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Li X, Yu C, Zhang B, Shan X, Mao W, Zhang Z, Wang C, Jin X, Wang J, Zhao H. The recovery of the microbial community after plaque removal depends on periodontal health status. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:75. [PMID: 37805507 PMCID: PMC10560279 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plaque accumulation and microbial community changes are important causes of periodontal disease. Cleaned plaque microorganisms will reattach to form biofilms, but the recovery and outcome of plaque microbial communities in different periodontal health states remain unknown. In this study, we tracked the biofilm remodeling process in 206 dental plaque samples from 40 healthy periodontal, gingivitis and periodontitis volunteers at 6 time points before and after supragingival scaling. We found that microbial communities of different periodontal states changed asynchronously during the process, and the more severe the periodontal disease condition, the more lagged the recovery of plaque microorganisms to their original state after cleaning; this reflected a higher degree of plaque development in periodontitis samples. The plaque index and bleeding index were significantly correlated with plaque recovery, especially the recovery of bacteria such as Abiotrophia and Capnocytophaga. Meanwhile, we found that the microbial community structure of different periodontal health states was most similar at the Day 3 after plaque cleaning, and the communities gradually differentiated and developed in different directions. Abiotrophia and other bacteria might play an important role in determining the development trend of plaque biofilms. The discovery of specific time points and bacteria was of great value in clarifying the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and in seeking targets for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University/Wenzhou People's Hospital/Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University/Wenzhou People's Hospital/Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jiangyin Stomatological Hospital/Jiangyin Oral Disease Preventive Treatment, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Shan
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University/Wenzhou People's Hospital/Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjun Mao
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University/Wenzhou People's Hospital/Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jin
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University/Wenzhou People's Hospital/Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University/Wenzhou People's Hospital/Wenzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Tabaa M, Adatowovor R, Shabila A, Morford L, Dawson D, Harrison P, Aukhil I, Huang H, Stromberg A, Goncalves J, Shaddox LM. Pattern of grade C molar-incisor pattern periodontitis in families. J Periodontol 2023; 94:811-822. [PMID: 36370032 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the clinical and inflammatory response patterns for individual siblings diagnosed with grade C molar-incisor pattern periodontitis (C-MIP) and between the related siblings within families. METHODS Sixty-nine siblings within 28 families with moderate-to-severe C-MIP were included. Clinical parameters were evaluated for symmetry regarding the affected type of teeth, side and/or arch, and bone loss pattern. The protein concentrations from in vitro whole blood cultures for 14 different lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory markers were correlated with the extent and severity of disease, within an individual sibling and among siblings within a family. RESULTS A similar disease pattern was observed among all siblings and within families. The most common teeth affected were first molars and incisors or first molars only within the permanent dentition and only molars within the primary dentition (p < 0.001). Symmetry involving molars was higher than in incisors in siblings, regardless of arch or side affected (p = 0.020). Arc-shape/vertical bone defects were the most common (p = 0.006) and higher symmetry was found for these defects in the permanent dentition (p = 0.005). Positive correlations were found between age, clinical attachment loss, and percent affected sites with several inflammatory markers. The inflammatory responses for several inflammatory markers were correlated within and among families (p < 0.050). Specifically, the intraclass correlation coefficient within families was highest (>0.5) for interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, and IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Families with C-MIP presented similar patterns of disease. The level of an inflammatory response to bacteria seemed to play a role in the extent and severity of this disease, exemplified by the high degree of correlation in these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Tabaa
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Reuben Adatowovor
- Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Avesta Shabila
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lorri Morford
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter Harrison
- Department of Periodontology, Dublin School of Dentistry, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ikramuddin Aukhil
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hong Huang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Arnold Stromberg
- Statistics, College of Arts and Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jussara Goncalves
- Division of Periodontology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Luciana M Shaddox
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Periodontology and Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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3
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Wiessner A, Wassmann T, Wiessner JM, Schubert A, Wiechens B, Hampe T, Bürgers R. In Vivo Biofilm Formation on Novel PEEK, Titanium, and Zirconia Implant Abutment Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021779. [PMID: 36675292 PMCID: PMC9865206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilms on the surface of dental implants and abutment materials may lead to peri-implantitis and subsequent implant failure. Recently, innovative materials such as polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and its modifications have been used as abutment materials. However, there is limited knowledge on microbial adhesion to PEEK materials. The aim of this in vivo study was to investigate biofilm formation on the surface of conventional (titanium and zirconia) and PEEK implant abutment materials. Split specimens of titanium, zirconia, PEEK, and modified PEEK (PEEK-BioHPP) were manufactured, mounted in individual removable acrylic upper jaw splints, and worn by 20 healthy volunteers for 24 h. The surface roughness was determined using widefield confocal microscopy. Biofilm accumulation was investigated by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by imaging software. The surface roughness of the investigated materials was <0.2 µm and showed no significant differences between the materials. Zirconia showed the lowest biofilm formation, followed by titanium, PEEK, and PEEK-BioHPP. Differences were significant (p < 0.001) between the investigated materials, except for the polyether-ether-ketones. Generally, biofilm formation was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the posterior region of the oral cavity than in the anterior region. The results of the present study show a material-dependent susceptibility to biofilm formation. The risk of developing peri-implantitis may be reduced by a specific choice of abutment material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wiessner
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Wassmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Johanna Maria Wiessner
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schubert
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wiechens
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Hampe
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Bürgers
- Department of Prosthodontics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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4
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Gil EG, Åstrøm AN, Lie SA, Rygg M, Fischer J, Rosén A, Bletsa A, Luukko K, Shi XQ, Halbig J, Frid P, Cetrelli L, Tylleskär K, Rosendahl K, Skeie MS. Dental plaque and gingival bleeding in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and controls: a multilevel analysis. Acta Odontol Scand 2023; 81:50-65. [PMID: 35635806 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2022.2078505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether plaque and gingival bleeding are more frequently experienced by adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) compared to matched controls without JIA; explore whether surface- and site-specific periodontal outcomes vary between the two groups; and for participants with JIA, investigate associations between disease-specific features and periodontal outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this comparative cross-sectional study, selected surfaces, and sites of index teeth in 10-16-year-olds with JIA and matched controls were examined by modified versions of Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). Mixed-effects logistic regressions, reporting odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), were applied. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to quantify the degree of dependency of measures within the same individual. RESULTS 144 and 159 adolescents with JIA were evaluated according to OHI-S and GBI; corresponding numbers of controls were 154 and 161. Plaque and gingival bleeding were more frequent in individuals with JIA than controls. Adjusted analyses showed association between JIA status and OHI-S > 0 (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.47 - 3.67, ICC = 0.45) and GBI > 0 (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.10 - 2.16, ICC = 0.41 and 0.30). Surface-specific distribution of plaque varied among the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of increased awareness of oral health care in patients with JIA and that surface- and site-specific differences in periodontal outcomes exist between individuals with JIA and controls. Few JIA disease-specific variables associated with plaque or gingival bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stein Atle Lie
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marite Rygg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes Fischer
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annika Rosén
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Athanasia Bletsa
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Western Norway, Vestland, Norway
| | - Keijo Luukko
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xie-Qi Shi
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Josefine Halbig
- Public Dental Health Competence Centre of Northern Norway (TkNN), Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Dentistry, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Paula Frid
- Public Dental Health Competence Centre of Northern Norway (TkNN), Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Dentistry, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lena Cetrelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Karin Tylleskär
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marit Slåttelid Skeie
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Center for Oral Health Services and Research, Mid-Norway (TkMidt), Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Culp DJ, Hull W, Schultz AC, Bryant AS, Lizarraga CA, Dupuis MR, Chakraborty B, Lee K, Burne RA. Testing of candidate probiotics to prevent dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans in a mouse model. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3853-3869. [PMID: 35262250 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated two species of human oral commensal streptococci in protection against dental caries induced by Streptococcus mutans. METHODS AND RESULTS Candidate probiotics, Streptococcus sp. A12, Streptococcus sanguinis BCC23 and an arginine deiminase mutant of BCC23 (∆arcADS) were tested for their ability to reduce S. mutans-induced caries in an established mouse model. Mice were colonized with a probiotic, challenged with S. mutans, then intermittently reinoculated with a probiotic strain. Oral colonization of each strain and autochthonous bacteria was assessed by qPCR. Both BCC23 strains, but not A12, were associated with markedly reduced sulcal caries, persistently colonized mucosal and dental biofilms, and significantly lowered S. mutans counts. All three strains enhanced mucosal colonization of autochthonous bacteria. In a follow-up experiment, when S. mutans was established first, dental and mucosal colonization of S. mutans was unaltered by a subsequent challenge with either BCC23 strain. Results between BCC23 and BCC23 ∆arcADS were equivalent. CONCLUSIONS BCC23 is a potential probiotic to treat patients at high caries risk. Its effectiveness is independent of ADS activity, but initial dental cleaning to enhance establishment in dental biofilms may be required. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In vivo testing of candidate probiotics is highly informative, as effectiveness is not always reflected by genotype or in vitro behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Culp
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William Hull
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander C Schultz
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashley S Bryant
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Claudia A Lizarraga
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madeline R Dupuis
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brinta Chakraborty
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kyulim Lee
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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6
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Fagernäs Z, Salazar-García DC, Haber Uriarte M, Avilés Fernández A, Henry AG, Lomba Maurandi J, Ozga AT, Velsko IM, Warinner C. Understanding the microbial biogeography of ancient human dentitions to guide study design and interpretation. FEMS MICROBES 2022; 3:xtac006. [PMID: 37332506 PMCID: PMC10117714 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a heterogeneous environment, varying in factors such as pH, oxygen levels, and salivary flow. These factors affect the microbial community composition and distribution of species in dental plaque, but it is not known how well these patterns are reflected in archaeological dental calculus. In most archaeological studies, a single sample of dental calculus is studied per individual and is assumed to represent the entire oral cavity. However, it is not known if this sampling strategy introduces biases into studies of the ancient oral microbiome. Here, we present the results of a shotgun metagenomic study of a dense sampling of dental calculus from four Chalcolithic individuals from the southeast Iberian peninsula (ca. 4500-5000 BP). Interindividual differences in microbial composition are found to be much larger than intraindividual differences, indicating that a single sample can indeed represent an individual in most cases. However, there are minor spatial patterns in species distribution within the oral cavity that should be taken into account when designing a study or interpreting results. Finally, we show that plant DNA identified in the samples is likely of postmortem origin, demonstrating the importance of including environmental controls or additional lines of biomolecular evidence in dietary interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandra Fagernäs
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Domingo C Salazar-García
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, 46010, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, 01006, Spain
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - María Haber Uriarte
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 30001, Spain
| | - Azucena Avilés Fernández
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 30001, Spain
| | - Amanda G Henry
- Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2332 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Lomba Maurandi
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 30001, Spain
| | - Andrew T Ozga
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Irina M Velsko
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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7
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Al-Omiri MK, Al-Shayyab MH, Alahmari NM, Aldosari LI, Alzoubi IA, Al Nazeh AA, Majdalawi F, Alsafadi L, Lynch E. Impacts of the Triple bristles three-sided sonic powered toothbrush on tooth shade, plaque control and gingival health. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 19:382-397. [PMID: 34529340 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of the Triple bristles three-sided sonic powered toothbrush in plaque removal and its impact on tooth shade and gingival health, and to compare this with a conventional manual toothbrush. METHODS Fifty two participants (26 males and 26 females; mean age [SD] = 22.48 [1.52], SE = 0.210, 95% CI = 22.06-22.90) were recruited into this controlled within-subject, randomized, two-treatment, 1-month crossover and examiner-blinded observational study between October 2020 and January 2021 in the School of Dentistry, University of Jordan. Within each participant, the upper and lower jaws were randomized to receive a brushing protocol either with the Triple bristles three-sided sonic brush or with a soft manual standard toothbrush with flat trimmed bristles. Tooth shades were recorded for upper and lower anterior and premolar teeth. The Turesky-Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were evaluated at study baseline, 1 week and 1 month after applying the brushing protocol. RESULTS Both tested brushes were associated with significant reduction in plaque scores and BOP (p < 0.05). The Triple bristles brush was more effective in reduction in plaque and BOP in the lower jaw and among females than the manual brush (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The Triple bristles brush was more superior for reduction in plaque and probing on bleeding in the lower jaw and among females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud K Al-Omiri
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Prosthodontics, The City of London Dental School, London, UK
| | - Mohammad H Al-Shayyab
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nasser M Alahmari
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain I Aldosari
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alzoubi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al Nazeh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ganss C, Glanz A, Glanz T, Schlueter N, Ruf S. Red fluorescence of plaque in the dentition-a comparison of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D) images and conventional images of disclosed plaque. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Manoharan L, Brundin M, Rakhimova O, Chávez de Paz L, Romani Vestman N. New Insights into the Microbial Profiles of Infected Root Canals in Traumatized Teeth. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123877. [PMID: 33260621 PMCID: PMC7760719 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic dental injuries in young individuals are often exposed to the invasion of oral microorganisms that leads to pulp necrosis. Infective necrosis in permanent teeth not-fully-developed causes aberrant root formation. Regeneration endodontic treatments (RETs) have shown promising results by promoting continued root development by stem cells. Critical to the success of RET is the thorough disinfection of the pulpal space. To establish effective antimicrobial protocols for root canal disinfection, the invading microorganisms need to be identified. In the present study, we use a combination of culture-based and high-throughput molecular sequencing techniques to investigate the microbial profiles from traumatized teeth (30 cases) and controls, i.e., teeth with pulp infections not caused by trauma (32 cases). Overall, a high microbial diversity in traumatized necrotic teeth was observed. Eubacterium yurii subsps. yurii and margaretiae, as well as key ‘bridging oral species’ F. nucleatum sp., Polymorphum and Corynebacterium matruchotti, were highly associated with traumatized teeth. The microbial compositions of traumatized teeth differed considerably from those of infected teeth not caused by trauma. Age and tooth position also influence microbial compositions. In conclusion, we show that the root canal microflora of traumatized teeth is highly diverse, and it differs from root canal infections not caused by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokeshwaran Manoharan
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Malin Brundin
- Department of Endodontics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Olena Rakhimova
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | | | - Nelly Romani Vestman
- Department of Endodontics, County Council of Västerbotten, 90189 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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10
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Kennedy MS, Chang EB. The microbiome: Composition and locations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 176:1-42. [PMID: 33814111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human body is home to a diverse and functionally important assemblage of symbiotic microbes that varies predictably over different spatial scales, both within and across body sites. The composition of these spatially distinct microbial consortia can be impacted by a variety of stochastic and deterministic forces, including dispersal from different source communities, and selection by regionally-specific host processes for the enrichment of physiologically significant taxa. In this chapter, we review the composition, function, and assembly of the healthy human gastrointestinal, skin, vaginal, and respiratory microbiomes, with special emphasis on the regional distribution of microbes throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Kennedy
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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11
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Levine JB, Goncalves J, Nguyen D, Nguyen O, Hasturk H. Efficacy of a novel post-foaming dental gel on gingival inflammation: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1569-1583. [PMID: 32372407 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of a post-foaming dental gel containing cetylpridinium chloride (CPC), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), sodium bicarbonate, and antioxidants on periodontal/oral health. METHODS Individuals with gingivitis or mild-moderate periodontitis (n=36) were included and randomly assigned to Group 1 and 2 with foaming gel loaded on a mouthpiece with a light source and controlled warming heat built-in unit or on a toothbrush, respectively, in addition to regular twice-daily brushing. Group 3 served as control with twice daily brushing and further assigned split-mouth to Group 3a-un-flossed and Group 3b-flossed. Gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were evaluated in addition to plaque index (PI), pocket depth, and clinical attachment level at days 14, 28, 42 (treatment), and 60 (maintenance). Subgingival plaque microbial profiles and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine levels were determined by DNA-DNA hybridization and multiplexing assays, respectively. Exploratory analyses included esthetic outcomes: changes in tooth color and levels of volatile sulfur compounds in breath. Statistical analyses were conducted using ANOVA with a post hoc analysis of Fisher's LSD. RESULTS Use of post-foaming gel in both test groups resulted in significant changes in GI and BOP at Day 42 compared to control and un-flossed control (P<0.05). Device-enhanced foaming gel significantly reduced the PI in Group 1 at Day 42 compared to control and un-flossed control (P=0.02; P=0.007, respectively). GCF IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced in Group 2 compared to control (PIL-6 =0.01, PTNF-α =0.02). Post-foaming gel resulted in greater reductions in periodontopathogens, whereas health-associated species remained stable. Despite cessation of adjunct treatments, Group 1 and 2 continued having reduced levels of GI, BOP, and PI at Day 60 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The novel post-foaming dental gel improves oral health by reducing gingival inflammation at the local site in addition to better esthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Nguyen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Nguyen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Proctor DM, Shelef KM, Gonzalez A, Davis CL, Dethlefsen L, Burns AR, Loomer PM, Armitage GC, Ryder MI, Millman ME, Knight R, Holmes SP, Relman DA. Microbial biogeography and ecology of the mouth and implications for periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:26-41. [PMID: 31850642 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the composition of microbial communities differs among body sites and between habitats within a single site. Patterns of variation in the distribution of organisms across time and space are referred to as "biogeography." The human oral cavity is a critical observatory for exploring microbial biogeography because it is spatially structured, easily accessible, and its microbiota has been linked to the promotion of both health and disease. The biogeographic features of microbial communities residing in spatially distinct, but ecologically similar, environments on the human body, including the subgingival crevice, have not yet been adequately explored. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we seek to provide the dental community with a primer on biogeographic theory, highlighting its relevance to the study of the human oral cavity. We summarize what is known about the biogeographic variation of dental caries and periodontitis and postulate that disease occurrence reflects spatial patterning in the composition and structure of oral microbial communities. Second, we present a number of methods that investigators can use to test specific hypotheses using biogeographic theory. To anchor our discussion, we apply each method to a case study and examine the spatial variation of the human subgingival microbiota in 2 individuals. Our case study suggests that the composition of subgingival communities may conform to an anterior-to-posterior gradient within the oral cavity. The gradient appears to be structured by both deterministic and nondeterministic processes, although additional work is needed to confirm these findings. A better understanding of biogeographic patterns and processes will lead to improved efficacy of dental interventions targeting the oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Proctor
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katie M Shelef
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Clara L Davis
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Les Dethlefsen
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Adam R Burns
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Peter M Loomer
- Ashman Department of Periodontology & Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gary C Armitage
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark I Ryder
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Meredith E Millman
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Susan P Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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13
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Adam R, Erb J, Grender J. Randomized controlled trial assessing plaque removal of an oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush with micro-vibrations. Int Dent J 2020; 70 Suppl 1:S22-S27. [PMID: 32243574 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess plaque removal potential of a newly designed oscillating-rotating (O-R) electric rechargeable toothbrush with micro-vibrations compared to a manual toothbrush. METHODS This was a randomized single-brushing, two-treatment, examiner-blind, replicate-use, four-period crossover design study, conducted with three cohorts of nine subjects each, with all subjects using each toothbrush twice. Test toothbrushes included a new O-R rechargeable electric toothbrush with micro-vibrations (Oral-B iO prototype) and a manual American Dental Association (ADA) reference toothbrush. On each of the four study visits, subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 12 hours prior. At each visit, subjects received a pre-brushing plaque examination, brushed with their assigned toothbrush and a marketed fluoride dentifrice and then received a post-brushing plaque examination. Plaque was assessed using the expanded Turesky Modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index. Treatment comparison analyses were two-sided and carried out at the 5% significance level. RESULTS All 27 randomized subjects (mean age = 42.0 years) completed the trial. Both brushes produced significant plaque reductions versus baseline (P < 0.001). The O-R electric brush provided statistically significantly greater plaque reductions in all regions compared to the regular manual toothbrush, with a between-treatment difference of 0.929 for whole mouth plaque, 0.965 for proximal plaque, 1.029 for lingual plaque and 0.815 for facial plaque (P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Additionally, use of the novel O-R brush yielded greater brushing evenness/consistency when comparing the facial and lingual mean plaque removal differences relative to manual brushing (P = 0.001). Both brushes were well-tolerated. CONCLUSION The novel O-R toothbrush with micro-vibrations produced significantly greater plaque reductions compared to the manual toothbrush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Adam
- Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Kronberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Erb
- Procter & Gamble Service GmbH, Kronberg, Germany
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14
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Carda-Diéguez M, Bravo-González LA, Morata IM, Vicente A, Mira A. High-throughput DNA sequencing of microbiota at interproximal sites. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 12:1687397. [PMID: 32002129 PMCID: PMC6853236 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1687397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The oral microbiota has been deeply studied by high-throughput sequencing techniques. However, although the interproximal regions have one of the highest caries rates in the oral cavity, information about the bacterial composition at those sites is scarce. Methods: In this study, we used 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing to describe the microbiota associated to interproximal regions at two time points. In addition, dental plaque samples at the vestibular and lingual surfaces from the same teeth were also analysed at the two time points. Results: Interproximal-associated microbiota was found to be similar to already described bacterial communities in other mouth niches. Streptoccocus, Veillonella, Rothia, Actinomyces, Neisseria, Haemophilus and Fusobacterium were the most abundant genera in this oral region. Statistical analyses showed that the microbiota from interproximal sites was more similar to that sampled from the vestibular surfaces than to the lingual surfaces. Interestingly, many potentially cariogenic bacteria such as Scardovia, Atopobium or Selenomonas were over-represented in the interproximal regions in comparison with vestibular and lingual sites. Conclusion: The microbiota at interproximal regions appears to be specific and stable through time. Potentially pathogenic bacteria may increase caries development risk and gingival inflammation at those sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel María Morata
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascensión Vicente
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Institute, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Mark Welch JL, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG. Biogeography of the Oral Microbiome: The Site-Specialist Hypothesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2019; 73:335-358. [PMID: 31180804 PMCID: PMC7153577 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities are complex and dynamic, composed of hundreds of taxa interacting across multiple spatial scales. Advances in sequencing and imaging technology have led to great strides in understanding both the composition and the spatial organization of these complex communities. In the human mouth, sequencing results indicate that distinct sites host microbial communities that not only are distinguishable but to a meaningful degree are composed of entirely different microbes. Imaging suggests that the spatial organization of these communities is also distinct. Together, the literature supports the idea that most oral microbes are site specialists. A clear understanding of microbiota structure at different sites in the mouth enables mechanistic studies, informs the generation of hypotheses, and strengthens the position of oral microbiology as a model system for microbial ecology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Floyd E. Dewhirst
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge MA 02142 and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston MA 02115
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16
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Abstract
Bacteria within the oral cavity live primarily as complex, polymicrobial biofilms. Dental biofilms are necessary etiological factors for dental caries and periodontal diseases but have also been implicated in diseases outside the oral cavity. Biofilm is the preferred lifestyle for bacteria, and biofilms are found on almost any surface in nature. Bacteria growing within a biofilm exhibit an altered phenotype. Substantial changes in gene expression occur when bacteria are in close proximity or physical contact with one another or with the host. This may facilitate nutritional co-operation, cell-cell signaling, and gene transfer, including transfer of antibiotic-resistance genes, thus rendering biofilm bacteria with properties other than those found in free-floating, planktonic bacteria. We will discuss biofilm properties and possible consequences for future prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Valen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, NIOM, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne A Scheie
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Ramos TN, Borsanelli AC, Saraiva JR, Vaccari J, Schweitzer CM, Gaetti-Jardim Jr E, Dutra IS. Efficacy of virginiamycin for the control of periodontal disease in calves. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Periodontal diseases are multifactorial infectious processes caused by complexes of microorganisms, with damage to health, production, and animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of virginiamycin in the prevention and control of two early forms of periodontal disease: gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis. Ten weaned calves, aged four to six months, were permanently kept in a single lot under the same rotational grazing regime in a newly reformed area of Panicum maximum. Five of the calves were orally administered 340mg of virginiamycin (Virginiamycin Group) daily for a period of 18 weeks, while the remaining five calves (Control Group) remained under the same food management but did not receive virginiamycin. During this period, animals underwent 18 weekly evaluations regarding periodontal health, with monitoring and recording of clinical parameters of the eight deciduous incisor teeth on the labial and lingual faces. At approximately two-week intervals, nine collections of subgingival sulcus material from five sites of the four right incisor teeth of each animal were performed and subjected to microbiological evaluation using polymerase chain reaction with primers of 25 microorganisms considered potentially pathogenic. After 1440 periodontal clinical evaluations of incisor teeth of the 10 calves, a total of 395 episodes of gingivitis were recorded, of which 267 occurred in the Control Group and 128 in the Virginiamycin Group. Similarly, 89 episodes of necrotizing gingivitis were recorded; 58 in the Control Group and 31 in the Virginiamycin Group. Comparison of between-group means found significant differences for teeth with gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis (t test; p<0.05). The total number of teeth with gingivitis (p<0.01) and necrotizing gingivitis (p<0.01) in Control Group was significantly higher than that of gingivitis (p<0.01) and necrotizing gingivitis (p<0.05) in the Virginiamycin Group. There was a positive correlation between total occurrence of gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis in the Virginiamycin Group by Pearson’s test. Virginiamycin had a protective effect on treated animals compared with the Control Group (OR = 0.36: CI (95%) = 0.27-0.43). In the Control Group, Actinomyces israelli (4.74%), domain Archaea (1.58%), Eikenella corrodens (1.05%), Fusobacterium nucleatum (27.37%), class Mollicutes (5.26%); Porphyromonas endodontalis(5.26%); Porphyromonas gulae(0.53%), Prevotella buccae (6.32%), Prevotella loescheii (3.68%), Prevotella nigrescens (8.42%), Prevotella oralis (1.58%), Tannerella forsythia (0.53%), and Treponema denticola (4.21%) were detected at healthy sites, and gingivitis or necrotizing gingivitis samples. In the Virginiamycin Group, A. israelli (3.41%), domain Archaea (0.98%), F. nucleatum (9.27%), class Mollicutes(4.39%), P. endodontalis (4.39%), P. gulae (0.49%), P. buccae (8.29%), P. loescheii (6.83%), P. nigrescens (15.61%), P. oralis (1.46%), Selenomonas sputigena (0.49%), T. forsythia (0.49%), and T. denticola (2.44%) were detected. In conclusion, virginiamycin administered at a dosage of 340mg/animal/day significantly reduced the occurrence of gingivitis and necrotizing gingivitis in cattle maintained on reformed pastures, and was revealed to have action against periodontal bacterial microbiota considered to be potentially pathogenic.
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18
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Ikeda E, Shiba T, Ikeda Y, Suda W, Nakasato A, Takeuchi Y, Azuma M, Hattori M, Izumi Y. Deep sequencing reveals specific bacterial signatures in the subgingival microbiota of healthy subjects. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 23:1489-1493. [PMID: 30680442 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to define the comprehensive bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity by identifying and comparing bacterial species in different subgingival sites using 454 sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were taken from six target teeth (central incisor, first premolar, and first molar in both the maxilla and mandible) of 10 periodontally healthy patients. Bacterial DNA was extracted and next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was performed. RESULTS Bacterial composition in phylum level was similar for all sites within the same individual irrespective of tooth location. Unweighted UniFrac distance values of microbiome also showed that average distance was significantly larger between subjects than between tooth locations of the same subjects. CONCLUSIONS The present results clarify the lack of effect of tooth location in the healthy subgingival microbiota. Results may suggest that any subgingival site can demonstrate similar subject-specific microbiota. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This investigation offers a better understanding of the uniqueness of the oral microbiome. The present study will facilitate sampling in future subgingival microbiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Ikeda
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiba
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikeda
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Nakasato
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Understanding the microbiology of dental caries is not a mere academic exercise; it provides the basis for preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies and gives the dentist a theoretical framework to become a better professional. The last years have seen the development of new research methodologies, ranging from high-throughput sequencing or "omics" techniques to new fluorescence microscopy applications and microfluidics, which have allowed the study of the oral microbiome to an unprecedented level of detail. Those studies have provided new insights about oral biofilm formation, biomarkers of caries risk, microbial etiology, appropriate sampling, identification of health-associated bacteria, and new anticaries strategies, among others. Several pitfalls are associated with the new technologies, including a small number of samples per study group, elevated cost, and genus- or species-based analyses that do not take into consideration intraspecies variability. However, the new data strongly suggest that saliva may not be an appropriate sample for etiological studies or for bacterial caries-risk tests, that microbial composition alone may be insufficient to predict caries risk, and that antimicrobial or immunization strategies targeting single species are unlikely to be effective. Strategies directed toward modulation of the oral biofilm, such as pre- and probiotics, emerge as promising new approaches to prevent tooth decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mira
- 1 Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Zhu B, Macleod LC, Kitten T, Xu P. Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm formation & interaction with oral pathogens. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:915-932. [PMID: 29882414 PMCID: PMC6060398 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries and periodontitis are the two most common human dental diseases and are caused by dysbiosis of oral flora. Although commensal microorganisms have been demonstrated to protect against pathogens and promote oral health, most previous studies have addressed pathogenesis rather than commensalism. Streptococcus sanguinis is a commensal bacterium that is abundant in the oral biofilm and whose presence is correlated with health. Here, we focus on the mechanism of biofilm formation in S. sanguinis and the interaction of S. sanguinis with caries- and periodontitis-associated pathogens. In addition, since S. sanguinis is well known as a cause of infective endocarditis, we discuss the relationship between S. sanguinis biofilm formation and its pathogenicity in endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lorna C Macleod
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Todd Kitten
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ping Xu
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.,Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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21
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Park SH, Cho SH, Han JY. Effective professional intraoral tooth brushing instruction using the modified plaque score: a randomized clinical trial. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2018. [PMID: 29535888 PMCID: PMC5841264 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2018.48.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the modified plaque score (MPS) for assessing the oral hygiene status of periodontitis patients. Methods A total of 116 patients were included in this study. After evaluation of the Löe and Silness gingival index (GI), Silness and Löe plaque index (PlI), O'Leary plaque control record (PCR), and MPS, patients were randomly assigned to either a conventional tooth brushing instruction (C-TBI) group (n=56) or a professional intraoral tooth brushing instruction (P-TBI) group (n=60). The MPS and clinical parameters were re-evaluated after scaling and a series of root planing. The convergent validity of MPS with the PlI and PCR was assessed. The measurement time for MPS and PCR was compared according to the proficiency of the examiner. Results After root planing, the GI, PlI, PCR, and MPS improved from their respective baseline values in both groups. Three different plaque indices including the MPS, showed significant differences between the C-TBI group and the P-TBI group after root planing. The MPS showed significant concurrence with the PCR and PlI. The mean time for PCR measurement was 2.76±0.71 times longer than that for MPS measurement after 2 weeks of training. Conclusions MPS seems to be a practical plaque scoring system compared with the PlI and PCR. These findings suggest that repetitive plaque control combined with an easily applicable plaque index (MPS) may facilitate more effective oral hygiene education and improved periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Park
- Department of Dentistry and Periodontology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Cho
- Department of Dentistry and Periodontology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Han
- Department of Dentistry and Periodontology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Proctor DM, Fukuyama JA, Loomer PM, Armitage GC, Lee SA, Davis NM, Ryder MI, Holmes SP, Relman DA. A spatial gradient of bacterial diversity in the human oral cavity shaped by salivary flow. Nat Commun 2018; 9:681. [PMID: 29445174 PMCID: PMC5813034 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal patterns in microbial communities provide insights into the forces that shape them, their functions and roles in health and disease. Here, we used spatial and ecological statistics to analyze the role that saliva plays in structuring bacterial communities of the human mouth using >9000 dental and mucosal samples. We show that regardless of tissue type (teeth, alveolar mucosa, keratinized gingiva, or buccal mucosa), surface-associated bacterial communities vary along an ecological gradient from the front to the back of the mouth, and that on exposed tooth surfaces, the gradient is pronounced on lingual compared to buccal surfaces. Furthermore, our data suggest that this gradient is attenuated in individuals with low salivary flow due to Sjögren's syndrome. Taken together, our findings imply that salivary flow influences the spatial organization of microbial communities and that biogeographical patterns may be useful for understanding host physiological processes and for predicting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Proctor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.,Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julia A Fukuyama
- Department of Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Peter M Loomer
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Ashman's Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Gary C Armitage
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Stacey A Lee
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nicole M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark I Ryder
- Division of Periodontology, University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Susan P Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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23
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Sreenivasan PK, Prasad KV. Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:1585-1596. [PMID: 28795618 PMCID: PMC5718714 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517705476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The natural accumulation of supragingival plaque on surfaces of human teeth is associated with gingival inflammation and the initiation of common oral diseases. This study evaluated the distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis scores within the dental arches after prophylaxis. Methods Adult subjects from the Dharwad, India area representing the general population who provided written informed consent were scheduled for screening. Healthy subjects over the age of 18 years, not currently requiring any medical or dental care, and presenting with a complement of at least 20 natural teeth were recruited for this parallel design study. Enrolled subjects (n = 41) underwent oral examinations for dental plaque (PI) and gingivitis (GI) using the Turesky modification of the Quigley-Hein and the Löe-Silness Index, respectively, at the baseline visit, followed by a whole mouth dental prophylaxis. Subjects were given fluoride toothpaste for twice daily oral hygiene for the next 30 days. Subjects were recalled on days 15 and 30 for PI and GI examinations identical to baseline. Results Analyses indicated that mean scores for PI and GI on either arch and the whole mouth were higher than 2 and 1, respectively, during all examinations. Anterior surfaces consistently exhibited lower PI scores than posterior regions of either arch, or the entire dentition. Regional GI differences within the dentition were similar to PI scores, with lower scores on anterior than posterior teeth. Prophylaxis reduced both the frequency and mean scores of both PI and GI, irrespective of arch, with lower scores observed on anterior than posterior regions during all recall visits. Molar and lingual regions consistently exhibited higher PI and GI scores compared with anterior surfaces. At all examinations, mean scores for both plaque and gingivitis were higher on approximal vestibular than mid-vestibular surfaces. Conclusions Differences observed in PI and GI within the dentition have several practical implications: (a) there are advantages of whole mouth assessments for oral health (b) a need for oral hygiene formulations to reduce the larger deposits of dental plaque in the posterior region and resultant gingival inflammation, and
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kakarla V.V. Prasad
- Department of Community Dentistry, SDM College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad, India
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Knapp S, Brodal C, Peterson J, Qi F, Kreth J, Merritt J. Natural Competence Is Common among Clinical Isolates of Veillonella parvula and Is Useful for Genetic Manipulation of This Key Member of the Oral Microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:139. [PMID: 28473967 PMCID: PMC5397411 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The six Veillonella species found in the human oral cavity are among the most abundant members of the oral flora, occurring in both supra- and subgingival dental plaque as well as on the oral mucosa. Epidemiological data have also implicated these species in the development of the most common oral diseases. Despite their ubiquity, abundance, and ecological significance, surprisingly little is known about Veillonella biology, largely due to the difficulties associated with their genetic manipulation. In an effort to improve genetic analyses of Veillonella species, we isolated a collection of veillonellae from clinical plaque samples and screened for natural competence using a newly developed transformation protocol. Numerous strains of V. parvula were found to exhibit a natural competence ability that was highly influenced by growth medium composition. By exploiting this ability, we were able to utilize cloning-independent allelic exchange mutagenesis to identify the likely source of DNA uptake machinery within a locus homologous to type II secretion systems (T2SS). Interestingly, V. parvula natural competence was found to exhibit a clear hierarchy of preference for different sources of DNA (plasmid < PCR product < genomic DNA), which is unlike most naturally competent species. Genomic comparisons with other members of the Veillonellaceae family suggest that natural competence is likely to be widely distributed within this group. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first demonstration of natural competence and targeted allelic exchange mutagenesis within the entire Veillonellaceae family and demonstrates a simple and rapid method to study Veillonella genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Knapp
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Clint Brodal
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - John Peterson
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Fengxia Qi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Science CenterOklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
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Abstract
Landscape ecology examines the relationships between the spatial arrangement of different landforms and the processes that give rise to spatial and temporal patterns in local community structure. The spatial ecology of the microbial communities that inhabit the human body-in particular, those of the nose, mouth, and throat-deserves greater attention. Important questions include what defines the size of a population (i.e., "patch") in a given body site, what defines the boundaries of distinct patches within a single body site, and where and over what spatial scales within a body site are gradients detected. This Review looks at the landscape ecology of the upper respiratory tract and mouth and seeks greater clarity about the physiological factors-whether immunological, chemical, or physical-that govern microbial community composition and function and the ecological traits that underlie health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Proctor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Mira A, Simon-Soro A, Curtis MA. Role of microbial communities in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and caries. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44 Suppl 18:S23-S38. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - A. Simon-Soro
- Department of Health and Genomics; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health; FISABIO Foundation; Valencia Spain
| | - M. A. Curtis
- Institute of Dentistry; Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
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Bergamo AZN, Nelson-Filho P, Romano FL, da Silva RAB, Saraiva MCP, da Silva LAB, Matsumoto MAN. Gingival crevicular fluid volume and periodontal parameters alterations after use of conventional and self-ligating brackets. J Orthod 2016; 43:260-267. [DOI: 10.1080/14653125.2016.1221214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bergamo AZN, Nelson-Filho P, Andrucioli MCD, do Nascimento C, Pedrazzi V, Matsumoto MAN. Microbial complexes levels in conventional and self-ligating brackets. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1037-1046. [PMID: 27270902 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims were to evaluate the levels of bacterial species in saliva and in situ and to assess whether the design of brackets influences the risk of developing periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients (13.3 mean age) were bonded with self-ligating brackets and a conventional bracket. Saliva was collected before bonding and 30 and 60 days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed 30 and 60 days after bonding. The analysis was determined by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The data was evaluated by the non-parametric test. RESULTS A significant increase in the levels of bacterial species in the saliva occurred in 15 of the 22 analyzed species. The self-ligating brackets presented the highest incidence percentages for the orange and red complexes 60 days after bonding. In situ analyses showed different patterns according to the bracket design. The levels of Campylobacter rectus showed significant differences (p = 0.011) 60 days after bonding among the three brackets; the highest values were observed in the In-Ovation®R bracket. CONCLUSIONS The bracket design seems to influence the levels of bacterial species involved in periodontal disease. Considering the wide variety of bacterial species, additional studies are needed to aid in the establishment of effective protocols to prevent the development of periodontal disease during orthodontic treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A dynamic alteration in the oral microbiota may lead to inflammatory reactions in the supporting soft and hard tissues. The different types of brackets interfere with bacterial adherence. Bracket design should be considered in orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zilda Nazar Bergamo
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Damião Andrucioli
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pedrazzi
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
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Park JB, Lee SH, Kim N, Park S, Jin SH, Choi BK, Kim KK, Ko Y. Instrumentation With Ultrasonic Scalers Facilitates Cleaning of the Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Titanium Implants. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2015; 41:419-28. [DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical instrumentation is widely used to debride dental implants, but this may alter the surface properties of titanium, which in turn may influence bacterial adhesion and make it more difficult to remove the biofilm. This in vitro study was performed (1) to assess the amount of biofilm formation on a sand-blasted and acid-etched titanium fixture treated with ultrasonic scalers with metal, plastic, and carbon tips and (2) to evaluate how this treatment of titanium surfaces affects implant cleaning by brushing with dentifrice. The titanium fixtures were treated with various ultrasonic scaler tips, and surface roughness parameters were measured by confocal microscopy. Biofilm was formed on the treated fixtures by using pooled saliva from 10 subjects, and the quantity of the adherent bacteria was compared with crystal violet assay. The fixture surfaces with biofilm were brushed for total of 30 seconds with a toothbrush with dentifrice. The bacteria remaining on the brushed fixture surfaces were quantified by scanning electron microscopy. Surface changes were evident, and the changes of the surfaces were more discernible when metal tips were used. A statistically significant decrease in roughness value (arithmetic mean height of the surface) was seen in the 2 metal-tip groups and the single plastic-tip group. After brushing with dentifrice, the treated surfaces in all the treatment groups showed significantly fewer bacteria compared with the untreated surfaces in the control group, and the parts of the surfaces left untreated in the test groups. Within the limits of this study, treatment of titanium fixture surfaces with ultrasonic metal, plastic, or carbon tips significantly enhanced the bacterial removal efficacy of brushing. Thorough instrumentation that smooths the whole exposed surface may facilitate maintenance of the implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - NamRyang Kim
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seojin Park
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Jin
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kack-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Ko
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Hirschfeld J, Dommisch H, Skora P, Horvath G, Latz E, Hoerauf A, Waller T, Kawai T, Jepsen S, Deschner J, Bekeredjian-Ding I. Neutrophil extracellular trap formation in supragingival biofilms. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:453-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Kumar PS, Mason MR. Mouthguards: does the indigenous microbiome play a role in maintaining oral health? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:35. [PMID: 26000251 PMCID: PMC4422079 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of symbiotic relationships between bacteria and their hosts in various ecosystems have long been known to science. The human body also hosts vast numbers of bacteria in several habitats. Emerging evidence from the gastro-intestinal tract, genito-urinary tract and respiratory indicates that there are several health benefits to hosting a complex and diverse microbial community. Bacteria colonize the oral cavity within a few minutes after birth and form stable communities. Our knowledge of the oral microbiome has expanded exponentially with development of novel exploratory methods that allow us to examine diversity, structure, function, and topography without the need to cultivate the individual components of the biofilm. The purpose of this perspective, therefore, is to examine the strength of current evidence supporting a role for the oral microbiome in maintaining oral health. While several lines of evidence are emerging to suggest that indigenous oral microbiota may have a role in immune education and preventing pathogen expansion, much more work is needed to definitively establish whether oral bacteria do indeed contribute to sustaining oral health, and if so, the mechanisms underlying this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnima S. Kumar
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew R. Mason
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Simón-Soro A, Tomás I, Cabrera-Rubio R, Catalan MD, Nyvad B, Mira A. Microbial geography of the oral cavity. J Dent Res 2013; 92:616-21. [PMID: 23674263 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513488119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the bacterial diversity of different oral micro-niches and to assess whether saliva and plaque samples are representative of oral microbial composition. We took minute samples from each surface of the individual teeth and gingival crevices of two healthy volunteers (112 samples per donor), as well as samples from the tongue dorsum and non-stimulated and stimulated saliva. DNA was extracted from 67 selected samples of each donor, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR and pyrosequenced to obtain, on average, over 2,700 reads per sample, which were taxonomically assigned to obtain a geographic map of bacterial diversity at each tooth and sulcus location. Analysis of the data shows considerable differences in bacterial composition between teeth at different intra-oral locations and between surfaces of the same tooth. The most pronounced differences were observed in incisors and canines, where genera like Streptococcus were found at 40% to 70% on the vestibular surfaces but were almost absent on the lingual sides. Saliva samples, especially non-stimulated saliva, were not representative of supra-and subgingival plaque in the two individuals tested. We suggest that more precise sampling is required for the proper determination of oral microbial composition and to relate that diversity to epidemiological, clinical, and etiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simón-Soro
- Center for Advanced Research in Public Health (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
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Fernandez y Mostajo M, Zaura E, Crielaard W, Beertsen W. Does routine analysis of subgingival microbiota in periodontitis contribute to patient benefit? Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:259-64. [PMID: 21726285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In clinical periodontology it is common practice to sample subgingival plaque from periodontitis patients and to search for the presence of alleged periodontal pathogens using routine laboratory techniques such as culture, DNA-DNA hybridization or real-time PCR. Usually, special attention is given to the recognition of 'red complex' microorganisms and to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Recently, molecular open-ended techniques have been introduced which are distinct from the more 'classical' approaches in that they do not preselect for certain species. In this study, we investigated to what extent the outcome of these techniques has changed our insight into the composition of the subgingival microbiota and whether this has consequences on clinical decision making. The open-ended approaches showed that the composition of subgingival plaque is much more complex than previously thought. Next to the 'classical' putative periodontal pathogens, several non-culturable and fastidious species are now recognized as being associated with periodontitis, thus enlarging the group of suspected periodontal pathogens. We conclude that routine analyses of subgingival plaque in the clinic are not necessarily of benefit to the patient.
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Abstract
Dental biofilms produce acids from carbohydrates that result in caries. According to the extended caries ecological hypothesis, the caries process consists of 3 reversible stages. The microflora on clinically sound enamel surfaces contains mainly non-mutans streptococci and Actinomyces, in which acidification is mild and infrequent. This is compatible with equilibrium of the demineralization/remineralization balance or shifts the mineral balance toward net mineral gain (dynamic stability stage). When sugar is supplied frequently, acidification becomes moderate and frequent. This may enhance the acidogenicity and acidurance of the non-mutans bacteria adaptively. In addition, more aciduric strains, such as ‘low-pH’ non-mutans streptococci, may increase selectively. These microbial acid-induced adaptation and selection processes may, over time, shift the demineralization/remineralization balance toward net mineral loss, leading to initiation/progression of dental caries (acidogenic stage). Under severe and prolonged acidic conditions, more aciduric bacteria become dominant through acid-induced selection by temporary acid-impairment and acid-inhibition of growth (aciduric stage). At this stage, mutans streptococci and lactobacilli as well as aciduric strains of non-mutans streptococci, Actinomyces, bifidobacteria, and yeasts may become dominant. Many acidogenic and aciduric bacteria are involved in caries. Environmental acidification is the main determinant of the phenotypic and genotypic changes that occur in the microflora during caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Takahashi
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4–1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980–8575, Japan
| | - B. Nyvad
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Oral biofilms develop under a range of different conditions and different environments. This review will discuss emerging concepts in microbial ecology and how they relate to oral biofilm development and the treatment of oral diseases. Clues to how oral biofilms develop may lie in other complex systems, such as interactions between host and gut microbiota, and even in factors that affect biofilm development on leaf surfaces. Most of the conditions under which oral biofilms develop are tightly linked to the overall health and biology of the host. Advances in molecular techniques have led to a greater appreciation of the diversity of human microbiota, the extent of interactions with the human host, and how that relates to inter-individual variation. As a consequence, plaque development may no longer be thought of as a generic process, but rather as a highly individualized process, which has ramifications for the treatment of the diseases it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Filoche
- Dental Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago-Wellington, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box 7343, Mein Street, Wellington 6242, New Zealand.
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