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Carobeli LR, Meirelles LEDF, Damke GMZF, Damke E, de Souza MVF, Mari NL, Mashiba KH, Shinobu-Mesquita CS, Souza RP, da Silva VRS, Gonçalves RS, Caetano W, Consolaro MEL. Phthalocyanine and Its Formulations: A Promising Photosensitizer for Cervical Cancer Phototherapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122057. [PMID: 34959339 PMCID: PMC8705941 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Despite advances in current therapies, women with advanced or recurrent disease present poor prognosis. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an effective therapeutic alternative to treat oncological diseases such as cervical cancer. Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are considered good photosensitizers (PS) for PDT, although most of them present high levels of aggregation and are lipophilic. Despite many investigations and encouraging results, Pcs have not been approved as PS for PDT of invasive cervical cancer yet. This review presents an overview on the pathophysiology of cervical cancer and summarizes the most recent developments on the physicochemical properties of Pcs and biological results obtained both in vitro in tumor-bearing mice and in clinical tests reported in the last five years. Current evidence indicates that Pcs have potential as pharmaceutical agents for anti-cervical cancer therapy. The authors firmly believe that Pc-based formulations could emerge as a privileged scaffold for the establishment of lead compounds for PDT against different types of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara R. Carobeli
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Lyvia E. de F. Meirelles
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Gabrielle M. Z. F. Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Edilson Damke
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Maria V. F. de Souza
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Natália L. Mari
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Kayane H. Mashiba
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Cristiane S. Shinobu-Mesquita
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Raquel P. Souza
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Vânia R. S. da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
| | - Renato S. Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (R.S.G.); (W.C.)
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (R.S.G.); (W.C.)
| | - Márcia E. L. Consolaro
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil; (L.R.C.); (L.E.d.F.M.); (G.M.Z.F.D.); (E.D.); (M.V.F.d.S.); (N.L.M.); (K.H.M.); (C.S.S.-M.); (R.P.S.); (V.R.S.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-44-3011-5455
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Huang L, El-Hussein A, Xuan W, Hamblin MR. Potentiation by potassium iodide reveals that the anionic porphyrin TPPS4 is a surprisingly effective photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:277-286. [PMID: 29172135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that addition of the non-toxic salt, potassium iodide can potentiate antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation of a broad-spectrum of microorganisms, producing many extra logs of killing. If the photosensitizer (PS) can bind to the microbial cells, then delivering light in the presence of KI produces short-lived reactive iodine species, while if the cells are added after light the killing is caused by molecular iodine produced as a result of singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation of iodide. In an attempt to show the importance of PS-bacterial binding, we compared two charged porphyrins, TPPS4 (thought to be anionic and not able to bind to Gram-negative bacteria) and TMPyP4 (considered cationic and well able to bind to bacteria). As expected TPPS4+light did not kill Gram-negative Escherichia coli, but surprisingly when 100mM KI was added, it was highly effective (eradication at 200nM+10J/cm2 of 415nm light). TPPS4 was more effective than TMPyP4 in eradicating the Gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the fungal yeast Candida albicans (regardless of KI). TPPS4 was also highly active against E. coli after a centrifugation step when KI was added, suggesting that the supposedly anionic porphyrin bound to bacteria and Candida. This was confirmed by uptake experiments. We compared the phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate derivative (ClAlPCS4), which did not bind to bacteria or allow KI-mediated killing of E. coli after a spin, suggesting it was truly anionic. We conclude that TPPS4 behaves as if it has some cationic character in the presence of bacteria, which may be related to its delivery from suppliers in the form of a dihydrochloride salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Rollakanti KR, Anand S, Davis SC, Pogue BW, Maytin EV. Noninvasive Optical Imaging of UV-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Murine Skin: Studies of Early Tumor Development and Vitamin D Enhancement of Protoporphyrin IX Production. Photochem Photobiol 2015. [PMID: 26223149 DOI: 10.1111/php.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Better noninvasive techniques are needed to monitor protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) levels before and during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. Our aim was to evaluate (1) multispectral fluorescent imaging of ultraviolet light (UV)-induced cancer and precancer in a mouse model of SCC and (2) multispectral imaging and probe-based fluorescence detection as a tool to study vitamin D (VD) effects on aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced PpIX synthesis. Dorsal skin of hairless mice was imaged weekly during a 24-week UV carcinogenesis protocol. Hot spots of PpIX fluorescence were detectable by multispectral imaging beginning at 14 weeks of UV exposure. Many hot spots disappeared after cessation of UV at week 20, but others persisted or became visible after week 20, and corresponded to tumors that eventually became visible by eye. In SCC-bearing mice pretreated with topical VD before ALA application, our optical techniques confirmed that VD preconditioning induces a tumor-selective increase in PpIX levels. Fluorescence-based optical imaging of PpIX is a promising tool for detecting early SCC lesions of the skin. Pretreatment with VD can increase the ability to detect early tumors, providing a potential new way to improve efficacy of ALA-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore R Rollakanti
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Wang H, Li J, Lv T, Tu Q, Huang Z, Wang X. Therapeutic and immune effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on UVB-induced squamous cell carcinomas in hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:362-3. [PMID: 23614746 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are not fully understood, and the usefulness of topical PDT in the treatment of SCC is still debatable. The most interesting aspect in SCC PDT is perhaps its potential in inducing antitumor immune responses. In this study, cutaneous SCCs were established by UVB irradiation of hairless mice and treated with multiple ALA PDT. Immunohistochemistry assays showed that ALA PDT could induce quick apoptosis, overexpression of TNFα and marked increases in DCs, CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in tumor interstitium and subcutaneous connective tissues. However, a complete response was only achieved for small SCCs. The clinical value of ALA PDT-induced specific antitumor immune responses in long-term control of SCCs deserves further study.
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Bilgin A, Yağcı Ç, Mendi A, Yıldız U. Synthesis and characterization of new monomeric and polymeric phthalocyanines. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kyriazi M, Alexandratou E, Yova D, Rallis M, Trebst T. Topical photodynamic therapy of murine non-melanoma skin carcinomas with aluminum phthalocyanine chloride and a diode laser: pharmacokinetics, tumor response and cosmetic outcomes. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2008; 24:87-94. [PMID: 18353089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2008.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is potentially useful for the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer and other skin diseases. We investigated the therapeutic effects of PDT using topical application of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc) and a diode laser emitting at 670 nm in murine non-melanoma skin carcinomas. METHODS AlClPc solution (0.7% w/v) was applied to tumors in mice for 1-6 h. The penetration depth and the optimum drug-light interval were assessed using pharmacokinetic studies. Then, PDT was performed on a murine model of non-melanoma skin cancer using seven different combinations of therapeutic parameters (fluence rate and energy dose). RESULTS Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that AlClPc was absorbed 40 times more and penetrated 19 times deeper in tumors than normal skin. PDT using AlClPc (0.7% w/v) and a diode laser (75 mW/cm(2), 150 J/cm(2)) resulted in complete tumor remission in 60% of the mice, excellent cosmetic outcomes and growth retardation of tumors with partial remission. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that AlClPc-PDT is an effective treatment for non-melanoma skin carcinomas in experimental mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kyriazi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Yumita N, Okuyama N, Sasaki K, Umemura SI. Sonodynamic therapy on chemically induced mammary tumor: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and sonodynamically induced antitumor effect of gallium–porphyrin complex ATX-70. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60:891-7. [PMID: 17426974 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sonodynamically induced antitumor effect of a gallium porphyrin complex, ATX-70 was evaluated on a chemically induced mammary tumor in Sprague-Dawley rats. The timing of 24 h after the administration of ATX-70 was chosen for ultrasonic exposure, based on pharmacokinetic analysis of ATX-70 concentrations in the tumor, plasma, skin, and muscle. At an ATX-70 dose not less than 2.5 mg/kg and at a free-field ultrasonic intensity not less than 3 W/cm(2), the synergistic effect between ATX-70 administration and ultrasonic exposure on the tumor growth inhibition was significant. These results suggest that ATX-70 is a potential sonosensitizer for sonodynamic treatment of spontaneous mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagahiko Yumita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
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Cunderlíková B, Moan J, Sjaastad I. pH dependent uptake of porphyrin-type photosensitizers by solid tumor cells in vitro is not induced by modification of transmembrane potential. Cancer Lett 2005; 222:39-47. [PMID: 15837539 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of HpIX, TPPS2a and mTHPC by WiDr, THX cells and skin fibroblasts at pH 7.4 and 6.8 was compared. In the absence of serum, the uptake of HpIX was higher at lower pH. The difference was significant in WiDr cells (P < 0.01) and skin fibroblasts (P < 0.05). TPPS2a nor mTHPC showed any pH dependent uptake. Lowering the extracellular pH resulted in a significant depolarization (3-8 mV) of the cells. Application of tetraethylammonium chloride did not affect the cellular uptake of any of the photosensitizers. We conclude that the pH dependent uptake of photosensitizers is not mainly related to altered transmembrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Cunderlíková
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway.
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Yumita N, Okuyama N, Sasaki K, Umemura SI. Sonodynamic therapy on chemically induced mammary tumor: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and sonodynamically induced antitumor effect of porfimer sodium. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:765-9. [PMID: 15471564 PMCID: PMC11158016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonodynamically induced antitumor effect of porfimer sodium (PF) was evaluated on a chemically induced mammary tumor in Sprague-Dawley rats. The timing of 24 h after the administration of PF was chosen for the ultrasonic exposure, based on pharmacokinetic analysis of the PF concentrations in the tumor, plasma, skin and muscle. At a PF dose not less than 2.5 mg/kg and at a free-field ultrasonic intensity not less than 3 W/cm2, the synergistic effect between PF administration and ultrasonic exposure on the tumor growth inhibition was significant. The ultrasonic intensity showed a relatively sharp threshold for the synergistic antitumor effect, which is typical of an ultrasonic effect mediated by acoustic cavitation. These results suggest that PF is a potentially useful as a sonosensitizer for sonodynamic treatment of chemically induced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagahiko Yumita
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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Chen Y, Li L, Zhang M, Shen T. An explanation to the high efficiency ofm-THPC (temporfin) used in photodynamic therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02900431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The combination of light and chemicals to treat skin diseases is widely practiced in dermatology. Within this broad use of light and drugs, in recent years the concept of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged. PDT is a promising modality for the management of various tumors and nonmalignant diseases, based on the combination of a photosensitizer that is selectively localized in the target tissue and illumination of the lesion with visible light, resulting in photodamage and subsequent cell death. Moreover, the fluorescence of photosensitizing compounds is also utilized as a helpful diagnostic tool for the detection of neoplastic tissue. Intensive basic and clinical research culminated in the worldwide approval of PDT for bladder, esophageal, and lung cancer. The expanding use of this relatively new therapeutic modality in dermatology at many centers around the world has revealed its efficacy for the treatment of cutaneous precancer and cancer, as well as selected benign skin disorders. The following article summarizes the main principles of PDT considering the most recent developments and provides a comprehensive synopsis of the present status of the use of PDT in dermatology. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:389-413.) LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to describe the basic concepts of PDT, including fundamental knowledge of the most relevant photosensitizers, the light sources, the mechanisms involved in PDT-mediated cell destruction, as well as the indications and limitations of photodynamic treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kalka
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Bossu E, Padilla-Ybarra JJ, Notter D, Vigneron C, Guillemin F. Determination of the maximal carcinoma/normal skin ratio after HpD or m-THPC administration in Hairless mice (SKH-1) by fluorescence spectroscopy. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11:85-91. [PMID: 10789590 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200002000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The two major steps in our study on the treatment of skin carcinomas by photochemotherapy (PCT) were the development of a skin tumor model in Hairless mice by a chemical carcinogenesis and the use of fluorescence spectroscopy, a semi-quantitative and non-invasive method, in order to determine the time after i.p. injection of photosensitizer when the tumor/normal skin ratio was the highest. A three-step carcinogenesis protocol provided mice bearing carcinomas and these were used to determine the tumor/normal skin ratios of two photosensitizers by fluorescence spectroscopy. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) (5 mg/kg body weight) and m-tetra(hydroxyphenyl) chlorine (m-THPC) (0.3 mg/kg body weight) were injected i.p., and fluorescence was measured at 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after injection. The best carcinoma/normal skin ratio would be 3.2+/-1.4 for HpD and 2.7+/-2.1 for m-THPC, respectively. The delays required to reach these ratios were 72 h for HpD and 24 h for m-THPC. These results have to be considered with caution due to the high SEs and they must be confirmed by organic extraction. Photodynamic therapy with the same doses of HpD and m-THPC used in this pharmacokinetic study has to be carried out in order to compare the toxicities of the two photosensitizers and to determine which one is the best for this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bossu
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Physiologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy I, France
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Sastre Á, Gouloumis A, Vázquez P, Torres T, Doan V, Schwartz BJ, Wudl F, Echegoyen L, Rivera J. Phthalocyanine−Azacrown−Fullerene Multicomponent System: Synthesis, Photoinduced Processes, and Electrochemistry. Org Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ol991063t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Sastre
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Andreas Gouloumis
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Purificación Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Vinh Doan
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Fred Wudl
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
| | - José Rivera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, and Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00732
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Howe L, Suchetat A, Einarsdóttir Ó, Zhang JZ. Time-Resolved Studies of the Excited-State Dynamics of meso-Tetra(hydroxylphenyl)chlorin in Solution. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Anderson C, Hrabovsky S, McKinley Y, Tubesing K, Tang HP, Dunbar R, Mukhtar H, Elmets CA. Phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy: disparate effects of pharmacologic inhibitors on cutaneous photosensitivity and on tumor regression. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:895-901. [PMID: 9155263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The phthalocyanines are promising second-generation photosensitizers that are being evaluated for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant tumors. In vivo studies with the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 have shown that it is highly effective at causing regression of RIF-1 tumors in C3H/HeN mice in PDT protocols. Because cutaneous photosensitivity is the major complication of photosensitizers used for PDT, experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of inhibitors of the inflammatory response (cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] antibodies) on Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity and tumor regression. The C3H/HeN mice were injected with either Pc 4 or Photofrin and were exposed to 86 J/cm2 of filtered radiation emitted from a solar simulator. Animals were irradiated at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days postinjection. Cutaneous photosensitivity was assessed using the murine ear-swelling response. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline and TNF-alpha antibodies were administered prior to illumination to assess their ability to block Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity and to evaluate whether such treatment adversely influenced Pc 4 PDT-induced tumor regression. Compared to Photofrin, Pc 4 produced cutaneous photosensitivity that was transient, resolving within 24 h, and that could be elicited for only 10 days after administration. In contrast, Photofrin caused photosensitivity that required 4 days to resolve and could be elicited for at least 1 month after it was administered. The Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity could be blocked by corticosteroids and an inhibitor of vasoactive amines (cyproheptadine). The TNF-alpha gene transcription was found to increase in keratinocytes following treatment with Pc 4 and light. The anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of cytokine transcription, also prevented cutaneous photosensitivity, implicating TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity. None of these agents had any effect on Pc 4 PDT-induced tumor regression. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline and TNF-alpha antibodies may be valuable pharmacologic agents in the management of cutaneous photosensitivity associated with PDT without altering the efficacy of this new therapeutic modality. The findings suggest that it should be possible to devise PDT protocols that block cutaneous photosensitivity without impairing the anti-tumor response to the agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anderson
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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Howe L, Zhang JZ. Ultrafast Studies of Excited-State Dynamics of Phthalocyanine and Zinc Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate in Solution. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9622445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Howe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - J. Z. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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Agarwal R, Korman NJ, Mohan RR, Feyes DK, Jawed S, Zaim MT, Mukhtar H. Apoptosis is an early event during phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy-induced ablation of chemically induced squamous papillomas in mouse skin. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 63:547-52. [PMID: 8934768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising new modality to treat malignant neoplasms including superficial skin cancers. In our search for an ideal photosensitizer for PDT, Pc 4, a silicon phthalocyanine, has shown promising results both in in vitro assays and in implanted tumors. In this study we assessed the efficacy of Pc 4 PDT in the ablation of murine skin tumors; and the evidence for apoptosis during tumor ablation was also obtained. The Pc 4 was administered through tail vein injection to SENCAR mice bearing chemically induced squamous papillomas, and 24 h later the lesions were illuminated with an argon ion-pumped dye laser tuned at 675 nm for a total light dose of 135 J/cm2. Within 72-96 h, almost complete tumor shrinkage occurred; no tumor regrowth was observed up to 90 days post-PDT. As evident by nucleosome-size DNA fragmentation, appearance of apoptotic bodies in hematoxylin and eosin staining and direct immunoperoxidase detection of digoxigenin-labeled genomic DNA in sections, apoptosis was clearly evident 6 h post-PDT at which time tumor shrinkage was less than 30%. The apoptotic bodies, as evident by the condensation of chromatin material around the periphery of the nucleus and increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm, were also observed in electron microscopic studies of the tumor tissues following Pc 4 PDT. The extent of apoptosis was greater at 15 h than at 6 and 10 h post-PDT. Taken together, our results clearly show that Pc 4 may be an effective photosensitizer for PDT of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and that apoptosis is an early event during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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18
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Khan SG, Mohan RR, Katiyar SK, Wood GS, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Mutations in ras oncogenes: rare events in ultraviolet B radiation-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. Mol Carcinog 1996; 15:96-103. [PMID: 8599584 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199602)15:2<96::aid-mc2>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The activation of ras proto-oncogenes by point mutation in a broad spectrum of clinical malignancies and experimentally induced tumors suggests their critical role in cancer induction. To determine whether the activation of ras proto-oncogenes by point mutation also contributes to ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)-induced skin tumorigenesis and whether this event is responsible for the different tumorigenic potentials of UVB radiation in different mouse strains, we analyzed the skin tumors induced by UVB in SKH-1 hairless and C3H mice for specific mutations in the Ha-, Ki-, and N-ras oncogenes. With the same UVB irradiation protocol, the latency period for tumor appearance was longer in C3H mice than in SKH-1 hairless mice. In addition, tumor incidence and multiplicity were also significantly higher (P<0.001, chi square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests) in SKH-1 hairless mice compared with C3H mice. None of the 30 skin tumor specimens (15 from each mouse strain) analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific codons followed by dot-blot hybridization with specific probes contained mutation in codons 13 of Ha-ras; 12, 13, and 61 of Ki-ras; or 12 and 13 of N-ras. However, three of the 15 tumors in SKH-1 hairless mice showed either a G35-->A or G35-->T transition at second position of Ha-ras codon 12. Interestingly, one of these tumors (with a G35-->A transition) also harbored an A182-->G mutation at second position of Ha-ras codon 61. None of the tumors from C3H mice showed mutations in codons 12 or 61 of the Ha-ras oncogene. With regard to codon 61 of the N-ras oncogene, six tumors from SKH-1 hairless mice and 10 tumors from C3H mice showed an A183-->T transversion. While G35-->A or G35-->T transition detected by PCR and dot-blot hybridization was confirmed by sequencing, the mutations identified similarly at codon 61 in either the Ha- or N-ras oncogenes could not be verified by sequencing of PCR-amplified products subcloned into plasmid vectors. With the exception of the low incidence of Ha-ras oncogene mutations at codon 12 in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin tumors induced by UVB, the striking absence of mutations in the Ha-, Ki-, and N-ras oncogenes in UVB-induced mouse skin tumors suggests that ras oncogene mutations are rare and thus are not an initiating event in photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH, USA
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19
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Khan SG, Saxena R, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Inhibition of ras p21 membrane localization and modulation of protein kinase C isozyme expression during regression of chemical carcinogen-induced murine skin tumors by lovastatin. Mol Carcinog 1995; 12:205-12. [PMID: 7727042 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940120405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ras p21 membrane localization and the expression and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in activated ras oncogene-containing tumors and assessed whether these events were related to tumor growth. We used 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted SENCAR mouse skin tumors, which were shown to contain Ha-ras oncogene activated by point mutation at codon 61, as an in vivo model for these studies. Compared with levels in epidermis, highly elevated levels of membrane-bound Ha-ras p21 were observed in growing tumors, which also showed strong expression and membrane translocation of PKC zeta and beta II and weak expression of PCK alpha. However, when ras p21 membrane localization was blocked in vivo in growing tumors by lovastatin, opposite results were evident. Compared with saline-treated animals, in which tumor growth continued, lovastatin-treated animals had significantly inhibited tumor growth, which led to tumor regression with concomitant inhibition of Ha-ras p21 membrane localization. These regressing tumors from lovastatin-treated animals also showed a decrease in the expression and membrane translocation of PKC zeta and beta II but increased expression of PKC alpha. Taken together, our results indicate that ras p21 membrane localization and the expression and activation of PKC zeta, beta II, and alpha may be the critical events in the regulation of the growth of tumors that contain activated ras oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Mank A, Gooijer C, Lingeman H, Velthorst N, Brinkman U. Selective and sensitive in vitro detection method for aluminum phthalocyanine photosensitizers, using liquid chromatography and diode-laser induced fluorescence. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)80045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Khan SG, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H, Agarwal R. Ras p21 farnesylation in ultraviolet B radiation-induced tumors in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102:754-8. [PMID: 8176259 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12377020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous exposure to solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is well recognized as the major cause of skin cancer in humans; however, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby UVB mediates carcinogenesis remains unclear. The involvement of activated ras oncogenes has been demonstrated extensively in both animal and human skin cancers. Activated ras oncogenes encode mutated ras p21 that exist in the guanosine triphosphate-bound active state and, following localization to the inner side of the plasma membrane, cause cellular transformation. This membrane association requires three post-translational modifications occurring at the C-terminus of the ras p21. The farnesylation of p21 by a cytosolic enzyme known as farnesyltransferase (FTase) is the critical step that triggers biologic functions of the ras p21. In this study, FTase activity was found to be substantially higher (approximately threefold) in UVB radiation-induced tumors in SKH-1 hairless mice compared to epidermis from controls. Western blot analysis showed significantly higher levels of Ha-ras p21 in both cytosolic and membrane fractions prepared from tumors compared to epidermis. Pan ras antibody against mutated p21 at codon 12 showed very strong reactivity for ras val-12p21 in tumors but not in normal epidermis, suggesting a gly to val substitution at 12th position in ras p21 in UVB-induced tumors. Our data indicate that enhanced FTase activity and the processing of overexpressed p21 in UVB-induced tumors are correlated, and predict the role of point mutation at the 12th codon of the ras oncogene during photocarcinogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106
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22
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Zaidi SI, Agarwal R, Eichler G, Rihter BD, Kenney ME, Mukhtar H. Photodynamic effects of new silicon phthalocyanines: in vitro studies utilizing rat hepatic microsomes and human erythrocyte ghosts as model membrane sources. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 58:204-10. [PMID: 8415911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb09550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is a modality that relies upon the irradiation of tumors with visible light following selective uptake of a photosensitizer by the tumor tissue. There is considerable emphasis to define new photosensitizers suitable for PDT of cancer. In this study we evaluated six phthalocyanines (Pc) for their photodynamic effects utilizing rat hepatic microsomes and human erythrocyte ghosts as model membrane sources. Of the newly synthesized Pc, two showed significant destruction of cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase activities, and enhancement of lipid peroxidation, when added to microsomal suspension followed by irradiation with approximately 675 nm light. These two Pc named SiPc IV (HOSiPcOSi[CH3]2[CH2]3N[CH3]2) and SiPc V (HOSiPc-OSi[CH3]2[CH2]3N[CH3]3+I-) showed dose-dependent photodestruction of cytochrome P-450 and monooxygenase activities in liver microsomes, and photoenhancement of lipid peroxidation, lipid hydroperoxide formation and lipid fluorescence in microsomes and erythrocyte ghosts. Compared to chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate, SiPc IV and SiPc V produced far more pronounced photodynamic effects. Sodium azide, histidine, and 2,5-dimethylfuran, the quenchers of singlet oxygen, afforded highly significant protection against SiPc IV- and SiPc V-mediated photodynamic effects. However, to a lesser extent, the quenchers of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical also showed some protective effects. These results suggest that SiPc IV and SiPc V may be promising photosensitizers for the PDT of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Zaidi
- Department of Dermatology, Skin Diseases Research Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH
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23
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Agarwal R, Khan SG, Athar M, Zaidi SI, Bickers DR, Mukhtar H. ras protein p21 processing enzyme farnesyltransferase in chemical carcinogen-induced murine skin tumors. Mol Carcinog 1993; 8:290-8. [PMID: 8280377 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940080412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Farnesylation of ras protein p21 is crucial for the protein's membrane localization, which is essential for its cell-transforming activity, which in turn is thought to be critical for the ultimate induction of cancer. The cytosolic enzyme farnesyltransferase plays a major role in posttranslational modification of p21, but the level of farnesyltransferase activity in mammalian tumors and its relationship to the processing of cytosolic p21 that leads to tumorigenesis are unknown. We report here that farnesyltransferase activity was significantly higher in chemical carcinogen-induced benign skin papillomas in SENCAR mice than in the epidermises of control animals. The enzyme is primarily epidermal in origin, and kinetic studies with cytosol from epidermis and papillomas showed that the reaction was linear with respect to time, substrate concentration, and protein content. Skin papillomas showed significantly elevated levels of both cytosolic and membrane-bound Ha-ras p21, whereas far lesser cytosolic and almost negligible amounts of membrane-bound p21 were present in the epidermis of control mice. There was a positive correlation between increased enzyme activity in papilloma cytosol and the processing of overexpressed cytosolic Ha-ras p21 for its localization to membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agarwal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio 44106
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