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Kostrzewa T, Nowak I, Feliczak-Guzik A, Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Górska-Ponikowska M, Kuban-Jankowska A. Encapsulated Oxovanadium(IV) and Dioxovanadium(V) Complexes into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Increase Cytotoxicity Against MDA-MB-231 Cell Line. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2507-2523. [PMID: 37197025 PMCID: PMC10184862 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s403689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been considered lately as promising drug delivery system in treatment of many human diseases including cancers. We previously studied potential drug compounds that were effective inhibitors of PTP1B phosphatase - possible target for breast cancer treatment. Based on our studies, two complexes were selected for encapsulation into the SLNs, the compound 1 ([VO(dipic)(dmbipy)] · 2 H2O) and compound 2 ([VOO(dipic)](2-phepyH) · H2O). Here, we investigate the effect of encapsulation of those compounds on cell cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. The study also included the stability evaluation of the obtained nanocarriers with incorporated active substances and characterization of their lipid matrix. Moreover, the cell cytotoxicity studies against the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line in comparison and in combination with vincristine have been performed. Wound healing assay was carried out to observe cell migration rate. Methods The properties of the SLNs such as particle size, zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI) were investigated. The morphology of SLNs was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the crystallinity of the lipid particles was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cell cytotoxicity of complexes and their encapsulated forms was carried out against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line using standard MTT protocols. The wound healing assay was performed using live imaging microscopy. Results SLNs with a mean size of 160 ± 25 nm, a ZP of -34.00 ± 0.5, and a polydispersity index of 30 ± 5% were obtained. Encapsulated forms of compounds showed significantly higher cytotoxicity also in co-incubation with vincristine. Moreover, our research shows that the best compound was complex 2 encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles. Conclusion We observed that encapsulation of studied complexes into SLNs increases their cell cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cell line and enhanced the effect of vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kostrzewa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
- Correspondence: Tomasz Kostrzewa; Alicja Kuban-Jankowska, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland, Tel +48 58 349 14 50, Fax +48 58 349 14 56, Email ;
| | - Izabela Nowak
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górska-Ponikowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
- IEMEST Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Palermo, 90127, Italy
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70174, Germany
| | - Alicja Kuban-Jankowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
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Asare O, Ayala Y, Hafeez BB, Ramirez-Correa GA, Cho YY, Kim DJ. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and its Impacts on Cutaneous Phosphorylation Signaling in Carcinogenesis: Focusing on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:344-355. [PMID: 36029171 DOI: 10.1111/php.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure is a significant risk factor for UV-induced deteriorating transformations of epidermal homeostasis leading to skin carcinogenesis. The ability of UVB radiation to cause melanoma, as well as basal and squamous cell carcinomas, makes UVB the most harmful among the three known UV ranges. UVB-induced DNA mutations and dysregulation of signaling pathways contribute to skin cancer formation. Among various signaling pathways modulated by UVB, tyrosine phosphorylation signaling which is mediated by the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) on specific tyrosine residues is highly implicated in photocarcinogenesis. Following UVB irradiation, PTKs get activated and their downstream signaling pathways contribute to photocarcinogenesis by promoting the survival of damaged keratinocytes and increasing cell proliferation. While UVB activates oncogenic signaling pathways, it can also activate tumor suppressive signaling pathways as initial protective mechanisms to maintain epidermal homeostasis. Tyrosine dephosphorylation is one of the protective mechanisms and is mediated by the action of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTP can counteract UVB-mediated PTK activation and downregulate oncogenic signaling pathways. However, PTPs have not been studied extensively in photocarcinogenesis with previous studies regarding their inactivation induced by UVB. This current review will summarize the recent progress in the protective function of PTPs in epidermal photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed Asare
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Yasmin Ayala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Bilal Bin Hafeez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX.,South Texas Center for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Genaro A Ramirez-Correa
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX.,South Texas Center for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX.,Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
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Song W, Hu L, Ma Z, Yang L, Li J. Importance of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Hormone-Regulated Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126603. [PMID: 35743047 PMCID: PMC9224382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most frequent post-translational modification (PTM) that plays important regulatory roles in a wide range of biological processes. Phosphorylation mainly occurs on serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) residues, with the phosphorylated Tyr sites accounting for ~1–2% of all phosphorylated residues. Tyr phosphorylation was initially believed to be less common in plants compared to animals; however, recent investigation indicates otherwise. Although they lack typical protein Tyr kinases, plants possess many dual-specificity protein kinases that were implicated in diverse cellular processes by phosphorylating Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. Analyses of sequenced plant genomes also identified protein Tyr phosphatases and dual-specificity protein phosphatases. Recent studies have revealed important regulatory roles of Tyr phosphorylation in many different aspects of plant growth and development and plant interactions with the environment. This short review summarizes studies that implicated the Tyr phosphorylation in biosynthesis and signaling of plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimeng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence:
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Garranzo-Asensio M, Solís-Fernández G, Montero-Calle A, García-Martínez JM, Fiuza MC, Pallares P, Palacios-Garcia N, García-Jiménez C, Guzman-Aranguez A, Barderas R. Seroreactivity Against Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRN Links Type 2 Diabetes and Colorectal Cancer and Identifies a Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target. Diabetes 2022; 71:497-510. [PMID: 35040477 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and diabetes are two of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide with dysregulated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and strong co-occurrence correlation. Plasma autoantibodies represent a promising early diagnostic marker for both diseases before symptoms appear. In this study, we explore the value of autoantibodies against receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase-like N (PTPRN; full-length or selected domains) as diagnostic markers using a cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D), CRC, or both diseases or healthy individuals. We show that PTPRN autoantibody levels in plasma discriminated between patients with T2D with and without CRC. Consistently, high PTPRN expression correlated with decreased survival of patients with CRC. Mechanistically, PTPRN depletion significantly reduced invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro and liver homing and metastasis in vivo by means of a dysregulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and a decrease of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Therefore, PTPRN autoantibodies may represent a particularly helpful marker for the stratification of patients with T2D at high risk of developing CRC. Consistent with the critical role played by tyrosine kinases in diabetes and tumor biology, we provide evidence that tyrosine phosphatases such as PTPRN may hold potential as therapeutic targets in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Garranzo-Asensio
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Solís-Fernández
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Martínez
- Area of Physiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Fiuza
- Surgery Department, University Hospital Fundación Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Pallares
- Central Units, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Palacios-Garcia
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Custodia García-Jiménez
- Area of Physiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Curcumin and Its New Derivatives: Correlation between Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Lines, Degradation of PTP1B Phosphatase and ROS Generation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910368. [PMID: 34638706 PMCID: PMC8508995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women—it affects more than 2 million women worldwide. PTP1B phosphatase can be one of the possible targets for new drugs in breast cancer therapy. In this paper, we present new curcumin derivatives featuring a 4-piperidone ring as PTP1B inhibitors and ROS inducers. We performed cytotoxicity analysis for twelve curcumin derivatives against breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. Furthermore, because curcumin is a known antioxidant, we assessed antioxidant effects in its derivatives. For the most potent cytotoxic compounds, we determined intracellular ROS and PTP1B phosphatase levels. Moreover, for curcumin and its derivatives, we performed real-time microscopy to observe the photosensitizing effect. Finally, computational analysis was performed for the curcumin derivatives with an inhibitory effect against PTP1B phosphatase to assess the potential binding mode of new inhibitors within the allosteric site of the enzyme. We observed that two tested compounds are better anticancer agents than curcumin. Moreover, we suggest that blocking the -OH group in phenolic compounds causes an increase in the cytotoxicity effect, even at a low concentration. Furthermore, due to this modification, a higher level of ROS is induced, which correlates with a lower level of PTP1B.
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Kim M, Morales LD, Lee CJ, Olivarez SA, Kim WJ, Hernandez J, Mummidi S, Jenkinson C, Tsin AT, Jang IS, Slaga TJ, Kim DJ. Overexpression of TC-PTP in murine epidermis attenuates skin tumor formation. Oncogene 2020; 39:4241-4256. [PMID: 32286519 PMCID: PMC7244373 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP), encoded by Ptpn2, has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor during skin carcinogenesis. In the current study, we generated a novel epidermal-specific TC-PTP-overexpressing (K5HA.Ptpn2) mouse model to show that TC-PTP contributes to the attenuation of chemically induced skin carcinogenesis through the synergistic regulation of STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, and PI3K/AKT signaling. We found overexpression of TC-PTP increased epidermal sensitivity to DMBA-induced apoptosis and it decreased TPA-mediated hyperproliferation, coinciding with reduced epidermal thickness. Inhibition of STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, or AKT reversed the effects of TC-PTP overexpression on epidermal survival and proliferation. Mice overexpressing TC-PTP in the epidermis developed significantly reduced numbers of tumors during skin carcinogenesis and presented a prolonged latency of tumor initiation. Examination of human papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) revealed that TC-PTP expression was significantly reduced and TC-PTP expression was inversely correlated with the increased grade of SCCs. Our findings demonstrate that TC-PTP is a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of human skin cancer given that it is a major negative regulator of oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Liza D Morales
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Cheol Jung Lee
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Serena A Olivarez
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, College of Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Joselin Hernandez
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Jenkinson
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Andrew T Tsin
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.
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Szklarzewicz J, Jurowska A, Hodorowicz M, Gryboś R, Kruczała K, Głuch-Lutwin M, Kazek G. Vanadium complexes with salicylaldehyde-based Schiff base ligands—structure, properties and biological activity. J COORD CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2020.1755036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Jurowska
- aFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Gryboś
- aFaculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- bFaculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kazek
- bFaculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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8
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Effects of SDS on the activity and conformation of protein tyrosine phosphatase from thermus thermophilus HB27. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3195. [PMID: 32081966 PMCID: PMC7035334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the activity-conformation relationship of PTPase is of great interest to understand how PTPase activity is determined by its conformation. Here we studied the activity and conformational transitions of PTPase from thermus thermophilus HB27 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Activity assays showed the inactivation of PTPase induced by SDS was in a concentration-dependent manner. Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra suggested SDS induced significant conformational transitions of PTPase, which resulted in the inactivation of PTPase, and the changes of α-helical structure and tertiary structure of PTPase. Structural analysis revealed a number of hydrophobic and charged residues around the active sites of PTPase may be involved in the hydrophobic and ionic bonds interactions of PTPase and SDS, which are suggested to be the major driving force to result in PTPase inactivation and conformational transitions induced by SDS. Our results suggested the hydrophobic and charged residues around the active sites were essential for the activity and conformation of PTPase. Our study promotes a better understanding of the activity and conformation of PTPase.
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9
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Morales LD, Archbold AK, Olivarez S, Slaga TJ, DiGiovanni J, Kim DJ. The role of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase in epithelial carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1640-1647. [PMID: 31264291 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP, encoded by PTPN2) is a nonreceptor PTP that is most highly expressed in hematopoietic tissues. TC-PTP modulates a variety of physiological functions including cell cycle progression, cell survival and proliferation, and hematopoiesis through tyrosine dephosphorylation of its target substrates, such as EGFR, JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, and STAT3. Studies with whole or tissue-specific loss of TC-PTP function transgenic mice have shown that TC-PTP has crucial roles in the regulation of the immune response, insulin signaling, and oncogenic signaling. More recently, the generation of epidermal-specific TC-PTP-deficient mice for use in multistage skin carcinogenesis bioassays demonstrated that TC-PTP suppresses skin tumor formation by negatively regulating STAT3 and AKT signaling. Further investigation showed that TC-PTP also minimizes UVB-induced epidermal cell damage by promoting apoptosis through the negative regulation of Flk-1/JNK signaling. These findings provide major evidence for a tumor suppressive function for TC-PTP against environment-induced skin cancer. Here, we will discuss TC-PTP, its substrates, and its functions with an emphasis on its role in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza D Morales
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Anna K Archbold
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Serena Olivarez
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas.,Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas
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Kim M, Baek M, Kim DJ. Protein Tyrosine Signaling and its Potential Therapeutic Implications in Carcinogenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2018. [PMID: 28625132 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170616082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a crucial signaling mechanism that plays a role in epithelial carcinogenesis. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) control various cellular processes including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and motility by activating major signaling pathways including STAT3, AKT, and MAPK. Genetic mutation of PTKs and/or prolonged activation of PTKs and their downstream pathways can lead to the development of epithelial cancer. Therefore, PTKs became an attractive target for cancer prevention. PTK inhibitors are continuously being developed, and they are currently used for the treatment of cancers that show a high expression of PTKs. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), the homeostatic counterpart of PTKs, negatively regulate the rate and duration of phosphotyrosine signaling. PTPs initially were considered to be only housekeeping enzymes with low specificity. However, recent studies have demonstrated that PTPs can function as either tumor suppressors or tumor promoters, depending on their target substrates. Together, both PTK and PTP signal transduction pathways are potential therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Minwoo Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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Targeting Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases with Biotherapeutics: Is Outside-in Better than Inside-Out? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030569. [PMID: 29498714 PMCID: PMC6017057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), of the receptor and non-receptor classes, are key signaling molecules that play critical roles in cellular regulation underlying diverse physiological events. Aberrant signaling as a result of genetic mutation or altered expression levels has been associated with several diseases and treatment via pharmacological intervention at the level of PTPs has been widely explored; however, the challenges associated with development of small molecule phosphatase inhibitors targeting the intracellular phosphatase domain (the “inside-out” approach) have been well documented and as yet there are no clinically approved drugs targeting these enzymes. The alternative approach of targeting receptor PTPs with biotherapeutic agents (such as monoclonal antibodies or engineered fusion proteins; the “outside-in” approach) that interact with the extracellular ectodomain offers many advantages, and there have been a number of exciting recent developments in this field. Here we provide a brief overview of the receptor PTP family and an update on the emerging area of receptor PTP-targeted biotherapeutics for CD148, vascular endothelial-protein tyrosine phosphatase (VE-PTP), receptor-type PTPs σ, γ, ζ (RPTPσ, RPTPγ, RPTPζ) and CD45, and discussion of future potential in this area.
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Bourgonje AM, Verrijp K, Schepens JTG, Navis AC, Piepers JAF, Palmen CBC, van den Eijnden M, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Wesseling P, Leenders WPJ, Hendriks WJAJ. Comprehensive protein tyrosine phosphatase mRNA profiling identifies new regulators in the progression of glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:96. [PMID: 27586084 PMCID: PMC5009684 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltrative behavior of diffuse gliomas severely reduces therapeutic potential of surgical resection and radiotherapy, and urges for the identification of new drug-targets affecting glioma growth and migration. To address the potential role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), we performed mRNA expression profiling for 91 of the 109 known human PTP genes on a series of clinical diffuse glioma samples of different grades and compared our findings with in silico knowledge from REMBRANDT and TCGA databases. Overall PTP family expression levels appeared independent of characteristic genetic aberrations associated with lower grade or high grade gliomas. Notably, seven PTP genes (DUSP26, MTMR4, PTEN, PTPRM, PTPRN2, PTPRT and PTPRZ1) were differentially expressed between grade II-III gliomas and (grade IV) glioblastomas. For DUSP26, PTEN, PTPRM and PTPRT, lower expression levels correlated with poor prognosis, and overexpression of DUSP26 or PTPRT in E98 glioblastoma cells reduced tumorigenicity. Our study represents the first in-depth analysis of PTP family expression in diffuse glioma subtypes and warrants further investigations into PTP-dependent signaling events as new entry points for improved therapy.
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Alonso A, Pulido R. The extended human PTPome: a growing tyrosine phosphatase family. FEBS J 2015; 283:1404-29. [PMID: 26573778 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyr phosphatases are, by definition, enzymes that dephosphorylate phospho-Tyr (pTyr) from proteins. This activity is found in several structurally diverse protein families, including the protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP), arsenate reductase, rhodanese, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) and His phosphatase (HP) families. Most of these families include members with substrate specificity for non-pTyr substrates, such as phospho-Ser/phospho-Thr, phosphoinositides, phosphorylated carbohydrates, mRNAs, or inorganic moieties. A Cys is essential for catalysis in PTPs, rhodanese and arsenate reductase enzymes, whereas this work is performed by an Asp in HAD phosphatases and by a His in HPs, via a catalytic mechanism shared by all of the different families. The category that contains most Tyr phosphatases is the PTP family, which, although it received its name from this activity, includes Ser, Thr, inositide, carbohydrate and RNA phosphatases, as well as some inactive pseudophosphatase proteins. Here, we propose an extended collection of human Tyr phosphatases, which we call the extended human PTPome. The addition of new members (SACs, paladin, INPP4s, TMEM55s, SSU72, and acid phosphatases) to the currently categorized PTP group of enzymes means that the extended human PTPome contains up to 125 proteins, of which ~ 40 are selective for pTyr. We set criteria to ascribe proteins to the extended PTPome, and summarize the more important features of the new PTPome members in the context of their phosphatase activity and their relationship with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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14
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Bourgonje AM, Navis AC, Schepens JTG, Verrijp K, Hovestad L, Hilhorst R, Harroch S, Wesseling P, Leenders WPJ, Hendriks WJAJ. Intracellular and extracellular domains of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ-B differentially regulate glioma cell growth and motility. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8690-702. [PMID: 25238264 PMCID: PMC4226714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumors for which surgical resection and radiotherapy is difficult because of the diffuse infiltrative growth of the tumor into the brain parenchyma. For development of alternative, drug-based, therapies more insight in the molecular processes that steer this typical growth and morphodynamic behavior of glioma cells is needed. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ-B is a transmembrane signaling molecule that is found to be strongly up-regulated in glioma specimens. We assessed the contribution of PTPRZ-B protein domains to tumor cell growth and migration, via lentiviral knock-down and over-expression using clinically relevant glioma xenografts and their derived cell models. PTPRZ-B knock-down resulted in reduced migration and proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and also inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Interestingly, expression of only the PTPRZ-B extracellular segment was sufficient to rescue the in vitro migratory phenotype that resulted from PTPRZ-B knock-down. In contrast, PTPRZ-B knock-down effects on proliferation could be reverted only after re-expression of PTPRZ-B variants that contained its C-terminal PDZ binding domain. Thus, distinct domains of PTPRZ-B are differentially required for migration and proliferation of glioma cells, respectively. PTPRZ-B signaling pathways therefore represent attractive therapeutic entry points to combat these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Bourgonje
- Department of Cell Biology , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna C Navis
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan T G Schepens
- Department of Cell Biology , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiek Verrijp
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila Harroch
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William P J Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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15
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Fujii J, Ikeda Y, Kurahashi T, Homma T. Physiological and pathological views of peroxiredoxin 4. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:373-9. [PMID: 25656995 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) form an enzyme family that exhibits peroxidase activity using electrons from thioredoxin and other donor molecules. As the signaling roles of hydrogen peroxide in response to extracellular stimuli have emerged, the involvement of PRDX in the hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling has become evident. Among six PRDX members in mammalian cells, PRDX4 uniquely possesses a hydrophobic signal peptide at the amino terminus, and, hence, it undergoes either secretion or retention by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. The role of PRDX4 as a sulfoxidase in ER is now attracting much attention regarding the oxidative protein folding of nascent proteins. Contrary to this role in the ER, the functional significance of PRDX4 in the extracellular milieu is virtually unknown despite its implications as a biomarker under pathological conditions in some diseases. Other than its systemically expressed form, a variant form of PRDX4 is transcribed from the upstream promoter/exon 1 of the systemic promoter/exon 1 and is uniquely expressed in sexually matured testes. Circumstantial evidence, together with deduced functions from the systemic form, suggests that there are potential roles for testicular PRDX4 in the reproductive processes such as the regulation of hormonal signals and the oxidative packaging of sperm chromatin. Elucidation of these PRDX4 functions under in vivo situations is expected to show the whole picture of how PRDX4 has evolved in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kurahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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16
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Hatzihristidis T, Desai N, Hutchins AP, Meng TC, Tremblay ML, Miranda-Saavedra D. A Drosophila-centric view of protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:951-66. [PMID: 25771859 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge on protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is derived from human pathologies and mouse knockout models. These models largely correlate well with human disease phenotypes, but can be ambiguous due to compensatory mechanisms introduced by paralogous genes. Here we present the analysis of the PTP complement of the fruit fly and the complementary view that PTP studies in Drosophila will accelerate our understanding of PTPs in physiological and pathological conditions. With only 44 PTP genes, Drosophila represents a streamlined version of the human complement. Our integrated analysis places the Drosophila PTPs into evolutionary and functional contexts, thereby providing a platform for the exploitation of the fly for PTP research and the transfer of knowledge onto other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri Hatzihristidis
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nikita Desai
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew P Hutchins
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Tzu-Ching Meng
- Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Diego Miranda-Saavedra
- World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; IE Business School, IE University, María de Molina 31 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Clark O, Park I, Di Florio A, Cichon AC, Rustin S, Jugov R, Maeshima R, Stoker AW. Oxovanadium-based inhibitors can drive redox-sensitive cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cells and synergise strongly with buthionine sulfoximine. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:316-327. [PMID: 25444896 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a wide range of neuroblastoma-derived lines oxovanadium compounds such as bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) are cytotoxic. This is not explained by oxidative stress or inhibition of ion channels. Genotoxicity is unlikely given that a p53 response is absent and p53-mutant lines are also sensitive. Cytotoxicity is inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione ester, indicating that BMOV action is sensitive to cytoplasmic redox and thiol status. Significantly, combining BMOV with glutathione synthesis inhibition greatly enhances BMOV-induced cell death. This combination treatment triggers high AKT pathway activation, highlighting the potential functional importance of PTP inhibition by BMOV. AKT activation itself, however, is not required for cytotoxicity. Oxovanadium compounds may thus represent novel leads as p53-independent therapeutics for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Clark
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Inhye Park
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alessia Di Florio
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ann-Christin Cichon
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sarah Rustin
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Roman Jugov
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ruhina Maeshima
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Andrew W Stoker
- Cancer Section, Developmental Biology & Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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18
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Wang Y, He H, Liu L, Gao C, Xu S, Zhao P, Xia Q. Inactivation and unfolding of protein tyrosine phosphatase from Thermus thermophilus HB27 during urea and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107932. [PMID: 25255086 PMCID: PMC4177882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of urea and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) on the activity, conformation and unfolding process of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), a thermostable low molecular weight protein from Thermus thermophilus HB27, have been studied. Enzymatic activity assays showed both urea and GdnHCl resulted in the inactivation of PTPase in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Inactivation kinetics analysis suggested that the inactivation of PTPase induced by urea and GdnHCl were both monophasic and reversible processes, and the effects of urea and GdnHCl on PTPase were similar to that of mixed-type reversible inhibitors. Far-ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism (CD), Tryptophan and 1-anilinonaphthalene -8-sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence spectral analyses indicated the existence of a partially active and an inactive molten globule-like intermediate during the unfolding processes induced by urea and GdnHCl, respectively. Based on the sequence alignment and the homolog Tt1001 protein structure, we discussed the possible conformational transitions of PTPase induced by urea and GdnHCl and compared the conformations of these unfolding intermediates with the transient states in bovine PTPase and its complex structures in detail. Our results may be able to provide some valuable clues to reveal the relationship between the structure and enzymatic activity, and the unfolding pathway and mechanism of PTPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Huawei He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (QX); (HH)
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Shui Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (QX); (HH)
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19
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Kumagai T, Baldwin C, Aoudjit L, Nezvitsky L, Robins R, Jiang R, Takano T. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibition Protects against Podocyte Injury and Proteinuria. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2211-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Frijhoff J, Dagnell M, Godfrey R, Ostman A. Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase oxidation in cell adhesion and migration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1994-2010. [PMID: 24111825 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox-regulated control of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) through inhibitory reversible oxidation of their active site is emerging as a novel and general mechanism for control of cell surface receptor-activated signaling. This mechanism allows for a previously unrecognized crosstalk between redox regulators and signaling pathways, governed by, for example, receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins, which control cell proliferation and migration. RECENT ADVANCES A large number of different molecules, in addition to hydrogen peroxide, have been found to induce PTP inactivation, including lipid peroxides, reactive nitrogen species, and hydrogen sulfide. Characterization of oxidized PTPs has identified different types of oxidative modifications that are likely to display differential sensitivity to various reducing systems. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that PTP oxidation occurs in a temporally and spatially restricted manner. Studies in cell and animal models indicate altered PTP oxidation in models of common diseases, such as cancer and metabolic/cardiovascular disease. Novel methods have appeared that allow characterization of global PTP oxidation. CRITICAL ISSUES As the understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of PTP oxidation is developing, it will be important to establish experimental procedures that allow analyses of PTP oxidation, and its regulation, in physiological and pathophysiological settings. Future studies should also aim to establish specific connections between various oxidants, specific PTPs, and defined signaling contexts. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Modulation of PTP activity still appears as a valid strategy for correction or inhibition of dys-regulated cell signaling. Continued studies on PTP oxidation might present yet unrecognized means to exploit this regulatory mechanism for pharmacological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Frijhoff
- 1 Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Osteoblastic protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibition and connexin 43 phosphorylation by alendronate. Exp Cell Res 2014; 324:30-9. [PMID: 24698731 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs), potent inhibitors of bone resorption which inhibit osteoclasts, have also been shown to act on osteocytes and osteoblasts preventing apoptosis via connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels and activating the extracellular signal regulated kinases ERKs. We previously demonstrated the presence of a saturable, specific and high affinity binding site for alendronate (ALN) in osteoblastic cells which express Cx43. However, cells lacking Cx43 also bound BPs. Herein we show that bound [(3)H]-alendronate is displaced by phosphatase substrates. Moreover, similar to Na3VO4, ALN inhibited the activity of transmembrane and cytoplasmic PTPs, pointing out the catalytic domain of phosphatases as a putative BP target. In addition, anti-phospho-tyrosine immunoblot analysis revealed that ALN stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins of whole cell lysates, among which the major targets of the BP could be immunochemically identified as Cx43. Additionally, the transmembrane receptor-like PTPs, RPTPµ and RPTPα, as well as the cytoplasmic PTP1B, are highly expressed in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Furthermore, we evidenced that Cx43 interacts with RPTPµ in ROS 17/2.8 and ALN decreases their association. These results support the hypothesis that BPs bind and inhibit PTPs associated to Cx43 or not, which would lead to the activation of signaling pathways in osteoblasts.
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22
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Knobler H, Elson A. Metabolic regulation by protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Biomed Res 2014; 28:157-68. [PMID: 25013399 PMCID: PMC4085553 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.28.20140012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome and their associated morbidities are major public health issues, whose prevalence will continue to increase in the foreseeable future. Aberrant signaling by the receptors for leptin and insulin plays a pivotal role in development of the metabolic syndrome. More complete molecular-level understanding of how both of these key signaling pathways are regulated is essential for full characterization of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type II diabetes, and for developing novel treatments for these diseases. Phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine residues plays a key role in mediating the effects of leptin and insulin on their target cells. Here, we discuss the molecular methods by which protein tyrosine phosphatases, which are key physiological regulators of protein phosphorylation in vivo, affect signaling by the leptin and insulin receptors in their major target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Knobler
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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23
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Böhmer FD, Friedrich K. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as wardens of STAT signaling. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e28087. [PMID: 24778927 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.28087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) is controlled at many levels of the signaling cascade. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate STAT activation at several layers, including direct pSTAT dephosphorylation in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Despite the importance of this regulation mode, many aspects are still incompletely understood, e.g., the identity of PTPs acting on certain members of the STAT family. After a brief introduction into the STAT and PTP families, we discuss here the current knowledge on PTP mediated regulation of STAT activity, focusing on the interaction of individual STATs with specific PTPs. Finally, we highlight open questions and propose important tasks of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology; CMB; Jena University Hospital; Jena, Germany
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24
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Herradón G, Pérez-García C. Targeting midkine and pleiotrophin signalling pathways in addiction and neurodegenerative disorders: recent progress and perspectives. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:837-48. [PMID: 23889475 PMCID: PMC3925022 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Midkine (MK) and pleiotrophin (PTN) are two neurotrophic factors that are highly up-regulated in different brain regions after the administration of various drugs of abuse and in degenerative areas of the brain. A deficiency in both MK and PTN has been suggested to be an important genetic factor, which confers vulnerability to the development of the neurodegenerative disorders associated with drugs of abuse in humans. In this review, evidence demonstrating that MK and PTN limit the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse and, potentially, prevent drug relapse is compiled. There is also convincing evidence that MK and PTN have neuroprotective effects against the neurotoxicity and development of neurodegenerative disorders induced by drugs of abuse. Exogenous administration of MK and/or PTN into the CNS by means of non-invasive methods is proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy for addictive and neurodegenerative diseases. Identification of new molecular targets downstream of the MK and PTN signalling pathways or pharmacological modulation of those already known may also provide a more traditional, but probably effective, therapeutic strategy for treating addictive and neurodegenerative disorders. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Herradón
- Pharmacology lab Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San PabloBoadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Pérez-García
- Pharmacology lab Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San PabloBoadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Zabierowski P, Szklarzewicz J, Gryboś R, Modryl B, Nitek W. Assemblies of salen-type oxidovanadium(iv) complexes: substituent effects and in vitro protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:17044-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02344g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of 5,5′-disubstituted oxidovanadium(iv) complexes with a chiral salen type ligand showed variable assemblies of complex molecules dependent on steric and electronic factors of the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryszard Gryboś
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Modryl
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Jagiellonian University Medical College
- Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nitek
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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26
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Paardekooper Overman J, den Hertog J. Zebrafish as a model to study PTPs during development. Methods 2014; 65:247-53. [PMID: 23974070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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27
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Oxidative stress and redox regulation of gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic development. Reprod Med Biol 2013; 13:71-79. [PMID: 29699151 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-013-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the predominant causes of both male and female infertility. Oxidative stress conditions cause either cell death or senescence by oxidation of cellular molecules including nucleic acid, proteins, and lipids. It is particularly important to minimize oxidative stress when in vitro fertilization is performed for the purpose of assisted reproduction. The problems associated with assisted reproductive technology are becoming evident, and it is now the time to clarify its mechanisms and cope with them. On the other hand, the beneficial roles of ROS, such as intracellular signaling, have become evident. The antithetical functions of ROS make it more difficult to overcome the problems caused by oxidative stress. Despite the difficulty in understanding mammalian reproduction, the mechanisms and problems can be gradually unveiled by advanced technology such as genetic modification of animals.
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28
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Pulido R, Stoker AW, Hendriks WJAJ. PTPs emerge as PIPs: protein tyrosine phosphatases with lipid-phosphatase activities in human disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:R66-76. [PMID: 23900072 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) constitute a family of key homeostatic regulators, with wide implications on physiology and disease. Recent findings have unveiled that the biological activity of PTPs goes beyond the dephosphorylation of phospho-proteins to shut down protein tyrosine kinase-driven signaling cascades. Substrates dephosphorylated by clinically relevant PTPs extend to phospholipids and phosphorylated carbohydrates as well. In addition, non-catalytic functions are also used by PTPs to regulate essential cellular functions. Consequently, PTPs have emerged as novel potential therapeutic targets for human diseases, including cancer predispositions, myopathies and neuropathies. In this review, we highlight recent advances on the multifaceted role of lipid-phosphatase PTPs in human pathology, with an emphasis on hereditary diseases. The involved PTP regulatory networks and PTP modulatory strategies with potential therapeutic application are discussed.
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Tanaka K, Kondo K, Kitajima K, Muraoka M, Nozawa A, Hara T. Tumor-suppressive function of protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 23 in testicular germ cell tumors is lost upon overexpression of miR142-3p microRNA. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23990-9. [PMID: 23843459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.478891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 23 (PTPN23) is a candidate tumor suppressor involved in the tumorigenesis of various organs. However, its physiological role(s) and detailed expression profile(s) have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the function and regulation of PTPN23 in the formation of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). Expression of PTPN23 in human TGCT cell lines was significantly lower than that in spermatogonial stem cells in mice. Overexpression of PTPN23 in NEC8, a human TGCT cell line, suppressed soft agar colony formation in vitro and tumor formation in nude mice in vivo. These data indicate that PTPN23 functions as a tumor suppressor in TGCTs. Multiple computational algorithms predicted that the 3' UTR of human PTPN23 is a target for miR-142-3p. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-142-3p bound directly to the 3' UTR of PTPN23. Introduction of pre-miR-142 in the PTPN23 transfectant of NEC8 led to suppressed expression of PTPN23 and increased soft agar colony formation. Quantitative RT-PCR data revealed a significantly higher expression of miR-142-3p in human seminomas compared with normal testes. No difference in mRNA expression between seminoma and non-seminoma samples was detected by in situ hybridization. Both quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that PTPN23 expression was significantly lower in TGCTs than in normal testicular tissues. Finally, a lack of PTPN23 protein expression in human TGCTs correlated with a relatively higher miR-142-3p expression. These data suggest that PTPN23 is a tumor suppressor and that repression of PTPN23 expression by miR-142-3p plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Tanaka
- Stem Cell Project Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Mohapatra B, Ahmad G, Nadeau S, Zutshi N, An W, Scheffe S, Dong L, Feng D, Goetz B, Arya P, Bailey TA, Palermo N, Borgstahl GEO, Natarajan A, Raja SM, Naramura M, Band V, Band H. Protein tyrosine kinase regulation by ubiquitination: critical roles of Cbl-family ubiquitin ligases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:122-39. [PMID: 23085373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) coordinate a broad spectrum of cellular responses to extracellular stimuli and cell-cell interactions during development, tissue homeostasis, and responses to environmental challenges. Thus, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure physiological PTK function and potential aberrations of these regulatory processes during diseases such as cancer are of broad interest in biology and medicine. Aside from the expected role of phospho-tyrosine phosphatases, recent studies have revealed a critical role of covalent modification of activated PTKs with ubiquitin as a critical mechanism of their negative regulation. Members of the Cbl protein family (Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c in mammals) have emerged as dominant "activated PTK-selective" ubiquitin ligases. Structural, biochemical and cell biological studies have established that Cbl protein-dependent ubiquitination targets activated PTKs for degradation either by facilitating their endocytic sorting into lysosomes or by promoting their proteasomal degradation. This mechanism also targets PTK signaling intermediates that become associated with Cbl proteins in a PTK activation-dependent manner. Cellular and animal studies have established that the relatively broadly expressed mammalian Cbl family members Cbl and Cbl-b play key physiological roles, including their critical functions to prevent the transition of normal immune responses into autoimmune disease and as tumor suppressors; the latter function has received validation from human studies linking mutations in Cbl to human leukemia. These newer insights together with embryonic lethality seen in mice with a combined deletion of Cbl and Cbl-b genes suggest an unappreciated role of the Cbl family proteins, and by implication the ubiquitin-dependent control of activated PTKs, in stem/progenitor cell maintenance. Future studies of existing and emerging animal models and their various cell lineages should help test the broader implications of the evolutionarily-conserved Cbl family protein-mediated, ubiquitin-dependent, negative regulation of activated PTKs in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhopal Mohapatra
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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32
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Mohapatra B, Ahmad G, Nadeau S, Zutshi N, An W, Scheffe S, Dong L, Feng D, Goetz B, Arya P, Bailey TA, Palermo N, Borgstahl GEO, Natarajan A, Raja SM, Naramura M, Band V, Band H. Protein tyrosine kinase regulation by ubiquitination: critical roles of Cbl-family ubiquitin ligases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012. [PMID: 23085373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) coordinate a broad spectrum of cellular responses to extracellular stimuli and cell-cell interactions during development, tissue homeostasis, and responses to environmental challenges. Thus, an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure physiological PTK function and potential aberrations of these regulatory processes during diseases such as cancer are of broad interest in biology and medicine. Aside from the expected role of phospho-tyrosine phosphatases, recent studies have revealed a critical role of covalent modification of activated PTKs with ubiquitin as a critical mechanism of their negative regulation. Members of the Cbl protein family (Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c in mammals) have emerged as dominant "activated PTK-selective" ubiquitin ligases. Structural, biochemical and cell biological studies have established that Cbl protein-dependent ubiquitination targets activated PTKs for degradation either by facilitating their endocytic sorting into lysosomes or by promoting their proteasomal degradation. This mechanism also targets PTK signaling intermediates that become associated with Cbl proteins in a PTK activation-dependent manner. Cellular and animal studies have established that the relatively broadly expressed mammalian Cbl family members Cbl and Cbl-b play key physiological roles, including their critical functions to prevent the transition of normal immune responses into autoimmune disease and as tumor suppressors; the latter function has received validation from human studies linking mutations in Cbl to human leukemia. These newer insights together with embryonic lethality seen in mice with a combined deletion of Cbl and Cbl-b genes suggest an unappreciated role of the Cbl family proteins, and by implication the ubiquitin-dependent control of activated PTKs, in stem/progenitor cell maintenance. Future studies of existing and emerging animal models and their various cell lineages should help test the broader implications of the evolutionarily-conserved Cbl family protein-mediated, ubiquitin-dependent, negative regulation of activated PTKs in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhopal Mohapatra
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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33
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Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Pulido R, Stoker A, den Hertog J. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in health and disease. FEBS J 2012; 280:708-30. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics; The Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot; Israel
| | - Sheila Harroch
- Department of Neuroscience; Institut Pasteur; Paris; France
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe; Valencia; Spain
| | - Andrew Stoker
- Neural Development Unit; Institute of Child Health; University College London; UK
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34
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Nikolaienko RM, Agyekum B, Bouyain S. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases and cancer: new insights from structural biology. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:356-64. [PMID: 22796942 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that many cancers are associated with aberrant phosphotyrosine signaling, which can be caused by the inappropriate activities of tyrosine kinases or tyrosine phosphatases. Furthermore, incorrect activation of signaling pathways has been often linked to changes in adhesion events mediated by cell surface receptors. Among these receptors, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) both antagonize tyrosine kinases as well as engage extracellular ligands. A recent wealth of data on this intriguing family indicates that its members can fulfill either tumor suppressing or oncogenic roles. The interpretation of these results at a molecular level has been greatly facilitated by the recent availability of structural information on the extra- and intracellular regions of RPTPs. These structures provide a molecular framework to understand how alterations in extracellular interactions can inactivate RPTPs in cancers or why the overexpression of certain RPTPs may also participate in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Nikolaienko
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Abstract
Cell death is regulated by a myriad of intracellular molecular pathways, with many involving protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. In this review, we will focus on Ser/Thr phosphatases-mediated regulation in cell apoptosis as well as on their potential roles in cell necrosis. The emerging functional importance of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases in cell death regulation adds new dimension to the signaling mechanisms of cellular function, physiology, and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Chen ZH, Sun LP, Zhang W, Shen Q, Gao LX, Li J, Piao HR. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Heterocyclic Ring-substituted Chalcone Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Sobhia ME, Paul S, Shinde R, Potluri M, Gundam V, Kaur A, Haokip T. Protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors: a patent review (2002 – 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:125-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.661414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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38
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Tang J, Li J, Wang JP, Yang F, Liu T, Qiu WW, Li JY, Li H. Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of 2-Mercapto-4(3H)-quinazolinone Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chesini IM, Debyser G, Croes H, Ten Dam GB, Devreese B, Stoker AW, Hendriks WJAJ. PTPBR7 binding proteins in myelinating neurons of the mouse brain. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:978-91. [PMID: 21850207 PMCID: PMC3157272 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPBR7 is a receptor-like, transmembrane protein that is localized on the surface of neuronal cells. Its protein phosphatase activity is reduced upon multimerization, and PTPBR7-deficient mice display motor coordination defects. Extracellular molecules that may influence PTPBR7 activity, however, remain to be determined. We here show that the PTPBR7 extracellular domain binds to highly myelinated regions in mouse brain, in particular the white matter tracks in cerebellum. PTPBR7 deficiency does not alter this binding pattern, as witnessed by RAP in situ staining of Ptprr-/- mouse brain sections. Additional in situ and in vitro experiments also suggest that sugar moieties of heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycans are not critical for PTPBR7 binding. Candidate binding proteins were affinity-purified exploiting the PTPBR7 extracellular domain and identified by mass spectrometric means. Results support the suggested link between PTPRR isoforms and cerebellar calcium ion homeostasis, and suggest an additional role in the process of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Chesini
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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40
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Abstract
Members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (Ptp) family dephosphorylate target proteins and counter the activities of protein tyrosine kinases that are involved in cellular phosphorylation and signalling. As such, certain PTPs might be tumour suppressors. Indeed, PTPs play an important part in the inhibition or control of growth, but accumulating evidence indicates that some PTPs may exert oncogenic functions. Recent large-scale genetic analyses of various human tumours have highlighted the relevance of PTPs either as putative tumour suppressors or as candidate oncoproteins. Progress in understanding the regulation and function of PTPs has provided insights into which PTPs might be potential therapeutic targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofi G Julien
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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van Eekelen M, Overvoorde J, van Rooijen C, den Hertog J. Identification and expression of the family of classical protein-tyrosine phosphatases in zebrafish. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12573. [PMID: 20838449 PMCID: PMC2933243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have an important role in cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, migration and other cellular processes in conjunction with protein-tyrosine kinases. Still relatively little is known about the function of PTPs in vivo. We set out to systematically identify all classical PTPs in the zebrafish genome and characterize their expression patterns during zebrafish development. We identified 48 PTP genes in the zebrafish genome by BLASTing of human PTP sequences. We verified all in silico hits by sequencing and established the spatio-temporal expression patterns of all PTPs by in situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos at six distinct developmental stages. The zebrafish genome encodes 48 PTP genes. 14 human orthologs are duplicated in the zebrafish genome and 3 human orthologs were not identified. Based on sequence conservation, most zebrafish orthologues of human PTP genes were readily assigned. Interestingly, the duplicated form of ptpn23, a catalytically inactive PTP, has lost its PTP domain, indicating that PTP activity is not required for its function, or that ptpn23b has lost its PTP domain in the course of evolution. All 48 PTPs are expressed in zebrafish embryos. Most PTPs are maternally provided and are broadly expressed early on. PTP expression becomes progressively restricted during development. Interestingly, some duplicated genes retained their expression pattern, whereas expression of other duplicated genes was distinct or even mutually exclusive, suggesting that the function of the latter PTPs has diverged. In conclusion, we have identified all members of the family of classical PTPs in the zebrafish genome and established their expression patterns. This is the first time the expression patterns of all members of the large family of PTP genes have been established in a vertebrate. Our results provide the first step towards elucidation of the function of the family of classical PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Eekelen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carina van Rooijen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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42
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Arimura Y, Yagi J. Comprehensive expression profiles of genes for protein tyrosine phosphatases in immune cells. Sci Signal 2010; 3:rs1. [PMID: 20807954 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of signaling molecules play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including immune responses. To date, the global expression profile of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in various immune cells has not been described. With the RefDIC (Reference Genomics Database of Immune Cells) database compiled by RIKEN (Rikagaku Kenkyusho), we examined the expression patterns of PTP-encoding genes in mice and identified between 57 and 64 PTP-encoding genes (depending on cutoff values) that were commonly expressed in immune cells. Cells of different lineages contained additional, unique PTP-encoding genes, which resulted in a total of 58 to 76 genes. Compared with cells from nonimmune tissues, immune cells exhibited enhanced expression of the genes encoding 8 PTP-encoding genes, including Ptprc, Ptpn6, and Ptpn22, but had barely detectable expression of 11 PTP-encoding genes, including Ptprd and Tns1. Each immune cell lineage had between 2 and 18 PTP-encoding genes expressed at relatively high or low extents relative to the average expression among immune cells; for example, Ptprj in B cells, Dusp3 in macrophages, Ptpro in dendritic cells, and Ptprg in mast cells. These PTPs potentially play important roles in each cell lineage, and our analysis provides insight for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Arimura
- Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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43
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Liu Z, Chai Q, Li YY, Shen Q, Ma LP, Zhang LN, Wang X, Sheng L, Li JY, Li J, Shen JK. Discovery of novel PTP1B inhibitors with antihyperglycemic activity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1005-12. [PMID: 20686525 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To discover and optimize a series of novel PTP1B inhibitors containing a thiazolidinone-substituted biphenyl scaffold and to further evaluate the inhibitory effects of these compounds in vitro and in vivo. METHODS A total of 36 thiazolidinone substituted biphenyl scaffold derivatives were prepared. An in vitro biological evaluation was done by Enzyme-based assay. The in vivo efficacy of 7Fb as an antihyperglycemic agent was evaluated in a BKS db/db diabetic mouse model with a dose of 50 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) for 4 weeks. RESULTS The in vitro biological evaluation showed that compounds 7Fb and 7Fc could increase the insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRbeta in CHO/hIR cells. In in vivo experiments, compound 7Fb significantly lowered the postprandial blood glucose, from 29.4+/-1.2 mmol/L with the vehicle to 24.7+/-0.6 mmol/L (P<0.01), and the fasting blood glucose from 27.3+/-1.5 mmol/L with the vehicle to 23.6+/-1.2 mmol/L (P<0.05). CONCLUSION A novel series of compounds were discovered to be PTP1B inhibitors. Among them, compound 7Fb significantly lowered the postprandial and fasting glucose levels, and the blood glucose level declined more rapidly than in metformin-treated mice. Thus, 7Fb may be a potential lead compound for developing new agents for the treatment of type II diabetes.
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Chistiakov DA, Chistiakova EI. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase: A role in inflammation and autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdm.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Matozaki T, Murata Y, Mori M, Kotani T, Okazawa H, Ohnishi H. Expression, localization, and biological function of the R3 subtype of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases in mammals. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1811-7. [PMID: 20633639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The R3 subtype of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) includes VE-PTP, DEP-1, PTPRO, and SAP-1. All of these enzymes share a similar structure, with a single catalytic domain and putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the cytoplasmic region and fibronectin type III-like domains in the extracellular region. The expression of each R3 RPTP is largely restricted to a single or limited number of cell types, with VE-PTP and DEP-1 being expressed in endothelial or hematopoietic cells, PTPRO in neurons and in podocytes of the renal glomerulus, and SAP-1 in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. In addition, these RPTPs are localized specifically at the apical surface of polarized cells. The structure, expression, and localization of the R3 RPTPs suggest that they perform tissue-specific functions and that they might act through a common mechanism that includes activation of Src family kinases. In this review, we describe recent insights into R3-subtype RPTPs, particularly those of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matozaki
- Laboratory of Biosignal Sciences, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan.
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46
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Doughty-Shenton D, Joseph JD, Zhang J, Pagliarini DJ, Kim Y, Lu D, Dixon JE, Casey PJ. Pharmacological targeting of the mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:584-92. [PMID: 20167843 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play integral roles in the regulation of cell signaling. There is a need for new tools to study these phosphatases, and the identification of inhibitors potentially affords not only new means for their study, but also possible therapeutics for the treatment of diseases caused by their dysregulation. However, the identification of selective inhibitors of the protein phosphatases has proven somewhat difficult. PTP localized to mitochondrion 1 (PTPMT1) is a recently discovered dual-specificity phosphatase that has been implicated in the regulation of insulin secretion. Screening of a commercially available small-molecule library yielded alexidine dihydrochloride, a dibiguanide compound, as an effective and selective inhibitor of PTPMT1 with an in vitro concentration that inhibits response by 50% of 1.08 microM. A related dibiguanide analog, chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, also significantly inhibited PTPMT1, albeit with lower potency, while a monobiguanide analog showed very weak inhibition. Treatment of isolated rat pancreatic islets with alexidine dihydrochloride resulted in a dose-dependent increase in insulin secretion, whereas treatment of a pancreatic beta-cell line with the drug affected the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins in a manner similar to genetic inhibition of PTPMT1. Furthermore, knockdown of PTPMT1 in rat islets rendered them insensitive to alexidine dihydrochloride treatment, providing evidence for mechanism-based activity of the inhibitor. Taken together, these studies establish alexidine dihydrochloride as an effective inhibitor of PTPMT1, both in vitro and in cells, and support the notion that PTPMT1 could serve as a pharmacological target in the treatment of type II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia Doughty-Shenton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710-3813, USA
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47
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Narasimhan SD, Mukhopadhyay A, Tissenbaum HA. InAKTivation of insulin/IGF-1 signaling by dephosphorylation. Cell Cycle 2010; 8:3878-84. [PMID: 19901535 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.23.10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways are tightly regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles and yet the mammalian genome contains far more genes that encode for protein kinases than protein phosphatases. Therefore, to target specific substrates, many phosphatases associate with distinct regulatory subunits and thereby modulate multiple cellular processes. One such example is the C. elegans PP2A regulatory subunit PPTR-1 that negatively regulates the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway to modulate longevity, dauer diapause, fat metabolism and stress resistance. PPTR-1, as well as its mammalian homolog B56beta, specifically target the PP2A enzyme to AKT and mediate the dephosphorylation of this important kinase at a conserved threonine residue. In C. elegans, the major consequence of this modulation is activation of the FOXO transcription factor homolog DAF-16, which in turn regulates transcription of its many target genes involved in longevity and stress resistance. Understanding the function of B56 subunits may have important consequences in diseases such as Type 2 diabetes and cancer where the balance of Akt phosphorylation is deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Devi Narasimhan
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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48
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Navis AC, van den Eijnden M, Schepens JTG, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Wesseling P, Hendriks WJAJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in glioma biology. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:157-75. [PMID: 19936768 PMCID: PMC2808538 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are a diverse group of brain tumors of glial origin. Most are characterized by diffuse infiltrative growth in the surrounding brain. In combination with their refractive nature to chemotherapy this makes it almost impossible to cure patients using combinations of conventional therapeutic strategies. The drastically increased knowledge about the molecular underpinnings of gliomas during the last decade has elicited high expectations for a more rational and effective therapy for these tumors. Most studies on the molecular pathways involved in glioma biology thus far had a strong focus on growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and phosphatidylinositol phosphatase signaling pathways. Except for the tumor suppressor PTEN, much less attention has been paid to the PTK counterparts, the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily, in gliomas. PTPs are instrumental in the reversible phosphorylation of tyrosine residues and have emerged as important regulators of signaling pathways that are linked to various developmental and disease-related processes. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on PTP involvement in gliomagenesis. So far, the data point to the potential implication of receptor-type (RPTPδ, DEP1, RPTPμ, RPTPζ) and intracellular (PTP1B, TCPTP, SHP2, PTPN13) classical PTPs, dual-specific PTPs (MKP-1, VHP, PRL-3, KAP, PTEN) and the CDC25B and CDC25C PTPs in glioma biology. Like PTKs, these PTPs may represent promising targets for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Navis
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique van den Eijnden
- Department of Neurobiology, Geneva Research Center, Merck Serono International S.A, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan T. G. Schepens
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J. A. J. Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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49
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Tárrega C, Nunes-Xavier C, Cejudo-Marín R, Martín-Pérez J, Pulido R. Studying the regulation of MAP Kinase by MAP Kinase phosphatases in vitro and in cell systems. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 661:305-21. [PMID: 20811991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-795-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through MAPK pathways involves a network of activating kinases and inactivating phosphatases. While single MAPK kinases account for specific activation of the distinct MAPKs, inactivation of MAPKs by phosphatases involves a wider spectrum of enzymes, with phosphatases from distinct families displaying specificity toward MAPKs. The dual-specificity family of MAPK phosphatases, MKPs, constitutes the major group of MAPK inactivating phosphatases. MKPs are widely expressed, in a tissue- and development-regulated manner, and the control of their expression and function is crucial for the regulation of MAPK signaling. Here, we present three methods to analyze the regulation of MAPKs by MKPs, using transient and stable-inducible MKP overexpression cell systems and in vitro phosphatase experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Tárrega
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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50
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Menigatti M, Cattaneo E, Sabates-Bellver J, Ilinsky VV, Went P, Buffoli F, Marquez VE, Jiricny J, Marra G. The protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R gene is an early and frequent target of silencing in human colorectal tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:124. [PMID: 20015382 PMCID: PMC2801661 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor development in the human colon is commonly accompanied by epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. These alterations result in significant, inheritable changes in gene expression that contribute to the selection of tumor cells with enhanced survival potential. Results A recent high-throughput gene expression analysis conducted by our group identified numerous genes whose transcription was markedly diminished in colorectal tumors. One of these, the protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R (PTPRR) gene, was dramatically downregulated from the earliest stages of cellular transformation. Here, we show that levels of both major PTPRR transcript variants are markedly decreased (compared with normal mucosal levels) in precancerous and cancerous colorectal tumors, as well in colorectal cancer cell lines. The expression of the PTPRR-1 isoform was inactivated in colorectal cancer cells as a result of de novo CpG island methylation and enrichment of transcription-repressive histone-tail marks, mainly H3K27me3. De novo methylation of the PTPRR-1 transcription start site was demonstrated in 29/36 (80%) colorectal adenomas, 42/44 (95%) colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 8/8 (100%) liver metastases associated with the latter tumors. Conclusions Epigenetic downregulation of PTPRR seems to be an early alteration in colorectal cell transformation, which is maintained during the clonal selection associated with tumor progression. It may represent a preliminary step in the constitutive activation of the RAS/RAF/MAPK/ERK signalling, an effect that will later be consolidated by mutations in genes encoding key components of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Menigatti
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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