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Tarutani A, Hasegawa M. Ultrastructures of α-Synuclein Filaments in Synucleinopathy Brains and Experimental Models. J Mov Disord 2024; 17:15-29. [PMID: 37990381 PMCID: PMC10846975 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions are a neuropathological hallmark of Lewy body disease (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), both of which are termed synucleinopathies. LBD is defined by Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in neurons, while MSA displays glial cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes. Pathological α-syn adopts an ordered filamentous structure with a 5-10 nm filament diameter, and this conformational change has been suggested to be involved in the disease onset and progression. Synucleinopathies also exhibit characteristic ultrastructural and biochemical properties of α-syn filaments, and α-syn strains with distinct conformations have been identified. Numerous experimental studies have supported the idea that pathological α-syn self-amplifies and spreads throughout the brain, during which processes the conformation of α-syn filaments may drive the disease specificity. In this review, we summarize the ultrastructural features and heterogeneity of α-syn filaments in the brains of patients with synucleinopathy and in experimental models of seeded α-syn aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Tarutani
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Altay MF, Kumar ST, Burtscher J, Jagannath S, Strand C, Miki Y, Parkkinen L, Holton JL, Lashuel HA. Development and validation of an expanded antibody toolset that captures alpha-synuclein pathological diversity in Lewy body diseases. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:161. [PMID: 38062007 PMCID: PMC10703845 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The abnormal aggregation and accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) in the brain is a defining hallmark of synucleinopathies. Various aSyn conformations and post-translationally modified forms accumulate in pathological inclusions and vary in abundance among these disorders. Relying on antibodies that have not been assessed for their ability to detect the diverse forms of aSyn may lead to inaccurate estimations of aSyn pathology in human brains or disease models. To address this challenge, we developed and characterized an expanded antibody panel that targets different sequences and post-translational modifications along the length of aSyn, and that recognizes all monomeric, oligomeric, and fibrillar aSyn conformations. Next, we profiled aSyn pathology across sporadic and familial Lewy body diseases (LBDs) and reveal heterogeneous forms of aSyn pathology, rich in Serine 129 phosphorylation, Tyrosine 39 nitration and N- and C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylations, scattered both to neurons and glia. In addition, we show that aSyn can become hyperphosphorylated during processes of aggregation and inclusion maturation in neuronal and animal models of aSyn seeding and spreading. The validation pipeline we describe for these antibodies paves the way for systematic investigations into aSyn pathological diversity in the human brain, peripheral tissues, as well as in cellular and animal models of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Firat Altay
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Senthil T Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somanath Jagannath
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Laura Parkkinen
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janice L Holton
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Yang Y, Garringer HJ, Shi Y, Lövestam S, Peak-Chew S, Zhang X, Kotecha A, Bacioglu M, Koto A, Takao M, Spillantini MG, Ghetti B, Vidal R, Murzin AG, Scheres SHW, Goedert M. New SNCA mutation and structures of α-synuclein filaments from juvenile-onset synucleinopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:561-572. [PMID: 36847833 PMCID: PMC10119069 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A 21-nucleotide duplication in one allele of SNCA was identified in a previously described disease with abundant α-synuclein inclusions that we now call juvenile-onset synucleinopathy (JOS). This mutation translates into the insertion of MAAAEKT after residue 22 of α-synuclein, resulting in a protein of 147 amino acids. Both wild-type and mutant proteins were present in sarkosyl-insoluble material that was extracted from frontal cortex of the individual with JOS and examined by electron cryo-microscopy. The structures of JOS filaments, comprising either a single protofilament, or a pair of protofilaments, revealed a new α-synuclein fold that differs from the folds of Lewy body diseases and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The JOS fold consists of a compact core, the sequence of which (residues 36-100 of wild-type α-synuclein) is unaffected by the mutation, and two disconnected density islands (A and B) of mixed sequences. There is a non-proteinaceous cofactor bound between the core and island A. The JOS fold resembles the common substructure of MSA Type I and Type II dimeric filaments, with its core segment approximating the C-terminal body of MSA protofilaments B and its islands mimicking the N-terminal arm of MSA protofilaments A. The partial similarity of JOS and MSA folds extends to the locations of their cofactor-binding sites. In vitro assembly of recombinant wild-type α-synuclein, its insertion mutant and their mixture yielded structures that were distinct from those of JOS filaments. Our findings provide insight into a possible mechanism of JOS fibrillation in which mutant α-synuclein of 147 amino acids forms a nucleus with the JOS fold, around which wild-type and mutant proteins assemble during elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sofia Lövestam
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sew Peak-Chew
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xianjun Zhang
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mehtap Bacioglu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Atsuo Koto
- Yomiuri-Land Keiyu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Internal Medicine, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | | | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexey G Murzin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sjors H W Scheres
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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Schweighauser M, Arseni D, Bacioglu M, Huang M, Lövestam S, Shi Y, Yang Y, Zhang W, Kotecha A, Garringer HJ, Vidal R, Hallinan GI, Newell KL, Tarutani A, Murayama S, Miyazaki M, Saito Y, Yoshida M, Hasegawa K, Lashley T, Revesz T, Kovacs GG, van Swieten J, Takao M, Hasegawa M, Ghetti B, Spillantini MG, Ryskeldi-Falcon B, Murzin AG, Goedert M, Scheres SHW. Age-dependent formation of TMEM106B amyloid filaments in human brains. Nature 2022; 605:310-314. [PMID: 35344985 PMCID: PMC9095482 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are characterized by abundant inclusions of amyloid filaments. Filamentous inclusions of the proteins tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein and transactive response DNA-binding protein (TARDBP; also known as TDP-43) are the most common1,2. Here we used structure determination by cryogenic electron microscopy to show that residues 120-254 of the lysosomal type II transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) also form amyloid filaments in human brains. We determined the structures of TMEM106B filaments from a number of brain regions of 22 individuals with abundant amyloid deposits, including those resulting from sporadic and inherited tauopathies, amyloid-β amyloidoses, synucleinopathies and TDP-43 proteinopathies, as well as from the frontal cortex of 3 individuals with normal neurology and no or only a few amyloid deposits. We observed three TMEM106B folds, with no clear relationships between folds and diseases. TMEM106B filaments correlated with the presence of a 29-kDa sarkosyl-insoluble fragment and globular cytoplasmic inclusions, as detected by an antibody specific to the carboxy-terminal region of TMEM106B. The identification of TMEM106B filaments in the brains of older, but not younger, individuals with normal neurology indicates that they form in an age-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Arseni
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mehtap Bacioglu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melissa Huang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sofia Lövestam
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yang Shi
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yang Yang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Institute of Prion Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Holly J Garringer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruben Vidal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Grace I Hallinan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Airi Tarutani
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyazaki
- Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kazuko Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tamas Revesz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Alexey G Murzin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michel Goedert
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Sjors H W Scheres
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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5
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Genetics of synucleins in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:471-490. [PMID: 32740728 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SNCA locus currently has an indisputable role in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. The role of genetic variability in the other members of the synuclein family (SNCB and SNCG) in disease is far less clear. In this review, we critically assess the pathogenicity, main characteristics, and roles of genetic variants in these genes reported to be causative of synucleinopathies. We also summarize the different association signals identified in the SNCA locus that have been associated with risk for disease. We take a bird's eye view of the variability currently reported in the general population for the three genes and use these data to infer on the potential relationship between each of the genes and human disease.
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Nishihara H, Omoto M, Takao M, Higuchi Y, Koga M, Kawai M, Kawano H, Ikeda E, Takashima H, Kanda T. Autopsy case of the C12orf65 mutation in a patient with signs of mitochondrial dysfunction. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e171. [PMID: 28804760 PMCID: PMC5532748 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To describe the autopsy case of a patient with a homozygous 2-base deletion, c171_172delGA (p.N58fs), in the C12orf65 gene. Methods: We described the clinical history, neuroimaging data, neuropathology, and genetic analysis of the patients with C12orf65 mutations. Results: The patient was a Japanese woman with a history of delayed psychomotor development, primary amenorrhea, and gait disturbance in her 20s. She was hospitalized because of respiratory failure at the age of 60. Pectus excavatum, long fingers and toes, and pes cavus were revealed by physical examination. Her IQ score was 44. Neurologic examination revealed ophthalmoplegia, optic atrophy, dysphagia, distal dominant muscle weakness and atrophy, hyperreflexia at patellar tendon reflex, hyporeflexia at Achilles tendon reflex, and extensor plantar reflexes. At age 60, she died of pneumonia. Lactate levels were elevated in the patient's serum and CSF. T2-weighted brain MRI showed symmetrical hyperintense brainstem lesions. At autopsy, axial sections exposed symmetrical cyst formation with brownish lesions in the upper spinal cord, ventral medulla, pons, dorsal midbrain, and medial hypothalamus. Microscopic analysis of these areas demonstrated mild gliosis with rarefaction. Cell bodies in the choroid plexuses were eosinophilic and swollen. Electron microscopic examination revealed that these cells contained numerous abnormal mitochondria. Whole-exome sequencing revealed the 2-base deletion in C12orf65. Conclusions: We report an autopsy case of the C12orf65 mutation, and findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may underlie the unique clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Nishihara
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Omoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Michiaki Koga
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Motoharu Kawai
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kawano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Eiji Ikeda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience (H.N., M.O., M. Koga, M. Kawai, T.K.), Department of Laboratory Science (H.K.), Department of Pathology (E.I.), Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Neurology and Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.T.), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Japan; and Department of Neurology and Geriatrics (Y.H., H.T.), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
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Kosari F, Akbarzadeh Hosseini S, Saffar H. Alpha-Synuclein Expression in Acute Erythroleukaemia, Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia, and Normal Counterparts in Bone Marrow. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 12:74-78. [PMID: 29760756 PMCID: PMC5938727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein is a member of synuclein family of proteins with unidentified function localized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria of neurons, and presynaptic nerve endings. Although it is found in the Lewy bodies in synucleinopathies and in Alzheimer's disease, the protein could also be considered as a novel marker in diagnosis of diseases related to the hematopoietic system. METHODS The current study evaluated alpha-synuclein expression in bone marrow sections obtained from 9 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML)-M6, 2 patients with AML-M7, and 56 patients with other forms of AML by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. RESULTS Seven out of 9 cases with erythroleukemia (66.7%) and 1 of the 2 cases with M7 (50%) were positive. In contrast; the blasts in 2 out of 56 AML cases with non-M6/M7 (3.6%) showed positive staining. Accordingly, alpha-synuclein was positive in normal erythroid precursors and megakaryocytes (if existing) in these cases; while, it was negative in lymphoid and myeloid precursors. CONCLUSION Alpha-synuclein expression in non-neoplastic and neoplastic erythroid cells and megakaryocytes could be used as a complementary and useful marker for distinction between AML-M6/M7 and other types of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Kosari
- Corresponding Information: Dr Farid Kosari. Department of Pathology Department, Shariati Hospital, Kargar St., Tehran, Iran. Tel: 0098 9123435346.
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Takao M, Hirose N, Arai Y, Mihara B, Mimura M. Neuropathology of supercentenarians - four autopsy case studies. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:97. [PMID: 27590044 PMCID: PMC5010697 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supercentenarians (aged 110 years old or more) are extremely rare in the world population (the number of living supercentenarians is estimated as 47 in the world), and details about their neuropathological information are limited. Based on previous studies, centenarians (aged 100–109 years old) exhibit several types of neuropathological changes, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body disease pathology, primary age-related tauopathy, TDP-43 pathology, and hippocampal sclerosis. In the present study, we provide results from neuropathological analyses of four supercentenarian autopsy cases using conventional and immunohistochemical analysis for neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, we focused on the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease and Lewy body disease, as well as the status of hippocampal sclerosis, TDP-43 pathology, aging-related tau astrogliopathy, and cerebrovascular diseases. Three cases were characterized as an “intermediate” level of Alzheimer’s disease changes (NIA-AA guideline) and one was characterized as primary age-related tauopathy. TDP-43 deposits were present in the hippocampus in two cases. Neither Lewy body pathology nor hippocampal sclerosis was observed. Aging-related tau astrogliopathy was consistently observed, particularly in the basal forebrain. Small vessel diseases were also present, but they were relatively mild for cerebral amyloid-beta angiopathy and arteriolosclerosis. Although our study involved a small number of cases, the results provide a better understanding about human longevity. Neuropathological alterations associated with aging were mild to moderate in the supercentenarian brain, suggesting that these individuals might have some neuroprotective factors against aging. Future prospective studies and extensive molecular analyses are needed to determine the mechanisms of human longevity.
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9
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McCann H, Fung VSC, Klein C, Halliday GM. Unusual α-synuclein and cerebellar pathologies in a case of hereditary myoclonus-dystonia without SGCE mutation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:837-42. [PMID: 25582306 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather McCann
- Sydney Brain Bank, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Sydney Brain Bank, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, Sydney, Australia
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10
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Funabe S, Takao M, Saito Y, Hatsuta H, Sugiyama M, Ito S, Kanemaru K, Sawabe M, Arai T, Mochizuki H, Hattori N, Murayama S. Neuropathologic analysis of Lewy-related α-synucleinopathy in olfactory mucosa. Neuropathology 2012; 33:47-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2012.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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11
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Kim SY, Seong MW, Jeon BS, Kim SY, Ko HS, Kim JY, Park SS. Phase analysis identifies compound heterozygous deletions of the PARK2 gene in patients with early-onset Parkinson disease. Clin Genet 2011; 82:77-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Maitta RW, Wolgast LR, Wang Q, Zhang H, Bhattacharyya P, Gong JZ, Sunkara J, Albanese JM, Pizzolo JG, A.Cannizzaro L, Ramesh K, Ratech H. Alpha- and beta-synucleins are new diagnostic tools for acute erythroid leukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:230-4. [PMID: 21264917 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a key component of the Lewy body, a large globular protein complex that forms in the nervous system of patients with Parkinson disease and other dementias [1-3]. Since α-synuclein also occurs in megakaryocytic and erythroid lineages [4-7], we wondered what role synucleins had in the hematopoietic system. Therefore, we studied the expression of α-, β-, and γ-synucleins in a comprehensive panel of patient bone marrows and leukemic cell lines. We observed under expression of α-synuclein in the megakaryocytes of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), but not normal reactive marrow (NRM) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Conversely, we observed over expression of β-synuclein in the blasts of megakaryoblastic leukemias (MegL), but not acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or erythroleukemia (EryL), suggesting that α- and β-synucleins could be useful adjunct markers for the early detection of MDS and the differential diagnosis of EryL and MegL from other AMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Maitta
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Lucia R. Wolgast
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Qing Wang
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | | | | | - Jaya Sunkara
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Joseph M. Albanese
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - John G. Pizzolo
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Linda A.Cannizzaro
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - K.H. Ramesh
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
| | - Howard Ratech
- Montefiore Medical Center /Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York
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13
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Burns MP, Zhang L, Rebeck GW, Querfurth HW, Moussa CEH. Parkin promotes intracellular Abeta1-42 clearance. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3206-16. [PMID: 19483198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are common neurodegenerative diseases that may share some underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis. Abeta(1-42) fragments are found intracellularly, and extracellularly as amyloid plaques, in Alzheimer's disease and in dementia with Lewy Bodies. Parkin is an E3-ubiquitin ligase involved in proteasomal degradation of intracellular proteins. Mutations in parkin, which result in loss of parkin function, lead to early onset Parkinsonism. Here we tested whether the ubiquitin ligase activity of parkin could lead to reduction in intracellular human Abeta(1-42). Lentiviral constructs encoding either human parkin or human Abeta(1-42) were used to infect M17 neuroblastoma cells. Parkin expression resulted in reduction of intracellular human Abeta(1-42) levels and protected against its toxicity in M17 cells. Co-injection of lentiviral constructs into control rat primary motor cortex demonstrated that parkin co-expression reduced human Abeta(1-42) levels and Abeta(1-42)-induced neuronal degeneration in vivo. Parkin increased proteasomal activity, and proteasomal inhibition blocked the effects of parkin on reducing Abeta(1-42) levels. Incubation of Abeta(1-42) cell lysates with ubiquitin, in the presence of parkin, demonstrated the generation of Abeta-ubiquitin complexes. These data indicate that parkin promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of intracellular Abeta(1-42) and demonstrate a protective effect in neurodegenerative diseases with Abeta deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Burns
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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14
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Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Milne J, Andras A, Abdel-All Z, Cerejeira J, Greally E, Robson J, Jaros E, Perry R, McKeith IG, Brayne C, Xuereb J, Cleghorn A, Doherty J, McIntosh G, Milton I. Alpha- and gamma-synuclein proteins are present in cerebrospinal fluid and are increased in aged subjects with neurodegenerative and vascular changes. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 26:32-42. [PMID: 18577885 DOI: 10.1159/000141039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease-specific biomarkers should reflect a fundamental feature of neuropathology and be validated in neuropathologically confirmed cases. Several synaptic proteins have been described in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with dementia. In Lewy body disease alpha-synuclein is incorporated within Lewy bodies and alpha-, beta- and gamma-synucleins in dystrophic neuritis. These pathological changes are expected to be seen in CSF. METHODS A total of 25 CSF post-mortem samples (8 control and 17 subjects with dementia) were used to quantify alpha- and gamma-synucleins and IgG. RESULTS We describe for the first time the presence of gamma-synuclein in CSF. There is an elevation of both alpha- and gamma-synucleins in CSF from elderly individuals with Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease (LBD) and vascular dementia (CVD), compared to normal controls. gamma-Synuclein showed a greater elevation in LBD, IgG in CVD. The elevation of alpha- and gamma-synucleins was seen from Braak stage III onwards and remained stable until Braak stage VI. These results were not influenced by age at death or post-mortem delay. CONCLUSIONS The reported increases in alpha- and gamma-synucleins and IgG in the ventricular CSF of individuals with dementia are novel findings. They now need to be explored further using a greater number of cases in each subgroup, using lumbar CSF samples to determine their applicability and relevance to a clinical diagnostic setting. It needs to be established whether using these markers may help to discriminate LBD from other types of neurodegenerative and vascular dementias.
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15
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alpha-Synuclein pathology in the neostriatum in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:453-9. [PMID: 18000672 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We immunohistochemically examined the neostriatum from 25 patients with symptomatic and presymptomatic Parkinson's disease (PD) with various degrees of Lewy body pathology, using anti-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein (alphaS) antibody. These patients were classified according to the PD staging proposed by Braak et al. (Neurobiol Aging 24:197-211, 2003): stage II (alphaS pathology confined to the medulla oblongata and pontine tegmentum), stage III (alphaS pathology confined to the brainstem), stage IV (limbic stage), and stages V and VI (neocortical stage). alphaS immunohistochemistry revealed neuronal and glial cytoplasmic inclusions and neuritic changes in the neostriatum. alphaS inclusions were found in the medium-sized neurons (GABAergic neurons that project to the globus pallidus) and large neurons (cholinergic interneurons); the former began to appear at stage III and the latter was noted at stages V and VI. Neuritic changes and glial inclusions also began to appear at stage III. The numbers of neuronal and glial inclusions, and the extent of neuritic changes, correlated with the PD stage (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that intrinsic neostriatal neurons degenerate through alphaS aggregation during PD progression.
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16
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Spina S, Murrell JR, Yoshida H, Ghetti B, Bermingham N, Sweeney B, Dlouhy SR, Crowther RA, Goedert M, Keohane C. The novel Tau mutation G335S: clinical, neuropathological and molecular characterization. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 113:461-70. [PMID: 17186252 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Tau cause the inherited neurodegenerative disease, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). Known coding region mutations cluster in the microtubule-binding region, where they alter the ability of tau to promote microtubule assembly. Depending on the tau isoforms, this region consists of three or four imperfect repeats of 31 or 32 amino acids, each of which contains a characteristic and invariant PGGG motif. Here, we report the novel G335S mutation, which changes the PGGG motif of the third tau repeat to PGGS, in an individual who developed social withdrawal, emotional bluntness and stereotypic behavior at age 22, followed by disinhibition, hyperorality and ideomotor apraxia. Abundant tau-positive inclusions were present in neurons and glia in the frontotemporal cortex, hippocampus and brainstem. Sarkosyl-insoluble tau showed paired helical and straight filaments, as well as more irregular rope-like filaments. The pattern of pathological tau bands was like that of Alzheimer disease. Experimentally, the G335S mutation resulted in a greatly reduced ability of tau to promote microtubule assembly, while having no significant effect on heparin-induced assembly of recombinant tau into filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Spina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive MS A138, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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17
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Takao M, Tsuchiya K, Mimura M, Momoshima S, Kondo H, Akiyama H, Suzuki N, Mihara B, Takagi Y, Koto A. Corticobasal degeneration as cause of progressive non-fluent aphasia: clinical, radiological and pathological study of an autopsy case. Neuropathology 2007; 26:569-78. [PMID: 17203595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Japanese male developed gradual loss of spontaneous speech at age 60. Three years later meaningful speech had deteriorated to the point that it had become restricted to monotonous utterances. Neuropsychological examination at age 62 showed that he had severe non-fluent aphasia. A brain MRI demonstrated mild cortical atrophy with ischemic lesions in the cerebral white matter. He was diagnosed as having primary progressive aphasia. At age 63, he was admitted to the hospital to reevaluate the neurological condition. Neurologic examination showed severe non-fluent aphasia, hyperreflexia, snout and sucking reflexes. No alien hand was observed. He was able to walk, dress, wash himself and use chopsticks as well as name real objects. At age 65, 99Tc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission computed tomography (HMPAO-SPECT) revealed diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion that was particularly prominent in the left frontal lobe. An MRI showed progressive cortical atrophy with the definite atrophy of the left paracentral gyrus. The hippocampal formation and putamen were also atrophic. He died of pneumonia at age 67. The brain weighed 810 g with atrophy of the frontal lobe, globus pallidus, enlargement of the lateral ventricles and depigmentation of the substantia nigra. Microscopic examination showed severe neuronal loss and gliosis in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus interna and substantia nigra. Ballooned neurons were observed in the cerebral cortex. Gallyas-Braak method revealed numerous astrocytic plaques and argentophilic threads in the cerebrum. Clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration sometimes is difficult in individuals with atypical clinical presentations. More exact clinical and radiological criteria may warrant a diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Gunma, Japan.
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18
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Tofaris GK, Garcia Reitböck P, Humby T, Lambourne SL, O’Connell M, Ghetti B, Gossage H, Emson PC, Wilkinson LS, Goedert M, Grazia Spillantini M. Pathological changes in dopaminergic nerve cells of the substantia nigra and olfactory bulb in mice transgenic for truncated human alpha-synuclein(1-120): implications for Lewy body disorders. J Neurosci 2006; 26:3942-50. [PMID: 16611810 PMCID: PMC6673887 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4965-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the 140 aa protein alpha-synuclein plays a central role in Lewy body disorders, including Parkinson's disease, as well as in multiple system atrophy. Here, we show that the expression of truncated human alpha-synuclein(1-120), driven by the rat tyrosine hydroxylase promoter on a mouse alpha-synuclein null background, leads to the formation of pathological inclusions in the substantia nigra and olfactory bulb and to a reduction in striatal dopamine levels. At the behavioral level, the transgenic mice showed a progressive reduction in spontaneous locomotion and an increased response to amphetamine. These findings suggest that the C-terminal of alpha-synuclein is an important regulator of aggregation in vivo and will help to understand the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Lewy body disorders and multiple system atrophy.
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Li X, Kitami T, Wang M, Mizuno Y, Hattori N. Geographic and ethnic differences in frequencies of two polymorphisms (D/N394 and L/I272) of the parkin gene in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005; 11:485-91. [PMID: 16269266 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we evaluated the allele frequency of the D/N394 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 11 of the parkin gene in 200 Japanese patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) and 200 normal controls. Although the reported allele frequency of G-to-A (D/N394) is 2% in Caucasians, this SNP was not detected in Japanese patients and healthy controls. Evaluation of L/I272 polymorphism, a C-to-A transition in exon 7, showed the polymorphism in only six controls, but not in PD patients. Our results suggest that the frequencies of parkin polymorphisms are different among Asians and Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Li
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, 113-8421, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Yamaguchi K, Cochran EJ, Murrell JR, Polymeropoulos MH, Shannon KM, Crowther RA, Goedert M, Ghetti B. Abundant neuritic inclusions and microvacuolar changes in a case of diffuse Lewy body disease with the A53T mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 110:298-305. [PMID: 15981014 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report here a case of diffuse Lewy body disease with the A53T mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene. The proband presented at the age of 41 years with parkinsonism that was poorly responsive to levodopa. She subsequently developed cognitive impairment and moderate dementia, and died at the age of 50. Her father, paternal grandfather and uncle were all reported to have suffered from Parkinson's disease. Staining of tissue sections from the proband's brain with hematoxylin-eosin and alpha-synuclein antibodies showed small numbers of Lewy bodies in a few brain regions. This contrasted with large numbers of Lewy neurites and neuroaxonal spheroids in many brain regions. By electron microscopy, Lewy neurites consisted of abnormal filaments and dense granular material. Isolated filaments resembled those previously described in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. They were decorated by antibodies specific for the N and C termini of alpha-synuclein, indicating the presence of the full-length protein. Nucleus accumbens and the lower layers in limbic areas of the cerebral cortex showed prominent vacuolation, with frequent clustering of microvacuoles around Lewy neurites. Nerve cell loss was most extensive in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, substantia nigra and nucleus basalis of Meynert. Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques were not observed. However, in several brain regions, a few widely scattered tau-positive nerve cell bodies and neurites were present. By electron microscopy, Alzheimer-type paired helical and straight filaments were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Neuropathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
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