1
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Chitturi P, Leask A. The role of positional information in determining dermal fibroblast diversity. Matrix Biol 2024; 128:31-38. [PMID: 38423396 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The largest mammalian organ, skin, consisting of a dermal connective tissue layer that underlies and supports the epidermis, acts as a protective barrier that excludes external pathogens and disseminates sensory signals emanating from the local microenvironment. Dermal connective tissue is comprised of a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) that is produced by connective tissue fibroblasts resident within the dermis. When wounded, a tissue repair program is induced whereby fibroblasts, in response to alterations in the microenvironment, produce new ECM components, resulting in the formation of a scar. Failure to terminate the normal tissue repair program causes fibrotic conditions including: hypertrophic scars, keloids, and the systemic autoimmune connective tissue disease scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). Histological and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) studies have revealed that fibroblasts are heterogeneous and highly plastic. Understanding how this diversity contributes to dermal homeostasis, wounding, fibrosis, and cancer may ultimately result in novel anti-fibrotic therapies and personalized medicine. This review summarizes studies supporting this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Chitturi
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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2
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Roda VMDP, da Silva RA, Siqueira PV, Lustoza-Costa GJ, Moraes GM, Matsuda M, Hamassaki DE, Santos MF. Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) impairs cytoskeletal contractility in human Müller glial cells without effects on cell viability, migration, and extracellular matrix production. Exp Eye Res 2024; 238:109745. [PMID: 38043763 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The epiretinal membrane is a fibrocontractile tissue that forms on the inner surface of the retina, causing visual impairment ranging from mild to severe, and even retinal detachment. Müller glial cells actively participate in the formation of this membrane. Current research is constantly seeking for new therapeutic approaches that aim to prevent or treat cellular dysfunctions involved in the progression of this common fibrosis condition. The Rho GTPases signaling pathway regulates several processes associated with the epiretinal membrane, such as cell proliferation, migration, and contraction. Rho kinase (ROCK), an effector of the RhoA GTPase, is an interesting potential therapeutic target. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a ROCK inhibitor (Y27632) on human Müller cells viability, growth, cytoskeletal organization, expression of extracellular matrix components, myofibroblast differentiation, migration, and contractility. Müller cells of the MIO-M1 lineage were cultured and treated for different periods with the inhibitor. Viability was evaluated by MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion method, and growth was evaluated by growth curve and BrdU incorporation assay. The actin cytoskeleton was stained with fluorescent phalloidin, intermediate filaments and microtubules were analyzed with immunofluorescence for vimentin and α-tubulin. Gene and protein expression of collagens I and V, laminin and fibronectin were evaluated by rt-PCR and immunofluorescence. Chemotactic and spontaneous cell migration were studied by transwell assay and time-lapse observation of live cells, respectively. Cell contractility was assessed by collagen gel contraction assay. The results showed that ROCK inhibition by Y27632 did not affect cell viability, but decreased cell growth and proliferation after 72 h. There was a change in cell morphology and organization of F-actin, with a reduction in the cell body, disappearance of stress fibers and formation of long, branched cell extensions. Microtubules and vimentin filaments were also affected, possibly because of F-actin alterations. The inhibitor also reduced gene expression and immunoreactivity of smooth muscle α-actin, a marker of myofibroblasts. The expression of extracellular matrix components was not affected by the inhibitor. Chemotactic cell migration showed no significant changes, while cell contractility was substantially reduced. No spontaneous migration of MIO-M1 cells was observed. In conclusion, pharmacological inhibition of ROCK in Müller cells could be a potentially promising approach to treat epiretinal membranes by preventing cell proliferation, contractility and transdifferentiation, without affecting cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Moraes de Paiva Roda
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael André da Silva
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Veloso Siqueira
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Jesus Lustoza-Costa
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriélla Malheiros Moraes
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dânia Emi Hamassaki
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marinilce Fagundes Santos
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Tajaldini M, Poorkhani A, Amiriani T, Amiriani A, Javid H, Aref P, Ahmadi F, Sadani S, Khori V. Strategy of targeting the tumor microenvironment via inhibition of fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling new era to cancer chemo-immunotherapy resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175991. [PMID: 37619785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of repurposing drugs that may have neoplastic and anticancer effects increases the efficiency and decrease resistance to chemotherapy drugs through a biochemical and mechanical transduction mechanisms through modulation of fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling in tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling plays a vital role in mediating cancer metastasis and drug resistance after immune chemotherapy. The most essential hypothesis for induction of chemo-immunotherapy resistance is via activation of fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling and preventing the infiltration of T cells after is mainly due to the interference between cytoskeleton, mechanical, biochemical, metabolic, vascular, and remodeling signaling pathways in TME. The structural components of the tumor that can be targeted in the fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling include the depletion of the TME components, targeting the cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor associated macrophages, alleviating the mechanical stress within the ECM, and normalizing the blood vessels. It has also been found that during immune-chemotherapy, TME injury and fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling causes the up-regulation of inhibitory signals and down-regulation of activated signals, which results in immune escape or chemo-resistance of the tumor. In this regard, repurposing or neo-adjuvant drugs with various transduction signaling mechanisms, including anti-fibrotic effects, are used to target the TME and fibroblast/fibrosis signaling pathway such as angiotensin 2, transforming growth factor-beta, physical barriers of the TME, cytokines and metabolic factors which finally led to the reverse of the chemo-resistance. Consistent to many repurposing drugs such as pirfenidone, metformin, losartan, tranilast, dexamethasone and pentoxifylline are used to decrease immune-suppression by abrogation of TME inhibitory signal that stimulates the immune system and increases efficiency and reduces resistance to chemotherapy drugs. To overcome immunosuppression based on fibroblast/fibrosis remodeling, in this review, we focus on inhibitory signal transduction, which is the physical barrier, alleviates mechanical stress and prevents mechano-metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Tajaldini
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Poorkhani
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Amiriani
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciencess, Catastega Institue of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parham Aref
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Farahnazsadat Ahmadi
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Sadani
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Vahid Khori
- Ischemic Disorder Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Vivas CV, dos Santos JA, Barreto YB, Toma SH, dos Santos JJ, Stephano MA, de Oliveira CLP, Araki K, Alencar AM, Bloise AC. Biochemical Response of Human Endothelial and Fibroblast Cells to Silver Nanoparticles. BIONANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-023-01091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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5
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Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Maternal Myofibroblasts in the Bovine Placenta around Parturition. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010044. [PMID: 36669044 PMCID: PMC9863730 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are contractile cells that exhibit features of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. In the synepitheliochorial placenta of the cow myofibroblasts are found in the maternal stroma. However, a deeper understanding of the structure and function of the stromal myofibroblasts in the developed bovine placenta is still missing. Thus, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses in bovine term placentomes, compared to non-pregnant caruncle samples, were conducted. To investigate functional aspects, contractility of placentomal caruncle slices was assessed in an in vitro contraction assay. Additionally, a three-dimensional reconstruction of a bovine placental myofibroblast was created. Immunofluorescent staining revealed a characteristic pattern, including cytoplasmic expression of α-smooth muscle actin, strong perinuclear signal for the intermediate filament vimentin and nuclear progesterone receptor staining. Ultrastructurally, stress fibers, extended cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear intermediate filaments were observed. Moreover, in vitro stimulation with angiotensin-II, but not with prostaglandin F2α, induced contraction of placental caruncle tissue. Altogether, these results indicate that progesterone-responsive myofibroblasts represent a mesenchymal phenotype that is involved in the contractile properties of bovine placental stroma. Therefore, the present findings suggest a potential involvement of myofibroblasts in post-partum events of cattle, i.e., expulsion of fetal membranes and uterine involution.
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Schuster R, Younesi F, Ezzo M, Hinz B. The Role of Myofibroblasts in Physiological and Pathological Tissue Repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041231. [PMID: 36123034 PMCID: PMC9808581 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the construction workers of wound healing and repair damaged tissues by producing and organizing collagen/extracellular matrix (ECM) into scar tissue. Scar tissue effectively and quickly restores the mechanical integrity of lost tissue architecture but comes at the price of lost tissue functionality. Fibrotic diseases caused by excessive or persistent myofibroblast activity can lead to organ failure. This review defines myofibroblast terminology, phenotypic characteristics, and functions. We will focus on the central role of the cell, ECM, and tissue mechanics in regulating tissue repair by controlling myofibroblast action. Additionally, we will discuss how therapies based on mechanical intervention potentially ameliorate wound healing outcomes. Although myofibroblast physiology and pathology affect all organs, we will emphasize cutaneous wound healing and hypertrophic scarring as paradigms for normal tissue repair versus fibrosis. A central message of this review is that myofibroblasts can be activated from multiple cell sources, varying with local environment and type of injury, to either restore tissue integrity and organ function or create an inappropriate mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Schuster
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Younesi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Maya Ezzo
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E2 Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
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7
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Jasmer KJ, Muñoz Forti K, Woods LT, Cha S, Weisman GA. Therapeutic potential for P2Y 2 receptor antagonism. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3. [PMID: 36219327 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the target of more than 30% of all FDA-approved drug therapies. Though the purinergic P2 receptors have been an attractive target for therapeutic intervention with successes such as the P2Y12 receptor antagonist, clopidogrel, P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R) antagonism remains relatively unexplored as a therapeutic strategy. Due to a lack of selective antagonists to modify P2Y2R activity, studies using primarily genetic manipulation have revealed roles for P2Y2R in a multitude of diseases. These include inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, fibrotic diseases, renal diseases, cancer, and pathogenic infections. With the advent of AR-C118925, a selective and potent P2Y2R antagonist that became commercially available only a few years ago, new opportunities exist to gain a more robust understanding of P2Y2R function and assess therapeutic effects of P2Y2R antagonism. This review discusses the characteristics of P2Y2R that make it unique among P2 receptors, namely its involvement in five distinct signaling pathways including canonical Gαq protein signaling. We also discuss the effects of other P2Y2R antagonists and the pivotal development of AR-C118925. The remainder of this review concerns the mounting evidence implicating P2Y2Rs in disease pathogenesis, focusing on those studies that have evaluated AR-C118925 in pre-clinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Jasmer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Lucas T Woods
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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8
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Burgos Villar KN, Liu X, Small EM. Transcriptional regulation of cardiac fibroblast phenotypic plasticity. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 28:100556. [PMID: 36777260 PMCID: PMC9915012 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts play critical roles in the maintenance of cardiac structure and the response to cardiac insult. Extracellular matrix deposition by activated resident cardiac fibroblasts, called myofibroblasts, is an essential wound healing response. However, persistent fibroblast activation contributes to pathological fibrosis and cardiac chamber stiffening, which can cause diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and initiate lethal arrhythmias. The dynamic and phenotypically plastic nature of cardiac fibroblasts is governed in part by the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding extracellular matrix molecules. Understanding how fibroblasts integrate various biomechanical cues into a precise transcriptional response may uncover therapeutic strategies to prevent fibrosis. Here, we provide an overview of the recent literature on transcriptional control of cardiac fibroblast plasticity and fibrosis, with a focus on canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling, biomechanical regulation of Hippo/YAP and Rho/MRTF signaling, and metabolic and epigenetic control of fibroblast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N. Burgos Villar
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eric M. Small
- Department of Medicine, Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA,Correspondence:
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9
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Chinigò G, Grolez GP, Audero M, Bokhobza A, Bernardini M, Cicero J, Toillon RA, Bailleul Q, Visentin L, Ruffinatti FA, Brysbaert G, Lensink MF, De Ruyck J, Cantelmo AR, Fiorio Pla A, Gkika D. TRPM8-Rap1A Interaction Sites as Critical Determinants for Adhesion and Migration of Prostate and Other Epithelial Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2261. [PMID: 35565390 PMCID: PMC9102551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the TRPM8 channel plays an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression, by impairing the motility of these cancer cells. Here, we reveal a novel facet of PCa motility control via direct protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the channel with the small GTPase Rap1A. The functional interaction of the two proteins was assessed by active Rap1 pull-down assays and live-cell imaging experiments. Molecular modeling analysis allowed the identification of four putative residues involved in TRPM8-Rap1A interaction. Point mutations of these sites impaired PPI as shown by GST-pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and PLA experiments and revealed their key functional role in the adhesion and migration of PC3 prostate cancer cells. More precisely, TRPM8 inhibits cell migration and adhesion by trapping Rap1A in its GDP-bound inactive form, thus preventing its activation at the plasma membrane. In particular, residues E207 and Y240 in the sequence of TRPM8 and Y32 in that of Rap1A are critical for the interaction between the two proteins not only in PC3 cells but also in cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. This study deepens our knowledge of the mechanism through which TRPM8 would exert a protective role in cancer progression and provides new insights into the possible use of TRPM8 as a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Guillaume P. Grolez
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Madelaine Audero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Alexandre Bokhobza
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Michela Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Julien Cicero
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.C.); (R.-A.T.)
- UR 2465—Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.C.); (R.-A.T.)
| | - Quentin Bailleul
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Luca Visentin
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Guillaume Brysbaert
- CNRS UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (G.B.); (M.F.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Marc F. Lensink
- CNRS UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (G.B.); (M.F.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Jerome De Ruyck
- CNRS UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (G.B.); (M.F.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Anna Rita Cantelmo
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.C.); (R.-A.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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10
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Moretti L, Stalfort J, Barker TH, Abebayehu D. The interplay of fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, and inflammation in scar formation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101530. [PMID: 34953859 PMCID: PMC8784641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various forms of fibrosis, comprising tissue thickening and scarring, are involved in 40% of deaths across the world. Since the discovery of scarless functional healing in fetuses prior to a certain stage of development, scientists have attempted to replicate scarless wound healing in adults with little success. While the extracellular matrix (ECM), fibroblasts, and inflammatory mediators have been historically investigated as separate branches of biology, it has become increasingly necessary to consider them as parts of a complex and tightly regulated system that becomes dysregulated in fibrosis. With this new paradigm, revisiting fetal scarless wound healing provides a unique opportunity to better understand how this highly regulated system operates mechanistically. In the following review, we navigate the four stages of wound healing (hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling) against the backdrop of adult versus fetal wound healing, while also exploring the relationships between the ECM, effector cells, and signaling molecules. We conclude by singling out recent findings that offer promising leads to alter the dynamics between the ECM, fibroblasts, and inflammation to promote scarless healing. One factor that promises to be significant is fibroblast heterogeneity and how certain fibroblast subpopulations might be predisposed to scarless healing. Altogether, reconsidering fetal wound healing by examining the interplay of the various factors contributing to fibrosis provides new research directions that will hopefully help us better understand and address fibroproliferative diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, systemic sclerosis, progressive kidney disease, and cardiovascular fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Moretti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jack Stalfort
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Thomas Harrison Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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11
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Abstract
An 81-year-old man with primary open-angle glaucoma on dorzolamide-timolol, bimatoprost and 0.02% netarsudil ophthalmic solution (Rhopressa), was found to have right lower lid basal cell carcinoma. The patient underwent Mohs surgery followed by repair of the right lower lid, with 3 episodes of wound dehiscence. When stopping netarsudil, appropriate granulation tissue was able to develop. While off netarsudil, the patient underwent Mohs resection of a left lower lid basal cell carcinoma, which was able to granulate well via secondary intention.
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12
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Myofibroblasts: Function, Formation, and Scope of Molecular Therapies for Skin Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081095. [PMID: 34439762 PMCID: PMC8391320 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are contractile, α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells with multiple roles in pathophysiological processes. Myofibroblasts mediate wound contractions, but their persistent presence in tissues is central to driving fibrosis, making them attractive cell targets for the development of therapeutic treatments. However, due to shared cellular markers with several other phenotypes, the specific targeting of myofibroblasts has long presented a scientific and clinical challenge. In recent years, myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings. This comprehensive review article describes the myofibroblast cell phenotype, their origins, and their diverse physiological and pathological functionality. Special attention has been given to mechanisms and molecular pathways governing myofibroblast differentiation, and updates in molecular interventions.
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Kärki T, Tojkander S. TRPV Protein Family-From Mechanosensing to Cancer Invasion. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1019. [PMID: 34356643 PMCID: PMC8301805 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biophysical cues from the cellular microenvironment are detected by mechanosensitive machineries that translate physical signals into biochemical signaling cascades. At the crossroads of extracellular space and cell interior are located several ion channel families, including TRP family proteins, that are triggered by mechanical stimuli and drive intracellular signaling pathways through spatio-temporally controlled Ca2+-influx. Mechanosensitive Ca2+-channels, therefore, act as critical components in the rapid transmission of physical signals into biologically compatible information to impact crucial processes during development, morphogenesis and regeneration. Given the mechanosensitive nature of many of the TRP family channels, they must also respond to the biophysical changes along the development of several pathophysiological conditions and have also been linked to cancer progression. In this review, we will focus on the TRPV, vanilloid family of TRP proteins, and their connection to cancer progression through their mechanosensitive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tytti Kärki
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Sari Tojkander
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Section of Pathology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Ghilardi SJ, Aronson MS, Sgro AE. Ventral stress fibers induce plasma membrane deformation in human fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1707-1723. [PMID: 34191528 PMCID: PMC8684729 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-03-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane are important in many eukaryotic cellular processes. During these processes, actin structures deform the cell membrane outward by applying forces parallel to the fiber’s major axis (as in migration) or they deform the membrane inward by applying forces perpendicular to the fiber’s major axis (as in the contractile ring during cytokinesis). Here we describe a novel actin–membrane interaction in human dermal myofibroblasts. When labeled with a cytosolic fluorophore, the myofibroblasts displayed prominent fluorescent structures on the ventral side of the cell. These structures are present in the cell membrane and colocalize with ventral actin stress fibers, suggesting that the stress fibers bend the membrane to form a “cytosolic pocket” that the fluorophores diffuse into, creating the observed structures. The existence of this pocket was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. While dissolving the stress fibers, inhibiting fiber protein binding, or inhibiting myosin II binding of actin removed the observed pockets, modulating cellular contractility did not remove them. Taken together, our results illustrate a novel actin–membrane bending topology where the membrane is deformed outward rather than being pinched inward, resembling the topological inverse of the contractile ring found in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Ghilardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mark S Aronson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allyson E Sgro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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15
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Nissola C, Marchioro MLK, de Souza Leite Mello EV, Guidi AC, de Medeiros DC, da Silva CG, de Mello JCP, Pereira EA, Barbosa-Dekker AM, Dekker RFH, Cunha MAA. Hydrogel containing (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan) effectively promotes dermal wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:316-330. [PMID: 33930443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A hydrogel containing exocellular (1 → 6)-β-D-glucan (lasiodiplodan, LAS) was developed and its wound healing potential was evaluated. β-Glucans have attracted much interest by the cosmetic industry sector because of their bioactive and functional properties and in promoting skin health. In the present work an β-glucan was studied as a healing biomaterial that has not hitherto been reported in the scientific literature. LAS produced by the ascomycete Lasiodiplodia theobromae MMPI was used in the formulation of a healing hydrogel. Physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters, antioxidant potential and stability of the formulation was evaluated. FTIR, thermal analysis and SEM techniques were also employed in the characterization. Wistar rats were used as a biological model to investigate the wound healing potential. Histological analyses of cutaneous tissue from the dorsal region were conducted after 4, 7, 10 and 14 days of treatment, and evaluated re-epithelialization, cell proliferation and collagen production. Physicochemical stability, microbiological quality and antioxidant potential, especially in relation to its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals were found. The hydrogel stimulated cell re-epithelialization and proliferation during all days of the treatment, and stimulated an increase of collagen fibers. Lasiodiplodan showed immunomodulatory activity in wound healing and this biomacromolecule could be an alternative compound in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Nissola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, CEP 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luis Kuhn Marchioro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, CEP 85503-390 Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Guidi
- Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Biologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Cristina de Medeiros
- Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Biologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Girotto da Silva
- Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Biologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Palazzo de Mello
- Departamento de Farmácia, Laboratório de Biologia Farmacêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, CEP 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edimir Andrade Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, CEP 85503-390 Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aneli M Barbosa-Dekker
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, CEP 86036-370 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mário A A Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, CEP 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Pato Branco, CEP 85503-390 Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil.
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16
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Zhu JX, Ling W, Xue C, Zhou Z, Zhang YS, Yan C, Wu MP. Higenamine attenuates cardiac fibroblast abstract and fibrosis via inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 900:174013. [PMID: 33766620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Higenamine (HG), is one of the main active components in many widely used Chinese herbs, and a common ingredient of health products in Europe and North America. Several groups, including our own, have previously shown the beneficial effects of HG against cardiomyocyte death during acute ischemic damage. However, the effect of HG on chronic cardiac remodeling, such as cardiac fibrosis, remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Herein, we aim to investigate the role of HG in cardiac fibrosis in vivo as well as its cellular and molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Chronic pressure overload with transverse aortic constriction (TAC) significantly increased cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction in mice, which were significantly attenuated by HG. Consistently, cardiac fibrosis induced by the chronic infusion of isoproterenol (ISO), was also significantly reduced by HG. Interestingly, our results showed that HG had no effect on adult mouse CM hypertrophy in vitro. However, HG suppressed the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) in vitro. Furthermore, TGF-β1-induced expression of ACTA2, a marker of fibroblast activation, was significantly suppressed by HG. Concomitantly, HG inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in CFs. HG also reduced the expression of extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen I and collagen III. To our surprise, the inhibitory effect of HG on CFs activation was independent of the activation of the beta2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) that is known to mediate the effect of HG on antagonizing CMs apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that HG ameliorates pathological cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction at least partially by suppressing TGF-β1/Smad signaling and CFs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang RD, Shanghai, 200071, China; Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Traditional Chinese Hospital of LuAn, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 76 Renmin RD, LuAn Anhui, 237001, China
| | - Wang Ling
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang RD, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Chao Xue
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave Box CVRI, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang RD, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Yi-Shuai Zhang
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave Box CVRI, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States
| | - Chen Yan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave Box CVRI, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States
| | - Mei-Ping Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 274 Zhijiang RD, Shanghai, 200071, China; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave Box CVRI, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States.
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17
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In-Depth Characterization of Stromal Cells within the Tumor Microenvironment Yields Novel Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061466. [PMID: 33806802 PMCID: PMC8005121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This up-to-date and in-depth review describes fibroblast-derived cells and their role within the tumor microenvironment for tumor progression. Moreover, targets for future antitumor therapies are summarized and potential aspects for future translational research are outlined. Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges and possible obstacles related to certain treatment targets. Abstract Cells within the tumor stroma are essential for tumor progression. In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) and CAF precursor cells (resident fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells) are responsible for the formation of the extracellular matrix in tumor tissue. Consequently, CAFs directly and indirectly mediate inflammation, metastasis, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and the development of tumor chemoresistance, which is orchestrated by complex intercellular cytokine-mediated crosstalk. CAFs represent a strategic target in antitumor therapy but their heterogeneity hinders effective treatment regimes. In-depth understanding of CAF subpopulations and knowledge of specific functions in tumor progression will ultimately result in more specific and effective cancer treatments. This review provides a detailed description of CAFs and CAF precursor cells and summarizes possible treatment strategies as well as molecular targets of these cells in antitumor therapies.
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18
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Raktoe RS, Rietveld MH, Out-Luiting JJ, Kruithof-de Julio M, van Zuijlen PPM, van Doorn R, El Ghalbzouri A. The effect of TGFβRI inhibition on fibroblast heterogeneity in hypertrophic scar 2D in vitro models. Burns 2021; 47:1563-1575. [PMID: 33558094 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In burn patients, wound healing is often accompanied by hypertrophic scarring (HTS), resulting in both functional and aesthetic problems. HTSs are characterized by abundant presence of myofibroblasts (MFs) residing in the dermis. HTS development and MF persistence is primarily regulated by TGF-β signalling. A promising method to target the transforming growth factor receptor I (TGFβRI; also known as activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5)) is by making use of exon skipping through antisense oligonucleotides. In HTS the distinguishing border between the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis is completely abrogated, thus exhibiting a one layered dermis containing a heterogenous fibroblast population, consisting of papillary fibroblasts (PFs), reticular fibroblasts (RFs) and MFs. It has been proposed that PFs, as opposed to RFs, exhibit anti-fibrotic properties. Currently, it is still unclear which fibroblast subtype is most affected by exon skipping treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGFβRI inhibition by exon skipping in PF, RF and HTS fibroblast monocultures. Morphological analyses revealed the presence of a PF-like population after exon skipping in the different fibroblast cultures. This observation was further confirmed by the expression of genes specific for PFs, demonstrated by qPCR analyses. Further investigations on mRNA and protein level revealed that indeed MFs and to a lesser extent RFs are targeted by exon skipping. Furthermore, collagen gel contraction analysis showed that ALK5 exon skipping reduced TGF-β- induced contraction together with decreased alpha-smooth muscle actin expression levels. In conclusion, we show for the first time that exon skipping primarily targets pro-fibrotic fibroblasts. This could be a promising step towards reduced HTS development of burn tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv S Raktoe
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Marion H Rietveld
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jacoba J Out-Luiting
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department of Urology, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul P M van Zuijlen
- Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Burn Center and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Chinigò G, Fiorio Pla A, Gkika D. TRP Channels and Small GTPases Interplay in the Main Hallmarks of Metastatic Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581455. [PMID: 33132914 PMCID: PMC7550629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) cations channels, as key regulators of intracellular calcium homeostasis, play a central role in the essential hallmarks of cancer. Among the multiple pathways in which TRPs may be involved, here we focus our attention on the ones involving small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), summarizing the main processes associated with the metastatic cascade, such as migration, invasion and tumor vascularization. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted a bidirectional interplay between TRPs and small GTPases in cancer progression: TRP channels may affect small GTPases activity via both Ca2+-dependent or Ca2+-independent pathways, and, conversely, some small GTPases may affect TRP channels activity through the regulation of their intracellular trafficking to the plasma membrane or acting directly on channel gating. In particular, we will describe the interplay between TRPC1, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRPM4, TRPM7 or TRPV4, and Rho-like GTPases in regulating cell migration, the cooperation of TRPM2 and TRPV2 with Rho GTPases in increasing cell invasiveness and finally, the crosstalk between TRPC1, TRPC6, TRPM8, TRPV4 and both Rho- and Ras-like GTPases in inducing aberrant tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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20
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Singh S, Ray LA, Shahi Thakuri P, Tran S, Konopka MC, Luker GD, Tavana H. Organotypic breast tumor model elucidates dynamic remodeling of tumor microenvironment. Biomaterials 2020; 238:119853. [PMID: 32062146 PMCID: PMC8165649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are a critical component of tumor microenvironments and associate with cancer cells physically and biochemically during different stages of the disease. Existing cell culture models to study interactions between fibroblasts and cancer cells lack native tumor architecture or scalability. We developed a scalable organotypic model by robotically encapsulating a triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell spheroid within a natural extracellular matrix containing dispersed fibroblasts. We utilized an established CXCL12 - CXCR4 chemokine-receptor signaling in breast tumors to validate our model. Using imaging techniques and molecular analyses, we demonstrated that CXCL12-secreting fibroblasts have elevated activity of RhoA/ROCK/myosin light chain-2 pathway and rapidly and significantly contract collagen matrices. Signaling between TNBC cells and CXCL12-producing fibroblasts promoted matrix invasion of cancer cells by activating oncogenic mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, whereas normal fibroblasts significantly diminished TNBC cell invasiveness. We demonstrated that disrupting CXCL12 - CXCR4 signaling using a molecular inhibitor significantly inhibited invasiveness of cancer cells, suggesting blocking of tumor-stromal interactions as a therapeutic strategy especially for cancers such as TNBC that lack targeted therapies. Our organotypic tumor model mimics native solid tumors, enables modular addition of different stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins, and allows high throughput compound screening against tumor-stromal interactions to identify novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Lucille A Ray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Pradip Shahi Thakuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Sydnie Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Michael C Konopka
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Gary D Luker
- Department of Radiology, Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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21
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Piersma B, Hayward MK, Weaver VM. Fibrosis and cancer: A strained relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188356. [PMID: 32147542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, remodeling, and cross-linking that drive fibrosis to stiffen the stroma and promote malignancy. The stiffened stroma enhances tumor cell growth, survival and migration and drives a mesenchymal transition. A stiff ECM also induces angiogenesis, hypoxia and compromises anti-tumor immunity. Not surprisingly, tumor aggression and poor patient prognosis correlate with degree of tissue fibrosis and level of stromal stiffness. In this review, we discuss the reciprocal interplay between tumor cells, cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF), immune cells and ECM stiffness in malignant transformation and cancer aggression. We discuss CAF heterogeneity and describe its impact on tumor development and aggression focusing on the role of CAFs in engineering the fibrotic tumor stroma and tuning tumor cell tension and modulating the immune response. To illustrate the role of mechanoreciprocity in tumor evolution we summarize data from breast cancer and pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) studies, and finish by discussing emerging anti-fibrotic strategies aimed at treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Piersma
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA; Matrix research group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M K Hayward
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA
| | - Valerie M Weaver
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), USA; Departments of Radiation Oncology, Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE565, San Francisco, CA 94143-0456, USA.
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22
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y. TGF-β in fibrosis by acting as a conductor for contractile properties of myofibroblasts. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:98. [PMID: 31827764 PMCID: PMC6902440 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are non-muscle contractile cells that play a key physiologically role in organs such as the stem villi of the human placenta during physiological pregnancy. They are able to contract and relax in response to changes in the volume of the intervillous chamber. Myofibroblasts have also been observed in several diseases and are involved in wound healing and the fibrotic processes affecting several organs, such as the liver, lungs, kidneys and heart. During the fibrotic process, tissue retraction rather than contraction is correlated with collagen synthesis in the extracellular matrix, leading to irreversible fibrosis and, finally, apoptosis of myofibroblasts. The molecular motor of myofibroblasts is the non-muscle type IIA and B myosin (NMMIIA and NMMIIB). Fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts is largely governed by the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This system controls the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway in a positive manner, and PPARγ in a negative manner. The WNT/β-catenin pathway promotes fibrosis, while PPARγ prevents it. This review focuses on the contractile properties of myofibroblasts and the conductor, TGF-β1, which together control the opposing interplay between PPARγ and the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- 1Délégation à la Recherche Clinique (DRCI), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.,DACTIM-MIS, Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications (LMA), CNRS, UMR 7348, Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
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23
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Lecarpentier Y, Kindler V, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Sakic A, Claes V, Hébert JL, Vallée A, Schussler O. Tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) modifies the molecular mechanical properties of the non-muscle myosin IIA in human bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts seeded in a collagen scaffold. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222683. [PMID: 31574082 PMCID: PMC6772000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were obtained from human bone marrow and amplified in cultures supplemented with human platelet lysate in order to generate myofibroblasts. When MSCs were seeded in solid collagen scaffolds, they differentiated into myofibroblasts that were observed to strongly bind to the substrate, forming a 3D cell scaffold network that developed tension and shortening after KCl stimulation. Moreover, MSC-laden scaffolds recapitulated the Frank-Starling mechanism so that active tension increased in response to increases in the initial length of the contractile system. This constituted a bioengineering tissue that exhibited the contractile properties observed in both striated and smooth muscles. By using the A. F. Huxley formalism, we determined the myosin crossbridge (CB) kinetics of attachment (f1) and detachment (g1 and g2), maximum myosin ATPase activity, molar myosin concentration, unitary CB force and maximum CB efficiency. CB kinetics were dramatically slow, characterizing the non-muscle myosin type IIA (NMMIIA) present in myofibroblasts. When MSCs were seeded in solid collagen scaffolds functionalized with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), contractility increased and CB kinetics were modified, whereas the unitary NMMIIA-CB force and maximum CB efficiency did not change. In conclusion, we provided a non-muscle bioengineering tissue whose molecular mechanical characteristics of NMMIIA were very close to those of a non-muscle contractile tissue such as the human placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien, Meaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Vincent Kindler
- Department of Specialties in Medicine, Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Luce Bochaton-Piallat
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonija Sakic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire Geneva, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Claes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Hébert
- Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Paris-Descartes University, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Center, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
- DRCI (Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et Industrielle) Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Chen G, Xia B, Fu Q, Huang X, Wang F, Chen Z, Lv Y. Matrix Mechanics as Regulatory Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Hepatic Fibrosis. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2509-2521. [PMID: 31754325 PMCID: PMC6854372 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.37500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of liver fibrosis is excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition that improve liver matrix remodeling and stiffening. Increased matrix stiffness is not only a pathological consequence of liver fibrosis in traditional view, but also recognized as a key driver in pathological progression of hepatic fibrosis. Cells can perceive changes in the mechanical characteristics of hepatic matrix and respond by means of mechanical signal transduction pathways to regulate cell behavior. In this review, the authors first classify causes of liver matrix stiffening during fibrotic progression, such as higher degree of collagen cross-linking. The latest advances of the research on the matrix mechanics in regulating activation of HSCs or fibroblasts under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment is also classified and summarized. The mechanical signaling pathways involved in the process of hepatic matrix stiffening, such as YAP-TAZ signaling pathway, are further summarized. Finally, some potential therapeutic concepts and strategies based on matrix mechanics will be detailed. Collectively, these findings reinforce the importance of matrix mechanics in hepatic fibrosis, and underscore the value of clarifying its modulation in hopes of advancing the development of novel therapeutic targets and strategies for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xia
- Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Huang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
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25
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Kahl DJ, Hutchings KM, Lisabeth EM, Haak AJ, Leipprandt JR, Dexheimer T, Khanna D, Tsou PS, Campbell PL, Fox DA, Wen B, Sun D, Bailie M, Neubig RR, Larsen SD. 5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthioalkanoic Acids: A Highly Potent New Class of Inhibitors of Rho/Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor (MRTF)/Serum Response Factor (SRF)-Mediated Gene Transcription as Potential Antifibrotic Agents for Scleroderma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4350-4369. [PMID: 30951312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Through a phenotypic high-throughput screen using a serum response element luciferase promoter, we identified a novel 5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylthiopropionic acid lead inhibitor of Rho/myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF)-mediated gene transcription with good potency (IC50 = 180 nM). We were able to rapidly improve the cellular potency by 5 orders of magnitude guided by sharply defined and synergistic SAR. The remarkable potency and depth of the SAR, as well as the relatively low molecular weight of the series, suggests, but does not prove, that binding to the unknown molecular target may be occurring through a covalent mechanism. The series nevertheless has no observable cytotoxicity up to 100 μM. Ensuing pharmacokinetic optimization resulted in the development of two potent and orally bioavailable anti-fibrotic agents that were capable of dose-dependently reducing connective tissue growth factor gene expression in vitro as well as significantly reducing the development of bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erika Mathes Lisabeth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Leipprandt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Thomas Dexheimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence , University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence , University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Phillip L Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence , University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence , University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | | | | - Marc Bailie
- Michigan State University in Vivo Facility , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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26
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Sudden coronary death in the young: Evidence of contractile phenotype of smooth muscle cells in the culprit atherosclerotic plaque. Int J Cardiol 2019; 264:1-6. [PMID: 29776555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culprit coronary atherosclerotic plaques (APs) from young sudden cardiac death (SCD) victims are mostly non-atheromatous, i.e., consisting of proliferative smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Coronary vasospasm has been advocated to explain plaque instability in the absence of thrombosis. Our aim was to characterize the SMC phenotype in the intima and media of coronary arteries from young SCD victims. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 38 coronary artery segments were studied: (a) 18 APs from young (≤40 years old) SCD patients, (b) 9 APs from old (>40 years old) SCD patients, (c) 11 non-atherosclerotic coronary arteries from young patients (≤40 years old). Markers of differentiated SMCs such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle myosin heavy chains (SMMHCs), and heavy-caldesmon (h-CaD), were assessed in intima and media by immunohistochemistry and quantified morphometrically. In the intima, their expression was higher in non-atherosclerotic arteries (44.37 ± 3.03% for α-SMA, 14.21 ± 2.01% for SMMHCs, 8.90 ± 1.33% for h-CaD) and APs from young SCD victims (38.95 ± 2.29% for α-SMA, 11.92 ± 1.92% for SMMHCs, 8.93 ± 1.12% for h-CaD) compared with old patients (22.01 ± 3.56% for α-SMA, 6.39 ± 0.7% for SMMHCs, 3.00 ± 0.57% for h-CaD; all P statistically significant). The media of non-atherosclerotic arteries and APs from young SCD victims exhibited strong positivity for the differentiation markers unlike that of old patients. CONCLUSIONS SMCs of coronary APs as well as from the underlying media from young SCD victims exhibit strong contractile phenotype. In the setting of critical stenosis, both intima and media SMC contractility might contribute to transient coronary spasm leading to myocardial ischemia and SCD.
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27
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Chester D, Kathard R, Nortey J, Nellenbach K, Brown AC. Viscoelastic properties of microgel thin films control fibroblast modes of migration and pro-fibrotic responses. Biomaterials 2018; 185:371-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Chopin-Doroteo M, Salgado-Curiel RM, Pérez-González J, Marín-Santibáñez BM, Krötzsch E. Fibroblast populated collagen lattices exhibit opposite biophysical conditions by fibrin or hyaluronic acid supplementation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 82:310-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Lecarpentier Y, Schussler O, Claes V, Vallée A. The Myofibroblast: TGFβ-1, A Conductor which Plays a Key Role in Fibrosis by Regulating the Balance between PPARγ and the Canonical WNT Pathway. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.11131/2017/101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien (GHEP), Meaux, France
| | - Olivier Schussler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, HUG/CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Claes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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30
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Interactions between TGF-β1, canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ in radiation-induced fibrosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90579-90604. [PMID: 29163854 PMCID: PMC5685775 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy induces DNA damage and inflammation leading to fibrosis. Fibrosis can occur 4 to 12 months after radiation therapy. This process worsens with time and years. Radiation-induced fibrosis is characterized by fibroblasts proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, and synthesis of collagen, proteoglycans and extracellular matrix. Myofibroblasts are non-muscle cells that can contract and relax. Myofibroblasts evolve towards irreversible retraction during fibrosis process. In this review, we discussed the interplays between transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) in regulating the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiation-induced fibrosis, and the potential role of PPAR γ agonists. Overexpression of TGF-β and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate fibroblasts accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation whereas PPAR γ expression decreases due to the opposite interplay of canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Both TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway stimulate each other through the Smad pathway and non-Smad pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine kinase (PI3K/Akt) signaling. WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPAR γ interact in an opposite manner. PPAR γ agonists decrease β-catenin levels through activation of inhibitors of the WNT pathway such as Smad7, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3 β) and dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). PPAR γ agonists also stimulate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, which decreases both TGF-β1 and PI3K/Akt pathways. PPAR γ agonists by activating Smad7 decrease Smads pathway and then TGF-β signaling leading to decrease radiation-induced fibrosis. TGF-β1 and canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway promote radiation-induced fibrosis whereas PPAR γ agonists can prevent radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), UMR CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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31
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Bordoni B, Marelli F, Morabito B, Sacconi B, Severino P. Post-sternotomy pain syndrome following cardiac surgery: case report. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1163-1169. [PMID: 28553137 PMCID: PMC5439996 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s129394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 2 million people undergo sternotomy worldwide for heart surgery each year, and many develop post-sternotomy pain syndrome (PSPS) which persists in the anterior thorax. In some patients, PSPS lasts for many years or suddenly reappears a long time after the sternotomy. The exact etiology of PSPS is unknown. This article presents a case report of a patient with a diagnosis of PSPS (after cardiac surgery 4 years prior) for whom an osteopathic approach was used, which successfully eliminated the pain. In a previous study, we demonstrated that this osteopathic procedure could reduce sternal pain associated with a recent surgical wound. Further efforts are needed to understand the reasons for PSPS. In light of new scientific data, these osteopathic techniques could contribute to a multidisciplinary approach to solve the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Department of Cardiology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, IRCCS, Institute of Hospitalization and Care, S Maria Nascente, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiola Marelli
- CRESO, School of Osteopathy Centre for Research and Studies, Castellanza, Italy.,CRESO, School of Osteopathy Centre for Research and Studies, Falconara Marittima, Italy
| | - Bruno Morabito
- CRESO, School of Osteopathy Centre for Research and Studies, Castellanza, Italy.,CRESO, School of Osteopathy Centre for Research and Studies, Falconara Marittima, Italy
| | - Beatrice Sacconi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomopathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science at Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Severino
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrology, Anesthesiology and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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32
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Carthy JM. TGFβ signaling and the control of myofibroblast differentiation: Implications for chronic inflammatory disorders. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:98-106. [PMID: 28247933 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The myofibroblast is a highly specialized cell type that plays a critical role during normal tissue wound healing, but also contributes pathologically to chronic inflammatory conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. As fibrotic conditions continue to be a major burden to the public health system, novel therapies that target the function of myofibroblasts may show promise in the clinic. The cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is the most potent known inducer of myofibroblast differentiation and thus represents a powerful target to modify myofibroblast function during disease. This review focuses on our current understanding of the key signaling pathways activated by TGFβ during myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon M Carthy
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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33
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The Effect of Microporous Polysaccharide Hemospheres on Wound Healing and Scarring in Wild-Type and db/db Mice. Adv Skin Wound Care 2017; 30:169-180. [DOI: 10.1097/01.asw.0000513149.43488.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Atluri K, De Jesus AM, Chinnathambi S, Brouillette MJ, Martin JA, Salem AK, Sander EA. Blebbistatin-Loaded Poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) Particles For Treating Arthrofibrosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1097-1107. [PMID: 33445238 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Joint immobility is a debilitating complication of articular trauma that is characterized by thickening and stiffening of the joint capsule and the formation of fibrotic lesions inside joints. Capsule release surgery can temporarily restore mobility, but contraction often recurs due to the contractile activities of fibroblasts, which exert tension on the capsule ECM via nonmuscle myosin II. Based on these findings we hypothesized that blebbistatin, a drug that reversibly inhibits the activity of this protein, would relax ECM tension imposed by fibroblasts and reduce fibrosis. In this study, we characterized the effectiveness of blebbistatin as an anticontractile treatment. Given that sustained suppression of contractile activity may be required to achieve capsule release and reduce fibrosis, we compared the effects on fibroblast-mediated collagen ECM displacement of blebbistatin-loaded poly(lactide-co-gylcolide) (PLGA) particles versus bolus blebbistatin dosing. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescent microspheres embedded in collagen gels confirmed that PLGA/blebbistatin inhibited force generation and reduced both gel displacement and rate of displacement. In addition, collagen production at 10 days was significantly reduced. Taken together, these data indicate that blebbistatin-loaded PLGA particles can be used to inhibit fibroblast force-generation and reduce collagen production and lay the foundation for optimization of drug delivery technology for treating arthrofibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Atluri
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A M De Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - S Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M J Brouillette
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - J A Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, 25 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - A K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, 115 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - E A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, 1402 Seamans Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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35
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Bochaton-Piallat ML, Gabbiani G, Hinz B. The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrosis: answered and unanswered questions. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27158462 PMCID: PMC4847562 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8190.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the myofibroblast has allowed definition of the cell responsible for wound contraction and for the development of fibrotic changes. This review summarizes the main features of the myofibroblast and the mechanisms of myofibroblast generation. Myofibroblasts originate from a variety of cells according to the organ and the type of lesion. The mechanisms of myofibroblast contraction, which appear clearly different to those of smooth muscle cell contraction, are described. Finally, we summarize the possible strategies in order to reduce myofibroblast activities and thus influence several pathologies, such as hypertrophic scars and organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulio Gabbiani
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Hinz
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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36
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Lighthouse JK, Small EM. Transcriptional control of cardiac fibroblast plasticity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 91:52-60. [PMID: 26721596 PMCID: PMC4764462 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts help maintain the normal architecture of the healthy heart and are responsible for scar formation and the healing response to pathological insults. Various genetic, biomechanical, or humoral factors stimulate fibroblasts to become contractile smooth muscle-like cells called myofibroblasts that secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix. Unfortunately, unchecked myofibroblast activation in heart disease leads to pathological fibrosis, which is a major risk factor for the development of cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control fibroblast plasticity and myofibroblast activation is essential to develop novel strategies to specifically target pathological cardiac fibrosis without disrupting the adaptive healing response. This review highlights the major transcriptional mediators of fibroblast origin and function in development and disease. The contribution of the fetal epicardial gene program will be discussed in the context of fibroblast origin in development and following injury, primarily focusing on Tcf21 and C/EBP. We will also highlight the major transcriptional regulatory axes that control fibroblast plasticity in the adult heart, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/Smad signaling, the Rho/myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)/serum response factor (SRF) axis, and Calcineurin/transient receptor potential channel (TRP)/nuclear factor of activated T-Cell (NFAT) signaling. Finally, we will discuss recent strategies to divert the fibroblast transcriptional program in an effort to promote cardiomyocyte regeneration. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled "Fibrosis and Myocardial Remodeling".
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet K Lighthouse
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14624, USA.
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37
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Gerarduzzi C, He Q, Antoniou J, Di Battista JA. Prostaglandin E(2)-dependent blockade of actomyosin and stress fibre formation is mediated through S1379 phosphorylation of ROCK2. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1516-27. [PMID: 24610576 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 is a pleiotropic bioactive lipid that controls cytoskeletal alterations, although the precise G-protein coupled EP receptor signalling mechanisms remain ill defined. We adopted a phosphoproteomic approach to characterize post-receptor downstream signalling substrates using antibodies that selectively recognize and immunoprecipitate phosphorylated substrates of a number of kinases. Using human synovial fibroblasts in monolayer cell culture, PGE2 induced rapid and sustained changes in cellular morphology and reduction in cytoplasmic volume that were associated with disassembly of the phalloidin-stained stress fibres as judged by light and confocal microscopy. Furthermore, PGE2 induced a rapid dephosphorylation of myosin light chain II (MLC) at S19 under basal or cytokine-induced conditions that was linked to an activation of myosin light chain phosphatase. The use of specific synthetic EP agonists suggested that the response was mediated by EP2 receptors, as other EP agonists did not manifest the same effect on MLC phosphorylation. In addition, PGE2 induced sustained Y118 dephosphorylation of phospho-paxillin and loss of focal adhesions as observed by confocal microscopy and Western analysis. Phosphoproteomic analysis of PGE2 /GPCR/PKA phosphosubstrates identified a unique, non-redundant, phosphorylated (>30-fold) site on rho-associated coiled coil-containing kinase 2 (ROCK2) at S1379. Analysis of ROCK2 mutant behaviour (e.g. S1379A) in overexpression studies revealed that PGE2 -dependent phosphorylation of ROCK2 resulted in the inhibition of the kinase, since induced MLC phosphorylation was no longer blocked by PGE2 nor could PGE2 induce disassembly of stress fibres. Thus, PGE2 -dependent blockade of actomyosin fibre formation, characteristic of myofibroblasts, may be mediated through specific ROCK2 S1379 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimiro Gerarduzzi
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Santi A, Caselli A, Ranaldi F, Paoli P, Mugnaioni C, Michelucci E, Cirri P. Cancer associated fibroblasts transfer lipids and proteins to cancer cells through cargo vesicles supporting tumor growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3211-23. [PMID: 26384873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are the most abundant cells in connective tissue and, with fibrillar extracellular matrix, form the structural scaffolding of organs. In solid tumors, interaction with cancer cells induces fibroblasts transdifferentiation into an activated form, which become a fundamental part of the tumor stroma. Within tumor microenvironment stromal and cancer cells engage a crosstalk that is mediated by soluble factors, cellcell contacts and extracellular vesicles trafficlking. Here we report that fibroblasts have the ability to transfer a remarkable amount of proteins and lipids to neighboring cells, in an ectosome-dependent fashion, identifying a novel and native property of these cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts show an enhanced production and delivering of ectc:Jsomes to cancer cells compared to normal fibroblasts. As a consequence of this phenomenon, tumor cells increase their proliferation rate, indicating that ectosome-mediated trafficking could be a relevant mechanism mediating the trophic function of activated connective tissue on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Caselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Ranaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Mugnaioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Michelucci
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Università degli Studi di Firenze,, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Cirri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
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Aoki S, Takezawa T, Ikeda S, Narisawa Y, Oshikata-Miyazaki A, Miyauchi S, Hirayama H, Sawaguchi T, Chimuro T, Toda S. A new cell-free bandage-type artificial skin for cutaneous wounds. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:819-29. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Aoki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University; Saga Japan
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Division of Animal Sciences; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University; Saga Japan
| | - Yutaka Narisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine; Saga University; Saga Japan
| | | | - Syohei Miyauchi
- Research and Development, Yutoku Pharmaceutical Industries Co. Ltd.; Saga Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirayama
- Business Development; Yutoku Pharmaceutical Industries Co. Ltd.; Saga Japan
| | - Tomoya Sawaguchi
- Isehara Research Laboratory; Kanto Chemical Co. Inc.; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Chimuro
- Isehara Research Laboratory; Kanto Chemical Co. Inc.; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shuji Toda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine, Saga University; Saga Japan
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Simon DD, Niklason LE, Humphrey JD. Tissue Transglutaminase, Not Lysyl Oxidase, Dominates Early Calcium-Dependent Remodeling of Fibroblast-Populated Collagen Lattices. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:104-17. [PMID: 25924936 DOI: 10.1159/000381015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-populated collagen gels have provided significant insight into the cellular contractile mechanisms and cell-matrix interactions that are necessary for compacting and remodeling extant matrix. Nevertheless, little research has been devoted towards determining how cells entrench these deformations that contribute to establishing a preferred mechanical state. To this end, we examined the roles of two covalent matrix cross-linkers, i.e. tissue transglutaminase and lysyl oxidase, during global remodeling of the free-floating fibroblast-populated collagen lattice. Inhibition of tissue transglutaminase resulted in a reduced rate of compaction compared to controls during early remodeling (up to 2 days). In contrast, inhibition of lysyl oxidase did not alter the early compaction of these lattices, but it reduced the compaction after 2 days of culture. Acute inhibition of different contractile mechanisms suggested further that calcium-dependent contractility may have dominated during the initial remodeling of the collagen lattice before giving way to calcium-independent contractility at later times. In summary, these findings suggest that early remodeling of the free-floating collagen lattice is facilitated by calcium-dependent cell contraction while entrenchment is dominated by a tissue transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of the extant matrix. As remodeling continues, however, lysyl oxidase increases its contribution, perhaps by consolidating de novo collagen fibrils into fibers to continue the remodeling while the cells transition to a more sustained, calcium-independent contractility. These results promise to influence future tissue engineering studies as well as computational simulations aimed at understanding matrix remodeling in complex in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., USA
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41
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Sisson TH, Ajayi IO, Subbotina N, Dodi AE, Rodansky ES, Chibucos LN, Kim KK, Keshamouni VG, White ES, Zhou Y, Higgins PDR, Larsen SD, Neubig RR, Horowitz JC. Inhibition of myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor signaling decreases lung fibrosis and promotes mesenchymal cell apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:969-86. [PMID: 25681733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are crucial to the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. Their formation of stress fibers results in the release of myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), a transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor (SRF). MRTF-A (Mkl1)-deficient mice are protected from lung fibrosis. We hypothesized that the SRF/MRTF pathway inhibitor CCG-203971 would modulate myofibroblast function in vitro and limit lung fibrosis in vivo. Normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts were treated with/without CCG-203971 (N-[4-chlorophenyl]-1-[3-(2-furanyl)benzoyl]-3-piperidine carboxamide) and/or Fas-activating antibody in the presence/absence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and apoptosis was assessed. In vivo studies examined the effect of therapeutically administered CCG-203971 on lung fibrosis in two distinct murine models of fibrosis induced by bleomycin or targeted type II alveolar epithelial injury. In vitro, CCG-203971 prevented nuclear localization of MRTF-A; increased the apoptotic susceptibility of normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts; blocked TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation; and inhibited TGF-β1-induced expression of fibronectin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. TGF-β1 did not protect fibroblasts or myofibroblasts from apoptosis in the presence of CCG-203971. In vivo, CCG-203971 significantly reduced lung collagen content in both murine models while decreasing alveolar plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and promoting myofibroblast apoptosis. These data support a central role of the SRF/MRTF pathway in the pathobiology of lung fibrosis and suggest that its inhibition can help resolve lung fibrosis by promoting fibroblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Iyabode O Ajayi
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Natalya Subbotina
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amos E Dodi
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eva S Rodansky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medical School, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren N Chibucos
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Venkateshwar G Keshamouni
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medical School, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Ehanire T, Ren L, Bond J, Medina M, Li G, Bashirov L, Chen L, Kokosis G, Ibrahim M, Selim A, Blobe GC, Levinson H. Angiotensin II stimulates canonical TGF-β signaling pathway through angiotensin type 1 receptor to induce granulation tissue contraction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:289-302. [PMID: 25345602 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hypertrophic scar contraction (HSc) is caused by granulation tissue contraction propagated by myofibroblast and fibroblast migration and contractility. Identifying the stimulants that promote migration and contractility is key to mitigating HSc. Angiotensin II (AngII) promotes migration and contractility of heart, liver, and lung fibroblasts; thus, we investigated the mechanisms of AngII in HSc. Human scar and unwounded dermis were immunostained for AngII receptors angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor) and angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor) and analyzed for AT1 receptor expression using Western blot. In vitro assays of fibroblast contraction and migration under AngII stimulation were conducted with AT1 receptor, AT2 receptor, p38, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), MEK, and activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) antagonism. Excisional wounds were created on AT1 receptor KO and wild-type (WT) mice treated with AngII ± losartan and ALK5 and JNK inhibitors SB-431542 and SP-600125, respectively. Granulation tissue contraction was quantified, and wounds were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. AT1 receptor expression was increased in scar, but not unwounded tissue. AngII induced fibroblast contraction and migration through AT1 receptor. Cell migration was inhibited by ALK5 and JNK, but not p38 or MEK blockade. In vivo experiments determined that absence of AT1 receptor and chemical AT1 receptor antagonism diminished granulation tissue contraction while AngII stimulated wound contraction. AngII granulation tissue contraction was diminished by ALK5 inhibition, but not JNK. AngII promotes granulation tissue contraction through AT1 receptor and downstream canonical transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway, ALK5. Further understanding the pathogenesis of HSc as an integrated signaling mechanism could improve our approach to establishing effective therapeutic interventions. KEY MESSAGE AT1 receptor expression is increased in scar tissue compared to unwounded tissue. AngII stimulates expression of proteins that confer cell migration and contraction. AngII stimulates fibroblast migration and contraction through AT1 receptor, ALK5, and JNK. AngII-stimulated in vivo granulation tissue contraction is AT1 receptor and ALK5 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosan Ehanire
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), Durham, NC, USA
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Hoppe K, Schleip R, Lehmann-Horn F, Jäger H, Klingler W. Contractile elements in muscular fascial tissue - implications for in-vitro contracture testing for malignant hyperthermia. Anaesthesia 2014; 69:1002-8. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Hoppe
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
- Department of Anaesthesia; Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy; Frankfurt University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - R. Schleip
- Division of Neurophysiology; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
| | | | - H. Jäger
- Division of Neurophysiology; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
| | - W. Klingler
- Division of Neurophysiology; Ulm University; Ulm Germany
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology; Neurosurgical University; Guenzburg Germany
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Tholpady SS, DeGeorge BR, Campbell CA. The Effect of Local Rho-Kinase Inhibition on Murine Wound Healing. Ann Plast Surg 2014; 72:S213-9. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Eble JA, de Rezende FF. Redox-relevant aspects of the extracellular matrix and its cellular contacts via integrins. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1977-93. [PMID: 24040997 PMCID: PMC3993061 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The extracellular matrix (ECM) fulfills essential functions in multicellular organisms. It provides the mechanical scaffold and environmental cues to cells. Upon cell attachment, the ECM signals into the cells. In this process, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are physiologically used as signalizing molecules. RECENT ADVANCES ECM attachment influences the ROS-production of cells. In turn, ROS affect the production, assembly and turnover of the ECM during wound healing and matrix remodeling. Pathological changes of ROS levels lead to excess ECM production and increased tissue contraction in fibrotic disorders and desmoplastic tumors. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules which mediate cell adhesion and force transmission between cells and the ECM. They have been identified as a target of redox-regulation by ROS. Cysteine-based redox-modifications, together with structural data, highlighted particular regions within integrin heterodimers that may be subject to redox-dependent conformational changes along with an alteration of integrin binding activity. CRITICAL ISSUES In a molecular model, a long-range disulfide-bridge within the integrin β-subunit and disulfide bridges within the genu and calf-2 domains of the integrin α-subunit may control the transition between the bent/inactive and upright/active conformation of the integrin ectodomain. These thiol-based intramolecular cross-linkages occur in the stalk domain of both integrin subunits, whereas the ligand-binding integrin headpiece is apparently unaffected by redox-regulation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Redox-regulation of the integrin activation state may explain the effect of ROS in physiological processes. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanism may open new prospects for the treatment of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A. Eble
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Center for Molecular Medicine, Vascular Matrix Biology, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Flávia Figueiredo de Rezende
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Center for Molecular Medicine, Vascular Matrix Biology, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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46
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Long-term treatment with fasudil improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension via inhibition of Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:635-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Ponticos M, Smith BD. Extracellular matrix synthesis in vascular disease: hypertension, and atherosclerosis. J Biomed Res 2013; 28:25-39. [PMID: 24474961 PMCID: PMC3904172 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) within the vascular network provides both a structural and regulatory role. The ECM is a dynamic composite of multiple proteins that form structures connecting cells within the network. Blood vessels are distended by blood pressure and, therefore, require ECM components with elasticity yet with enough tensile strength to resist rupture. The ECM is involved in conducting mechanical signals to cells. Most importantly, ECM regulates cellular function through chemical signaling by controlling activation and bioavailability of the growth factors. Cells respond to ECM by remodeling their microenvironment which becomes dysregulated in vascular diseases such hypertension, restenosis and atherosclerosis. This review examines the cellular and ECM components of vessels, with specific emphasis on the regulation of collagen type I and implications in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markella Ponticos
- Centre for Rheumatology & Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine-Inflammation, Royal Free & University College Medical School, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Barbara D Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Wang J, Liu X, Zhong Y. Rho/Rho-associated kinase pathway in glaucoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1357-67. [PMID: 24042317 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho/ROCK pathway plays important roles in the modulation of the cytoskeletal integrity of cells, the synthesis of extracellular matrix components in the aqueous humor outflow tissue and the permeability of Schlemm's canal endothelial cells. The activation of the Rho/ROCK pathway results in trabecular meshwork (TM) contraction, and the inhibition of this pathway would provoke relaxation of TM with subsequent increase in outflow facility and, thereby, decrease intraocular pressure (IOP). ROCK inhibitors also serve as potent anti‑scarring agents via inhibition of transdifferentiation of tenon fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Furthermore, the RhoA/ROCK pathway is involved in optic nerve neuroprotection. Inactivation of Rho/ROCK signaling increase ocular blood flow, improve retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and promote RGC axon regeneration. Considering the IOP modulation, potent bleb anti-scarring effect and neuroprotective properties of ROCK inhibitors, the Rho/ROCK pathway is an attractive target for anti-glaucoma therapy, and it may be used for human therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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49
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Hinz B. Matrix mechanics and regulation of the fibroblast phenotype. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:14-28. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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50
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Marinković A, Liu F, Tschumperlin DJ. Matrices of physiologic stiffness potently inactivate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:422-30. [PMID: 23258227 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0335oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have been shown to differ from normal lung fibroblasts in functional behaviors that contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF, including the expression of contractile proteins and proliferation, but how such behaviors vary in matrices with stiffness matched to normal and fibrotic lung tissue remains unknown. Here, we tested whether pathologic changes in matrix stiffness control IPF and normal lung tissue-derived fibroblast functions, and compared the relative efficacy of mechanical cues to an antifibrotic lipid mediator, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Fibroblasts were grown on collagen I-coated glass or hydrogel substrates of discrete stiffnesses, spanning the range of normal and fibrotic lung tissue. Traction microscopy was used to quantify contractile function. The CyQuant Cell Proliferation Assay (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used to assess changes in cell number, and PGE(2) concentrations were measured by ELISA. We confirmed differences in proliferation and PGE(2) synthesis between IPF and normal tissue-derived fibroblasts on rigid substrates. However, IPF fibroblasts remained highly responsive to changes in matrix stiffness, and both proliferative and contractile differences between IPF and normal fibroblasts were ablated on physiologically soft matrices. We also confirmed the relative resistance of IPF fibroblasts to PGE(2), while demonstrating that decreases in matrix stiffness and the inhibition of Rho kinase both potently attenuate contractile function in IPF-derived fibroblasts. We conclude that pathologic changes in the mechanical environment control important IPF fibroblast functions. Understanding how mechanical cues control fibroblast function may offer new opportunities for targeting these cells, even when they are resistant to antifibrotic pharmacological agents or biological mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Marinković
- Division of Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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