1
|
Gilaverte Hentz S, Reyes Reyes FG, Kaschuk G, Bittencourt de Oliveira L, Machado Fernandes MA, Gomes Monteiro AL. Does Faeces Excreted by Moxidectin-Treated Sheep Impact Coprophagous Insects and the Activity of Soil Microbiota in Subtropical Pastures? SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:1960065. [PMID: 38356694 PMCID: PMC10866637 DOI: 10.1155/2024/1960065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Moxidectin (MOX) is used to control helminth parasites in ruminant livestock. It is released through feces and remains in the environment for a long period. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of faeces excreted by moxidectin-treated sheep on soil biodiversity (coprophagous insects, soil microbial biomass, and activity) to establish environment-related guidelines regarding the use of MOX in sheep livestock. The study consisted of two experiments. In the first one, faeces from MOX-treated (subcutaneous dose of 0.2 mg·kg-1 body weight) and nontreated rams were placed on an animal-free pasture field, protected or not against rain, for 88 days. Then, coprophagous insects were captured, identified, and counted, and faeces degradation was evaluated by measuring dry weight and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents over time. Diptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, and Coleoptera were equally encountered in faeces from MOX-treated and nontreated animals. Faecal boluses of MOX-treated animals (with higher N content) not protected against rain degraded faster than faecal boluses of nontreated animals (with lower N content). In the second experiment, faeces from nontreated animals were amended with increasing amounts of MOX (75 to 3,000 ng·kg-1 faeces), mixed with soil samples from animal-free pasture (1.9 to 75 ng·kg-1 soil), and incubated in a greenhouse for 28 days. Increasing concentrations of MOX did not prevent the growth of cultivable bacteria, actinobacteria, or fungi in culture media. However, even the lower MOX concentration (1.9 ng·kg-1 soil) abruptly decreased soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, and N mineralization. Thus, the results indicate that faeces excreted from sheep treated with MOX under the experimental conditions of this study are not harmful to the coprophagous insects. However, adding MOX to faeces from drug-free sheep had a negative impact on soil microbial activity and biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gilaverte Hentz
- Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80, CEP 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaciela Kaschuk
- Department of Soil and Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Leandro Bittencourt de Oliveira
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Protection, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Angela Machado Fernandes
- Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alda Lúcia Gomes Monteiro
- Sheep and Goat Production and Research Center, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Serrão JE, Plata-Rueda A, Martínez LC, Zanuncio JC. Side-effects of pesticides on non-target insects in agriculture: a mini-review. Naturwissenschaften 2022; 109:17. [PMID: 35138481 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Climate change mediated by anthropogenic activity induces significant alterations on pest abundance and behavior and a potential increase in the use of agrochemicals for crop protection. Pesticides have been a tool in the control of pests, diseases, and weeds of agricultural systems. However, little attention has been given to their toxic effects on beneficial insect communities that contribute to the maintenance and sustainability of agroecosystems. In addition to pesticide-induced direct mortality, their sublethal effects on arthropod physiology and behavior must be considered for a complete analysis of their impact. This review describes the sublethal effects of pesticides on agriculturally beneficial insects and provides new information about the impacts on the behavior and physiology of these insects. The different types of sublethal effects of pesticides used in agriculture on pollinators, predators, parasitoids, and coprophagous insects were detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Angelica Plata-Rueda
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Martínez
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Canton L, Lanusse C, Moreno L. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Infectious Diseases: Issues Related to Drug Residues in Edible Animal Tissues. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102878. [PMID: 34679899 PMCID: PMC8532868 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Drug use is essential to treat diseases in food-producing animals. The most widely used drugs are antiparasitics and antimicrobials. They contribute to guaranteeing good-quality food in sufficient quantity for human consumption. When using veterinary medicines, it is essential to follow the instructions on the package label. Administering the correct dose by the indicated route in the animal species for which the drug is labeled is critical. After a pharmacological treatment is administered to livestock, a period (indicated on the label) must often elapse before the tissues from the treated animals can be consumed by humans. Veterinary drug residues are controlled by taking food samples to verify that drug concentrations do not exceed the permitted limits. This allows authorities to know if the medicine use is correct or if suitable corrective measures should be taken. When label’s directions are not followed, drug residues may appear in food. The residues exceeding the permitted limits established by the authorities can produce unfavorable consequences, mainly on the consumer’s health. The food trade and even the environment can be affected by drug residues in animal tissues. Therefore, the correct use of drugs in livestock is critical, which includes respecting the rules to avoid residues in food for human consumption. Abstract Drugs are used in veterinary medicine to prevent or treat animal diseases. When rationally administered to livestock following Good Veterinary Practices (GVP), they greatly contribute to improving the production of food of animal origin. Since humans can be exposed chronically to veterinary drugs through the diet, residues in food are evaluated for effects following chronic exposures. Parameters such as an acceptable daily intake (ADI), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), maximum residue limits (MRLs), and the withdrawal periods (WPs) are determined for each drug used in livestock. Drug residues in food exceeding the MRLs usually appear when failing the GVP application. Different factors related either to the treated animal or to the type of drug administration, and even the type of cooking can affect the level of residues in edible tissues. Residues above the MRLs can have a diverse negative impact, mainly on the consumer’s health, and favor antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Drug residue monitoring programmes are crucial to ensure that prohibited or authorized substances do not exceed MRLs. This comprehensive review article addresses different aspects of drug residues in edible tissues produced as food for human consumption and provides relevant information contributing to rational pharmacotherapy in food-producing animals.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vokřál I, Michaela Š, Radka P, Jiří L, Lukáš P, Dominika S, Kateřina L, Barbora S, Lenka S. Ivermectin environmental impact: Excretion profile in sheep and phytotoxic effect in Sinapis alba. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:944-949. [PMID: 30597795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM), a macrocylic lactone from the avermectin family, is a potent broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug widely used in veterinary as well as human medicine. Although the health benefits of IVM treatment are particularly important, this drug also represents an environmental pollutant with potentially negative effects on many non-target species. To evaluate the ecotoxicological risk of IVM administration to livestock, information evaluating achievable environment-reaching concentration is needed. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the excretion profile of subcutaneously administered IVM in sheep. The standard recommended dose of IVM (0.2 mg kg-1 b.w.) was used. UHPLC/MS/MS was used for the analysis of IVM faecal concentration. In addition, the effect of IVM on seed germination and early roots growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) was evaluated in order to estimate the potential phytotoxic effect of IVM. Based on the obtained results, the parameters of IVM pharmacokinetics (maximum concentration (cmax), time to achieve maximum concentration (tmax), mean residence time (MRT), area under the curve (AUC)) were calculated. IVM elimination in sheep was slow, but faster than the elimination reported previously in cattle. Great interindividual differences were also observed. A two-peak profile of concentration curves indicate the importance of the active efflux of IVM via enterocytes. A "seed germination and early roots growth" test revealed significant IVM phytotoxicity (20% inhibition of root growth) even at 50 nM concentration, a level which may be found in the environment. This newly demonstrated phytotoxicity of IVM together with its well-known toxicity to invertebrates should be taken into account, and thus animals treated with IVM should not be kept in pastures, especially not in sites with high ecological value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Šadibolová Michaela
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Podlipná Radka
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lamka Jiří
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Prchal Lukáš
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sobotová Dominika
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lokvencová Kateřina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Szotáková Barbora
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Skálová Lenka
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schuster RK, Sivakumar S. A xenodiagnostic method using Musca domestica for the diagnosis of gastric habronemosis and examining the anthelmintic efficacy of moxidectin. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:176-81. [PMID: 23845307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Equine habronematidosis has a global distribution and is caused by three spirurid species, Habronema muscae, Habronema microstoma and Draschia megastoma. A case of cutaneous habronematidosis in a stallion in a stable in Dubai, UAE gave occasion to investigate the parasite situation on the farm. Patent H. muscae infections were diagnosed in 18 out of 49 horses in a stable in Dubai, UAE with a xenodiagnostic test using houseflies as indicator host. All horses in the stable were treated with a single dose of moxidectin administered orally as 2% gel in a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg body weight and the efficacy of this targeted treatment was studied. Habronema infection was terminated in all horses. A fly survey conducted at the farm prior and after treatment revealed two muscid species: Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans. Only M. domestica caught at the farm showed a natural infection with Habronema larvae prior and shortly after anthelmintic treatment. Later, examination of flies caught at the farm in monthly intervals up to the end of observation (8 months after treatment) gave negative results. The absence of infection in the intermediate host was an indication of the eradication of stomach worms. The described xenodiagnostic test is a useful tool to diagnose H. muscae infections and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of nematocides in equines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blanckenhorn WU, Puniamoorthy N, Scheffczyk A, Römbke J. Evaluation of eco-toxicological effects of the parasiticide moxidectin in comparison to ivermectin in 11 species of dung flies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 89:15-20. [PMID: 23273869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A standardized bioassay previously developed with ivermectin for the yellow dung fly (Scathophagidae) and the face fly (Muscidae) was applied to test the response of 11 dung fly species to the presumably less toxic parasiticide moxidectin. The results were compared to existing data for the same species tested with ivermectin, albeit two new species (Scathophaga suilla and Musca domestica) were tested here with both the substances. Estimated lethal effect concentrations LC50 at which 50% of the flies died ranged more than tenfold from 0.012 mg moxidectin/kg fresh dung for Sepsis neocynipsea (Sepsidae) to 0.140 mg moxidectin/kg fresh dung for the house fly Musca domestica (Muscidae). In most of the species, we additionally revealed sub-lethal effects at lower moxidectin concentrations in terms of retarded growth and development and reduced body size. Mortality thresholds were about ten times higher for moxidectin than for ivermectin, hence moxidectin is indeed less toxic than ivermectin in absolute terms. Crucially, we obtained strong correlations among the 11 tested fly species in both lethal and sub-lethal responses to the two substances, such that species relatively sensitive to ivermectin were also relatively sensitive to moxidectin. Such correlations are expected if the two substances are structurally related and function in the same manner by disturbing ion channel transport. Methodologically speaking, all species used proved suitable for toxicological testing of parasiticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie & Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lumaret JP, Errouissi F, Floate K, Römbke J, Wardhaugh K. A review on the toxicity and non-target effects of macrocyclic lactones in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13:1004-60. [PMID: 22039795 PMCID: PMC3409360 DOI: 10.2174/138920112800399257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The avermectins, milbemycins and spinosyns are collectively referred to as macrocyclic lactones (MLs) which comprise several classes of chemicals derived from cultures of soil micro-organisms. These compounds are extensively and increasingly used in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Due to their potential effects on non-target organisms, large amounts of information on their impact in the environment has been compiled in recent years, mainly caused by legal requirements related to their marketing authorization or registration. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the present knowledge about the acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of MLs on organisms, mainly invertebrates, in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. Detailed information is presented on the mode-of-action as well as the ecotoxicity of the most important compounds representing the three groups of MLs. This information, based on more than 360 references, is mainly provided in nine tables, presenting the effects of abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, emamectin, moxidectin, and spinosad on individual species of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as well as plants and algae. Since dung dwelling organisms are particularly important non-targets, as they are exposed via dung from treated animals over their whole life-cycle, the information on the effects of MLs on dung communities is compiled in an additional table. The results of this review clearly demonstrate that regarding environmental impacts many macrocyclic lactones are substances of high concern particularly with larval instars of invertebrates. Recent studies have also shown that susceptibility varies with life cycle stage and impacts can be mitigated by using MLs when these stages are not present. However information on the environmental impact of the MLs is scattered across a wide range of specialised scientific journals with research focusing mainly on ivermectin and to a lesser extent on abamectin doramectin and moxidectin. By comparison, information on compounds such as eprinomectin, emamectin and selamectin is still relatively scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Montpellier III, 34199 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suárez VH, Lifschitz AL, Sallovitz JM, Lanusse CE. Effects of faecal residues of moxidectin and doramectin on the activity of arthropods in cattle dung. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1551-1558. [PMID: 18192015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dung invertebrate colonization and degradation levels of faeces from cattle treated with endectocides were studied. Faeces of control and doramectin (DRM) (subcutaneous) and moxidectin (MXD) (subcutaneous and topical) treated animals were deposited on the field from 3 to 21 days post-treatment (pt). Pats were recovered after 6 to 42 days post-deposition (pd). Faecal weight, dry matter, arthropods number, and drugs concentrations were determined. Total arthropods number was higher in control (P<0.0001) than in the other groups from days 3 to 21 pt. Total number of insects recovered on days 3, 11, and 21 pt from control pats was significantly (P<0.001) higher than in treated-animal pats during all the trial. At day 21 pt, the insects' number in dung voided by DRM-treated cattle was (P<0.05) lower than in the other groups. Comparisons of dung degradation among treatments were inconclusive. A lower adverse effect was observed for MXD compared with DRM. No significant degradation of MXD or DRM was observed during the present trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor H Suárez
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Anguil, INTA, CC 11, Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lumaret JP, Errouissi F, Galtier P, Alvinerie M. Pour-on formulation of eprinomectin for cattle: fecal elimination profile and effects on the development of the dung-inhabiting Diptera Neomyia cornicina (L.) (Muscidae). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2005; 24:797-801. [PMID: 15839552 DOI: 10.1897/03-583.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The plasma and fecal concentrations of eprinomectin were determined in cattle following topical administration at a dose rate of 0.5 mg kg(-1). The maximum plasma concentrations of 12.24 ng ml(-1) occurred 2 d after administration, and eprinomectin remained detectable in plasma 29 d after administration (0.10 ng ml(-1)). The maximum dung concentration of 350 ng g(-1) was observed 3 d after administration and thereafter for at least 29 d (4 ng g(-1)). The amount of drug recovered in dung during this period was 20.50%+/-4.31% of the total administered dose. The effects of eprinomectin against the nontarget dung-feeding Diptera Neomyia cornicina was assessed under laboratory conditions. Feces voided by cattle treated with eprinomectin were associated with high larval mortality during the first 12 d after treatment, with null emergence until day 7. The no-observed-effect concentration for N. cornicina was estimated to be close to 7+/-5 ng g(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lumaret
- UMR 5175 CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive), Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Paul Valéry-Montpellier III, Route de Mende, F-34199 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Floate KD, Wardhaugh KG, Boxall ABA, Sherratt TN. Fecal residues of veterinary parasiticides: nontarget effects in the pasture environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 50:153-179. [PMID: 15471531 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Residues of veterinary parasiticides in dung of treated livestock have nontarget effects on dung-breeding insects and dung degradation. Here, we review the nature and extent of these effects, examine the potential risks associated with different classes of chemicals, and describe how greater awareness of these nontarget effects has resulted in regulatory changes in the registration of veterinary products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Floate
- Lethbridge Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Farkas R, Gyurcsó A, Börzsönyi L. Fly larvicidal activity in the faeces of cattle and pigs treated with endectocide products. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2003; 17:301-306. [PMID: 12941015 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays were conducted to study the effect of a single therapeutic dose of injectable ivermectin, doramectin or moxidectin given to cattle and pigs and excreted in their faeces, against larvae of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Five cattle were treated with each of the test products. Cattle faecal samples were collected before treatment and on days 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 16, 20, 23 and 28 after treatment. Three groups of pigs, each comprising 12-14 pregnant sows and gilts, were used in the experiment. Pig faeces was collected from each group before treatment and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 after treatment. Thirty, first-stage larvae were placed into 100 g of faeces. Five replicates were examined for each time-point and for each endectocide group. Evaluation was based on the number of larvae surviving to adult emergence. Low numbers of adults emerged from samples taken from cattle 1 day after treatment, indicating that ivermectin and doramectin were rapidly excreted in the faeces and affected the development of the house fly. A larvicidal effect of both drugs in cattle faeces was present for a period of about 3-4 weeks and lasted a few days longer in cattle treated with doramectin than with ivermectin. In cattle, the larvicidal activity of moxidectin was first observed in faecal samples collected 2 days post-treatment; however, it killed fewer larvae than the other two drugs. The larvicidal effect of moxidectin subsequently decreased. Ivermectin and doramectin exhibited a pronounced larvicidal effect against the house fly in the faeces of pigs. The effect of doramectin was of longer duration. Moxidectin gave the weakest larvicidal effect in pig faeces. The main difference between the results obtained for the two livestock species is that peak toxicity occurred relatively later and for a shorter duration in pig than in cattle faeces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jensen J, Krogh PH, Sverdrup LE. Effects of the antibacterial agents tiamulin, olanquindox and metronidazole and the anthelmintic ivermectin on the soil invertebrate species Folsomia fimetaria (Collembola) and Enchytraeus crypticus (Enchytraeidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 50:437-443. [PMID: 12656265 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary pharmaceutical products such as antibacterial agents and antiparasitics are widely used to control diseases and promote production in the agricultural sector. Exposure of non-target organisms are a likely result of using manure from treated live stocks or from dung dropped on the field by grazing animals. The aim of this study was to determine the toxic threshold levels of three antibacterial agents (tiamulin, olanquindox and metronidazole) and one anthelmintic (ivermectin) to two species of soil dwelling organisms (springtails and enchytraeids), that are often found in bio-solids such as manure or dung. The antibacterial agents were not toxic to adults and effects on reproduction occurred generally above concentrations normally found in soil or dung. The threshold values for toxicity (10% reduced reproduction or EC10 values) were in the range of 61-111 mg kg(-1) dry soil for springtails and 83-722 mg kg(-1) dry soil for enchytraeids. Ivermectin was significantly more toxic with EC10 values of 0.26 mg kg(-1) dry soil for the springtails and 14 mg kg(-1) dry soil for the enchytraeids. A comparison of these results with rough estimates of likely and worse case environmental concentrations indicates a potential risk of ivermectin to non-target species such as springtails and enchytraeids, whereas direct toxic effect of antibacterial agents is very unlikely to occur at environmental realistic concentrations. However, indirect effects of antibacterial agents driven through changes in the food web cannot be abolished at this stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Jensen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 314, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Floate KD, Colwell DD, Fox AS. Reductions of non-pest insects in dung of cattle treated with endectocides: a comparison of four products. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2002; 92:471-81. [PMID: 17598298 DOI: 10.1079/ber2002201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pour-on formulations of four endectocide products were compared to assess the effect of faecal residues on insects developing in naturally-colonized dung of treated cattle. In each of three independent experiments, suppression of insects was associated with application of doramectin, eprinomectin and ivermectin, but no effect was observed for moxidectin. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, suppression of insects was observed for each compound, with the least effect being observed for moxidectin. Based on the number of species affected and duration of suppression, doramectin > ivermectin > eprinomectin >> moxidectin were ranked in descending order of adverse effect. A second set of three independent experiments was performed to assess the effect of endectocide treatment on dung degradation. Delayed degradation was observed for dung of cattle treated with doramectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin in the first experiment. No effect of treatment was detected in the second experiment. An effect of moxidectin was detected in the third experiment, but differences could not be detected with subsequent post-hoc tests. When data were combined across experiments to increase sample sizes, delayed degradation was detected only for eprinomectin. The apparent discrepancy between the low effect of moxidectin on insects versus its effect of dung degradation suggests the confounding action of other unidentified factors. Results of the current study indicate that use of moxidectin is least likely to affect the natural assemblage of insects associated with cattle dung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Floate
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Floate KD, Spooner RW, Colwell DD. Larvicidal activity of endectocides against pest flies in the dung of treated cattle. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 15:117-120. [PMID: 11297096 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cattle were treated with topical formulations of endectocides to assess the larvicidal activity of faecal residues against horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae). In laboratory bioassays, doramectin, eprinomectin and ivermectin suppressed horn fly in dung of cattle treated at least 4 weeks previously and suppressed house fly and stable fly in dung of cattle treated 1-5 weeks previously. Moxidectin suppressed horn fly in dung from cattle treated no more than one week previously and did not suppress house fly and stable fly. Results combined for the three species across two experiments suggested that, ranked in descending order of larvicidal activity, doramectin > ivermectin approximately = eprinomectin >> moxidectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Floate
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Alberta.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pérez R, Cabezas I, Sutra JF, Galtier P, Alvinerie M. Faecal excretion profile of moxidectin and ivermectin after oral administration in horses. Vet J 2001; 161:85-92. [PMID: 11145833 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to evaluate and compare faecal excretion of moxidectin and ivermectin in horses after oral administration of commercially available preparations. Ten clinically healthy adult horses, weighing 390-446 kg body weight (b.w.), were allocated to two experimental groups. Group I was treated with an oral gel formulation of moxidectin at the manufacturer's recommended therapeutic dose of 0.4 mg/kg b.w. Group II was treated with an oral paste formulation of ivermectin at the recommended dose of 0.2 mg/kg b.w. Faecal samples were collected at different times between 1 and 75 days post-treatment. After faecal drug extraction and derivatization, samples were analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using fluorescence detection and computerized kinetic analysis. For both drugs the maximum concentration level was reached at 2.5 days post administration. The ivermectin treatment groups' faecal concentrations remained above the detectable level for 40 days (0.6 +/- 0.3 ng/g), whereas the moxidectin treatment group remained above the detectable level for 75 days (4.3 +/- 2.8 ng/g). Ivermectin presented a faster elimination rate than moxidectin, reaching 90% of the total drug excreted in faeces at four days post-treatment, whereas moxidectin reached similar levels at eight days post-treatment. No significant differences were observed for the values of maximum faecal concentration (C(max)) and time of C(max)(T(max)) between both groups of horses, demonstrating similar patterns of drug transference from plasma to the gastrointestinal tract. The values of the area under the faecal concentration time curve were slightly higher in the moxidectin treatment group (7104 +/- 2277 ng.day/g) but were not significantly different from those obtained in the ivermectin treatment group (5642 +/- 1122 ng.day/g). The results demonstrate that although a 100% higher dose level of moxidectin was used, attaining higher plasma concentration levels and more prolonged excretion and gut secretion than ivermectin, the concentration in faeces only represented 44.3+/- 18.0% of the total parental drug administered compared to 74.3 +/- 20.2% for ivermectin. This suggests a higher level of metabolization for moxidectin in the horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pérez
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Facultad Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Conception, Chile.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guglielmone AA, Mangold AJ, Muñoz Cobeñas ME, Scherling N, García Posse F, Anziani OS, Ioppolo M. Moxidectin pour-on for control of natural populations of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acarina: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2000; 87:237-41. [PMID: 10622616 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifty Bos taurus x Bos indicus heifers naturally infested with Boophilus microplus ticks were divided into two groups of 25 heifers each. Individuals of one group were treated with moxidectin 0.5% pour-on at a dosage of 500 microg of moxidectin/kg body weight and heifers from the other group remained as untreated controls. An efficacy higher than 95% was found on days 7-21 after treatment by using female ticks 4.5-8.0 mm long as the main infestation parameter. A lower, but significant efficacy (p < 0.05) was also found on days 1 (32.3% efficacy) and 27 (73.4% efficacy) post-treatment. Significantly (p < 0.05) lower numbers of immature ticks were also observed on heifers of the treated group from days 7 through 27 after treatment. A lower engorgement weight of female ticks from treated heifers was found on days 1 and 21 after treatment. Treatment also affected reproductive performance (oviposition, egg hatch and number of eggs laid) of female ticks collected on Day 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Guglielmone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Halling-Sørensen B, Nors Nielsen S, Lanzky PF, Ingerslev F, Holten Lützhøft HC, Jørgensen SE. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment--a review. CHEMOSPHERE 1998; 36:357-93. [PMID: 9569937 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1682] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Medical substances (pharmaceuticals) are a group of substances that until recently have been exposed to the environment with very little attention. The reason why they may be interesting as environmental micropollutants, is that medical substances are developed with the intention of performing a biological effect. Especially antibiotics used as growth promoters, as feed additives in fish farms are anticipated to end up in the environment. Very little is known about the exposure routes of the medical substances to the environment. Only few investigations have reported findings of medical substances in other field samples than sediment or treated waste water samples. Several substances seem to be persistent in the environment. This paper outlines the different anticipated exposure routes to the environment, summarises the legislation on the subject and gives an outline of present knowledge of occurrence, fate and effect on both the aquatic and terrestrial environments of medical substances. Present knowledge does not reveal if regular therapeutic use may be the source of a substance carried by sewage effluent into the aquatic system, even though clofibrate, a lipid lowering agent, has been identified in ground and tap water samples from Berlin. Further research would be necessary to assess the environmental risk involved in exposing medical substances and metabolites to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Halling-Sørensen
- Section of Environmental Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|