Açil Y, Wagner W, Terheyden H. Histological evaluation of maxillary sinus floor augmentation with recombinant human growth and differentiation factor-5-coated β-tricalcium phosphate: results of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:966-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Izumi Y, Aoki A, Yamada Y, Kobayashi H, Iwata T, Akizuki T, Suda T, Nakamura S, Wara-Aswapati N, Ueda M, Ishikawa I. Current and future periodontal tissue engineering. Periodontol 2000 2011; 56:166-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Lee JS, Wikesjö UME, Jung UW, Choi SH, Pippig S, Siedler M, Kim CK. Periodontal wound healing/regeneration following implantation of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 in a beta-tricalcium phosphate carrier into one-wall intrabony defects in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:382-9. [PMID: 20447262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) is being evaluated as a candidate therapy in support of periodontal regeneration. The objective of this study was to evaluate periodontal wound healing/regeneration following the application of rhGDF-5 on a particulate beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) carrier using an established defect model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral 4 x 5 mm (width x depth), one-wall, critical-size, intrabony periodontal defects were surgically created at the mandibular second and fourth pre-molar teeth in 15 Beagle dogs. Unilateral defects in five animals received rhGDF-5/beta-TCP (Scil Technology GmbH); five animals received beta-TCP solo; and five animals served as sham-surgery controls. Contralateral sites received treatments reported elsewhere. The animals were sacrificed following an 8-week healing interval for histological examination. RESULTS Clinical healing was generally uneventful. Sites implanted with rhGDF-5/beta-TCP exhibited greater enhanced cementum and bone formation compared with beta-TCP and sham-surgery controls; cementum regeneration averaged (+/- SD) 3.83 +/- 0.73 versus 1.65 +/- 0.82 and 2.48 +/- 1.28 mm for the controls (p<0.05). Corresponding values for bone regeneration height averaged 3.26 +/- 0.30 versus 1.70 +/- 0.66 and 1.68 +/- 0.49 mm (p<0.05), and bone area 10.45 +/- 2.26 versus 6.31 +/- 2.41 and 3.00 +/- 1.97 mm(2) (p<0.05). Cementum regeneration included cellular/acellular cementum with or without a functionally oriented periodontal ligament. A non-specific connective tissue attachment was evident in the sham-surgery control. Controls exhibited mostly woven bone with primary osteons, whereas rhGDF-5/beta-TCP sites showed a noticeable extent of lamellar bone. Sites receiving rhGDF-5/beta-TCP or beta-TCP showed some residual beta-TCP granules apparently undergoing biodegradation without obvious differences between the sites. Sites receiving beta-TCP alone commonly showed residual beta-TCP granules sequestered in the connective tissue or fibrovascular marrow. CONCLUSION rhGDF-5/beta-TCP has a greater potential to support the regeneration of the periodontal attachment. Long-term studies are necessary to confirm the uneventful maturation of the regenerated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Seok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute for Periodontal Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Polimeni G, Wikesjö UME, Susin C, Qahash M, Shanaman RH, Prasad HS, Rohrer MD, Hall J. Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5: histologic observations. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:759-68. [PMID: 20500538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies suggest that growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) may induce local bone formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of recombinant human GDF-5 (rhGDF-5) coated onto an oral implant with a purpose-designed titanium porous oxide surface to stimulate local bone formation including osseointegration and vertical augmentation of the alveolar ridge. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bilateral, critical-size, 5 mm, supraalveolar peri-implant defects were created in 12 young adult Hound Labrador mongrel dogs. Six animals received implants coated with 30 or 60 microg rhGDF-5, and six animals received implants coated with 120 microg rhGDF-5 or left uncoated (control). Treatments were alternated between jaw quadrants. The mucoperiosteal flaps were advanced, adapted, and sutured to submerge the implants for primary intention healing. The animals received fluorescent bone markers at weeks 3, 4, 7, and 8 post-surgery when they were euthanized for histologic evaluation. RESULTS The clinical examination showed no noteworthy differences between implants coated with rhGDF-5. The cover screw and implant body were visible/palpable through the alveolar mucosa for both rhGDF-5-coated and control implants. There was a small increase in induced bone height for implants coated with rhGDF-5 compared with the control, induced bone height averaging (+/-SD) 1.6+/-0.6 mm for implants coated with 120 microg rhGDF-5 versus 1.2+/-0.5, 1.2+/-0.6, and 0.6+/-0.2 mm for implants coated with 60 microg rhGDF-5, 30 microg rhGDF-5, or left uncoated, respectively (p<0.05). Bone formation was predominant at the lingual aspect of the implants. Narrow yellow and orange fluorescent markers throughout the newly formed bone indicate relatively slow new bone formation within 3-4 weeks. Implants coated with rhGDF-5 displayed limited peri-implant bone remodelling in the resident bone; the 120 microg dose exhibiting more advanced remodelling than the 60 and 30 microg doses. All treatment groups exhibited clinically relevant osseointegration. CONCLUSIONS rhGDF-5-coated oral implants display a dose-dependent osteoinductive and/or osteoconductive effect, bone formation apparently benefiting from local factors. Application of rhGDF-5 appears to be safe as it is associated with limited, if any, adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Polimeni
- Laboratory for Applied Periodontal & Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Periodontics & Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Bone formation in a rat calvarial defect model after transplanting autogenous bone marrow with beta-tricalcium phosphate. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:270-7. [PMID: 19403161 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of an autogenous bone marrow graft combined with beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) in a rat calvarial bone defect model. The bone marrow harvested from the tibia of 7-week-old rats was grafted autogenously in a calvarial defect together with beta-TCP (=BTG group, n=16) or without beta-TCP (=BG group, n=16). Groups of animals were also treated with beta-TCP alone (=TG group, n=16) and control animals (n=8) received no graft implanted into the defect. We then observed the process of bone formation by histology, enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Five days after grafting, in the BTG and BG groups, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were observed. From 5 to 10 days after surgery, active Runx2, osteopontin (OPN), and TRAP- positive cells appeared in the BTG and BG groups. New bone formation started in the defect in both the BTG and BG groups. At 30 days after grafting, the BTG group showed new bone development and replacement of beta-TCP to fill the bone defect. New bone formation in the BTG group was significantly greater than in the BG group (P<0.01). The TG group showed no marked bone formation in the defect. The combination graft of bone marrow with beta-TCP showed marked bone formation in rat calvarial defects. Our results indicate that the combination grafts of bone marrow with beta-TCP may be an effective technique for repairing bone defects Beta-TCPgraft (TG) group.
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Moore YR, Dickinson DP, Wikesjö UME. Growth/differentiation factor-5: a candidate therapeutic agent for periodontal regeneration? A review of pre-clinical data. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:288-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kasten P, Beyen I, Bormann D, Luginbühl R, Plöger F, Richter W. The effect of two point mutations in GDF-5 on ectopic bone formation in a beta-tricalciumphosphate scaffold. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3878-84. [PMID: 20170953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The osteoinductivity of human growth-and-differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) is well established, but a reduced amount of ectopic bone is formed compared to other members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family like BMP-2. We hypothesized that swap of two BMP-receptor-interacting residues of GDF-5 to amino acids present in BMP-2 (methionine to valine at the sites 453 and 456) may improve the bone formation capacity of the mutant GDF-5. Heterotopic bone formation of a mutant GDF-5 coated beta-TCP carrier was compared to carriers coated with similar amounts (10 microg) of GDF-5 and BMP-2 in SCID mice. Four week explants revealed 6-fold higher ALP activity in the mutant GDF-5 versus the wild type GDF-5 group (p < 0.0001) and 1.4-fold higher levels compared to BMP-2 (p < 0.006). Bone area in histology was significantly higher in mutant GDF-5 versus all other groups at 4 weeks; however, at 8 weeks BMP-2 reached a similar neo-bone formation like mutant GDF-5. Micro-CT evaluation confirmed higher values in the mutant GDF-5 and BMP-2 groups compared to wild type GDF-5. In conclusion, the mutant GDF-5 showed superior bone formation capacity than GDF-5, and a faster induction at similar final outcome as BMP-2. Mutant GDF-5 thus represents a promising new GDF-5 variant for bone regeneration possibly acting via an increased binding affinity to the BMP-type I receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kasten
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sumita Y, Honda MJ, Ueda M, Asahina I, Kagami H. Differential effects of growth differentiation factor-5 on porcine dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells. Growth Factors 2010; 28:56-65. [PMID: 19909214 DOI: 10.3109/08977190903373380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) on the growth and differentiation of porcine dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells was investigated. Furthermore, the effect was compared with that of BMP-2. Recombinant mouse GDF-5 (rmGDF-5) enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in dental papilla-derived cells in a dose-dependent manner, while ALP activity in dental follicle-derived cells was reduced. In rmGDF-5 stimulated dental papilla-derived cells, the expressions of odontoblast-marker genes were up-regulated. Conversely, recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) enhanced ALP activity dose-dependently in both dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells. When combined, GDF-5 did not further enhance BMP-2-induced ALP activities. Rather, GDF-5 reduced BMP-2-induced ALP activities in both dental papilla- and follicle-derived cells. This suggests that affinity of GDF-5 to the shared receptors may be higher than that of BMP-2 in both cell types. These observations indicate that GDF-5 regulates differentiation of both dental papilla and follicle during odontogenesis, co-operatively with other growth factors such as BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Sumita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Schwarz F, Ferrari D, Sager M, Herten M, Hartig B, Becker J. Guided bone regeneration using rhGDF-5- and rhBMP-2-coated natural bone mineral in rat calvarial defects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:1219-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Kim TG, Wikesjö UME, Cho KS, Chai JK, Pippig SD, Siedler M, Kim CK. Periodontal wound healing/regeneration following implantation of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) in an absorbable collagen sponge carrier into one-wall intrabony defects in dogs: a dose-range study. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:589-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Xu L, Tang L, Jin F, Liu XH, Yu JH, Wu JJ, Yang ZH, Wang YX, Duan YZ, Jin Y. The apical region of developing tooth root constitutes a complex and maintains the ability to generate root and periodontium-like tissues. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:275-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jung RE, Thoma DS, Hammerle CHF. Assessment of the potential of growth factors for localized alveolar ridge augmentation: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 35:255-81. [PMID: 18724854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the literature regarding the clinical, histological, and radiographic outcome of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2, BMP-7), growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) for localized alveolar ridge augmentation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five separate Medline searches were performed in duplicate for human and animal studies, respectively. The primary outcome of the included studies was bone regeneration of localized alveolar ridge defects or craniofacial defects. RESULTS In six human studies, BMP-2 affected local bone augmentation with increasing volume for higher doses. A majority (43 of 45) of animal studies using BMP-2 showed a positive effect in favour of the growth factor (GF). In six of eight studies, a positive effect was associated with the use of BMP-7. Only one animal study was included for GDF-5 revealing statistically significantly higher bone volume. Regarding PDGF, statistically significantly higher bone volume was observed in five of 10 included studies. Four animal studies using PTH revealed statistically significantly more bone regeneration compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Differing levels and quantity of evidence were noted to be available for the GFs evaluated, revealing that BMP-2, BMP-7, GDF-5, PDGF, and PTH may stimulate local bone augmentation to various degrees. Human data for the potential of rhBMP-2 are supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Jung
- Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Dental School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Gruber RM, Ludwig A, Merten HA, Pippig S, Kramer FJ, Schliephake H. Sinus floor augmentation with recombinant human growth and differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5): a pilot study in the Goettingen miniature pig comparing autogenous bone and rhGDF-5. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008; 20:175-82. [PMID: 19077151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that recombinant human growth and differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) in combination with a beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) scaffold material results in superior bone formation in sinus floor augmentations in miniature pigs compared with a particulated autogenous bone graft combined with the scaffold material. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six adult female Goettingen minipigs underwent a maxillary sinus floor augmentation procedure. In a split-mouth design, the sinus floors were augmented with beta-TCP mixed with autogenous cortical bone chips, in a ratio of approximately 1 : 1, on one side. The contralateral test site was augmented using beta-TCP coated with two concentrations of rhGDF-5 (400 microg rhGDF-5/g beta-TCP or 800 microg rhGDF-5/g beta-TCP; three animals in each case). Simultaneously, one dental implant was inserted into each sinus floor augmentation. After 12 weeks, a histological and histomorphometric assessment of non-decalcified histological specimens was made. RESULTS There were significantly higher mean values of volume density of newly formed bone using beta-TCP coated with two concentrations of rhGDF-5 (400 microg: 32.9%; 800 microg: 23.9%) than with the corresponding control (autogenous bone/beta-TCP) (14.6%, 12.9%) (P=0.012, P=0.049). The bone-to-implant contact rates (BIC) were significantly enhanced in test sites (400 microg: 84.2%; 800 microg: 69.8%) compared with the corresponding control sites (24.8%, 40.8%) (P=.027, P=.045). CONCLUSION rhGDF-5 delivered on beta-TCP significantly enhanced bone formation compared with beta-TCP combined with autogenous bone in sinus lift procedures in miniature pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Matthias Gruber
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Georgia Augusta University, Goettingen, Germany.
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Dupoirieux L, Pohl J, Hanke M, Pourquier D. A preliminary report on the effect of dimeric rhGDF-5 and its monomeric form rhGDF-5C465A on bone healing of rat cranial defects. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008; 37:30-5. [PMID: 18948011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to compare the efficacy on rat skull defects of two bone growth factors derived from the GDF-5 family. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted on 17 adult Wistar rats. On each animal, two symmetrical 6-mm wide, full-thickness, skull defects were carried out in the parietal regions. In 15 out of 17 animals, both experimental defects were filled by the implants. In the group I (n=2), both defects were left empty for control. The 15 other rats were divided into 3 groups: In group II (n=5), a collagen sponge was implanted. In group III (n=5), a collagen sponge impregnated with rhGDF-5 (the genuine dimeric form) was implanted. In group IV (n=5), a collagen sponge impregnated with rhGDF-5C465A (a monomeric form of GDF-5) was implanted. All animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks. The harvested specimens were processed for contact radiography and standard histological examination. The quantitative results were assessed with a semi-quantitative histological scoring system. RESULTS One animal in the group II was excluded because it died of unknown reasons. In group I, no bone healing was observed in the defects. In group II, no bone healing was observed in 4 out of 10 defects, and partial bone healing was observed in 5 out of 10 defects. In group III, partial bone healing was also observed in 3 out of 8 defects and complete bone healing in 4 out of 8 defects. In group IV, partial bone healing was observed in 8 out of 10 defects and complete bone healing in 2 out of 10 defects. CONCLUSION Bone healing was improved in all treated groups. Further studies are necessary to determine the optimal formulation of these composite implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dupoirieux
- Polyclinique du Marmandais, 71 avenue Jean Jaurès, 47200 Marmande, France.
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Kadomatsu H, Matsuyama T, Yoshimoto T, Negishi Y, Sekiya H, Yamamoto M, Izumi Y. Injectable growth/differentiation factor-5-recombinant human collagen composite induces endochondral ossification via Sry-related HMG box 9 (Sox9)expression and angiogenesis in murine calvariae. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:483-9. [PMID: 18624952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The types of collagens available today as biomaterials are purified from animal tissues. A major growing concern, however, is their safety, since there are risks of viral and prion contamination and of unknown and potentially zoonotic infectious diseases. The present study aimed to assess, using immunohistochemistry, the effects of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor-5 (rhGDF-5) combined with recombinant human collagen I (rhCI) on bone formation in murine calvariae. MATERIAL AND METHODS Composite rhGDF-5-rhCI or rhCI alone was injected subcutaneously into murine calvariae. After 3, 7 or 14 days, tissues were examined radiologically, histologically and immunohistochemically. The production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by primary osteoblasts, periosteal cells and connective tissue fibroblasts isolated enzymatically from neonatal murine calvariae was also assessed. RESULTS A protrusion was observed on the calvariae at the site injected with rhGDF-5/rhCI composite. Its mineral density was shown to be different from that of the existing bone by two-dimensional microcomputed tomography. Type II collagen-positive staining was restricted to newly formed tissues. Thus, the newly formed tissues seemed to be bone- and cartilage-like tissues. A number of vessels with positively stained cells for Von Willebrand factor were detected in the newly formed tissues. The rhGDF-5 enhanced VEGF production in cultured connective tissue fibroblasts. Sry-related HMG box 9 (Sox9)-positive cells were detected in the hypertrophic periosteum, and penetrated into the newly formed tissues. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that rhCI seems to allow the release of rhGDF-5 and that rhGDF-5-rhCI composite induces endochondral ossification via Sox9 expression and angiogenesis in murine calvariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kadomatsu
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Schwarz F, Rothamel D, Herten M, Ferrari D, Sager M, Becker J. Lateral ridge augmentation using particulated or block bone substitutes biocoated with rhGDF-5 and rhBMP-2: an immunohistochemical study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008; 19:642-52. [PMID: 18492078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically evaluate lateral ridge augmentation using a particulated (BOG) or block (BOB) natural bone mineral biocoated with rhGDF-5 and rhBMP-2 in dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three standardized box-shaped defects were surgically created at the buccal aspect of the alveolar ridge in each quadrant of eight beagle dogs. After 2 months of healing, the chronic-type defects were randomly allocated in a split-mouth design to either (i) BOG or (ii) BOB biocoated with (a) rhGDF-5 or (b) rhBMP-2, respectively. Uncoated grafts served as controls. After 3 and 8 weeks, dissected blocks were prepared for immunohistochemical [osteocalcin (OC)] and histomorphometrical analysis [e.g. area (mm(2)) of new bone fill (BF), newly formed mineralized (MT) and non-mineralized tissue (NMT)]. RESULTS rhBMP-2 biocoated BOG revealed significantly highest BF and MT values at 3 (upper and lower jaws - UJ/LJ - compared with BOG) and 8 weeks (UJ - compared with rhGDF-5). Biocoating of BOB using both rhGDF-5 and rhBMP-2 resulted in significantly increased MT values at 8 weeks (UJ/LJ - compared with BOB). In all groups, NMT adjacent to BOG and BOB scaffolds revealed pronounced signs of an OC antigen reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that both rhGDF-5 and rhBMP-2 have shown efficacy; however, their bone regenerative effect was markedly influenced by the carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Schwarz F, Rothamel D, Herten M, Ferrari D, Sager M, Becker J. Lateral ridge augmentation using particulated or block bone substitutes biocoated with rhGDF-5 and rhBMP-2: an immunohistochemical study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01537.x-i2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Khan IM, Redman SN, Williams R, Dowthwaite GP, Oldfield SF, Archer CW. The development of synovial joints. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007; 79:1-36. [PMID: 17498545 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(06)79001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During vertebrate evolution, successful adaptation of animal limbs to a variety of ecological niches depended largely on the formation and positioning of synovial joints. The function of a joint is to allow smooth articulation between opposing skeletal elements and to transmit biomechanical loads through the structure, and this is achieved through covering the ends of bones with articular cartilage, lubricating the joint with synovial fluid, using ligaments to bind the skeletal elements together, and encapsulating the joint in a protective fibrous layer of tissue. The diversity of limb generation has been proposed to occur through sequential branching and segmentation of precartilaginous skeletal elements along the proximodistal axis of the limb. The position of future joints is first delimited by areas of higher cell density called interzones initially through an as yet unidentified inductive signal, subsequently specification of these regions is controlled hierarchically by wnt14 and gdf5, respectively. Joint-forming cell fate although specified is not fixed, and joints will fuse if growth factor signaling is perturbed. Cavitation, the separation of the two opposing skeletal elements, and joint morphogenesis, the process whereby the joint cells organize and mature to establish a functional interlocking and reciprocally shaped joint, are slowly being unraveled through studying the plethora of molecules that make up the unique extracellular matrix of the forming structure. The joint lining tissue, articular cartilage, is avascular, and this limits its reparative capacity such that arthritis and associated joint pathologies are the single largest cause of disability in the adult population. Recent discoveries of adult stem cells and more specifically the isolation of chondroprogenitor cells from articular cartilage are extending available therapeutic options, though only with a more complete understanding of synovial joint development can such options have greater chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Khan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF103US, Wales, United Kingdom
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