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Dionne G, Mascheretti S, Feng B, Paradis H, Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Tremblay R, Boivin M. Genetic and phenotypic evidence of the predictive validity of preschool parent reports of hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38439652 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942400035x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
To determine the validity of parent reports (PRs) of ADHD in preschoolers, we assessed hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) and inattention (IN) in 1114 twins with PRs at 1.5, 2.5, 4, 5, 14, 15, and 17 years, and teacher-reports at 6, 7, 9, 10, and 12. We examined if preschool PRs (1) predict high HI/IN trajectories, and (2) capture genetic contributions to HI/IN into adolescence. Group-based trajectory analyses identified three 6-17 years trajectories for both HI and IN, including small groups with high HI (N = 88, 10.4%, 77% boys) and IN (N = 158, 17.3%, 75% boys). Controlling for sex, each unit of HI PRs starting at 1.5 years and at 4 years for IN, increased more than 2-fold the risk of belonging to the high trajectory, with incremental contributions (Odds Ratios = 2.5-4.5) at subsequent ages. Quantitative genetic analyses showed that genetic contributions underlying preschool PRs accounted for up to a quarter and a third of the heritability of later HI and IN, respectively. Genes underlying 1.5-year HI and 4-year IN contributed to 6 of 8 later HI and IN time-points and largely explained the corresponding phenotypic correlations. Results provide phenotypic and genetic evidence that preschool parent reports of HI and IN are valid means to predict developmental risk of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette Dionne
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sara Mascheretti
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Bei Feng
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Hélène Paradis
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- School of Psychoeducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Richard Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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Hongyao HE, Chun JI, Xiaoyan G, Fangfang L, Jing Z, Lin Z, Pengxiang Z, Zengchun L. Associative gene networks reveal novel candidates important for ADHD and dyslexia comorbidity. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:208. [PMID: 37667328 PMCID: PMC10478365 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with developmental dyslexia (DD), which are both prevalent and complicated pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders that have a significant influence on children's learning and development. Clinically, the comorbidity incidence of DD and ADHD is between 25 and 48%. Children with DD and ADHD may have more severe cognitive deficiencies, a poorer level of schooling, and a higher risk of social and emotional management disorders. Furthermore, patients with this comorbidity are frequently treated for a single condition in clinical settings, and the therapeutic outcome is poor. The development of effective treatment approaches against these diseases is complicated by their comorbidity features. This is often a major problem in diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we developed bioinformatical methodology for the analysis of the comorbidity of these two diseases. As such, the search for candidate genes related to the comorbid conditions of ADHD and DD can help in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the comorbid condition, and can also be useful for genotyping and identifying new drug targets. RESULTS Using the ANDSystem tool, the reconstruction and analysis of gene networks associated with ADHD and dyslexia was carried out. The gene network of ADHD included 599 genes/proteins and 148,978 interactions, while that of dyslexia included 167 genes/proteins and 27,083 interactions. When the ANDSystem and GeneCards data were combined, a total of 213 genes/proteins for ADHD and dyslexia were found. An approach for ranking genes implicated in the comorbid condition of the two diseases was proposed. The approach is based on ten criteria for ranking genes by their importance, including relevance scores of association between disease and genes, standard methods of gene prioritization, as well as original criteria that take into account the characteristics of an associative gene network and the presence of known polymorphisms in the analyzed genes. Among the top 20 genes with the highest priority DRD2, DRD4, CNTNAP2 and GRIN2B are mentioned in the literature as directly linked with the comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia. According to the proposed approach, the genes OPRM1, CHRNA4 and SNCA had the highest priority in the development of comorbidity of these two diseases. Additionally, it was revealed that the most relevant genes are involved in biological processes related to signal transduction, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, chemical synaptic transmission, response to drugs, ion transmembrane transport, nervous system development, cell adhesion, and neuron migration. CONCLUSIONS The application of methods of reconstruction and analysis of gene networks is a powerful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of comorbid conditions. The method put forth to rank genes by their importance for the comorbid condition of ADHD and dyslexia was employed to predict genes that play key roles in the development of the comorbid condition. The results can be utilized to plan experiments for the identification of novel candidate genes and search for novel pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Hongyao
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - J I Chun
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Gao Xiaoyan
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Liu Fangfang
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhang Jing
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zuo Pengxiang
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
| | - Li Zengchun
- Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
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Sahota VK, Stone A, Woodling NS, Spiers JG, Steinert JR, Partridge L, Augustin H. Plum modulates Myoglianin and regulates synaptic function in D. melanogaster. Open Biol 2023; 13:230171. [PMID: 37699519 PMCID: PMC10497343 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the neuromuscular system underlie several neuromuscular diseases and play critical roles in the development of sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. Mammalian Myostatin (MST) and GDF11, members of the TGF-β superfamily of growth factors, are powerful regulators of muscle size in both model organisms and humans. Myoglianin (MYO), the Drosophila homologue of MST and GDF11, is a strong inhibitor of synaptic function and structure at the neuromuscular junction in flies. Here, we identified Plum, a transmembrane cell surface protein, as a modulator of MYO function in the larval neuromuscular system. Reduction of Plum in the larval body-wall muscles abolishes the previously demonstrated positive effect of attenuated MYO signalling on both muscle size and neuromuscular junction structure and function. In addition, downregulation of Plum on its own results in decreased synaptic strength and body weight, classifying Plum as a (novel) regulator of neuromuscular function and body (muscle) size. These findings offer new insights into possible regulatory mechanisms behind ageing- and disease-related neuromuscular dysfunctions in humans and identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K. Sahota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Aelfwin Stone
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nathaniel S. Woodling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jereme G. Spiers
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Joern R. Steinert
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Augustin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
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Chen S, Xiong J, Chen B, Zhang C, Deng X, He F, Yang L, Chen C, Peng J, Yin F. Autism spectrum disorder and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD-NDDs): Clinical and genetic profile of a pediatric cohort. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 524:179-186. [PMID: 34800434 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is featured by impaired social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. ASD and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD-NDDs), especially epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID)/global developmental delay (GDD) are frequently presented in genetic disorders. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical and genetic profile of ASD in combination with epilepsy or ID/GDD. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, and genetic spectrum of pediatric patients presenting ASD-NDDs with proven genetic etiology. The pathogenicity of variants was conducted by molecular geneticists and clinicians complied with the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). RESULTS Among 154 patients with ASD-NDDs, 79 (51.3%) patients gained a genetic diagnosis. Most patients (78/79, 98.7%) had comorbid ID or GDD, and 49 (49/79, 62.0%) had comorbid epilepsy. The clinical characteristics of those 79 patients were varied. 87 genetic variants were found among the 79 pedigrees. Most of the involved genes have roles in gene expression regulation (GER) and neuronal communication (NC). Most genes have been proven to be ASD-related genes, and some of them were not reported to contribute to ASD previously. CONCLUSION We summarized the genetic and clinical profile of 79 ASD-NDDs patients with proven genetic etiology. The genetic spectrum of ASD was expanded, and we highlighted a novel possible ASD candidate gene PRTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ciliu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolu Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China.
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Morgan CP, Shetty AC, Chan JC, Berger DS, Ament SA, Epperson CN, Bale TL. Repeated sampling facilitates within- and between-subject modeling of the human sperm transcriptome to identify dynamic and stress-responsive sncRNAs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17498. [PMID: 33060642 PMCID: PMC7562703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73867-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies from the last century have drawn strong associations between paternal life experiences and offspring health and disease outcomes. Recent studies have demonstrated sperm small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) populations vary in response to diverse paternal insults. However, for studies in retrospective or prospective human cohorts to identify changes in paternal germ cell epigenetics in association with offspring disease risk, a framework must first be built with insight into the expected biological variation inherent in human populations. In other words, how will we know what to look for if we don't first know what is stable and what is dynamic, and what is consistent within and between men over time? From sperm samples from a 'normative' cohort of healthy human subjects collected repeatedly from each subject over 6 months, 17 healthy male participants met inclusion criteria and completed donations and psychological evaluations of perceived stress monthly. sncRNAs (including miRNA, piRNA, and tRNA) isolated from mature sperm from these samples were subjected to Illumina small RNA sequencing, aligned to subtype-specific reference transcriptomes, and quantified. The repeated measures design allowed us to define both within- and between-subject variation in the expression of 254 miRNA, 194 tRNA, and 937 piRNA in sperm over time. We developed screening criteria to identify a subset of potential environmentally responsive 'dynamic' sperm sncRNA. Implementing complex modeling of the relationships between individual dynamic sncRNA and perceived stress states in these data, we identified 5 miRNA (including let-7f-5p and miR-181a-5p) and 4 tRNA that are responsive to the dynamics of prior stress experience and fit our established mouse model. In the current study, we aligned repeated sampling of human sperm sncRNA expression data with concurrent measures of perceived stress as a novel framework that can now be applied across a range of studies focused on diverse environmental factors able to influence germ cell programming and potentially impact offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Amol C Shetty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jennifer C Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dara S Berger
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Seth A Ament
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - C Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CU-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, HSF3, Room 9-171, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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6
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Willcutt EG. Behavior and Molecular Genetic Approaches to Comorbidity. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2020; 6:31-36. [PMID: 32042548 DOI: 10.1007/s40474-019-00162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review provides an overview of studies that used behavioral genetic methods to understand the genetic and environmental influences that lead to comorbidity, the co-occurrence of two or more developmental disorders in the same individual. Recent Findings Comorbidity is primarily explained by shared genetic influences for most pairs of disorders that have been studied, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities, conduct disorder and ADHD, anxiety and depression, and anxiety and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Molecular genetic studies indicate that the etiologies of developmental disorders are highly multifactorial, with dozens or even hundreds of genes acting in combination with environmental risk factors to lead to each individual disorder and the extensive comorbidity between disorders. Due to this complexity, current state-of-the-art studies are now combining molecular genetic data from multiple large samples to begin to achieve adequate statistical power to identify the specific genetic polymorphisms that lead to comorbidity. Summary An extensive literature demonstrates the pervasiveness and potential importance of comorbidity between developmental disorders, and results of family, twin, and molecular genetic studies indicate that these comorbidities may be largely explained by shared genetic influences. Additional studies are ongoing to identify the specific genetic polymorphisms that increase risk for each developmental disorder and comorbidity between disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Willcutt
- University of Colorado Boulder, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience, Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center, Director of Clinical Training, Faculty Fellow, Institute for Behavior Genetics, Faculty, Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
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7
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Gialluisi A, Andlauer TFM, Mirza-Schreiber N, Moll K, Becker J, Hoffmann P, Ludwig KU, Czamara D, St Pourcain B, Brandler W, Honbolygó F, Tóth D, Csépe V, Huguet G, Morris AP, Hulslander J, Willcutt EG, DeFries JC, Olson RK, Smith SD, Pennington BF, Vaessen A, Maurer U, Lyytinen H, Peyrard-Janvid M, Leppänen PHT, Brandeis D, Bonte M, Stein JF, Talcott JB, Fauchereau F, Wilcke A, Francks C, Bourgeron T, Monaco AP, Ramus F, Landerl K, Kere J, Scerri TS, Paracchini S, Fisher SE, Schumacher J, Nöthen MM, Müller-Myhsok B, Schulte-Körne G. Genome-wide association scan identifies new variants associated with a cognitive predictor of dyslexia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:77. [PMID: 30741946 PMCID: PMC6370792 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is one of the most prevalent learning disorders, with high impact on school and psychosocial development and high comorbidity with conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and anxiety. DD is characterized by deficits in different cognitive skills, including word reading, spelling, rapid naming, and phonology. To investigate the genetic basis of DD, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of these skills within one of the largest studies available, including nine cohorts of reading-impaired and typically developing children of European ancestry (N = 2562-3468). We observed a genome-wide significant effect (p < 1 × 10-8) on rapid automatized naming of letters (RANlet) for variants on 18q12.2, within MIR924HG (micro-RNA 924 host gene; rs17663182 p = 4.73 × 10-9), and a suggestive association on 8q12.3 within NKAIN3 (encoding a cation transporter; rs16928927, p = 2.25 × 10-8). rs17663182 (18q12.2) also showed genome-wide significant multivariate associations with RAN measures (p = 1.15 × 10-8) and with all the cognitive traits tested (p = 3.07 × 10-8), suggesting (relational) pleiotropic effects of this variant. A polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis revealed significant genetic overlaps of some of the DD-related traits with educational attainment (EDUyears) and ADHD. Reading and spelling abilities were positively associated with EDUyears (p ~ [10-5-10-7]) and negatively associated with ADHD PRS (p ~ [10-8-10-17]). This corroborates a long-standing hypothesis on the partly shared genetic etiology of DD and ADHD, at the genome-wide level. Our findings suggest new candidate DD susceptibility genes and provide new insights into the genetics of dyslexia and its comorbities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Till F M Andlauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany
| | - Nazanin Mirza-Schreiber
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William Brandler
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ferenc Honbolygó
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Tóth
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre of Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Department of Biostatistics, Universiy of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jacqueline Hulslander
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Erik G Willcutt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John C DeFries
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Richard K Olson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Shelley D Smith
- Developmental Neuroscience Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bruce F Pennington
- Developmental Neuropsychology Lab & Clinic, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Anniek Vaessen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Heikki Lyytinen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Paavo H T Leppänen
- Centre for Research on Learning and Teaching, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience & Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John F Stein
- Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel B Talcott
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fabien Fauchereau
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arndt Wilcke
- Cognitive Genetics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clyde Francks
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, EHESS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Karin Landerl
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria and BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Molecular Medicine Program, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Scerri
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research & Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Sypartially), Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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Sánchez-Morán M, Hernández JA, Duñabeitia JA, Estévez A, Bárcena L, González-Lahera A, Bajo MT, Fuentes LJ, Aransay AM, Carreiras M. Genetic association study of dyslexia and ADHD candidate genes in a Spanish cohort: Implications of comorbid samples. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206431. [PMID: 30379906 PMCID: PMC6209299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two complex neuro-behaviorally disorders that co-occur more often than expected, so that reading disability has been linked to inattention symptoms. We examined 4 SNPs located on genes previously associated to dyslexia (KIAA0319, DCDC2, DYX1C1 and FOXP2) and 3 SNPs within genes related to ADHD (COMT, MAOA and DBH) in a cohort of Spanish children (N = 2078) that met the criteria of having one, both or none of these disorders (dyslexia and ADHD). We used a case-control approach comparing different groups of samples based on each individual diagnosis. In addition, we also performed a quantitative trait analysis with psychometric measures on the general population (N = 3357). The results indicated that the significance values for some markers change depending on the phenotypic groups compared and/or when considering pair-wise marker interactions. Furthermore, our quantitative trait study showed significant genetic associations with specific cognitive processes. These outcomes advocate the importance of establishing rigorous and homogeneous criteria for the diagnosis of cognitive disorders, as well as the relevance of considering cognitive endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Sánchez-Morán
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | | | | | | | - María Teresa Bajo
- Research Center for Brain, Mind & Behavior, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ana M. Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL-Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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9
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Sim MS, Soga T, Pandy V, Wu YS, Parhar IS, Mohamed Z. MicroRNA expression signature of methamphetamine use and addiction in the rat nucleus accumbens. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1767-1783. [PMID: 28681200 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psycho-stimulant that induces behavioral changes due to high level of METH-induced dopamine in the brain. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role in these changes, especially in drug addiction. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of METH-induced addiction. The objective of this study was to establish a behavioral model of METH use and addiction using escalating doses of METH over 15 days and to determine the global miRNA expression profiling in NAc of METH-addicted rats. In the behavioral study, the experimental rats were divided into 3 groups of 9 each: a control group, a single dose METH (5 mg/kg) treatment group and a continuous 15 alternate days METH (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 mg/kg) treatment group. Following that, six rats in each group were randomly selected for global miRNA profiling. Addiction behavior in rats was established using Conditioned Place Preference task. The analysis of the miRNA profiling in the NAc was performed using Affymetric microarray GeneChip® System. The findings indicated that a continuous 15 alternate days METH treatment rats showed a preference for the drug-paired compartment of the CPP. However, a one-time acute treatment with 5 mg/kg METH did not show any significant difference in preference when compared with controls. Differential profiling of miRNAs indicated that 166 miRNAs were up-regulated and 4 down-regulated in the chronic METH-treatment group when compared to controls. In comparing the chronic treatment group with the acute treatment group, 52 miRNAs were shown to be up-regulated and 7 were down-regulated. MiRNAs including miR-496-3p, miR-194-5p, miR-200b-3p and miR-181a-5p, were found to be significantly associated with METH addiction. Canonical pathway analysis revealed that a high number of METH addiction-related miRNAs play important roles in the MAPK, CREB, G-Protein Couple Receptor and GnRH Signaling pathways. Our results suggest that dynamic changes occur in the expression of miRNAs following METH exposure and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maw Shin Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vijayapandi Pandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Seng Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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10
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Mascheretti S, Trezzi V, Giorda R, Boivin M, Plourde V, Vitaro F, Brendgen M, Dionne G, Marino C. Complex effects of dyslexia risk factors account for ADHD traits: evidence from two independent samples. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:75-82. [PMID: 27501527 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental dyslexia (DD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are among the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, whose etiology involves multiple risk factors. DD and ADHD co-occur in the same individuals much more often than would be expected by chance. Several studies have found significant bivariate heritability, and specific genes associated with either DD or ADHD have been investigated for association in the other disorder. Moreover, there are likely to be gene-by-gene and gene-by-environment interaction effects (G × G and G × E, respectively) underlying the comorbidity between DD and ADHD. We investigated the pleiotropic effects of 19 SNPs spanning five DD genes (DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, ROBO1, and GRIN2B) and seven DD environmental factors (smoke, miscarriage, birth weight, breastfeeding, parental age, socioeconomic status, and parental education) for main, either (a) genetic or (b) environmental, (c) G × G, and (d) G × E upon inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. We then attempted replication of these findings in an independent twin cohort. METHODS Marker-trait association was analyzed by implementing the Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test (QTDT). Environmental associations were tested by partial correlations. G × G were investigated by a general linear model equation and a family-based association test. G × E were analyzed through a general test for G × E in sib pair-based association analysis of quantitative traits. RESULTS DCDC2-rs793862 was associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity via G × G (KIAA0319) and G × E (miscarriage). Smoke was significantly correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity. We replicated the DCDC2 × KIAA0319 interaction upon hyperactivity/impulsivity in the twin cohort. CONCLUSIONS DD genetic (DCDC2) and environmental factors (smoke and miscarriage) underlie ADHD traits supporting a potential pleiotropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Lab, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Michel Boivin
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Ecole de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institute of Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Foundations of Child Development, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vickie Plourde
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Ecole de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psycho-Education, GRIP, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ginette Dionne
- Research Unit on Children's Psychosocial Maladjustment, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Ecole de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Hsieh YY, Huang YC, Chang CC, Wang YK, Lin WH, Tsai FJ. Chromosome 15q21-22-related polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to type-2 diabetic nonproliferative retinopathy. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2012; 16:442-8. [PMID: 22409602 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate whether chromosome 15q21-22-related gene polymorphisms could be used as markers of DR susceptibility in type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. METHODS Individuals were divided into three groups: (1) T2D with nonproliferative DR (NPDR; n=102); (2) T2D with proliferative DR (PDR; n=72); (3) T2D without DR (n=573). Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7174997, rs3751624, rs8025011, rs17818837, rs2922220, and rs2414520) lying within chromosome 15q21-22 region were genotyped by using Illumina HumanHap550-Duo BeadChips. Genotypes/allelic frequencies and haplotypes for these polymorphisms in each group were compared. RESULTS The MYO5C related SNP (rs3751624)*A related genotype and allele are associated with higher susceptibilities to DR, including PDR and NPDR. The rs3751624*GG/AA+AG percentages in each group are (1) 75.5%/24.5%, (2) 73.6%/26.4%, and (3) 82.5%/17.5%. In contrast, the other five SNPs in each group were not significantly different. One haplotype (G-A-G-G-T-G) appears significantly different between T2D individuals with and without DR. Other haplotype distributions were not significantly different between each group. CONCLUSION The MYO5C related SNP (rs3751624)*A related genotype/allele and haplotype (G-A-G-G-T-G) might be associated with susceptibility for retinopathy in T2D individuals. Some chromosome 15q21-22* related genetic variations might contribute to the pathogenesis of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yuan Hsieh
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Cornish KM, Savage R, Hocking DR, Hollis CP. Association of the DAT1 genotype with inattentive behavior is mediated by reading ability in a general population sample. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Paloyelis Y, Rijsdijk F, Wood AC, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. The genetic association between ADHD symptoms and reading difficulties: the role of inattentiveness and IQ. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 38:1083-95. [PMID: 20556504 PMCID: PMC2964469 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have documented the primarily genetic aetiology for the stronger phenotypic covariance between reading disability and ADHD inattention symptoms, compared to hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. In this study, we examined to what extent this covariation could be attributed to “generalist genes” shared with general cognitive ability or to “specialist” genes which may specifically underlie processes linking inattention symptoms and reading difficulties. We used multivariate structural equation modeling on IQ, parent and teacher ADHD ratings and parent ratings on reading difficulties from a general population sample of 1312 twins aged 7.9–10.9 years. The covariance between reading difficulties and ADHD inattention symptoms was largely driven by genetic (45%) and child-specific environment (21%) factors not shared with IQ and hyperactivity-impulsivity; only 11% of the covariance was due to genetic effects common with IQ. Aetiological influences shared among all phenotypes explained 47% of the variance in reading difficulties. The current study, using a general population sample, extends previous findings by showing, first, that the shared genetic variability between reading difficulties and ADHD inattention symptoms is largely independent from genes contributing to general cognitive ability and, second, that child-specific environment factors, independent from IQ, also contribute to the covariation between reading difficulties and inattention symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Paloyelis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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14
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A Cohort of Balanced Reciprocal Translocations Associated with Dyslexia: Identification of Two Putative Candidate Genes at DYX1. Behav Genet 2010; 41:125-33. [PMID: 20798984 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-010-9389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Protogenin defines a transition stage during embryonic neurogenesis and prevents precocious neuronal differentiation. J Neurosci 2010; 30:4428-39. [PMID: 20335479 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0473-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Ig superfamily members are expressed in the developing nervous system, but the functions of these molecules during neurogenesis are not all clear. Here, we explore the expression and function of one of members of this superfamily, protogenin (PRTG), in the developing nervous system. Expression of PRTG protein is strong in the neural tube of mouse embryos between embryonic days 7.75 and 9.5 but disappears after embryonic day 10.5 when the neural progenitor marker nestin expresses prominently. Perturbation of PRTG activity in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells and in chick embryos, by either RNA interference or a dominant-negative PRTG mutant, increases neuronal differentiation. Using yeast two-hybrid screening and an in situ binding assay, we were able to identify ERdj3 (a stress-inducible endoplasmic reticulum DnaJ homolog) as a putative PRTG ligand. Addition of purified ERdj3 protein into the P19 differentiation assay reduced neurogenesis. This effect was blocked by addition of either a neutralizing antibody against PRTG or purified PRTG ectodomain protein, indicating that the effect of ERdj3 on neurogenesis is mediated through PRTG. Forced expression of ERdj3 in the chick neural tube also impairs neuronal differentiation. Together, these results suggest that expression of PRTG defines a stage between pluripotent epiblasts and committed neural progenitors, and its signaling plays a critical role in suppressing premature neuronal differentiation during early neural development.
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Abstract
Developmental dyslexia is a highly heritable disorder with a prevalence of at least 5% in school-aged children. Linkage studies have identified numerous loci throughout the genome that are likely to harbour candidate dyslexia susceptibility genes. Association studies and the refinement of chromosomal translocation break points in individuals with dyslexia have resulted in the discovery of candidate genes at some of these loci. A key function of many of these genes is their involvement in neuronal migration. This complements anatomical abnormalities discovered in dyslexic brains, such as ectopias, that may be the result of irregular neuronal migration.
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The current status of research into Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on ADHD: From Childhood to Adult Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:165-74. [PMID: 21432581 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-009-0016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite being a devastating psychiatric condition with high prevalence, ADHD has traditionally been widely under-researched, specifically in adult patients. Therefore, the recent surge in scientific projects focusing on ADHD is impressive. By reviewing selected research findings presented at the 2nd International Congress on ADHD, this paper gives an overview about current state-of-the art research in such different areas as diagnosis, classification, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and comorbidity, neurobiology (including molecular genetics, proteomics, neuroimaging and electrophysiology), environmental factors, modelling of ADHD, treatment (pharmacological and non-pharmacological), as well as forensic and social aspects.
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