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Xu J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Ma S, Liu Q, Dang S, Jin M, Shi Y, Wan B, Zhang Y. Inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase by baicalein induces microglia PPARβ/δ: a potential therapeutic role for CNS autoimmune disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e569. [PMID: 23559003 PMCID: PMC3668632 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) is an enzyme that converts polyunsaturated fatty acids into bioactive lipid derivatives. In this study, we showed that inhibition of 12/15-LO by baicalein (BA) significantly attenuated clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inhibited migration of autoimmune T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) by BA treatment could be attributed to reduced activation of microglia, which was indicated by suppressed phagocytosis, and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the CNS. We further observed that inhibition of 12/15-LO with BA led to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ in microglia of EAE mice. This was confirmed in vitro in primary microglia and a microglia cell line, BV2. In addition, we demonstrated that BA did not affect 12/15-LO or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression in microglia, but significantly decreased 12/15-LO products without influencing the levels of 5-LO metabolites. Moreover, among these compounds only 12/15-LO metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was able to reverse BA-mediated upregulation of PPARβ/δ in BV2 cells. We also showed that inhibition of microglia activation by PPARβ/δ was associated with repressed NF-κB and MAPK activities. Our findings indicate that inhibition of 12/15-LO induces PPARβ/δ, demonstrating important regulatory properties of 12/15-LO in CNS inflammation. This reveals potential therapeutic applications for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Regulation of Lymphocyte Function by PPARgamma: Relevance to Thyroid Eye Disease-Related Inflammation. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:895901. [PMID: 18354731 PMCID: PMC2266979 DOI: 10.1155/2008/895901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition in which intense inflammation leads to orbital tissue remodeling, including the accumulation of extracellular macromolecules and fat. Disease progression depends upon interactions between lymphocytes and orbital fibroblasts. These cells engage in a cycle of reciprocal activation which produces the tissue characteristics of TED. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) may play divergent roles in this process, both attenuating and promoting disease progression. PPARgamma has anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that it could interrupt intercellular communication. However, PPARgamma activation is also critical to adipogenesis, making it a potential culprit in the pathological fat accumulation associated with TED. This review explores the role of PPARgamma in TED, as it pertains to crosstalk between lymphocytes and fibroblasts and the development of therapeutics targeting cell-cell interactions mediated through this signaling pathway.
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Garcia-Bates TM, Baglole CJ, Bernard MP, Murant TI, Simpson-Haidaris PJ, Phipps RP. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands enhance human B cell antibody production and differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6903-12. [PMID: 19915048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protective humoral immune responses critically depend on the optimal differentiation of B cells into Ab-secreting cells. Because of the important role of Abs in fighting infections and in successful vaccination, it is imperative to identify mediators that control B cell differentiation. Activation of B cells through TLR9 by CpG-DNA induces plasma cell differentiation and Ab production. Herein, we examined the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma/RXRalpha pathway on human B cell differentiation. We demonstrated that activated B cells up-regulate their expression of PPARgamma. We also show that nanomolar levels of natural (15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2)) or synthetic (rosiglitazone) PPARgamma ligands enhanced B cell proliferation and significantly stimulated plasma cell differentiation and Ab production. Moreover, the addition of GW9662, a specific PPARgamma antagonist, abolished these effects. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is the binding partner for PPARgamma and is required to produce an active transcriptional complex. The simultaneous addition of nanomolar concentrations of the RXRalpha ligand (9-cis-retinoic acid) and PPARgamma ligands to CpG-activated B cells resulted in additive effects on B cell proliferation, plasma cell differentiation, and Ab production. Furthermore, PPARgamma ligands alone or combined with 9-cis-retinoic acid enhanced CpG-induced expression of Cox-2 and the plasma cell transcription factor BLIMP-1. Induction of these important regulators of B cell differentiation provides a possible mechanism for the B cell-enhancing effects of PPARgamma ligands. These new findings indicate that low doses of PPARgamma/RXRalpha ligands could be used as a new type of adjuvant to stimulate Ab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Garcia-Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abdelwahab SA, Owada Y, Kitanaka N, Adida A, Sakagami H, Ono M, Watanabe M, Spener F, Kondo H. Enhanced expression of adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein in murine lymphocytes in response to dexamethasone treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 299:99-107. [PMID: 17111194 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-9050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids have a great influence on the process of lymphocyte apoptosis which is considered as a modulating factor of immune response in both humans and animals. However the mechanism underlying the function of fatty acids in the process of lymphocyte apoptosis is not fully understood. In this study we show that the appearance of adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) is induced upon administration of dexamethasone (DEX) in both in vivo and cultured lymphocytes, and its distinct nuclear localization occurs in close relation to the DEX-induced apoptosis process. In immunohistochemistry of mouse spleen, A-FABP-immunoreactivity starts to occur 3 h after DEX stimulation, and it massively localizes in the nucleus 8 h after the treatment, while no A-FABP-immunoreactivity is discerned in the lymphocytes of normal as well as 24 h post-injection spleen. In the murine T-cell leukemia CTLL-2 cells, A-FABP-immunoreactivity is also induced in both of the cytoplasm and nucleus when the apoptosis is induced by IL-2 retrieval together with DEX treatment, while in the presence of IL-2 A-FABP-immunoreactivity is confined to the cytoplasm with DEX treatment. On the other hand, A-FABP-immunoreactivity is not detected by IL-2 retrieval alone. The present findings altogether suggest that A-FABP and its ligands, fatty acids, play an important role in the process of apoptosis and the immune modulation induced by DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Abdelkawi Abdelwahab
- Division of Histology, Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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5
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Polak PE, Kalinin S, Dello Russo C, Gavrilyuk V, Sharp A, Peters JM, Richardson J, Willson TM, Weinberg G, Feinstein DL. Protective effects of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta agonist in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 168:65-75. [PMID: 16098614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects which led to testing of these drugs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. In contrast, the effect of PPARdelta (PPARdelta) agonists in EAE is not yet known. We show that oral administration of the selective PPARdelta agonist GW0742 reduced clinical symptoms in C57BL/6 mice that had been immunized with encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide. In contrast to previous results with PPARgamma agonists, GW0742 only modestly attenuated clinical symptoms when the drug was provided simultaneously with immunization, but a greater reduction was observed if administered during disease progression. Reduced clinical symptoms were accompanied by a reduction in the appearance of new cortical lesions, however cerebellar lesion load was not reduced. Treatment of T-cells with GW0742 either in vivo or in vitro did not reduce IFNgamma production; however GW0742 reduced astroglial and microglial inflammatory activation and IL-1beta levels in EAE brain. RTPCR analysis showed that GW0742 increased expression of some myelin genes. These data demonstrate that PPARdelta agonists, like other PPAR ligands, can exert protective actions in an autoimmune model of demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Polak
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, & Jesse Brown Veteran's Affairs Research Division, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Plutzky J. The potential role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92:34J-41J. [PMID: 12957325 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing attention has focused on the role of inflammation in various chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis. Recent compelling data have begun to unite work from various arenas, such as epidemiology and vascular biology, and even clinical trials to provide evidence for inflammation as a mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis, progression, and complications of both atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus-2 complex disorders often found intertwined in patients. Although this story continues to evolve, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been implicated as a molecular pathway involved in both these disease processes. In vitro data, animal work, and some human studies suggest that synthetic PPAR agonists in clinical use, such as thiazolidinediones, may not only regulate metabolic processes but may also limit inflammatory responses, including some involved in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Plutzky
- Vascular Disease Prevention Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Oates JC, Reilly CM, Crosby MB, Gilkeson GS. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists: potential use for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:598-605. [PMID: 11920394 DOI: 10.1002/art.10052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Oates
- Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center and the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
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Harris SG, Phipps RP. Prostaglandin D(2), its metabolite 15-d-PGJ(2), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonists induce apoptosis in transformed, but not normal, human T lineage cells. Immunology 2002; 105:23-34. [PMID: 11849312 PMCID: PMC1782633 DOI: 10.1046/j.0019-2805.2001.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) is abundantly produced by mast cells, platelets, and alveolar macrophages and has been proposed as a key immunoregulatory lipid mediator. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15-d-PGJ(2)), a key PGD(2) metabolite, is under intense study as a potential anti-inflammatory mediator. Little is known about PGD(2) or the role of 15-d-PGJ(2), if any, in regulating the activities of human T lineage cells. In this report we demonstrate that both PGD(2) and 15-d-PGJ(2) have potent antiproliferative effects, and in fact kill human T lymphocyte lines derived from malignant cells by an apoptotic mechanism. Interestingly, normal human T cells were not similarly affected. Although the T lymphocyte lines express mRNA for the PGD(2) receptor (DP-R), a potent DP receptor agonist, BW245C, did not inhibit the proliferation or viability of the cells, suggesting an alternative mechanism of action. PGD(2) and 15-d-PGJ(2) can bind to the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) which is implicated in lipid metabolism and apoptosis. Exposure to synthetic PPAR-gamma ligands (e.g. ciglitazone, troglitazone) mimicked the inhibitory responses of PGD(2) and 15-d-PGJ(2), and induced apoptosis in the transformed T cells consistent with a PPAR-gamma-dependent mechanism. These observations suggest that PPAR-gamma ligands (which may include PGD2) provide strong apoptotic signals to transformed, but not normal T lymphocytes. Thus, the efficacy of utilizing PPAR-gamma and its ligands as therapeutics for human T cell cancers needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Setoguchi K, Misaki Y, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kawahata K, Kadowaki T, Yamamoto K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma haploinsufficiency enhances B cell proliferative responses and exacerbates experimentally induced arthritis. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1667-75. [PMID: 11733562 PMCID: PMC200985 DOI: 10.1172/jci13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma) controls adipogenesis and glucose metabolism. It was reported recently that PPAR gamma activation by its agonistic ligands modifies lymphocyte function. Since synthetic ligands are known to exert their effect via PPAR gamma-dependent and -independent pathways, we examined the physiological role of PPAR gamma in lymphocytes by using heterozygote mutant mice in which one allele of PPAR gamma is deleted (PPAR gamma(+/-)). In contrast to T cells, which did not exhibit a significant difference, B cells from PPAR gamma(+/-) showed an enhanced proliferative response to stimulation by either lipopolysaccharide or cross-linking of antigen receptors. Dysregulation of the NF-kappa B pathway in B cells from PPAR gamma(+/-) was indicated by spontaneous NF-kappa B activation, as well as increased I kappa B alpha phosphorylation and gel-shift activity following LPS stimulation. Mice primed with either ovalbumin or methylated BSA also showed enhanced antigen-specific immune response of both T and B cells, an immunological abnormality that exacerbated antigen-induced arthritis. These findings indicate that PPAR gamma plays a critical role in the control of B cell response and imply a role in diseases in which B cell hyperreactivity is involved, such as arthritis and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Setoguchi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Benayoun L, Letuve S, Druilhe A, Boczkowski J, Dombret MC, Mechighel P, Megret J, Leseche G, Aubier M, Pretolani M. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in human asthmatic airways: relationship with proliferation, apoptosis, and airway remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1487-94. [PMID: 11704601 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway inflammation and alterations in cellular turnover are histopathologic features of asthma. We show that the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), a nuclear hormone receptor involved in cell activation, differentiation, proliferation, and/or apoptosis, is augmented in the bronchial submucosa, the airway epithelium, and the smooth muscle of steroid-untreated asthmatics, as compared with control subjects. This is associated with enhanced proliferation and apoptosis of airway epithelial and submucosal cells, as assessed by the immunodetection of the nuclear antigen Ki67, and of the cleaved form of caspase-3, respectively, and with signs of airway remodeling, including thickness of the subepithelial membrane (SBM) and collagen deposition. PPAR gamma expression in the epithelium correlates positively with SBM thickening and collagen deposition, whereas PPAR gamma expressing cells in the submucosa relate both to SBM thickening and to the number of proliferating cells. The intensity of PPAR gamma expression in the bronchial submucosa, the airway epithelium, and the smooth muscle is negatively related to FEV(1) values. Inhaled steroids alone, or associated with oral steroids, downregulate PPAR gamma expression in all the compartments, cell proliferation, SBM thickness, and collagen deposition, whereas they increase apoptotic cell numbers in the epithelium and the submucosa. Our findings have demonstrated that PPAR gamma (1) is a new indicator of airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma; (2) may be involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and submucosal cell proliferation; (3) is a target for steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Benayoun
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 408, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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Faveeuw C, Fougeray S, Angeli V, Fontaine J, Chinetti G, Gosset P, Delerive P, Maliszewski C, Capron M, Staels B, Moser M, Trottein F. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit interleukin-12 production in murine dendritic cells. FEBS Lett 2000; 486:261-6. [PMID: 11119715 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)02319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. They are divided into three subtypes (alpha, beta or delta, and gamma) and are involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis and in the control of inflammation. In this study, we analyzed the expression of PPARs in murine dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells. We find that immature as well as mature spleen-derived DCs express PPARgamma, but not PPARalpha, mRNA and protein. We also show that the PPARgamma activator rosiglitazone does not interfere with the maturation of DCs in vitro nor modifies their ability to activate naive T lymphocytes in vivo. Finally, we present evidence that PPARgamma activators down-modulate the CD40-induced secretion of interleukin-12, a potent Th1-driving factor. These data suggest a possible role for PPARgamma in the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Faveeuw
- INSERM U167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
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