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Feria-Madueño A, Hewett TE, Sánchez-Arteaga A, Sañudo B. Neuromuscular Response during Different Side-Cutting Maneuvers and Its Influence on the Risk of Knee Injuries. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:190. [PMID: 37888517 PMCID: PMC10611348 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of a customized exercise program on electromyographic (EMG) variables during side-cutting maneuvers. METHODS Fifty-seven physically active volunteers were recruited and randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). The CG maintained their regular physical activity, while the EG followed an individualized, integrated exercise regimen that included strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and whole-body vibration (WBV) exercises, lasting for 12 weeks. EMG-Root Means Square (RMS) values for the quadriceps (Q) and hamstrings (H) were measured immediately following initial foot contact at 50, 100, 150, and 200 milliseconds. Changes in EMG activity were evaluated before and after a twelve-week intervention, and the effect size (ES, 90% confidence limit [90%CL]) was calculated. RESULTS The results showed that the EG participants exhibited enhanced co-contraction as measured by the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) during both open and cross-cutting side maneuvers after the twelve-week intervention. CONCLUSION Furthermore, the customized, integrated exercise program that combined strength, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, eccentric training, and WBV exercises were could potentially serve as a beneficial neuromuscular and biomechanical strategy for addressing knee injury risk in non-professional, physically active populations at high risk for such injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Feria-Madueño
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville. Pirotecnia Street, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - Timothy E. Hewett
- Biomechanics Laboratories and Sports Medicine Research, Department of Orthopedics, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA;
- Hewett Global Consulting, Newport, KY 25701, USA
| | | | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville. Pirotecnia Street, 41013 Seville, Spain;
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Kamitani A, Hara K, Fujii Y, Yoshida S. Landing Posture in Elite Female Athletes During a Drop Vertical Jump Before and After a High-Intensity Ergometer Fatigue Protocol: A Study of 20 Japanese Women's Soccer League Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231171859. [PMID: 37435587 PMCID: PMC10331781 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231171859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Even elite athletes, who usually show stable postural control, sometimes cannot control their posture after high-load training. This instability may contribute to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate the landing posture of elite female soccer players before and after a novel high-intensity fatigue-inducing exercise protocol. We hypothesized that the landing posture will change before versus after the fatigue protocol. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Method The study participants were 20 female elite soccer players. All athletes performed 3 drop vertical jumps (DVJs), pedaled an ergometer 8 times with full force for 10 seconds each (fatigue protocol), and then repeated the 3 DVJs. We measured and compared the athletes' blood lactate levels before and after the fatigue protocol, as well as the hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion angles and final landing posture during the DJVs. Results Blood lactate levels increased significantly pre- to postprotocol (from 2.7 ± 1.9 to 15.0 ± 3.6 mmol/L; P < .001), while there were decreases in hip flexion angle (from 35.0° ± 11.2° to 22.4° ± 8.8°; P < .001) and ankle dorsiflexion angle (from 26.4° ± 3.9° to 20.0° ± 3.7°; P < .001). The number of athletes who could not maintain a stable DVJ final landing posture increased from 10% before the fatigue protocol to 70% after. Conclusion The elite female athletes in our study showed significant decreases in hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion angles in the DVJ landing after a fatigue-inducing protocol. Most elite athletes were unable to maintain a stable posture on the DVJ landing after the fatigue protocol. Clinical Relevance This study advances our understanding of how elite athletes land in a fatigued state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aguri Kamitani
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Japan Community Heath Care Organization, Kyoto Kuramaguchi Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunio Hara
- Department of Orthopaedics, Japan Community Heath Care Organization, Kyoto Kuramaguchi Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshida
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Kyoto Interdisciplinary Institute of Community Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Injury Prevalence of the Lower Limbs in Handball Players: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010332. [PMID: 35010592 PMCID: PMC8751175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lower limb injuries are frequent in handball and a serious hindrance to athletic performance. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the available research on the prevalence of lower limb injuries in handball players according to sex and competitive level. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, 19 studies were selected after a systematic search and selection process of three digital databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Furthermore, a study quality analysis using an ‘Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE-SIIS)’ was carried out. The sample consisted of 7110 male and female handball players registering 4483 injuries in their lower limbs. The results showed a high incidence of knee injuries (30.23%) and ankle injuries (24.80%), especially in the ligaments, such as the talofibular and the anterior cruciate ligaments. Considering sex and competitive level, knee injuries accounted for 47.02% of injuries among women, while among men, ankle injuries were most prevalent (34.22%) in international competitions. Additionally, the most common cause of injuries was trauma (85.61%). The findings highlighted that the prevalence of lower limb injuries varies greatly according to the characteristics of the sample and injury. Therefore, the study underlines the importance that sports practitioners (physical trainers, readapters, and physiotherapists) adapt training protocols to reduce injury incidence in the most affected body areas or tissues.
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Zago M, David S, Bertozzi F, Brunetti C, Gatti A, Salaorni F, Tarabini M, Galvani C, Sforza C, Galli M. Fatigue Induced by Repeated Changes of Direction in Élite Female Football (Soccer) Players: Impact on Lower Limb Biomechanics and Implications for ACL Injury Prevention. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:666841. [PMID: 34291039 PMCID: PMC8287513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.666841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury in women football results from the interaction of several extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors. Extrinsic factors change dynamically, also due to fatigue. However, existing biomechanical findings concerning the impact of fatigue on the risk of ACL injuries remains inconsistent. We hypothesized that fatigue induced by acute workload in short and intense game periods, might in either of two ways: by pushing lower limbs mechanics toward a pattern close to injury mechanism, or alternatively by inducing opposed protective compensatory adjustments. Aim In this study, we aimed at assessing the extent to which fatigue impact on joints kinematics and kinetics while performing repeated changes of direction (CoDs) in the light of the ACL risk factors. Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional associative study. Twenty female players (age: 20-31 years, 1st-2nd Italian division) performed a continuous shuttle run test (5-m) involving repeated 180°-CoDs until exhaustion. During the whole test, 3D kinematics and ground reaction forces were used to compute lower limb joints angles and internal moments. Measures of exercise internal load were: peak post-exercise blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion. Continuous linear correlations between kinematics/kinetics waveforms (during the ground contact phase of the pivoting limb) and the number of consecutive CoD were computed during the exercise using a Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) approach. Results The test lasted 153 ± 72 s, with a rate of 14 ± 2 CoDs/min. Participants reached 95% of maximum HR and a peak lactate concentration of 11.2 ± 2.8 mmol/L. Exercise duration was inversely related to lactate concentration (r = -0.517, p < 0.01), while neither%HR max nor [La-] b nor RPE were correlated with test duration before exhaustion (p > 0.05). Alterations in lower limb kinematics were found in 100%, and in lower limb kinetics in 85% of the players. The most common kinematic pattern was a concurrent progressive reduction in hip and knee flexion angle at initial contact (10 players); 5 of them also showed a significantly more adducted hip. Knee extension moment decreased in 8, knee valgus moment increased in 5 players. A subset of participants showed a drift of pivoting limb kinematics that matches the known ACL injury mechanism; other players displayed less definite or even opposed behaviors. Discussion Players exhibited different strategies to cope with repeated CoDs, ranging from protective to potentially dangerous behaviors. While the latter was not a univocal effect, it reinforces the importance of individual biomechanical assessment when coping with fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy
| | - Sina David
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Filippo Bertozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Brunetti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Gatti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Salaorni
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Tarabini
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy
| | - Christel Galvani
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy.,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Norcross MF, Almog R, Huang YL, Chang E, Hannigan KS, Johnson ST. Greater explosive quadriceps strength is associated with greater knee flexion at initial contact during landing in females. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 33821760 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1908413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influences of explosive quadriceps strength and landing task on sagittal plane knee biomechanics. Forty female participants performed isometric knee extensions on a dynamometer and had lower extremity biomechanics assessed during double-leg jump-landings (DLJL) and single-leg jump-cuts (SLJC). Explosive quadriceps strength was quantified by calculating rate of torque development (RTD) between torque onset and 100 ms after onset on a dynamometer. Participants were stratified into high and low RTD groups. Landing biomechanics were compared using 2 (Group) × 2 (Task) mixed-model ANOVAs. The relationships between quadriceps RTD and landing biomechanics were also assessed using simple, bivariate correlations. Across RTD groups, greater knee flexion at initial contact (KFIC), peak vertical ground reaction force, peak anterior tibial shear force, and peak internal knee extension moment, and lesser peak knee flexion was observed during SLJC compared to DLJL. The high RTD group exhibited significantly greater KFIC than the low RTD group across landing tasks. Greater quadriceps RTD was significantly associated with greater KFIC during SLJC, but not during DLJL. As landing with lesser KFIC is a risk factor for ACL injury, greater explosive quadriceps strength capacity might be beneficial for facilitating the use of safer landing mechanics during athletic tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc F Norcross
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Roy Almog
- School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Lun Huang
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Eunwook Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kimberly S Hannigan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Samuel T Johnson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Smeets A, Vanrenterghem J, Staes F, Vandenneucker H, Claes S, Verschueren S. Are Anterior Cruciate Ligament-reconstructed Athletes More Vulnerable to Fatigue than Uninjured Athletes? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:345-353. [PMID: 31479009 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatigue has a negative impact on lower extremity neuromuscular and biomechanical control. Because anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) athletes show already neuromuscular/biomechanical deficits in an unfatigued state, the negative impact of fatigue may magnify these deficits or help expose other deficits. So far, this has only scarcely been assessed warranting further research. METHODS Twenty-one athletes who had an ACLR and 21 uninjured controls performed five unilateral landing tasks before and after a match simulation protocol, whereas muscle activation (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, hamstrings medialis, hamstrings lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, gluteus medius) and landing kinematics and kinetics of the hip, knee, and ankle joint were recorded. A two-way ANOVA with a mixed-model design (main effects for group and fatigue) was used to compare landing kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation between groups, and prefatigue and postfatigue. To avoid unjustified reduction of the data to discrete values, we used one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping. RESULTS Only two interaction effects were found: an increased postfatigue knee abduction moment and an increased postfatigue thorax flexion angle was found in the ACL injured legs but not in the uninjured legs of the ACL group or in the control group, during the lateral hop and the vertical hop with 90° medial rotation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that overall ACLR athletes and uninjured athletes have similar biomechanical and neuromuscular responses to fatigue. For two biomechanical parameters, however, we did find an interaction effect, suggesting that landing deficits in ACLR athletes may become clearer in certain tasks when fatigued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Smeets
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, BELGIUM
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, BELGIUM
| | - Filip Staes
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, BELGIUM
| | | | - Steven Claes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AZ Herentals Hospital, Herentals, BELGIUM
| | - Sabine Verschueren
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, BELGIUM
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Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue is a commonly accepted risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. It has been proposed that fatigue leads to transient reductions in muscle strength, and deleterious changes in lower limb kinematics and kinetics, during potentially hazardous tasks such as cutting or landing. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to (1) highlight the complexity of fatigue; (2) discuss the theoretical basis by which it is thought to contribute to ACL injury; and (3) critically discuss the evidence underpinning this hypothesis. Despite a significant amount of research, none of the published fatigue protocols appear to have any consistent effect on any lower limb kinematic or kinetic variables known to increase ACL injury risk. On the contrary, fatigued athletes appear to land with greater peak knee and hip flexion angles, and lower landing forces than unfatigued athletes-all of which are considered favourable movement strategies for reducing ACL loading. These data support recent analyses demonstrating no relationship between player workload in training and competition and the occurrence of ACL injury in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Bourne
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kate E Webster
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy E Hewett
- Mayo Clinic Biomechanics Laboratories and Sports Medicine Research Center, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, and of Physical Medicine and of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Ajdaroski M, Tadakala R, Nichols L, Esquivel A. Validation of a Device to Measure Knee Joint Angles for a Dynamic Movement. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061747. [PMID: 32245187 PMCID: PMC7147162 DOI: 10.3390/s20061747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Participation in sports has risen in the United States over the last few years, increasing the risk of injuries such as tears to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee. Previous studies have shown a correlation between knee kinematics when landing from a jump and this injury. The purpose of this study was to validate the ability of a commercially available inertial measurement units (IMUs) to accurately measure knee joint angles during a dynamic movement. Eight healthy subjects participated in the study. Validation was performed by comparing the angles measured by the wearable device to those obtained through the gold standard motion capture system when landing from a jump. Root mean square, linear regression analysis, and Bland-Altman plots were performed/constructed. The mean difference between the wearable device and the motion capture data was 8.4° (flexion/extension), 4.9° (ab/adduction), and 3.9° (rotation). In addition, the device was more accurate at smaller knee angles. In our study, a commercially available wearable IMU was able to perform fairly well under certain conditions and was less accurate in other conditions.
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Martín-San Agustín R, Medina-Mirapeix F, Casaña-Granell J, García-Vidal JA, Lillo-Navarro C, Benítez-Martínez JC. Tensiomyographical responsiveness to peripheral fatigue in quadriceps femoris. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8674. [PMID: 32161690 PMCID: PMC7050546 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatigue influences athletic performance and can also increase the risk of injury in sports, and most of the methods to evaluate it require an additional voluntary effort. Tensiomyography (TMG), which uses electrical stimulation and a displacement sensor to evaluate muscle contraction properties of one or more muscle bellies, has emerged as a technique that can assess the presence of peripheral and central fatigue without requiring additional voluntary efforts. However, the evaluation of the TMG’s ability to detect fatigue is limited, both at the level of muscle bellies and statistical methods. Thus, the aim of the present study was twofold: (i) to examine and compare the tensiomyographical responsiveness to quadriceps femoris (QF) fatigue by multiple statistical methods and (ii) to analyze sex differences in the variation produced by fatigue in TMG parameters. Methods Thirty-nine recreational athletes participated (19 males/20 females; aged 22 ± 2 years). TMG parameters of QF bellies and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were measured before and after a fatigue protocol. TMG parameters used were maximum radial deformation (Dm), contraction time between 10–90% of the Dm (Tc), contraction velocity between 10–90% (Vc) and of the first 10% (V10) of the Dm. Internal responsiveness of TMG to fatigue was analyzed by paired t-test and standardized response mean (SRM). External responsiveness was examined by correlations, regression models, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results All TMG parameters, except for Tc of rectus femoris and vastus medialis, showed large internal responsiveness. In adjusted regression models by sex, only Dm and V10 of rectus femoris were statistically associated (p < 0.05) with b coefficients of 0.40 and 0.43, respectively. r2 explained the 22% of the total variance. In addition, these parameters could discriminate between QF with and without fatigue. Conclusion Since the QF is the main strength contributor during multiple physical activities, clinicians and trainers will be able to discriminate the presence of fatigue and the magnitude of changes in the QF strength by TMG evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Lillo-Navarro
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, University Miguel Hernández, San Joan, Spain
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Smeets A, Vanrenterghem J, Staes F, Verschueren S. Match Play-induced Changes in Landing Biomechanics with Special Focus on Fatigability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1884-1894. [PMID: 30933003 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence exists that match-related fatigue induces biomechanical alterations that might increase lower extremity injury risk. Fatigue studies often use match simulation protocols that expose all subjects to a standardized demand (e.g., a fixed distance/time). In those studies, the induced level of fatigue depends then on subjects' fatigability. If between-subject variability in fatigability is high, this might confound overall fatigue effects. Therefore, the first aim was to investigate whether a fatigue protocol with fixed demand causes alterations in landing patterns. Second, we assessed the relationship between fatigability and landing patterns as we hypothesized that athletes with high fatigability would show movement patterns that involve greater injury risk. METHODS Eighteen athletes performed three different unilateral landing tasks before and after a match simulation protocol while muscle activation (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, hamstrings medialis, hamstrings lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and gluteus medius) and landing kinematics and kinetics of the hip, knee, and ankle joint were recorded. Furthermore, RPE was administered to measure fatigability. ANOVA analyses were conducted to investigate fatigue effects on landing patterns. Correlation analyses assessed the relationship between fatigability (postfatigue RPE) and landing patterns. RESULTS The ANOVA analyses did not show any overall postfatigue alterations in landing patterns. However, correlation analyses showed an association between fatigability and landing patterns. Athletes who had higher RPE scores showed smaller postfatigue knee flexion angles and smaller pre- and postfatigue knee abduction angles across different landing tasks. CONCLUSION The fixed demand protocol did not cause overall alterations in landing patterns. When fatigability was taken into account, high fatigability was related with less optimal landing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemie Smeets
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
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Marques JB, Paul DJ, Graham-Smith P, Read PJ. Change of Direction Assessment Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of Current Practice and Considerations to Enhance Practical Application. Sports Med 2020; 50:55-72. [PMID: 31531768 PMCID: PMC6942029 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Change of direction (CoD) has been indicated as a key mechanism in the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury during invasion sports. Despite these associations, assessments of knee function in athletic populations at the time of return to sport following ACL reconstruction (ACLr) have often focused on strength and single-leg hop tests, with a paucity of evidence to describe the CoD characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review was to describe the movement strategies exhibited following ACLr during CoD tasks and to critically analyze the range of tests that have been used. Specifically, we examined their ability to identify between-limb deficits and individuals who display a heightened risk of secondary injury and/or reductions in their level of pre-injury performance. MEDLINE, PubMed and SPORT Discuss databases were used and 13 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Examination of the available literature indicates that current field-based practices are not representative of relevant sport demands and are unable to effectively assess knee function following ACLr. Laboratory-based studies have identified residual deficits and altered movement strategies at the time of return to sport, and this in part may be related to risk of re-injury. However, these assessments exhibit inherent limitations and are not practically viable for monitoring progress during rehabilitation. Consequently, alternative solutions that are more-aligned with the multitude of factors occurring during CoD maneuvers in chaotic sports environments are warranted to allow practitioners to 'bridge the gap' between the laboratory and the sports field/court. This approach may facilitate a more informed decision-making process with the end goal being, a heightened 'return to performance' and a lower risk of re-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Beleboni Marques
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Al Waab, Beverly Hills Garden 14, Villa 30, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Darren James Paul
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Al Waab, Beverly Hills Garden 14, Villa 30, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Paul James Read
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Sports City Street, Al Waab, Beverly Hills Garden 14, Villa 30, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar
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Lodge C, Tobin D, O'Rourke B, Thorborg K. Reliability and Validity of a New Eccentric Hamstring Strength Measurement Device. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2019; 2:100034. [PMID: 33543063 PMCID: PMC7853328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2019.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the reliability and establish validity of a new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device. Design A randomized double-crossover trial with intraclass correlation coefficients to analyze the outcomes. Participants attended 4 sessions, 7 days apart. They were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Session 1 was a familiarization session for all participants on the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device and isokinetic dynamometer. The following 3 sessions were used to measure knee flexor (hamstring) eccentric strength on the isokinetic dynamometer and a further test-retest measurement using the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device. Setting Institute of Technology Carlow, third level educational institution. Participants Male intercollegiate field-sport players completed the trial (N=19). Participants were 21±2 years, weighed 78.6±4.6 kg, and were 179.6±6.4 cm in height. Interventions N/A. Main Outcome Measures Peak torque (Nm) was recorded by the isokinetic device, and peak force (N) was recorded by the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device and used to test for significant interdevice correlations (>0.7). Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated using the peak force recorded from 2 separate trials of the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device. Results High test-retest reliability was observed from the new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device, intraclass coefficient (ICC)=.910 (confidence interval [CI], .76-.96) and .914 (CI, .78-.96) for left and right peak forces, respectively. Typical error of measurement between trials was calculated to be 14.65 and 17.29N for the left and right limbs, respectively. Minimum detectable change (MDC) was also calculated to be 40.62N (MDC%=14.68%) and 39.63N (MDC%=13.31%) for left and right limbs, respectively. The interdevice correlation showed good validity, ICC=.823 (CI, .58-.93) and .840 (CI, .58-.93) for left and right peak torque/forces, respectively. Conclusions The new eccentric hamstring strength measurement device is a reliable and valid device that provides an objective measurement of eccentric hamstring strength that may be used in combination with a comprehensive assessment to inform rehabilitation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Lodge
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Diarmuid Tobin
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Brian O'Rourke
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Hvidovre, Denmark
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13
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Effects of Two Competitive Soccer Matches on Landing Biomechanics in Female Division I Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7110237. [PMID: 31739531 PMCID: PMC6915335 DOI: 10.3390/sports7110237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatigue has been proposed to increase the risk of knee injury. This study tracked countermovement jump, knee isometric strength, and kinetics and kinematics in 8 female soccer players (experimental group) during an anticipated sidestep maneuver before and after two matches played over a 43-h period. Time points were: Before and after match 1 (T0 and T1), 12 h after the first match (T2), and immediately after the second match (T3). A control group participated only in practice sessions. Isometric knee extension strength decreased by 14.8% at T2 (p = 0.003), but knee flexion was not affected until T3, declining by 12.6% (p = 0.018). During the sidestep maneuver, knee joint degrees of flexion at initial contact was increased by 17.1% at T3, but maximum knee and hip angle at initial contact were unchanged. Peak resultant ground reaction force (GRF) increased by 12.6% (p = 0.047) at T3 (3.03 xBW) from 2.69 xBW at T0, while posterior GRF was significantly higher than T0 at all three subsequent time points (T1 = 0.82 ± 0.23 xBW, T2 = 0.87 ± 0.22 xBW, T3 = 0.89 ± 0.22 xBW). Anterior tibial shear force increased significantly (p = 0.020) at T3 (1.24 ± 0.12 xBW) compared to T1 (1.15 ± 0.13 xBW), an 8.8% increase. Lateral tibial shear force was significantly higher at both T1 (0.95 ± 0.20 xBW) and T3 (1.15 ± 0.38 xBW) compared to T0 (0.67 ± 0.25 xBW). These findings suggest that participation in a soccer match has significant effects on both physical performance parameters and kinetics/kinematics during a sidestep cut, but these can be more pronounced after a second match with short rest.
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Promsri A, Longo A, Haid T, Doix ACM, Federolf P. Leg Dominance as a Risk Factor for Lower-Limb Injuries in Downhill Skiers-A Pilot Study into Possible Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3399. [PMID: 31540226 PMCID: PMC6765833 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leg dominance has been reported as one potential risk factor for lower-limb injuries in recreational downhill skiers. The current study proposed and tested two possible mechanisms for a leg dominance effect on skiing injuries-imbalance of the knee muscle strength and bilateral asymmetry in sensorimotor control. We hypothesized that the knee muscle strength (Hypothesis 1; H1) or postural control (Hypothesis 2; H2) would be affected by leg dominance. Fifteen well-experienced recreational downhill skiers (aged 24.3 ± 3.2 years) participated in this study. Isometric knee flexor/extensor muscle strength was tested using a dynamometer. Postural control was explored by using a kinematic principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the coordination structure and control of three-dimensional unipedal balancing movements while wearing ski equipment on firm and soft standing surfaces. Only H2 was supported when balancing on the firm surface, revealing that when shifting body weight over the nondominant leg, skiers significantly changed the coordination structure (p < 0.006) and the control (p < 0.004) of the lifted-leg movements. Based on the current findings, bilateral asymmetry in sensorimotor control rather than asymmetry in strength seems a more likely mechanism for the previously reported effect of leg dominance on lower-limb injury risk in recreational downhill skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
| | - Alessia Longo
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Haid
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Anatomy of proximal attachment, course, and innervation of hamstring muscles: a pictorial essay. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2019; 27:673-684. [PMID: 30374579 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries are very common in sports medicine. Knowing their anatomy, morphology, innervation, and function is important to provide a proper diagnosis, treatment as well as appropriate prevention strategies. In this pictorial essay, based on anatomical dissection, the detailed anatomy of muscle-tendon complex is reviewed, including their proximal attachment, muscle course, and innervation. To illustrate hamstrings' role in the rotational control of the tibia, the essay also includes the analysis of their biomechanical function.Level of evidence V (expert opinion based on laboratory study).
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16
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Nuzzo JL, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. CORP: Measurement of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:513-543. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00569.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength, the maximal force-generating capacity of a muscle or group of muscles, is regularly assessed in physiological experiments and clinical trials. An understanding of the expected variation in strength and the factors that contribute to this variation is important when designing experiments, describing methodologies, interpreting results, and attempting to replicate methods of others and reproduce their findings. In this review (Cores of Reproducibility in Physiology), we report on the intra- and inter-rater reliability of tests of upper and lower limb muscle strength and voluntary activation in humans. Isometric, isokinetic, and isoinertial strength exhibit good intra-rater reliability in most samples (correlation coefficients ≥0.90). However, some tests of isoinertial strength exhibit systematic bias that is not resolved by familiarization. With the exception of grip strength, few attempts have been made to examine inter-rater reliability of tests of muscle strength. The acute factors most likely to affect muscle strength and serve as a source of its variation from trial-to-trial or day-to-day include attentional focus, breathing technique, remote muscle contractions, rest periods, temperature (core, muscle), time of day, visual feedback, body and limb posture, body stabilization, acute caffeine consumption, dehydration, pain, fatigue from preceding exercise, and static stretching >60 s. Voluntary activation, the nervous system’s ability to drive a muscle to create its maximal force, exhibits good intra-rater reliability when examined with twitch interpolation (correlation coefficients >0.80). However, inter-rater reliability has not been formally examined. The methodological factors most likely to influence voluntary activation are myograph compliance and sensitivity; stimulation location, intensity, and inadvertent stimulation of antagonists; joint angle (muscle length); and the resting twitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janet L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Lonergan B, Senington B, Patterson SD, Price P. The effect of fatigue on phase specific countermovement jump asymmetries in ACL-R and non-injured rugby union players. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Lessi GC, Silva RS, Serrão FV. Comparison of the effects of fatigue on kinematics and muscle activation between men and women after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Phys Ther Sport 2018. [PMID: 29524910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies comparing the effects of fatigue between men and women after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of muscle fatigue on trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics and on lower limb muscle activation between male and female athletes who underwent ACL reconstruction. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen recreational athletes (7 males and 7 females) with unilateral ACL reconstruction participated of this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Trunk, pelvis and lower limb kinematics and muscle activation of the vastus lateralis, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus were evaluated during a single-leg drop vertical jump landing before and after a fatigue protocol. RESULTS Females had greater peak knee abduction after fatigue in relation to before fatigue (P = 0.008), and in relation to men after fatigue (P = 0.011). Also, in females, peak knee abduction was greater in the reconstructed limb in relation to the non-reconstructed limb after fatigue (P = 0.029). Males showed a greater mean amplitude of activation of the vastus lateralis muscle after fatigue in relation to before fatigue (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Muscle fatigue produced kinematic alterations that have been shown to increase the risk for a second ACL injury in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Scattone Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairí, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Brazil
| | - Fábio Viadanna Serrão
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
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19
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Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR. Effect of Fatigue Protocols on Lower Limb Neuromuscular Function and Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Training: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:3388-3396. [PMID: 28298066 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517693846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately two-thirds of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are sustained during noncontact situations when an athlete is cutting, pivoting, decelerating, or landing from a jump. Some investigators have postulated that fatigue may result in deleterious alterations in lower limb biomechanics during these activities that could increase the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. However, prior studies have noted a wide variation in fatigue protocols, athletic tasks studied, and effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. PURPOSE First, to determine if fatigue uniformly alters lower limb biomechanics during athletic tasks that are associated with noncontact ACL injuries. Second, to determine if changes should be made in ACL injury prevention training programs to alter the deleterious effects of fatigue on lower limb kinetics and kinematics. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS A systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE was performed. Key terms were fatigue, neuromuscular, exercise, hop test, and single-legged function tests. Inclusion criteria were original research studies involving healthy participants, use of a fatigue protocol, study of at least 1 lower limb task that involved landing from a hop or jump or cutting, and analysis of at least 1 biomechanical variable. RESULTS Thirty-seven studies involving 806 athletes (485 female, 321 male; mean age, 22.7 years) met the inclusion criteria. General fatigue protocols were used in 20 investigations, peripheral protocols were used in 17 studies, and 21 different athletic tasks were studied (13 single-legged, 8 double-legged). There was no consistency among investigations regarding the effects of fatigue on hip, knee, or ankle joint angles and moments or surface electromyography muscle activation patterns. The fatigue protocols typically did not produce statistically significant changes in ground-reaction forces. CONCLUSION Published fatigue protocols did not uniformly produce alterations in lower limb neuromuscular factors that heighten the risk of noncontact ACL injuries. Therefore, justification does not currently exist for major changes in ACL injury prevention training programs to account for potential fatigue effects. However, the effect of fatigue related to ACL injuries is worthy of further investigation, including the refinement of protocols and methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Barber-Westin
- Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center/Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Noyes Knee Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank R Noyes
- Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center/Mercy Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Noyes Knee Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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20
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Setuain I, Lecumberri P, Izquierdo M. Sprint mechanics return to competition follow-up after hamstring injury on a professional soccer player: A case study with an inertial sensor unit based methodological approach. J Biomech 2017; 63:186-191. [PMID: 28844725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present research aimed to describe an inertial unit (IU)-based sprint mechanics evaluation model for assessing players' readiness to return to competition after suffering a grade I hamstring injury. METHODS A professional male football player (age 19years; height 177cm; weight 70kg, midfielder, Spanish, 3° Division) with a grade 1 biceps femoris injury was evaluated at pre-season, at return to play after injury and at the end of the competitive season. Sprint mechanics were analyzed via the use of an inertial orientation tracker (Xsens Technologies B.V. Enschede, Netherlands) attached over the L3-L4 region of the subject's lumbar spine. Sprint mechanics such as horizontal components of ground reaction force were assessed in both legs during sprinting actions. Findings and interpretation: Both the coefficient of the horizontal force application (SFV) and the ratio of forces (DRF) applied at increasing velocity were decreased in the injured limb compared with the contralateral healthy limb at the return to play evaluation (73% and 76% reductions, respectively) and returned to symmetrical levels at the end-season evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Setuain
- Public University of Navarra, Department of Health Sciences, Tudela, Spain; TDN, Orthopaedic Surgery and Advanced Rehabilitation, Pamplona, Spain.
| | | | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Public University of Navarra, Department of Health Sciences, Tudela, Spain.
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21
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Lessi GC, Serrão FV. Effects of fatigue on lower limb, pelvis and trunk kinematics and lower limb muscle activity during single-leg landing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:2550-2558. [PMID: 26298713 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because there are no studies that have evaluated the effects of fatigue on the kinematics of the trunk and pelvis or on muscle activation in subjects with ACL reconstruction, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fatigue on the lower limb, pelvis and trunk kinematics and lower limb muscle activation in subjects with ACL reconstruction during a single-leg landing compared to a healthy control group. METHODS The participants included 20 subjects with ACL reconstruction (ACL reconstruction group-ACLRG) and 20 healthy subjects (control group-CG) who were aged between 18 and 35 years. Kinematic and electromyographic analyses were performed during a single-leg landing before and after fatigue. The fatigue protocol included a series of 10 squats, two vertical jumps, and 20 steps. RESULTS The effects of fatigue were increased peak trunk flexion and increased activation of the vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus maximus (GMax) during the landing phase. CONCLUSION After the fatigue protocol, an increase in peak trunk flexion and activation of the GMax and BF were observed, most likely as a strategy to reduce the load on the ACL. ACL injury prevention programs should include strength and endurance exercises for the hip and trunk extensor muscles so that they can efficiently control trunk flexion during landing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prospective comparative study, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Camparis Lessi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP: 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Fábio Viadanna Serrão
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP: 13565-905, Brazil.
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22
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Combined Effects of Lower Limb Muscle Fatigue and Decision Making to the Knee Joint During Cutting Maneuvers Based on Two Different Position-Sense-Acuity Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60822-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Engelen-van Melick N, van Cingel REH, van Tienen TG, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG. Functional performance 2-9 years after ACL reconstruction: cross-sectional comparison between athletes with bone-patellar tendon-bone, semitendinosus/gracilis and healthy controls. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:1412-1423. [PMID: 26404563 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to provide descriptive data on functional performance in men and women with ACLR, to compare bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) with semitendinosus/gracilis (STG) within the same sex and to compare the ACLR subjects with healthy controls. METHODS Eligible participants comprised 100 men (43 % BPTB) and 84 women (41 % BPTB) after ACLR, of whom 30 men (STG n = 19; BPTB n = 11) and 18 women (STG n = 12; BPTB n = 6) were untraceable/not willing and 15 men (STG n = 9; BPTB n = 6) and 18 women (STG n = 12; BPTB n = 3) were not able to take part in the measurements because of injury. Besides men BPTB (n = 24), men STG (n = 27), women BPTB (n = 23) and women STG (n = 23), healthy men (n = 22) and women (n = 22) participated. Measurements consisted of questionnaires, isokinetic peak torque and endurance tests, a hop test battery and drop jump including video analysis. RESULTS Only the occurrence of dynamic knee valgus differed between ACLR and healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Two to nine years after ACLR, 16 % of athletes could not participate because of a lower extremity injury. In the remaining group, this study showed similar results for males and females with BPTB compared with STG. Also, similar results are found for quantity of movement comparing operated and healthy subjects. For quality of movement, only the occurrence of dynamic knee valgus in landing from a jump is higher in operated subjects compared with healthy controls. This supports the relevance of a focus on quality of movement as part of ACLR rehabilitation programmes and return to sports criteria. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Engelen-van Melick
- , Funqtio, Triangelstraat 1F, 5935 AG, Steyl, The Netherlands. .,Research Institute for Health Sciences, IQ Healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert E H van Cingel
- Sport Medisch Centrum Papendal, Arnhem, The Netherlands.,Department of Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G van Tienen
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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24
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Lessi GC, dos Santos AF, Batista LF, de Oliveira GC, Serrão FV. Effects of fatigue on lower limb, pelvis and trunk kinematics and muscle activation: Gender differences. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 32:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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JORDAN MATTHEWJ, AAGAARD PER, HERZOG WALTER. Asymmetry and Thigh Muscle Coactivity in Fatigued Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Reconstructed Elite Skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:11-20. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Jónasson G, Helgason A, Ingvarsson Þ, Kristjánsson AM, Briem K. The Effect of Tibial Rotation on the Contribution of Medial and Lateral Hamstrings During Isometric Knee Flexion. Sports Health 2016; 8:161-6. [PMID: 26721286 PMCID: PMC4789934 DOI: 10.1177/1941738115625039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Selective atrophy of hamstring components may result from muscle strain or graft harvesting for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Assessment and rehabilitation that specifically targets medial (MH) or lateral (LH) hamstring components may improve patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of volitional tibial rotation medially (MR) versus laterally (LR) on activation levels of MH versus LH and strength measures during isometric testing of knee flexors. Hypothesis: Muscle activation of MH and LH during knee flexor strength testing will be augmented when coupled with MR and LR of the tibia, respectively, without affecting knee flexor strength measures. Study Design: Cross-sectional laboratory study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Surface electrodes were used to record neuromuscular activity from MH and LH of the right lower limb in 40 healthy young men and women during isometric knee flexor strength testing at 40° of knee flexion, where participants maintained concurrent volitional MR or LR of the tibia. Statistical analyses of variance included general linear models for repeated measures. Results: A significant interaction was found for tibial rotation and hamstring component variables (P < 0.01). When isometric knee flexion was coupled with LR, normalized activation levels were similar for MH and LH. When performed with MR, a significant drop in LH activation led to dissimilar activation levels of the 2 components. Significantly greater strength measures were found when isometric knee flexion was performed with concurrent LR of the tibia (P < 0.01). Both sexes demonstrated the same rotation-dependent differences. Conclusion: Coupling tibial rotation with knee flexor activities primarily affects the LH component. Clinical Relevance: Strategies involving volitional tibial rotation may be considered for specific assessment/rehabilitation of the MH or LH component.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andri Helgason
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Kristín Briem
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- * Kristín Briem, PT, PhD, Research Centre of Movement Science, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 2, Reykjavik IS101, Iceland ()
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27
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Oliveira N, Sanders RH. Effects of knee action phase and fatigue on Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris co-activation during the eggbeater kick. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 51:82-90. [PMID: 27918960 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of knee extension/flexion and fatigue on muscle co-activation of the Rectus Femoris (RF) and Biceps Femoris (BF) during the eggbeater kick. Ten national level male water polo players executed eggbeater kicks at maximum effort for the duration of the test. The eggbeater kick cycle was divided into four phases (FLX1, FLX2, EXT1, EXT2). Surface electromyographs were recorded from RF and BF. EMG activity normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction, muscle co-activation (CCI) and angular velocity (AV) of the right and left knee were calculated. Highest levels of RCCI and LCCI were observed during final phase of flexion (FLX2) and initial phase of extension (EXT1) (p<0.05). FLX2 and final phase of extension (EXT2) revealed the highest AV during the cycle. A decrease in CCI was observed with fatigue for FLX2 while AV was reduced for all phases. During the cycle RF and BF act as agonist/antagonist to accelerate and decelerate knee flexion/extension. The high AV and low CCI levels observed for EXT2 might increase joint instability and consequent risk of injury. This knowledge provides a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stabilizing and controlling the knee during underwater movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Oliveira
- Institute of Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, St. Leonard's Land, Holyrood Rd, Edinburgh EH8 8, United Kingdom.
| | - Ross H Sanders
- Exercise and Sport Science, FHS, C43K - K Block Cumberland Campus, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Chen J, Guo H, Gao Z, An M, Wang X, Chen W. Optimal kicking of a trampolinist. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 48:54-61. [PMID: 27132153 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to create a mathematical model by using kinematical equations that can describe the landing-jump of a trampoline performance. In this model, the trampolinist was assumed to be a combination of two parts of masses. The landing process (from the time trampolinist touches the net to the deepest location) was discretized into two stages. During these two stages, the trampolinist exerts different internal forces. Analyzing the kinematics of the abovementioned two stages, we obtained the numerical solutions for the optimum loading time and loading force of the trampolinist to get the deepest landing location. This work has potential for guiding a trampolinist in developing his/her personalized optimal strategy for exerting force during landing on the trampoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Institute of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Institute of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Institute of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Meiwen An
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Institute of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
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Ashton REM, Twist C. Number of Directional Changes Alters the Physiological, Perceptual, and Neuromuscular Responses of Netball Players During Intermittent Shuttle Running. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2731-7. [PMID: 26402473 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether an increased number of changes in direction altered the metabolic, cardiovascular, perceptual, and neuromuscular responses to intermittent shuttle running (ISR). Using a randomized crossover design, 10 female netball players completed 30 minutes of ISR over a 10-m (ISR10) and 20-m (ISR20) linear course. Measures of expired air, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate concentration ([BLa]), and peak torque of knee extensors and flexors were measured. Differences (%change ± 90% CL) in VO2 (1.5 ± 5.6%) was unclear between conditions, whereas HR was possibly higher (1.5 ± 2.5%) and [BLa] very likely lower in ISR20 compared with ISR10 (-32.7 ± 9.9%). Rating of perceived exertion was likely lower in the ISR20 compared with the ISR10 condition at 15 (-5.0 ± 5.0%) and most likely lower at 30 minutes (-9.4 ± 2.0%). Sprint times over 20 m were likely slower during ISR20 at mid (3.9 ± 3.2%) but unclear after (2.1 ± 5.4%). Changes in muscle function were not different between ISR10 and ISR20 conditions for knee extension (-0.2 ± 0.9%) but were likely different for knee flexion (-5.7 ± 4.9%). More directional changes during shuttle running increase the physiological and perceptual load on female athletes, which also cause a greater reduction in knee extensor torque. These findings have implications for the effective conditioning and injury prevention of female team sport athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E M Ashton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
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Rafeeuddin R, Sharir R, Staes F, Dingenen B, George K, Robinson MA, Vanrenterghem J. Mapping current research trends on neuromuscular risk factors of non-contact ACL injury. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 22:101-113. [PMID: 27669500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was (i) to identify neuromuscular markers that have been predictive of a primary non-contact ACL injury, (ii) to assess whether proposed risk factors have been supported or refuted in the literature from cohort and case-control studies, and (iii) to reflect on the body of research that aims at developing field based tools to assess risk through an association with these risk factors. Electronic searches were undertaken, of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus examining neuromuscular risk factors associated with ACL injury published between January 1990 and July 2015. The evidence supporting neuromuscular risk factors of ACL injury is limited where only 4 prospective cohort studies were found. Three of which looked into muscular capacity and one looked into muscular activation patterns but none of the studies found strong evidence of how muscular capacity or muscular activation deficits are a risk factor for a primary non-contact ACL injury. A number of factors associated to neural control and muscular capacity have been suggested to be related to non-contact ACL injury risk but the level of evidence supporting these risk factors remains often elusive, leaving researchers and practitioners uncertain when developing evidence-based injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Rafeeuddin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Raihana Sharir
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Filip Staes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Dingenen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Mark A Robinson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, UK; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Lehnert M, De Ste Croix M, Zaatar A, Hughes J, Varekova R, Lastovicka O. Muscular and neuromuscular control following soccer-specific exercise in male youth: Changes in injury risk mechanisms. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:975-982. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Lehnert
- Faculty of Physical Culture; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - M. De Ste Croix
- Exercise and Sport Research Centre; School of Sport and Exercise; University of Gloucestershire; Gloucester UK
| | - A. Zaatar
- Faculty of Physical Culture; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - J. Hughes
- Exercise and Sport Research Centre; School of Sport and Exercise; University of Gloucestershire; Gloucester UK
| | - R. Varekova
- Faculty of Physical Culture; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - O. Lastovicka
- Faculty of Physical Culture; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
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Jordan MJ, Aagaard P, Herzog W. Rapid hamstrings/quadriceps strength in ACL-reconstructed elite Alpine ski racers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:109-19. [PMID: 24824771 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because of the importance of hamstrings (HAM) and quadriceps (QUAD) strength for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention and the high incidence of ACL injury in ski racing, HAM and QUAD maximal and explosive strength were assessed in ski racers with and without ACL reconstruction (ACL-R). METHODS Uninjured (n = 13 males, n = 8 females) and ACL-R (n = 3 males, n = 5 females, 25.0 ± 11.3 months after operation) elite ski racers performed maximal voluntary isometric HAM and QUAD contractions to obtain maximal torque (MVC) and rate of torque development (RTD) at 0-50, 0-100, 0-150, and 0-200 ms. MVC and RTD (per kilogram body mass) were calculated for the uninjured group to compare between sexes and to compare the control group with the ACL-R limb and unaffected limb of the ACL-R skiers. HAM/QUAD MVC and RTD strength ratios (H/Q ratios) were also compared. RESULTS The ACL-R limb demonstrated significant HAM and QUAD deficits compared with the contralateral limb for MVC and late-phase RTD (P < 0.05). Uninjured male skiers also displayed a limb difference for HAM MVC and RTD at 150 ms (P < 0.05). QUAD MVC and RTD deficits were observed in the affected limb of ACL-R skiers, which led to an inflated H/Q ratio (50 ms) compared with that in uninjured controls (P < 0.05). Compared with male skiers, females displayed greater relative HAM RTD (50 ms) and an elevated H/Q RTD ratio (50 ms), suggesting enhanced ACL protection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Because of the strength demands of ski racing, our results suggest the importance of including HAM and QUAD strength assessments in the physical evaluation of uninjured skiers. Furthermore, HAM and QUAD strength should be assessed over a long-term period after surgery to identify chronic strength deficits in ACL-R ski racers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jordan
- 1Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA; and 2Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
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Effects of Neuromuscular Fatigue on Quadriceps Strength and Activation and Knee Biomechanics in Individuals Post-Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Healthy Adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015; 45:1042-50. [PMID: 26471851 PMCID: PMC4758132 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2015.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Laboratory-based experiment using a pretest/posttest design. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of neuromuscular fatigue on quadriceps strength and activation and sagittal and frontal plane knee biomechanics during dynamic landing following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). BACKGROUND Impaired quadriceps central activation occurs post-ACLR, likely altering lower extremity biomechanics. Neuromuscular fatigue similarly reduces volitional muscle activation and impairs neuromuscular control. Upon return to full activity post-ACLR, individuals likely concurrently experience quadriceps central activation deficits and neuromuscular fatigue, though the effects of fatigue on muscle strength and activation and biomechanics post-ACLR are unknown. METHODS Seventeen individuals 7 to 10 months post-ACLR and 16 controls participated. Quadriceps strength and central activation ratio were recorded prefatigue and postfatigue, which was induced via sets of double-leg squats. Knee biomechanics were recorded during a dynamic landing activity prefatigue and postfatigue. RESULTS Both groups demonstrated smaller knee flexion (initial contact, P = .017; peak, P = .004) and abduction (initial contact, P = .005; peak, P = .009) angles postfatigue. The ACLR group had smaller peak knee flexion angles (P<.001) prefatigue and postfatigue than controls. Knee flexion moment was smaller in those post-ACLR than controls prefatigue (P<.001), but not postfatigue (P = .103). Controls had smaller knee flexion moments postfatigue (P = .001). Knee abduction moment was smaller in both groups postfatigue (P = .003). All participants demonstrated significantly lower strength (P<.001) and activation (P = .003) postfatigue. CONCLUSION Impaired strength, central activation, and biomechanics were present postfatigue in both groups, suggesting that neuromuscular fatigue may increase noncontact ACL injury risk. However, these changes were not exaggerated in those post-ACLR, likely because they already demonstrated a stiff-legged landing strategy prefatigue.
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Michalsik LB, Aagaard P, Madsen K. Technical Activity Profile and Influence of Body Anthropometry on Playing Performance in Female Elite Team Handball. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:1126-38. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Michalsik LB, Madsen K, Aagaard P. Technical Match Characteristics and Influence of Body Anthropometry on Playing Performance in Male Elite Team Handball. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:416-28. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hader K, Mendez-Villanueva A, Ahmaidi S, Williams BK, Buchheit M. Changes of direction during high-intensity intermittent runs: neuromuscular and metabolic responses. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:2. [PMID: 24417863 PMCID: PMC3904414 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to sustain brief high-intensity intermittent efforts (HIE) is meant to be a major attribute for performance in team sports. Adding changes of direction to HIE is believed to increase the specificity of training drills with respect to game demands. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 90°-changes of direction (COD) during HIE on metabolic and neuromuscular responses. METHODS Eleven male, team sport players (30.5 ± 3.6 y) performed randomly HIE without (straight-line, 2×[10× 22 m]) or with (2×[10× ~16.5 m]) two 90°-COD. To account for the time lost while changing direction, the distance for COD runs during HIE was individually adjusted using the ratio between straight-line and COD sprints. Players also performed 2 countermovement (CMJ) and 2 drop (DJ) jumps, during and post HIE. Pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2), quadriceps and hamstring oxygenation, blood lactate concentration (Δ[La]b), electromyography amplitude (RMS) of eight lower limb muscles and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured for each condition. RESULTS During HIE, CODs had no substantial effects on changes in VO2, oxygenation, CMJ and DJ performance and RPE (all differences in the changes rated as unclear). Conversely, compared with straight-line runs, COD-runs were associated with a possibly higher Δ[La]b (+9.7 ± 10.4%, with chances for greater/similar/lower values of 57/42/0%) and either a lower (i.e., -11.9 ± 14.6%, 2/13/85 for semitendinosus and -8.5 ± 9.3%, 1/21/78 for lateral gastrocnemius) or equivalent decrease in electromyography amplitude. CONCLUSION Adding two 90°-CODs on adjusted distance during two sets of HIE is likely to elicit equivalent decreases in CMJ and DJ height, and similar cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses, despite a lower average running speed. A fatigue-induced modification in lower limb control observed with CODs may have elicited a selective reduction of electromyography activity in hamstring muscles and may induce, in turn, a potential mechanical loss of knee stability. Therefore, changing direction during HIE, with adjusted COD running distances, might be an effective training practice 1) to manipulate some components of the acute physiological load of HIE, 2) to promote long-term COD-specific neuromuscular adaptations aimed at improving performance and knee joint stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martin Buchheit
- Sport Science Department, ASPIRE Academy for Sports Excellence, Doha, Qatar.
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Jensen P, Scott S, Krustrup P, Mohr M. Physiological responses and performance in a simulated trampoline gymnastics competition in elite male gymnasts. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1761-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.803591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Engelen-van Melick N, van Cingel REH, Tijssen MPW, Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG. Assessment of functional performance after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review of measurement procedures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:869-79. [PMID: 22581194 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the measurements that are used in clinical practice to assess the quantity and quality of functional performance in men and women more than 2 years after ACL reconstruction with bone patellar-tendon bone (BPTB) or semitendinosus/gracilis (STG) graft. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in Medline (Pubmed), EMBASE (OVID), the Cochrane Library and PEDro to identify relevant articles from 1990 up to 2010. Articles were included if they described functional performance after BPTB or STG reconstruction and had a follow-up of more than 2 years. Two authors screened the selected articles for title, abstract and full-text in accordance with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of all articles was assessed by checklists of the Cochrane Library by two authors. Only the articles with good methodological quality were considered for further analysis. RESULTS A total of 27 studies were included by full-text. According to their methodological quality six were rated as good. Different authors used different study designs for muscle testing which led to different outcomes that could not be compared. Besides strength, a single-leg hop for distance was used as a measurement for quantity of functional performance. No measurements for quality of functional performance were reported. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of functional performance more than 2 years after ACL reconstruction consists of concentric or isometric strength, the single-leg hop for distance or a combination. The Limb Symmetry Index is used as the main outcome parameter to compare the involved leg with the uninvolved. In all studies the results of men and woman are combined. Based on our findings and previous studies that discussed additional important parameters a more extensive test battery to assess functional performance is suggested.
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Shepherd J, Gleeson N, Minshull C. Congruency and responsiveness of perceived exertion and time-to-end-point during an intermittent isometric fatigue task. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:905-9. [PMID: 23001003 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the relationship between self-perception of effort and task duration in an intermittent isometric fatigue trial (IIF) and (2) to evaluate the capability of two assessment paradigms (perceived exertion; perceived task duration) to reflect changes in IIF intensity. Fifteen participants performed two IIF tasks of the knee extensors at intensities of 60 and 70 % of daily peak force, each separated by 48-72 h. Ordering of the tasks was counter-balanced and participants were blinded to the precise intensity of each IIF. A category-ratio scale (CR-10) and visual analogue scale were used during each IIF task to record measures of perceived exertion and perceived task duration, respectively. Measures were recorded at 10 % intervals across the relative duration of each IIF task. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients revealed strong positive correlations (r > 0.99; p < 0.01) between completed task duration and both perceptual scales at the two IIF intensities. Separate two-way repeated measures ANOVAs of CR-10 and perceived task duration responses revealed significant main effects for time only (F [2.2,30.1] = 126.8; p < 0.001; F [2.6,36.8] = 117.2; p < 0.001, CR-10 and perceived task duration, respectively). The results suggest that perceived exertion and perceived task duration are equally effective predictors of IIF end-point. However, neither measure was sufficiently responsive to discriminate between 10 % changes in exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Shepherd
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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Baltzer WI, Firshman AM, Stang B, Warnock JJ, Gorman E, McKenzie EC. The effect of agility exercise on eicosanoid excretion, oxidant status, and plasma lactate in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:249. [PMID: 23273137 PMCID: PMC3537688 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to determine the effects of agility exercise on dogs of different skill levels with respect to urinary eicosanoids, urinary 15F2t-isoprostane (lipid peroxidation marker) and hematological/biochemical changes in plasma. Fifteen adult dogs had blood and urine samples obtained prior to, immediately and 4-hours following an agility exercise. Results Hematocrit, red blood cells (RBC), albumin, and hemoglobin increased following exercise, with greatest increases correlating to increased skill group (novice, intermediate, masters); at 4-hours post-exercise, hematocrit, RBC, and hemoglobin were decreased. Phosphorus increased following exercise with the greatest increase in novice and intermediates. Plasma lactate increased 3.6-fold in masters, 3.2-fold in intermediates, and 1.2-fold in novice dogs. Urine thromboxane B2 (TXB2) more than tripled 4-hours post-exercise while 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (PGF1α, prostacyclin metabolite), prostaglandin E2 metabolites (13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin A2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2), and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α were unaffected as determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay and standardized by division with urine creatinine. Urine 15F2t-isoprostane increased insignificantly. Conclusions Alterations in the plasma post-exercise were likely due to hemoconcentration from insensible water loss, splenic contraction and sympathetic stimulation while 4-hours later autohemodilution reduced RBC parameters. Elevations in plasma lactate and urinary TXB2 correlated with advanced skill level/speed of the dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy I Baltzer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Suggestions from the field for return to sports participation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: basketball. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012; 42:326-36. [PMID: 22465899 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2012.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to outline the final, functional phases of rehabilitation that address exercises, drills, and return-to-play criteria for the sport of basketball, following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. ACL injuries can be debilitating and affect the quality of life for recreational and elite athletes alike. Tears of the ACL are common in both male and female basketball players, with a higher incidence rate in females. Incidence of a retear to the existing graft or contralateral knee within 5 years of ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft in young (less than 18 to 25 years of age), active basketball players can be as high as 52%. Reducing the number of ACL injuries or reinjury, of which there are an estimated 80 000 per year at an associated cost of over a billion dollars, can have significant potential long-term fiscal and health benefits. Following surgical reconstruction of the ACL, implementing a tailored rehabilitation protocol can ensure a successful return to sport. When searching the literature for such protocols, clinicians may struggle to find specific exercises, drills, and return-to-play criteria for particular sports. The intent of this manuscript is to present such a rehabilitation protocol for basketball.
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