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Short-Term Cigarette Smoking in Rats Impairs Physical Capacity and Induces Cardiac Remodeling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2589892. [PMID: 33299864 PMCID: PMC7704129 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2589892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the strong evidence on the cardiac and renal damages after chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, there is a paucity of data on its short-term effects. The study evaluated the short-term effects of cigarette smoking on left ventricular (LV) remodeling, in vitro myocardial and renal function. Female Wistar rats were randomized to control (C) and cigarette smoking rats for eight weeks. Physical capacity was assessed using an adapted model of exhaustive swim; left ventricle (LV) morphology and function were also evaluated. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance and urine protein. The in vitro myocardial performance was analyzed in isolated papillary muscles. Rats exhibited reduced physical capacity after short-term cigarette smoking. Although there was no change on LV function, reduced chamber diameter was found in the smoking group associated with an increased LV wall thickness. There was augmented cardiac mass compared to C that was confirmed by increased cardiomyocyte nucleus volume, but in vitro myocardial performance and renal function were unchanged. A short-term cigarette smoking induces cardiac remodeling without abnormalities in function. The smoking group still preserved renal function and in vitro myocardial performance. However, the reduced physical capacity may suggest an impairment of the cardiac reserve.
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Szostak J, Titz B, Schlage WK, Guedj E, Sewer A, Phillips B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Neau L, Trivedi K, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Structural, functional, and molecular impact on the cardiovascular system in ApoE -/- mice exposed to aerosol from candidate modified risk tobacco products, Carbon Heated Tobacco Product 1.2 and Tobacco Heating System 2.2, compared with cigarette smoke. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 315:108887. [PMID: 31705857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the molecular, structural, and functional impact of aerosols from candidate modified risk tobacco products (cMRTP), the Carbon Heated Tobacco Product (CHTP) 1.2 and Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, compared with that of mainstream cigarette smoke (CS) on the cardiovascular system of ApoE-/- mice. METHODS Female ApoE-/- mice were exposed to aerosols from THS 2.2 and CHTP 1.2 or to CS from the 3R4F reference cigarette for up to 6 months at matching nicotine concentrations. A Cessation and a Switching group (3 months exposure to 3R4F CS followed by filtered air or CHTP 1.2 for 3 months) were included. Cardiovascular effects were investigated by echocardiographic, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and transcriptomics analyses. RESULTS Continuous exposure to cMRTP aerosols did not affect atherosclerosis progression, heart function, left ventricular (LV) structure, or the cardiovascular transcriptome. Exposure to 3R4F CS triggered atherosclerosis progression, reduced systolic ejection fraction and fractional shortening, caused heart LV hypertrophy, and initiated significant dysregulation in the transcriptomes of the heart ventricle and thoracic aorta. Importantly, the structural, functional, and molecular changes caused by 3R4F CS were improved in the smoking cessation and switching groups. CONCLUSION Exposure to cMRTP aerosols lacked most of the CS exposure-related functional, structural, and molecular effects. Smoking cessation or switching to CHTP 1.2 aerosol caused similar recovery from the 3R4F CS effects in the ApoE-/- model, with no further acceleration of plaque progression beyond the aging-related rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szostak
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Blaine Phillips
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Laurent Neau
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Zhang P, Guo R, Wang C, Xiao D, Qin H, Zhang L. Echo-tracking evaluation of changes in common carotid artery wall elasticity after smoking cessation. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2019; 47:144-149. [PMID: 30456876 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore changes in the common carotid arterial wall elasticity after smoking cessation. Carotid artery ultrasonographic examination was performed in 136 patients, then 1 or 2 years after smoking cessation. We used echo-tracking (ET) to measure stiffness index (β), pressure-strain elasticity modulus (Ep), arterial compliance (AC), augmentation index (AI), and local pulse wave velocity (PWVβ). Patients were divided into four groups based on whether or not they successfully stopped smoking (groups M and N, respectively) and whether (groups M2 and N2, respectively) or not (groups M1 and N1, respectively) they showed comorbidities. In group M1, β, Ep and PWVβ were lower at 1 year than before smoking cessation, while AC and AI did not change. At 2 years, β, Ep, PWVβ, and AC, but not AI, improved further. In group M2, β, Ep, and PWVβ decreased at 2 years, whereas AC and AI did not change. In groups N1 and N2, none of the variables changed significantly. ET can be used quantitatively to evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on the elasticity of the common carotid artery wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijun Guo
- Department of Ultrasonography, Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Respiration, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Smoking Cessation, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Center for Medical Research, Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Chao Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Mauderly JL, Barrett EG, Day KC, Gigliotti AP, McDonald JD, Harrod KS, Lund AK, Reed MD, Seagrave JC, Campen MJ, Seilkop SK. The National Environmental Respiratory Center (NERC) experiment in multi-pollutant air quality health research: II. Comparison of responses to diesel and gasoline engine exhausts, hardwood smoke and simulated downwind coal emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:651-67. [PMID: 25162719 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.925523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The NERC Program conducted identically designed exposure-response studies of the respiratory and cardiovascular responses of rodents exposed by inhalation for up to 6 months to diesel and gasoline exhausts (DE, GE), wood smoke (WS) and simulated downwind coal emissions (CE). Concentrations of the four combustion-derived mixtures ranged from near upper bound plausible to common occupational and environmental hotspot levels. An "exposure effect" statistic was created to compare the strengths of exposure-response relationships and adjustments were made to minimize false positives among the large number of comparisons. All four exposures caused statistically significant effects. No exposure caused overt illness, neutrophilic lung inflammation, increased circulating micronuclei or histopathology of major organs visible by light microscopy. DE and GE caused the greatest lung cytotoxicity. WS elicited the most responses in lung lavage fluid. All exposures reduced oxidant production by unstimulated alveolar macrophages, but only GE suppressed stimulated macrophages. Only DE retarded clearance of bacteria from the lung. DE before antigen challenge suppressed responses of allergic mice. CE tended to amplify allergic responses regardless of exposure order. GE and DE induced oxidant stress and pro-atherosclerotic responses in aorta; WS and CE had no such effects. No overall ranking of toxicity was plausible. The ranking of exposures by number of significant responses varied among the response models, with each of the four causing the most responses for at least one model. Each exposure could also be deemed most or least toxic depending on the exposure metric used for comparison. The database is available for additional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mauderly
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque, NM , USA
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Effects of exercise training on pulmonary vessel muscularization and right ventricular function in an animal model of COPD. Respir Res 2014; 15:117. [PMID: 25261051 PMCID: PMC4181603 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-014-0117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular dysfunction in COPD is common, even in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on right ventricular (RV) function, as well as pulmonary blood vessel remodeling in a mouse model of COPD. METHODS 42 female A/JOlaHsd mice were randomized to exposure to either cigarette smoke or air for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 14 weeks. Mice from both groups were further randomized to sedentariness or HIIT for 4 weeks. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography and muscularization of pulmonary vessel walls by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Smoke exposure induced RV systolic dysfunction demonstrated by reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. HIIT in smoke-exposed mice reversed RV dysfunction. There were no significant effects on the left ventricle of neither smoke exposure nor HIIT. Muscularization of the pulmonary vessels was reduced after exercise intervention, but no significant effects on muscularization were observed from smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS RV function was reduced in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. No Increase in pulmonary vessel muscularization was observed in these mice, implying that other mechanisms caused the RV dysfunction. HIIT attenuated the RV dysfunction in the smoke exposed mice. Reduced muscularization of the pulmonary vessels due to HIIT suggests that exercise training not only affects the heart muscle, but also has important effects on the pulmonary vasculature.
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Leary PJ, Kaufman JD, Barr RG, Bluemke DA, Curl CL, Hough CL, Lima JA, Szpiro AA, Van Hee VC, Kawut SM. Traffic-related air pollution and the right ventricle. The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:1093-100. [PMID: 24593877 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2298oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Right heart failure is a cause of morbidity and mortality in common and rare heart and lung diseases. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is linked to left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and death. Relationships between traffic-related air pollution and right ventricular (RV) structure and function have not been studied. OBJECTIVES To characterize the relationship between traffic-related air pollutants and RV structure and function. METHODS We included men and women with magnetic resonance imaging assessment of RV structure and function and estimated residential outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations from the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a study of individuals free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Multivariable linear regression estimated associations between NO2 exposure (averaged over the year prior to magnetic resonance imaging) and measures of RV structure and function after adjusting for demographics, anthropometrics, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Adjustment for corresponding left ventricular parameters, traffic-related noise, markers of inflammation, and lung disease were considered in separate models. Secondary analyses considered oxides of nitrogen (NOx) as the exposure. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The study sample included 3,896 participants. In fully adjusted models, higher NO2 was associated with greater RV mass and larger RV end-diastolic volume with or without further adjustment for corresponding left ventricular parameters, traffic-related noise, inflammatory markers, or lung disease (all P < 0.05). There was no association between NO2 and RV ejection fraction. Relationships between NOx and RV morphology were similar. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of NO2 exposure were associated with greater RV mass and larger RV end-diastolic volume.
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Reboul C, Thireau J, Meyer G, André L, Obert P, Cazorla O, Richard S. Carbon monoxide exposure in the urban environment: An insidious foe for the heart? Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 184:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lancel S, Montaigne D, Marechal X, Marciniak C, Hassoun SM, Decoster B, Ballot C, Blazejewski C, Corseaux D, Lescure B, Motterlini R, Neviere R. Carbon monoxide improves cardiac function and mitochondrial population quality in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41836. [PMID: 22870253 PMCID: PMC3411569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Metabolic syndrome induces cardiac dysfunction associated with mitochondria abnormalities. As low levels of carbon monoxide (CO) may improve myocardial and mitochondrial activities, we tested whether a CO-releasing molecule (CORM-3) reverses metabolic syndrome-induced cardiac alteration through changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and autophagy. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed with normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks. Then, mice received two intraperitoneal injections of CORM-3 (10 mg x kg(-1)), with the second one given 16 hours after the first. Contractile function in isolated hearts and mitochondrial parameters were evaluated 24 hours after the last injection. Mitochondrial population was explored by electron microscopy. Changes in mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and autophagy were assessed by western-blot and RT-qPCR. Left ventricular developed pressure was reduced in HFD hearts. Mitochondria from HFD hearts presented reduced membrane potential and diminished ADP-coupled respiration. CORM-3 restored both cardiac and mitochondrial functions. Size and number of mitochondria increased in the HFD hearts but not in the CORM-3-treated HFD group. CORM-3 modulated HFD-activated mitochondrial fusion and biogenesis signalling. While autophagy was not activated in the HFD group, CORM-3 increased the autophagy marker LC3-II. Finally, ex vivo experiments demonstrated that autophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine abolished the cardioprotective effects of CORM-3. CONCLUSION CORM-3 may modulate pathways controlling mitochondrial quality, thus leading to improvements of mitochondrial efficiency and HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Lancel
- EA4484, Physiology Department, Lille 2 University, Lille, France.
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van Eijl S, Mortaz E, Ferreira AF, Kuper F, Nijkamp FP, Folkerts G, Bloksma N. Humic acid enhances cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice and IL-8 release of human monocytes. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:682-9. [PMID: 21820074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tobacco smoke is the main factor in the etiology of lung emphysema. Generally prolonged, substantial exposure is required to develop the disease. Humic acid is a major component of cigarette smoke that accumulates in smokers' lungs over time and induces tissue damage. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether humic acid pre-loading potentiates the development of cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice and increases IL-8 release by human monocytes. METHODS C57BL/6J mice received humic acid or aqueous vehicle by tracheal installation on day 0 and day 7. From day 21 to day 84, the mice were exposed to cigarette smoke or clean air for 5 days/week. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure we determined leukocytes in lung lavage, heart hypertrophy and alveolar wall destruction. Human monocytes were incubated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE), humic acid or the combination overnight. RESULTS Humic acid nor cigarette smoke caused alveolar wall destruction within two months. Interestingly, the combination did induce lung emphysema. Humic acid, cigarette smoke or the combination did not change leukocyte types and numbers in lung lavage fluid, but the combination caused peribronchiolar and perivascular lymphocyte infiltration. Humic acid treatment resulted in a high proportion of alveolar macrophages heavily loaded with intracellular granula. Humic acid also induces the release of IL-8 from human monocytes and enhances the CSE-induced IL-8 release. CONCLUSIONS Humic acid deposition in the lungs potentiates the development of cigarette smoke-induced interstitial inflammation and lung emphysema. Moreover, humic acid promotes IL-8 release from human monocytes. Since humic acid accumulates steadily in the lungs of smokers, this may provide an explanation for the natural history on late onset of this disease. The model described here offers a novel way to study emphysema and may direct the search for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Eijl
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Zobi F, Blacque O. Reactivity of 17 e− Complex [ReIIBr4(CO)2]2− with Bridging Aromatic Ligands. Characterization and CO-Releasing Properties. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:4994-5001. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10110b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zobi F, Degonda A, Schaub MC, Bogdanova AY. CO Releasing Properties and Cytoprotective Effect of cis-trans- [ReII(CO)2Br2L2]n Complexes. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:7313-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100458j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zobi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alois Degonda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus C. Schaub
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxycology, University of Zürich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Yu. Bogdanova
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Wintherthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ericsson M, Andersson KB, Amundsen BH, Torp SH, Sjaastad I, Christensen G, Sejersted OM, Ellingsen Ø. High-intensity exercise training in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific disruption of Serca2. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1311-20. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01133.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ATPase type 2 (SERCA2) is essential for maintaining myocardial calcium handling and cardiac pump function. Hence, a reduction in SERCA2 abundance is expected to reduce work performance and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) and to limit the response to exercise training. To test this hypothesis, we compared V̇o2max and exercise capacity in mice with cardiac disruption of Serca2 (SERCA2 KO) with control mice (SERCA2 FF). We also determined whether the effects on V̇o2max and exercise capacity could be modified by high-intensity aerobic exercise training. Treadmill running at 85–90% of V̇o2max started 2 wk after Serca2 gene disruption and continued for 4 wk. V̇o2max and maximal running speed were measured weekly in a metabolic chamber. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography during light anesthesia. In sedentary SERCA2 KO mice, the aerobic capacity was reduced by 50% and running speed by 28%, whereas trained SERCA2 KO mice were able to maintain maximal running speed despite a 36% decrease in V̇o2max. In SERCA2 FF mice, both V̇o2max and maximal running speed increased by training, while no changes occurred in the sedentary group. Left ventricle dimensions remained unchanged by training in both genotypes. In contrast, training induced right ventricle hypertrophy in SERCA2 KO mice. In conclusion, the SERCA2 protein is essential for sustaining cardiac pump function and exercise capacity. Nevertheless, SERCA2 KO mice were able to maintain maximal running speed in response to exercise training despite a large decrease in V̇o2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelene Ericsson
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
| | - Kristin B. Andersson
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Brage H. Amundsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre H. Torp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Health and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo; and
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Ole M. Sejersted
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo
- Center for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Oslo
| | - Øyvind Ellingsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
- Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Lieb W, Xanthakis V, Sullivan LM, Aragam J, Pencina MJ, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Vasan RS. Longitudinal tracking of left ventricular mass over the adult life course: clinical correlates of short- and long-term change in the framingham offspring study. Circulation 2009; 119:3085-92. [PMID: 19506113 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.824243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information is limited on the longitudinal tracking of left ventricular (LV) mass over the adult life course and the determinants of such change. METHODS AND RESULTS We used multilevel modeling to evaluate the correlates of LV mass prospectively over a 16-year period in 4217 Framingham study participants (mean age 45 years, 53% women) using up to 4 serial routine echocardiographic observations on each individual (11 762 observations). Age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment, smoking, and diabetes mellitus were related to longitudinal measures of LV mass. Women and participants with diabetes mellitus experienced a steeper increase in LV mass with advancing age (compared with men and those without diabetes mellitus; P for interactions <0.0001 and 0.0003, respectively). Women also displayed greater increments in LV mass with increasing body mass index (compared with men, P=0.04 for interaction). Participants with optimal values of these risk factors experienced lesser increases in LV mass over time. Analyses evaluating short-term (4-year) changes in LV mass (2605 unique individuals providing 4494 observations) identified the same key determinants that influenced its long-term trajectory (ie, body mass index, sex, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment, and smoking). CONCLUSIONS Our longitudinal observations on a large community-based sample identified higher blood pressure, excess adiposity, smoking, and diabetes mellitus as fundamental determinants of LV mass tracking over the adult life course. These observations are consistent with the notion that maintenance of optimal levels of these risk factors in midlife will reduce the burden of LV hypertrophy, and possibly heart failure, in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lieb
- Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mount Wayte Ave, Framingham, MA 01702-5803, USA
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Bye A, Sørhaug S, Ceci M, Høydal MA, Stølen T, Heinrich G, Tjønna AE, Najjar SM, Nilsen OG, Catalucci D, Grimaldi S, Contu R, Steinshamn S, Condorelli G, Smith GL, Ellingsen O, Waldum H, Wisløff U. Carbon monoxide levels experienced by heavy smokers impair aerobic capacity and cardiac contractility and induce pathological hypertrophy. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:635-46. [PMID: 18464052 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701883821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains hundreds of potentially toxic compounds and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the key components responsible for endothelial and myocardial dysfunction have not been fully identified. The objective of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of long-term inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO) administrated to give concentrations in the blood similar to those observed in heavy smokers. Female rats were exposed to either CO or air (control group) (n = 12). The CO group was exposed to 200 ppm CO (100 h/wk) for 18 mo. Rats exposed to CO had 24% lower maximal oxygen uptake, longer (145 vs. 123 microm) and wider (47 vs. 25 microm) cardiomyocytes, reduced cardiomyocyte fractional shortening (12 vs. 7%), and 26% longer time to 50% re-lengthening than controls. In addition, cardiomyocytes from CO-exposed rats had 48% lower intracellular calcium (Ca2 +) amplitude, 22% longer time to Ca2 + decay, 34% lower capacity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2 +-ATPase (SERCA2a), and 37% less t-tubule area compared to controls. Phosphorylation levels of phospholamban at Ser16 and Thr17 were significantly reduced in the CO group, whereas total concentration of phospholamban and SERCA2a were unchanged. Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide, vascular endothelial growth factor, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, calcineurin, calmodulin, pERK, and pS6 increased, whereas pAkt and pCaMKII delta remained unchanged by CO. Endothelial function and systemic blood pressure were not affected by CO exposure. Long-term CO exposure reduces aerobe capacity and contractile function and leads to pathological hypertrophy. Impaired Ca2 + handling and increased growth factor signaling seem to be responsible for these pathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bye
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Stessel H, Brunner F. Effect of Endothelin Antagonism on Contractility, Intracellular Calcium Regulation and Calcium Regulatory Protein Expression in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy of the Rat. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto_940107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gautier M, Antier D, Bonnet P, Le Net JL, Hanton G, Eder V. Continuous inhalation of carbon monoxide induces right ventricle ischemia and dysfunction in rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1046-52. [PMID: 17483237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01040.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the toxicity of carbon monoxide (CO) in rats with right ventricle (RV) remodeling induced by hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PHT). A group of Wistar rats was exposed to 3-wk hypobaric hypoxia (H). A second group was exposed to 50 ppm CO for 1 wk (CO). A third group was exposed to chronic hypoxia including 50 ppm CO during the third week (H+CO). These groups were compared with controls. RV and left ventricle (LV) functions were assessed by echocardiography and transparietal catheterization. Ventricular perfusion was estimated with the fluorescent microsphere method. Results were confirmed by histology. PHT induced RV hypertrophy and function enhancement. In the H group, RV shortening fraction (RVSF; 71 +/- 12% vs. 41 +/- 2%) and RV end-systolic pressure (RVESP; 54 +/- 6 vs. 19 +/- 2 mmHg) were increased compared with controls. Moreover, myocardial perfusion was increased in the RV (36 +/- 2% vs. 22 +/- 2%) and decreased in the LV (64 +/- 3% vs. 78 +/- 2%). In the H+CO group, RVSF (45 +/- 3% vs. 71 +/- 12%) and RVESP (38 +/- 3 vs. 54 +/- 6 mmHg) were decreased compared with the H group. RV perfusion was decreased in the H+CO group compared with the H group (21 +/- 5% vs. 36 +/- 2%), and LV perfusion was increased (79 +/- 5% vs. 64 +/- 3%). PHT and RV hypertrophy were still present in the H+CO group, and fibroses localized in the RV were detected. Similar lesions were observed in an additional group exposed simultaneously to hypoxia and 50 ppm CO over 3 wk. We demonstrated that rats with established PHT were more sensitive to CO, which dramatically alters the RV adaptive response to PHT, leading to ischemic lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Inhalation
- Animals
- Blood Flow Velocity/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Carbon Monoxide/administration & dosage
- Carbon Monoxide/toxicity
- Carboxyhemoglobin/metabolism
- Cardiac Catheterization
- Coronary Circulation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Echocardiography
- Fibrosis
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Hematocrit
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/blood
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/blood
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/etiology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/blood
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Laser-Doppler Flowmetry
- Male
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Myocardial Ischemia/chemically induced
- Myocardial Ischemia/complications
- Myocardial Ischemia/pathology
- Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Artery/drug effects
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Right/drug effects
- Ventricular Pressure/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gautier
- University Francois Rabelais of Tours, IFR 135, Labpart EA 3852, Tours Cedex, France
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17
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Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenously derived gas formed from the breakdown of heme by the enzyme heme oxygenase. Although long considered an insignificant and potentially toxic waste product of heme catabolism, CO is now recognized as a key signaling molecule that regulates numerous cardiovascular functions. Interestingly, alterations in CO synthesis are associated with many cardiovascular disorders, including atherosclerosis, septic shock, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Significantly, restoration of physiologic CO levels exerts a beneficial effect in many of these settings, suggesting a crucial role for CO in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In this review, we outline the actions of CO in the cardiovascular system and highlight this gas as a potential therapeutic target in treating a multitude of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Durante
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, M409 Medical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Wattel F, Favory R, Lancel S, Neviere R, Mathieu D. Monoxyde de carbone et coeur : des effets univoques ? BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)33139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Zornoff LAM, Matsubara LS, Matsubara BB, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Dal Pai-Silva M, Carvalho RF, Cicogna AC, Padovani CR, Novelli EL, Novo R, Campana AO, Paiva SAR. Beta-Carotene Supplementation Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling Induced by One-Month Tobacco-Smoke Exposure in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2005; 90:259-66. [PMID: 16387745 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives were to analyze the cardiac effects of exposure to tobacco smoke (ETS), for a period of 30 days, alone and in combination with beta-carotene supplementation (BC). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Rats were allocated into: Air (control, n = 13); Air + BC (n = 11); ETS (n = 11); and BC + ETS (n = 9). In Air + BC and BC + ETS, 500 mg of BC were added to the diet. After three months of randomization, cardiac structure and function were assessed by echocardiogram. After that, animals were euthanized and morphological data were analyzed post-mortem. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used to assess the effects of ETS, BC and the interaction between ETS and BC on the variables. RESULTS ETS presented smaller cardiac output (0.087 +/- 0.001 vs. 0.105 +/- 0.004 l/min; p = 0.007), higher left ventricular diastolic diameter (19.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 18.0 +/- 0.5 mm/kg; p = 0.024), higher left ventricular (2.02 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.70 +/- 0.03 g/kg; p < 0.001) and atrium (0.24 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.19 +/- 0.01 g/kg; p = 0.003) weight, adjusted to body weight of animals, and higher values of hepatic lipid hydroperoxide (5.32 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.84 +/- 0.1 nmol/g tissue; p = 0.031) than Air. However, considering those variables, there were no differences between Air and BC + ETS (0.099 +/- 0.004 l/min; 19.0 +/- 0.5 mm/kg; 1.83 +/- 0.04 g/kg; 0.19 +/- 0.01 g/kg; 4.88 +/- 0.1 nmol/g tissue, respectively; p > 0.05). Ultrastructural alterations were found in ETS: disorganization or loss of myofilaments, plasmatic membrane infolding, sarcoplasm reticulum dilatation, polymorphic mitochondria with swelling and decreased cristae. In BC + ETS, most fibers showed normal morphological aspects. CONCLUSION One-month tobacco-smoke exposure induces functional and morphological cardiac alterations and BC supplementation attenuates this ventricular remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A M Zornoff
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.
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20
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Wu L, Wang R. Carbon Monoxide: Endogenous Production, Physiological Functions, and Pharmacological Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:585-630. [PMID: 16382109 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, studies have unraveled many aspects of endogenous production and physiological functions of carbon monoxide (CO). The majority of endogenous CO is produced in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). Inducible HO (HO-1) and constitutive HO (HO-2) are mostly recognized for their roles in the oxidation of heme and production of CO and biliverdin, whereas the biological function of the third HO isoform, HO-3, is still unclear. The tissue type-specific distribution of these HO isoforms is largely linked to the specific biological actions of CO on different systems. CO functions as a signaling molecule in the neuronal system, involving the regulation of neurotransmitters and neuropeptide release, learning and memory, and odor response adaptation and many other neuronal activities. The vasorelaxant property and cardiac protection effect of CO have been documented. A plethora of studies have also shown the importance of the roles of CO in the immune, respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, kidney, and liver systems. Our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the production and mediate the physiological actions of CO has greatly advanced. Many diseases, including neurodegenerations, hypertension, heart failure, and inflammation, have been linked to the abnormality in CO metabolism and function. Enhancement of endogenous CO production and direct delivery of exogenous CO have found their applications in many health research fields and clinical settings. Future studies will further clarify the gasotransmitter role of CO, provide insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of many CO abnormality-related diseases, and pave the way for innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies based on the physiologic effects of CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wu
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1
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Stessel H, Brunner F. Effect of Endothelin Antagonism on Contractility, Intracellular Calcium Regulation and Calcium Regulatory Protein Expression in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy of the Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Durante W. Heme oxygenase-1 in growth control and its clinical application to vascular disease. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:373-82. [PMID: 12704646 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) catalyzes the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently metabolized to bilirubin by the enzyme biliverdin reductase. Although interest in HO-1 originally centered on its heme-degrading function, recent findings indicate that HO-1 exerts other biologically important actions. Emerging evidence suggests that HO-1 plays a critical role in growth regulation. Deletion of the HO-1 gene or inhibition of HO-1 activity results in growth retardation and impaired fetal development, whereas HO-1 overexpression increases body size. Although the mechanisms responsible for the growth promoting properties of HO-1 are not well established, HO-1 can indirectly influence growth by regulating the synthesis of growth factors and by modulating the delivery of oxygen or nutrients to specific target tissues. In addition, HO-1 exerts important effects on critical determinants of tissue size, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hypertrophy. However, the actions of HO-1 are highly variable and may reflect a role for HO-1 in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Considerable evidence supports a crucial role for HO-1 in blocking the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). This antiproliferative effect of HO-1 is mediated primarily via the release of CO, which inhibits vascular SMC growth via multiple pathways. Pharmacologic or genetic approaches targeting HO-1 or CO to the blood vessel wall may represent a promising, novel therapeutic approach in treating vascular proliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Durante
- Houston VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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23
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Loennechen JP, Nilsen OG, Arbo I, Aadahl P, Nilsen T, Waldum HL, Sandvik AK, Ellingsen O. Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide and nicotine: endothelin ET(A) receptor antagonism attenuates carbon monoxide-induced myocardial hypertrophy in rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 178:8-14. [PMID: 11781074 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine the effects of endothelin ET(A) receptor antagonism on carbon monoxide (CO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression and to compare myocardial effects of chronic nicotine with CO exposure. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 84) were randomized to three groups exposed 20 h/day to CO (200 ppm), nicotine (500 microg/m3), or air for 14 consecutive days. In each exposure group, animals were randomized to ET(A) receptor antagonist LU 135252 in drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) or placebo. Myocardial ET-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression was measured by competitive RT-PCR and plasma ET-1 by immunoassay. Carboxyhemoglobin was 22.1 +/- 0.3% in CO-exposed animals and 2.8 +/- 0.3% in controls. Plasma nicotine was 57 +/- 7 ng/ml and plasma cotinine was 590 +/- 23 ng/ml in nicotine-exposed animals and below detection levels in controls. CO exposure induced a 21% increase in right ventricular hypertrophy (p < 0.01), a 7% increase in left ventricular hypertrophy (p < 0.01), a 25% increase in right ventricular ET-1 expression (p < 0.05), and an eightfold increase in ANP expression (p = 0.08). ET(A) receptor antagonism reduced right ventricular hypertrophy by 60% (p < 0.05) with no significant effect on left ventricular hypertrophy or myocardial ET-1 expression. Chronic nicotine exposure did not significantly affect cardiac weights or ANP and ET-1 expression. We conclude that ET(A) receptor antagonism reduces right ventricular hypertrophy induced by chronic CO exposure, whereas CO-induced myocardial ET-1 expression remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Loennechen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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