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Sousa YV, Santiago MG, de Souza BM, Keller KM, Oliveira CSF, Mendoza L, Vilela RVR, Goulart GAC. Itraconazole in human medicine and veterinary practice. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101473. [PMID: 38493607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Diagnosis and management of fungal infections are challenging in both animals and humans, especially in immunologically weakened hosts. Due to its broad spectrum and safety profile when compared to other antifungals, itraconazole (ITZ) has been widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of fungal infections, both in human and veterinary medicine. The dose and duration of management depend on factors such as the type of fungal pathogen, the site of infection, sensitivity to ITZ, chronic stages of the disease, the health status of the hosts, pharmacological interactions with other medications and the therapeutic protocol used. In veterinary practice, ITZ doses generally vary between 3 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, once or twice a day. In humans, doses usually vary between 100 and 400 mg/day. As human and veterinary fungal infections are increasingly associated, and ITZ is one of the main medications used, this review addresses relevant aspects related to the use of this drug in both clinics, including case reports and different clinical aspects available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamara V Sousa
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marie G Santiago
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bianca M de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kelly M Keller
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila S F Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leonel Mendoza
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Raquel V R Vilela
- Biomedical Laboratory Diagnostics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gisele A C Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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2
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Grecu M, Minea B, Foia LG, Bostanaru-Iliescu AC, Miron L, Nastasa V, Mares M. Short Review on the Biological Activity of Cyclodextrin-Drug Inclusion Complexes Applicable in Veterinary Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:5565. [PMID: 37513437 PMCID: PMC10383344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of carrier molecules used to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of therapeutic molecules. These cyclic oligosaccharides have medical and pharmaceutical applications by being able to form inclusion complexes with molecules that are poorly soluble in water. The benefits of these complexes are directed towards improving the chemical and biological properties-i.e., solubility, bioavailability, stability, non-toxicity and shelf life of drug molecules. Since the 1960s, the first inclusion complexes used in therapeutics were those with α-, β- and γ-CD, which proved their usefulness, but had certain degrees of particularly renal toxicity. Currently, to correct these deficiencies, β-CD derivatives are most frequently used, such as sulfobutylether-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-CD, etc. Therefore, it is of interest to bring to the attention of those interested the diversity of current and potential future clinical applications of inclusion complexes in veterinary medicine and to present the contribution of these inclusion complexes in improving drug efficacy. The most important biological activities of β-CD complexed molecules in the veterinary field are summarized in this short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grecu
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Minea
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Liliana-Georgeta Foia
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Andra-Cristina Bostanaru-Iliescu
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liviu Miron
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Valentin Nastasa
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Mares
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" University of Life Sciences of Iasi (IULS), 8 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
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3
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Wasan E, Mandava T, Crespo-Moran P, Nagy A, Wasan KM. Review of Novel Oral Amphotericin B Formulations for the Treatment of Parasitic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2316. [PMID: 36365135 PMCID: PMC9697626 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmpB) is a polyene macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of blood-borne parasitic and fungal infections. However, its use, particularly in the developing world, has been limited by dose-dependent kidney toxicity, other systemic-related toxicity issues following injection, the inconvenience of parenteral administration, and accessibility. Oral formulation approaches have focused on the dual problem of solubility and permeability of AmpB, which is poorly water soluble, amphoteric and has extremely low oral bioavailability. Therefore, to enhance oral absorption, researchers have employed micellar formulations, polymeric nanoparticles, cochleates, pro-drugs, and self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). This paper will highlight current uses of AmpB against parasitic infections such as leishmaniasis, preclinical and clinical formulation strategies, applications in veterinary medicine and the importance of developing a cost-effective and safe oral AmpB formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Tavonga Mandava
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Pablo Crespo-Moran
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Adrienne Nagy
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kishor M. Wasan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & the Neglected Global Diseases Initiative, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L8, Canada
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4
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Washington C, Paulman A, Stapleton BL. Mandibular Blastomycosis in a 5-Year-Old Dog. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:269-277. [PMID: 35502840 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221098166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A case of localized oral mandibular blastomycosis is described in a five-year-old dog. Complete resolution of clinical signs and oral radiographic changes were seen following itraconazole therapy at 5 mg/kg/day for four and a half months. The patient remained free of Blastomyces at the one year follow up based on the Mira Vista Blastomyces urine antigen test by EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay)a. A literature review of localized blastomycosis cases in humans and dogs was performed, available diagnostic tests evaluated, and treatment comparisons made.
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5
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Tonero ME, Li Z, Reinhart JM. Cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping of itraconazole hydroxylation in the dog. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:255-264. [PMID: 35389533 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Itraconazole (ITZ) is an important drug in the treatment of superficial and deep mycoses in dogs. Its primary metabolite is hydroxy-itraconazole, which has antifungal activity similar to the parent compound. The purpose of this study was to identify the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) isoform(s) responsible for ITZ hydroxylation in canine liver. Reaction kinetics for ITZ hydroxylation were determined in a panel of canine recombinant CYPs and dog liver microsomes (DLMs). Findings were confirmed using CYP isoform-specific inhibitors in rCYPs and DLMs. In rCYP experiments, CYP2D15 and CYP3A12 had highest activity for ITZ hydroxylation. In inhibitor experiments, quinidine and erythromycin inhibited ITZ hydroxylation in CYP2D15 and CYP3A12, respectively, in an isoform-specific manner. In DLMs, quinidine and erythromycin combined inhibited ITZ hydroxylation more than erythromycin alone but not quinidine alone. However, this may be related to inhibitor potency rather than the contribution of the individual CYP isoforms to the reaction. These findings support a role for CYP2D15 and CYP3A12 in ITZ biotransformation in canine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Tonero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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6
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Malcolm EL, Saunders AB, Vitt JP, Boutet BG, Hamer SA. Antiparasitic treatment with itraconazole and amiodarone in 2 dogs with severe, symptomatic Chagas cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1100-1105. [PMID: 35388923 PMCID: PMC9151465 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas cardiomyopathy, caused by the protozoal parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is characterized by arrhythmias, myocardial damage, heart failure, and sudden death. We describe 2 dogs with severe, symptomatic Chagas cardiomyopathy characterized by myocardial dysfunction and electrocardiographic abnormalities that were managed with a combination of cardiac medications and antiparasitic treatment with itraconazole and amiodarone. Both dogs died suddenly within 6 months of diagnosis. These cases highlight the need for early detection of Chagas disease in dogs and continued research to develop effective antiparasitic treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Malcolm
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jordan P Vitt
- Heart of Veterinary Cardiology PLLC, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bruno G Boutet
- Caring Hearts Veterinary Cardiology, Grande-Digue, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Cridge H, Hughes SM, Langston VC, Mackin AJ. Mefenoxam, Itraconazole, and Terbinafine Combination Therapy for Management of Pythiosis in Dogs (Six Cases). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2021; 56:307. [PMID: 33113560 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that encysts in the skin or gastrointestinal tract, leading to pythiosis. Pythiosis is reported in tropical and subtropical climates, affecting dogs and rarely cats. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice; however, cases present late in the disease and lesions are often nonresectable. Medical management is typically unsuccessful, with uncommon exceptions; however, mefenoxam, an agricultural fungicide, has in vitro efficacy against P insidiosum. We describe the use of mefenoxam, itraconazole, and terbinafine (MIT) in five dogs with gastrointestinal pythiosis and one dog with cutaneous pythiosis. Two of the gastrointestinal cases had disease extending to surgical margins and received MIT: resolution of clinical signs and seronegativity occurred after 189-193 days. Another case underwent surgical resection and MIT. The dog improved but subsequently developed a rectal mass, which responded to addition of prednisone and immunotherapy. Two cases were treated with MIT alone, and response varied. Efficacy of MIT in cutaneous pythiosis could not be determined. MIT may result in improved survival and seronegativity in dogs with incompletely resected gastrointestinal pythiosis. Mefenoxam is EPA registered, and extralabel use under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act does not apply. Additional research is recommended before use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cridge
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Samantha M Hughes
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Vernon C Langston
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi
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8
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Jacobs C, Jaffey JA, Trepanier LA, Pritchard JC. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and mortality in dogs with blastomycosis. Vet J 2021; 274:105707. [PMID: 34148015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blastomycosis is a prominent fungal disease in the United States. Vitamin D status has been found to be altered in critical illness and various infectious diseases. The objectives of this study were to compare serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations in dogs with blastomycosis and healthy controls, to assess the change in serum 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with blastomycosis after 30 days of treatment, and to determine if baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations in dogs with blastomycosis were associated with in-hospital, 30-day, or end-of-study mortality. In this prospective cohort study, 19 dogs newly diagnosed with blastomycosis had serum 25(OH)D concentrations measured with a commercially available validated radioimmunoassay at the time of diagnosis and 30 days after start of treatment. These values were compared to 24 healthy control dogs. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations at the time of diagnosis were lower in dogs with blastomycosis (median, 203 nmol/L; range, 31-590 nmol/L) than in clinically healthy control dogs (259.5 nmol/L, 97-829 nmol/L; P = 0.01). Despite clinical improvement, there was no significant change in serum 25(OH)D concentrations from baseline to 30-day follow-up. Dogs with baseline serum 25(OH)D concentrations <180.5nmol/L had a greater odds of death during hospitalization (odds ratio [OR], 15.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-191.3; P = 0.04) and at 30 days follow-up (OR, 30.0; 95% CI, 2.5-366.7; P = 0.006). These findings highlight the need for further studies evaluating the prognostic value of vitamin D status in dogs with blastomycosis at diagnosis and throughout treatment and remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobs
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 19555 N 59th Ave, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
| | - L A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J C Pritchard
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Motschenbacher LO, Furrow E, Rendahl AK, Nell EG, Anderson KL, Merkel LK, Patterson EE. Retrospective analysis of the effects of Blastomyces antigen concentration in urine and radiographic findings on survival in dogs with blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:946-953. [PMID: 33604957 PMCID: PMC7995372 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Blastomyces antigen concentration in urine (BACU) test is used to diagnose blastomycosis and monitor treatment in dogs. It is unknown if a higher BACU is associated with shorter survival. Objectives To determine if the magnitude of BACU before treatment is associated with survival in dogs with blastomycosis. Animals Fifty‐two dogs with blastomycosis. Methods Retrospective case review. BACU, radiographic lung severity (RLS) score (0‐4 scale), and survival time up to 1 year after diagnosis were obtained through medical record review of dogs with Blastomyces dermatitidis. Results The overall survival was: discharge, 87%; 1 week, 85%; 2 months, 74%; and 6 months, 69%. BACU correlated with RLS score (rs = 0.33, P = .02). BACU and RLS scores were lower in survivors to 2 months than nonsurvivors (average BACU difference of 2.5 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2‐4.8 ng/mL, P = .04; median RLS difference of 2; range, 0‐4, P = .02). Dogs with BACU <5 ng/mL and dogs with mild (0‐1) RLS scores had a greater proportion surviving than those with BACU >5 ng/mL (P = .03) and dogs with severe (3‐4) RLS scores (P = .04). All dogs with a BACU <5 ng/mL or mild RLS score were alive at last follow‐up (median, 365 days; range, 44‐365 days). In all, 68.1% of other dogs survived to 2 months (95% CI, 54.8%‐84.8%). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with lower BACU and RLS scores have improved survival; however, it is unclear what specific cutoffs should be used for prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura O Motschenbacher
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eva Furrow
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron K Rendahl
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Esther G Nell
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kari L Anderson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lindsay K Merkel
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward E Patterson
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Kirk NM, Vieson MD, Selting KA, Reinhart JM. Cytotoxicity of Cultured Canine Primary Hepatocytes Exposed to Itraconazole Is Decreased by Pre-treatment With Glutathione. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:621732. [PMID: 33681327 PMCID: PMC7930617 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.621732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the effect of glutathione (GSH) on cell survival in a novel in vitro model of itraconazole (ITZ)-associated hepatotoxicity using canine primary hepatocytes. Sample: Commercially sourced, cryopreserved male dog (Beagle) primary hepatocytes from a single donor. Procedures: Using a sandwich culture technique, canine primary hepatocytes were exposed to serial dilutions of ITZ. Calcein AM, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and neutral red were investigated as potential cell viability assays. Hepatocytes were then pre-incubated with GSH, exposed to serial dilutions of ITZ, and cell viability determined at 4 and 24 h post-ITZ exposure. Each condition was performed in technical triplicate and the effect of time, GSH concentration, and ITZ concentration on % cytotoxicity assessed using a multivariate linear regression model. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to detect individual differences. Results: The neutral red cell cytotoxicity assay was chosen based on its superior ability to detect dose-dependent changes in viability. Hepatocyte cytotoxicity significantly increased with ITZ concentration (P < 0.001) and time (P = 0.004) and significantly decreased with GSH treatment (P < 0.001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This in vitro model demonstrates dose- and time-dependent ITZ-induced cytotoxicity, which is similar to clinical changes observed in canine patients and in in vivo rodent studies. Pre-treating with GSH is protective against in vitro cell death. These results suggest that GSH precursors may have a role in the management or prevention of ITZ-associated hepatotoxicity in dogs. Clinical trials are needed to evaluate their utility for this adverse drug reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Kirk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kim A Selting
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer M Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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11
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Shelnutt LM, Kaneene JB, Carneiro PAM, Langlois DK. Prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for canine blastomycosis in Michigan, USA. Med Mycol 2021; 58:609-616. [PMID: 31732747 PMCID: PMC7326585 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastomycosis is a systemic fungal infection that most commonly affects dogs and humans. The disease is thought to be endemic in southern regions of Michigan, USA, but epidemiologic investigations have not been reported in detail for this state. The primary aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence and distribution of canine blastomycosis cases in Michigan and to identify risk factors for infection. Over 200 primary care veterinary clinics throughout the state were surveyed regarding blastomycosis prevalence, and demographic information was obtained from medical records of affected dogs that were evaluated at these clinics. A retrospective case control study was conducted for an additional 49 dogs with blastomycosis that were evaluated at specialty referral centers located in the southern mid-Michigan region. Prevalence rates were calculated for each county, and cases were mapped using geocoding software. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify risk factors for infection. Prevalence rates were ≥100 cases per 100,000 dogs in five counties. Most blastomycosis cases originated from the Upper Peninsula or from a high-density area in the northern Lower Peninsula. Multivariable regression analysis identified travel or residence north of the 45th parallel as a strong risk factor for infection (P < .001). Blastomycosis was uncommon in southern counties. These results refute previous speculations and should be of value to both human and animal health. Given that many heightened risk areas are popular tourist destinations, practitioners across the USA should be mindful of the spatial distribution of blastomycosis in Michigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Shelnutt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John B Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paulo A M Carneiro
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel K Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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12
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Cridge H, Brinkman E, Lathan P. Biliary Dilation: An Unusual Presentation of Histoplasma capsulatum in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A 4 mo old intact male Labrador retriever was referred to the authors’ institution for a 3 wk history of weight loss and progressive abdominal distension. Thoracic radiographs revealed sternal lymphadenopathy and a diffuse unstructured interstitial and bronchial pulmonary pattern. An abdominal ultrasound revealed multifocal lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and biliary duct dilation. Fine-needle aspirates of the spleen and liver revealed Histoplasma capsulatum organisms. Antifungal therapy was initiated with itraconazole and terbinafine. Repeat ultrasound examinations revealed resolving hepatosplenomegaly and resolving cystic duct dilation. Ultrasonographic findings mirrored a decrease in urine H capsulatum antigen levels. Histoplasmosis should be considered as a differential for unexplained biliary duct dilation or obstruction in dogs. Dogs with disseminated histoplasmosis should be monitored for this potential complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cridge
- From Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Erin Brinkman
- From Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Patty Lathan
- From Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi
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13
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Antifungal Resistance Regarding Malassezia pachydermatis: Where Are We Now? J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020093. [PMID: 32630397 PMCID: PMC7345795 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis is a yeast inhabiting the skin and ear canals in healthy dogs. In the presence of various predisposing conditions it can cause otitis and dermatitis, which are treated with multiple antifungal agents, mainly azole derivatives. This manuscript aims to review the available evidence regarding the occurrence of resistance phenomena in this organism. Various findings support the capacity of M. pachydermatis for developing resistance. These include some reports of treatment failure in dogs, the reduced antifungal activity found against yeast isolates sampled from dogs with exposure to antifungal drugs and strains exposed to antifungal agents in vitro, and the description of resistance mechanisms. At the same time, the data reviewed may suggest that the development of resistance is a rare eventuality in canine practice. For example, only three publications describe confirmed cases of treatment failure due to antifungal resistance, and most claims of resistance made by past studies are based on interpretive breakpoints that lack sound support from the clinical perspective. However, it is possible that resistant cases are underreported in literature, perhaps due to the difficulty of obtaining a laboratory confirmation given that a standard procedure for susceptibility testing of M. pachydermatis is still unavailable. These considerations highlight the need for maintaining surveillance for the possible emergence of clinically relevant resistance, hopefully through a shared strategy put in place by the scientific community.
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Le K, Beaufrère H, Laniesse D, Blois S, Kabakchiev C, Smith DA, Finck C, Chalmers H, Brochu N, Keller S, Gaitero L. Diagnosis and long-term management of blastomycosis in two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Davidson AP, Shubitz LF, Alcott CJ, Sykes JE. Selected Clinical Features of Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs. Med Mycol 2019; 57:S67-S75. [PMID: 30690600 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine coccidioidomycosis, a systemic fungal infection endemic to arid and semiarid regions of North, Central, and South America, is commonly diagnosed in dogs living in or traveling through lower Sonoran life zones in the states of California and Arizona. Canine and human cases have geographic overlap. Similarities between clinical coccidioidomycosis in dogs and humans include asymptomatic infection, primary respiratory disease and disseminated disease. Differences include a high rate of dissemination in dogs, differences in predilection of dissemination sites, and a granulomatous or diffuse meningoencephalopathic form in the canine central nervous system (CNS) without the obstructive component seen in humans. Dogs presenting with CNS coccidioidomycosis most commonly experience seizures. Prior disease history and serology are unreliable indicators of CNS coccidioidomycosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is advantageous for diagnosis of CNS coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Long-term administration of antifungal medication is promoted for treatment of both primary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Supportive treatment addressing pain, fever, inappetance, coughing, and other clinical signs improves patient care. Glucocorticoids and or anticonvulsants are also recommended for canine disseminated CNS disease. Protracted treatment times, lack of owner compliance, failure of the disease to respond to the first antifungal drug selected, and high cost are challenges of successfully treating dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn P Davidson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lisa F Shubitz
- Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cody J Alcott
- Veterinary Specialty Center of Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Dedeaux A, Grooters A, Wakamatsu-Utsuki N, Taboada J. Opportunistic Fungal Infections in Small Animals. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:327-337. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Opportunistic fungal infections have long been recognized as rare causes of disease in immunocompetent dogs and cats. Recently, the escalating use of multiagent immunosuppression protocols (especially those that include cyclosporine) has resulted in an increased number of patients with opportunistic fungal infection encountered by small animal practitioners and has altered the typical case phenotype. Based on histologic and cytologic features such as pigmentation, hyphal diameter, and distribution in tissue, these opportunistic mycoses can be placed into categories such as phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis, and eumycotic mycetoma. This review aims to summarize the clinical presentations, methods for diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and prognosis for both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients with opportunistic fungal infections. An example case description is included to illustrate the most common current clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dedeaux
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Amy Grooters
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nobuko Wakamatsu-Utsuki
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Joseph Taboada
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (A.D., A.G., J.T.) and Department of Pathobiological Sciences (N.W-U.), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040120. [PMID: 30380772 PMCID: PMC6308939 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on aspects of antimycotic therapy specific to veterinary medicine. In the first part, drug availability, limited mostly by economic consideration but also by clinical applicability and specific adverse effects, is described for polyenes, 5 fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins and terbinafine. In the second part, current knowledge and experience in the treatment of selected fungal infections are overviewed. These mycoses include disseminated mold infections in small animals (dogs and cats) and avian species, upper respiratory tract infections of small animals (sino-nasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis) and horses (guttural pouch mycosis), eumycetoma, infections caused by dimorphic fungi, (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and sporothrichosis) and by yeasts and yeast-like microorganism (Cryptococcus spp. and Malassezia pachydermatis).
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O'Brien MA, McMichael MA, Le Boedec K. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with naturally acquired blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1684-1691. [PMID: 30079575 PMCID: PMC6189387 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypovitaminosis D is common in humans with tuberculosis, and adequate serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations may improve response to therapy. The pathomechanism of Blastomyces dermatitidis is similar to that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but the 25(OH)D status of dogs with blastomycosis has not been investigated. Objectives To determine if dogs with blastomycosis have lower 25(OH)D concentrations compared with healthy controls and to explore the prognostic value of 25(OH)D concentrations in blastomycosis. Animals 35 control dogs (16 client‐owned, healthy dogs and 19 healthy, random‐source hound mixes) and 22 dogs with blastomycosis. Methods Prospective study. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium were measured, and biochemistry and hematology profiles were performed. The 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were compared between groups, and factors associated with 25(OH)D variation were investigated in dogs with blastomycosis. Dogs with blastomycosis were followed for up to 5 years after discharge and factors associated with survival were investigated. Results Dogs with blastomycosis had significantly lower concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH and higher concentrations of ionized calcium than did control dogs. In dogs with blastomycosis, 25(OH)D concentrations were independently associated with neutrophil count, pCO2, and with bone and skin involvement. The 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was not associated with survival in dogs with blastomycosis, whereas lactate concentrations; bone, skin, and lymph node involvement; number of affected sites; and, presence of respiratory signs were associated with survival. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs with blastomycosis had lower 25(OH)D concentrations than did healthy controls. Despite no impact on survival, investigating the effect of 25(OH)D supplementation on recovery is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A O'Brien
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - M A McMichael
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - K Le Boedec
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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Renschler J, Albers A, Sinclair-Mackling H, Wheat LJ. Comparison of Compounded, Generic, and Innovator-Formulated Itraconazole in Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2018; 54:195-200. [PMID: 29757665 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The triazole antifungal itraconazole may be cost prohibitive in brand name form; therefore, compounded and generic products are often used as alternatives. Itraconazole blood concentrations have not been studied in clinical patients receiving these formulations. Itraconazole bioassay was performed on serum/plasma from 95 dogs and 20 cats receiving itraconazole (compounded from bulk powder, generic pelletized, or brand name) for systemic mycosis treatment. Mean itraconazole concentration was lower in the compounded group (n = 42) as compared with the generic (n = 40) or brand name (n = 33) groups (0.5 µg/mL versus 8.3 µg/mL and 6.5 µg/mL, respectively; P < .001). No statistical difference was observed between itraconazole concentrations in the generic and brand name groups. Forty animals (95.2%) in the compounded group had subtherapeutic (<1.0 µg/mL) values. All cats in this group (n = 10) had undetectable itraconazole concentrations. Some animals in the generic and brand name groups had subtherapeutic values (12.5 and 12.1%, respectively) or potentially toxic values (>10 µg/mL; 37.5 and 24%, respectively). Compounded itraconazole should be avoided, but generic itraconazole appears to serve as a reasonable alternative to brand name itraconazole. Therapeutic drug monitoring may be beneficial in all cases.
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Blastomycosis in Mammals. EMERGING AND EPIZOOTIC FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN ANIMALS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122209 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72093-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blastomycosis is a serious fungal disease of dogs, humans, and occasionally other mammals caused by geographically restricted, thermally dimorphic Blastomyces species. Blastomycosis is primarily a canine disease, with approximately ten dogs diagnosed for every human case. Dogs also develop disease more rapidly, thus becoming sentinels for possible human disease. Human and canine blastomycosis may differ according to epidemiology/epizoology, clinical features, performance and use of diagnostics, and management.
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Moriello KA, Coyner K, Paterson S, Mignon B. Diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats.: Clinical Consensus Guidelines of the World Association for Veterinary Dermatology. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:266-e68. [PMID: 28516493 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal skin disease of cats and dogs. The most common pathogens of small animals belong to the genera Microsporum and Trichophyton. It is an important skin disease because it is contagious, infectious and can be transmitted to people. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to review the existing literature and provide consensus recommendations for veterinary clinicians and lay people on the diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in cats and dogs. METHODS The authors served as a Guideline Panel (GP) and reviewed the literature available prior to September 2016. The GP prepared a detailed literature review and made recommendations on selected topics. The World Association of Veterinary Dermatology (WAVD) provided guidance and oversight for this process. A draft of the document was presented at the 8th World Congress of Veterinary Dermatology (May 2016) and was then made available via the World Wide Web to the member organizations of the WAVD for a period of three months. Comments were solicited and posted to the GP electronically. Responses were incorporated by the GP into the final document. CONCLUSIONS No one diagnostic test was identified as the gold standard. Successful treatment requires concurrent use of systemic oral antifungals and topical disinfection of the hair coat. Wood's lamp and direct examinations have good positive and negative predictability, systemic antifungal drugs have a wide margin of safety and physical cleaning is most important for decontamination of the exposed environments. Finally, serious complications of animal-human transmission are exceedingly rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Moriello
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kimberly Coyner
- Dermatology Clinic for Animals, 8300 Quinault Drive NE Suite A, Lacey, WA, 98516, USA
| | - Susan Paterson
- Department of Veterinary Dermatology, Rutland House Referral Hospital, Abbotsfield Road, St Helens, WA9 4HU, UK
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Mycology, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 10, B43A, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Hasbach AE, Langlois DK, Rosser EJ, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics and Relative Bioavailability of Orally Administered Innovator-Formulated Itraconazole Capsules and Solution in Healthy Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017. [PMID: 28627123 PMCID: PMC5508362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Itraconazole is commonly used for treatment of systemic and cutaneous mycoses in veterinary medicine. Two formulations, capsule and solution, are used interchangeably in dogs. However, marked differences in bioavailability have been reported in other species. Similar investigations have not been performed in dogs. Objective To determine and compare pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in dogs after oral administration of commercially available capsule and solution formulations intended for use in humans. Animals Eight healthy, adult, purpose‐bred dogs. Methods Dogs received approximately 10 mg/kg of innovator‐formulated itraconazole solution and capsule PO in randomized, crossover design with a 10‐day washout period. To ensure maximal absorption, solution was administered to fasted dogs, whereas capsules were co‐administered with food. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points, and plasma drug concentrations were measured using high‐pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with compartmental analysis. Results The mean relative bioavailability of the capsule was 85% that of the solution, but drug absorption was variable, and overall drug concentrations were similar between formulations. Mean elimination half‐lives of both formulations were nearly identical at approximately 33 hours. Regardless of formulation, simulations suggest that a loading dose of 20 mg/kg, followed by 10 mg/kg once every 24 hours, will result in plasma concentrations considered to be adequate in most dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Contrary to findings reported in other species, overall drug exposures after capsule and solution administration are not substantially different in dogs. Despite some pharmacokinetic differences between itraconazole capsule and solution, formulation‐specific dosages do not appear to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hasbach
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - D K Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - E J Rosser
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - M G Papich
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF TOPICAL ITRACONAZOLE IN PANAMANIAN GOLDEN FROGS (ATELOPUS ZETEKI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:344-351. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0218r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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McFadden RA, Heinrich NA, Haarstad AC. Successful treatment of chronic canine blastomycosis in a Labrador retriever with sterile histopathology. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bexton S, Nelson H. Comparison of two systemic antifungal agents, itraconazole and terbinafine, for the treatment of dermatophytosis in European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:500-e133. [PMID: 27620985 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton erinacei is a common scaling and crusting skin disease affecting European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) admitted to wildlife rescue centres. The application of topical therapy can be challenging because wild hedgehogs are subject to stress and often roll into a ball when handled. Systemic antifungal therapy is more convenient but has not been evaluated in this species. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of oral itraconazole versus oral terbinafine for the treatment of dermatophytosis affecting hedgehogs. ANIMALS A treatment trial was undertaken in a wildlife hospital involving 165 hedgehogs with naturally occurring dermatophytosis. METHODS Animals were randomly divided into two groups and treated with either itraconazole or terbinafine orally for 28 days. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated after 14 and 28 days by mycological culture and clinical dermatological lesion scores. RESULTS Both drugs were well tolerated and clinically effective. After 14 and 28 days of treatment, the respective mycological cure rate was 36.6% and 65.9% for the itraconazole-treated group and 92.8% and 98.8% for the terbinafine-treated group. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Itraconazole and terbinafine were both effective for the treatment of dermatophytosis affecting hedgehogs; however, terbinafine was more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Bexton
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) East Winch Wildlife Centre, Station Road, East Winch, Kings Lynn, Norfolk, PE32 1NR, UK
| | - Helen Nelson
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) East Winch Wildlife Centre, Station Road, East Winch, Kings Lynn, Norfolk, PE32 1NR, UK
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Kawalilak LT, Chen AV, Roberts GR. Imaging characteristics of disseminated Geosmithia argillacea causing severe diskospondylitis and meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:901-6. [PMID: 26576269 PMCID: PMC4641471 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old male castrated Labrador Retriever presented for severe spinal pain. Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging showed evidence of diskospondylitis and meningoencephalomyelitis. Blood culture revealed a Geosmithia argillacea fungal infection after DNA sequencing, initially misdiagnosed as Penicillium species. Geosmithia argillacea should be considered as a differential for disseminated fungal diskospondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Kawalilak
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University99164-7010, Pullman, Washington
| | - Annie V Chen
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University99164-7010, Pullman, Washington
| | - Greg R Roberts
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University99164-7010, Pullman, Washington
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Middleton SM, Kubier A, Dirikolu L, Papich MG, Mitchell MA, Rubin SI. Alternate-day dosing of itraconazole in healthy adult cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:27-31. [PMID: 25865750 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current available formulations of itraconazole are not ideal for dosing in cats. The capsular preparation often does not allow for accurate dosing, the oral solution is difficult to administer and poorly tolerated, and the bioavailability of compounded formulations has been shown to be poor in other species. The aim of this study was to evaluate every other day dosing of 100 mg itraconazole capsule in healthy adult cats. Ten healthy adult cats received a 100 mg capsule of itraconazole orally every 48 h for 8 weeks. Peak and trough serum concentrations of itraconazole were measured weekly using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), and chemistry profiles were performed weekly. The dosage regimen achieved average therapeutic trough concentrations (>0.5 μg/mL) within 3 weeks. The protocol yielded no adverse effects in 8 of the 10 study cats, with affected cats recovering fully with discontinuation of the drug and supportive care. At 8 weeks, an average peak concentration of 1.79 ± 0.952 μg/mL (95% CI: 0.996-2.588) and an average trough concentration of 0.761 ± 0.540 μg/mL (95% CI: 0.314-1.216) were achieved. Overall, a 100 mg every other day oral dosage regimen for itraconazole in cats yielded serum concentrations with minimal fluctuation and with careful monitoring may be considered for treatment of cats with systemic fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - A Kubier
- Veterinary Specialty Center, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - L Dirikolu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M G Papich
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - M A Mitchell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - S I Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Milley CD, Labelle P, Tolar E, Griffin J, Reeder C. Prototheca wickerhamii
in a dog with cutaneous, ocular and systemic manifestations and treatment with terbinafine. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erica Tolar
- Department of OphthalmologyBlue Pearl Veterinary PartnersLouisvilleKentuckyUSA
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Mercer J, White A, Kennis B. Successful management of cutaneous pythiosis in a dog with subsequent cutaneous vasculitis. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mercer
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Amelia White
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Bob Kennis
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
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30
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Panciera DL, Troy GC, Purswell BJ. Blastomycosis in a postpartum dog. Med Mycol Case Rep 2014; 6:29-30. [PMID: 25379395 PMCID: PMC4216323 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplacental infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis is rare in humans and unknown in the dog. A Doberman pinscher bitch was diagnosed with blastomycosis 25 days after whelping. Clinical signs were noted after whelping and were progressive. All 9 pups were free of clinical signs and had negative urine Blastomyces antigen tests at 6 weeks of age and remained free of signs of illness through 11 months of age. The bitch responded to treatment with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Gregory C Troy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Beverly J Purswell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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31
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ElMeshad AN, Mohsen AM. Enhanced corneal permeation and antimycotic activity of itraconazole against Candida albicans via a novel nanosystem vesicle. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:2115-2123. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.942811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aliaa N. ElMeshad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and
| | - Amira M. Mohsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Foy DS, Trepanier LA, Kirsch EJ, Wheat LJ. Serum and urine Blastomyces antigen concentrations as markers of clinical remission in dogs treated for systemic blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:305-10. [PMID: 24495193 PMCID: PMC4857981 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serum and urine Blastomyces antigen concentrations can be used to diagnose blastomycosis in dogs. Objectives Blastomyces antigen concentrations correlate with clinical remission in dogs during antifungal treatment, and detect disease relapse after treatment discontinuation. Animals 21 dogs with newly diagnosed blastomycosis monitored until clinical remission (Treatment Phase), and 27 dogs monitored over 1 year from the time of antifungal discontinuation or until clinical relapse (After Treatment Phase). Methods Prospective study. Dogs were monitored monthly during treatment and every 3 months after treatment discontinuation, with a complete history, physical exam, chest radiographs, and ocular exam. Urine and serum Blastomyces antigen concentrations were measured at each visit using a quantitative enzyme immunoassay. Results At enrollment in the Treatment Phase, Blastomyces antigen was positive in all 21 urine samples (100% sensitivity; 95% CI 85–100%), and in 18 of 20 serum samples (90% sensitivity; 95% CI 70–97%). At 2–4 months of treatment, urine antigen was more sensitive for clinically detectable disease (82%; CI 60–94%) than serum antigen (18%; CI 6–41%). The sensitivity of the urine test for clinical relapse was 71% (CI 36–92%), with close to 100% specificity (CI 84–100%) during after treatment surveillance in this population. Conclusions Urine Blastomyces antigen testing has high sensitivity for active disease at the time of diagnosis and during treatment, and moderate sensitivity but high specificity for clinical relapse. Urine testing should be useful at the time of diagnosis, when treatment discontinuation is being considered, and anytime there is poor clinical response or suspicion of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Foy
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Mawby DI, Whittemore JC, Genger S, Papich MG. Bioequivalence of orally administered generic, compounded, and innovator-formulated itraconazole in healthy dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:72-7. [PMID: 24428315 PMCID: PMC4895533 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Itraconazole is commonly used to treat systemic fungal infections in dogs, but problems exist with absorption and cost. Objective To determine oral bioequivalence of generic and compounded itraconazole compared to original innovator (brand name) itraconazole in healthy dogs. Animals Nine healthy, adult research Beagle dogs. Methods A randomized, 3‐way, 3‐period, crossover design with an 8‐day washout period. After a 12‐hour fast, each dog received 100 mg (average: 10.5 mg/kg) of either innovator itraconazole, an approved human generic capsule, or compounded itraconazole (compounded using a commercially available compounding vehicle) with a small meal. Plasma was collected at predetermined intervals for high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. Concentration data were analyzed using noncompartmental pharmacokinetics to determine area under the curve (AUC), peak concentration (CMAX), and terminal half‐life. Bioequivalence tests compared generic and compounded itraconazole to the reference formulation. Results Average ratios of compounded and generic formulations to the reference formulation of itraconazole for AUC were 5.52% and 104.2%, respectively, and for CMAX were 4.14% and 86.34%, respectively. A test of bioequivalence using 2 one‐sided tests and 90% confidence intervals did not meet bioequivalence criteria for either formulation. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Neither generic nor compounded itraconazole is bioequivalent to the reference formulation in dogs. However, pharmacokinetic data for generic formulation were similar enough that therapeutic concentrations could be achieved. Compounded itraconazole produced such low plasma concentrations, it is unlikely to be effective; therefore, compounded itraconazole should not be used in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Mawby
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Vorathavorn VI, Sykes JE, Feldman DG. Cryptococcosis as an emerging systemic mycosis in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2013; 23:489-97. [PMID: 23981166 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations of canine cryptococcosis that are of relevance to veterinary emergency and critical care veterinarians. Diagnosis, treatment, and public health considerations of the disease will also be discussed. ETIOLOGY Cryptococcosis is a multisystemic disease of dogs, with a predilection for the CNS, caused by encapsulated yeast species of the genus Cryptococcus. The 2 main pathogenic species are Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii (previously known as C. neoformans var. gattii). Cryptococcosis is an emerging disease in North America, with C. gattii gaining prominence as a cause of serious veterinary and human disease. DIAGNOSIS Definitive diagnosis is made by serologic (antigen) testing, culture, and identification of the organism using light microscopy. False negatives and false positives, while uncommon, can occur in dogs using commercially available antigen tests. Cytological examination demonstrates the organism in a majority of cases, although culture is more sensitive. Specific media are required to differentiate between C. neoformans and C. gattii. THERAPY The most commonly used antifungal drugs to treat canine cryptococcosis are azole antifungals and amphotericin B. Some strains of Cryptococcus are resistant to antifungal drugs, especially fluconazole. Cautious use of glucocorticoids in critically affected dogs with CNS presentations can improve outcome. PROGNOSIS Prognosis is variable and depends on the severity of disease, underlying host immunocompetence, and financial constraints of the owner. Altered mental status in dogs with CNS cryptococcosis is a negative prognostic indicator.
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Langlois DK, Pelosi A, Kruger JM. Successful Treatment of Intracardiac and Intraocular Blastomycosis in a Dog with Combination Azole Therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 49:273-80. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever with clinical signs of blindness, cutaneous lesions, coughing, inappetence, and lethargy was diagnosed with disseminated blastomycosis based on cytologic (skin and lymph node aspirates) and histopathologic (skin biopsy) examinations of tissue samples. The dog deteriorated clinically during hospitalization and developed sustained ventricular tachycardia. Echocardiography revealed pericardial effusion, a nodule associated with the left ventricular papillary muscle, and a right atrial mural lesion. Therapy for myocardial performance and glaucoma was initiated. A combination of itraconazole and fluconazole successfully treated the dog. The dog regained vision in the left eye (oculus sinister [OS]) and had no residual cardiac disease detectable by either electrocardiography or echocardiography. This report is unique in documenting survival from intracardiac blastomycosis and in the use of combination azole therapy for treating disseminated disease with intraocular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Langlois
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Augusta Pelosi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - John M. Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Bentley RT, Reese MJ, Heng HG, Lin TL, Shimonohara N, Fauber A. EPENDYMAL AND PERIVENTRICULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHANGES IN FOUR DOGS WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BLASTOMYCOSIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 54:489-96. [PMID: 23663013 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN; 47907
| | - Michael J. Reese
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN; 47907
| | - Hock Gan Heng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN; 47907
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN; 47907
| | - Nozomi Shimonohara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN; 47907
| | - Amy Fauber
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN; 47907
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Abstract
Cutaneous vasculitis is an inflammatory process targeting blood vessels. Underlying factors include drugs, infectious diseases, adverse reactions to food, malignancies, and immune-mediated diseases. Vasculitis is a reaction pattern warranting a workup to identify triggers. Presenting symptoms include purpura, pitting edema, and skin ulcerations. Constitutional signs include fever, depression, and anorexia and seem to be present in the majority of patients. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, treatment and follow-up must be tailored to the individual. High-dose immunosuppressive medications are only recommended once infectious diseases capable of producing a similar constellation of clinical signs have been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Innerå
- Finnsnes Dyreklinikk, Postboks 228, Finnsnes 9305, Norway.
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Abstract
Sinonasal aspergillosis is an uncommon, yet debilitating and often frustrating condition to treat in dogs despite years of research evaluating pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. The disease is most commonly caused by non-invasive fungal infection, thought to be secondary to altered innate and/or adaptive immune responses. Attempts to confirm this have however failed. A variety of conflicting opinions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis exist. Often the use of a particular treatment protocol is based upon personal or regional preference. Evaluation of the veterinary literature demonstrates that the evidence base in support of individual treatment recommendations is weak. A number of recent publications have helped to expand the current knowledge base and therefore our understanding of important practicalities for both diagnostic options and treatment protocols. The following review examines the current evidence for the pathogenesis of sinonasal aspergillosis in dogs, as well as the various diagnostic options. The available evidence for frequently utilised -therapeutic options and their likely outcomes is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sharman
- Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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Vieson MD, Piñeyro P, LeRoith T. A review of the pathology and treatment of canine respiratory infections. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2012; 3:25-39. [PMID: 30155431 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s25021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous infectious agents are responsible for causing primary or secondary respiratory disease in dogs. These agents can cause upper or lower respiratory infections commonly observed in veterinary practices. Clinical signs might vary from mild dyspnea, sneezing, and coughing to severe pneumonia with systemic manifestations. Depending on the etiologic agent, the gross and microscopic changes observed during these infections can be rather unspecific or have highly characteristic patterns. While histopathology and cytology are not always required for diagnosis of respiratory infections, they are often useful for establishing a definitive diagnosis and identifying specific etiologic agents. Research regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and clinical manifestations related to these infectious pathogens provides valuable information that has improved treatments and management of the diseases they cause. This review discusses the epidemiology, general clinical characteristics, and pathologic lesions for some of the important viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic etiologies of canine respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda D Vieson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,
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Bentley RT, Faissler D, Sutherland-Smith J. Successful management of an intracranial phaeohyphomycotic fungal granuloma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 239:480-5. [PMID: 21838585 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.4.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 12-month-old castrated male Boxer was examined because of signs of acute, progressive intracranial disease. CLINICAL FINDINGS Cytologic and histologic findings were consistent with an intracranial fungal granuloma in the right cerebral hemisphere. Fungal culture yielded a Cladophialophora sp. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The granuloma was surgically debulked to remove infected brain tissue and the avascular purulent core. Postoperatively, the patient was treated with fluconazole (2.3 mg/kg [1 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) for 4 months, followed by voriconazole (3.4 mg/kg [1.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h) for a further 10 months. The outcome was considered excellent on the basis of resolution of neurologic signs and a lack of evidence of recurrence of the granuloma during magnetic resonance imaging and CSF analysis 8 months after surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging and CSF analysis 9 weeks after administration of antifungal medications was discontinued (16 months after surgery) confirmed resolution. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intracranial phaeohyphomycosis in small animals is rare and is most commonly associated with Cladophialophora infection. Phaeohyphomycosis frequently causes a focal granuloma, whereas other fungal infections typically cause diffuse meningoencephalitis. In all previous reports of phaeohyphomycosis of the CNS in dogs, treatment has been limited to medical management with conventional antifungal drugs and had failed to prevent death. The present report suggested that combined management of granulomas with surgery and newer triazole medications such as voriconazole may represent a novel strategy that improves the prognosis for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Hecht S, Adams WH, Smith JR, Thomas WB. Clinical and Imaging Findings in Five Dogs with Intracranial Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatiditis). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 47:241-9. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections affecting the central nervous system are rare. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical and imaging findings in dogs with intracranial blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatiditis). The radiology database was searched retrospectively for patients with a diagnosis of intracranial blastomycosis which had computed tomography performed as part of their diagnostic work-up. Medical records and imaging studies were reviewed. Five dogs met the inclusion criteria. Major presenting complaints were stertor/nasal discharge (n=2), exophthalmos (n=1), and seizures (n=2). Clinical and laboratory findings were variable. Computed tomographic examination revealed a single contrast-enhancing intra-axial mass (n=1), a nasal mass disrupting the cribriform plate (n=3), and an intracranial mass extending into the orbit and nasal cavity (n=1). Findings in intracranial blastomycosis in dogs are variable, and the disease may mimic other inflammatory disorders or neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (S.H., W.A., W.T.); and Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (J.S.)
| | - William H. Adams
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (S.H., W.A., W.T.); and Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (J.S.)
| | - Joanne R. Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (S.H., W.A., W.T.); and Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (J.S.)
| | - William B. Thomas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (S.H., W.A., W.T.); and Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (J.S.)
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Mazepa A, Trepanier L, Foy D. Retrospective Comparison of the Efficacy of Fluconazole or Itraconazole for the Treatment of Systemic Blastomycosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:440-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Foy DS, Trepanier LA. Antifungal treatment of small animal veterinary patients. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 40:1171-88. [PMID: 20933143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antifungal therapy has progressed significantly with the development of new drugs directed at various processes in fungal cell metabolism. Within veterinary medicine, treatment options for systemic mycoses remain limited to amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole. However, newer triazoles, echinocandins, and lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B are now approved for use in humans. This article provides a comprehensive review of the antifungal medications available for veterinary patients, and includes a brief discussion of the newer, presently cost-prohibitive, antifungal therapies used for systemic mycoses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Foy
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Lipitz L, Rylander H, Forrest LJ, Foy DS. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of central nervous system blastomycosis in 4 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1509-14. [PMID: 20738772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Lipitz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Oshin A, Griffon D, Lemberger K, Naughton J, Barger A. Patellar blastomycosis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2009; 45:239-44. [PMID: 19723847 DOI: 10.5326/0450239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 4-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was presented for evaluation of chronic left hind-limb lameness. Lytic lesions were observed in the left patella on radiographs of the stifle. A biopsy of the patella led to a histopathological diagnosis of blastomycosis. Surgical debridement followed by a 90-day course of itraconazole and physical rehabilitation resolved the clinical signs and stopped the progression of radiographic lesions. Blastomycosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for stifle joint lameness with lytic lesions in the patella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola Oshin
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, 1668 Mallory Lane, Brentwood, Tennessee 37027, USA
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Graupmann-Kuzma A, Valentine BA, Shubitz LF, Dial SM, Watrous B, Tornquist SJ. Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2008; 44:226-35. [PMID: 18762558 DOI: 10.5326/0440226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis. Dogs and cats residing in and visiting endemic areas are at risk of exposure to infectious arthrospores. The primary infection is pulmonary and frequently results in chronic cough. Disseminated disease is common and causes cutaneous, osseous, cardiac, ocular, nervous system, or other organ disease. Radiographic changes include a variable degree of interstitial pulmonary infiltration, hilar lymphadenopathy, and osseous lesions. Serological titers support the diagnosis, but definitive diagnosis relies on identification of Coccidioides in cytological or tissue samples. Coccidioidomycosis should be considered in any dog or cat that has been potentially exposed during the previous 3 years and is presented with chronic illness, respiratory signs, lameness, lymphadenopathy, nonhealing cutaneous lesions, or neurological, ocular, or cardiac abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Graupmann-Kuzma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University. Her current address is St. Francis 24-Hr Animal Hospital, Vancouver, Washington 98682, USA
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Wehner A, Crochik S, Howerth EW, Koenig A. Diagnosis and treatment of blastomycosis affecting the nose and nasopharynx of a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:1112-6. [PMID: 18828722 DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.7.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 2-year-old 38.9-kg (85.58-lb) sexually intact male German Shepherd Dog was examined because of a 4-month history of severe nasal swelling and nasal mucosa congestion. The signs were slowly progressive. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination revealed that the dorsal aspect of the dog's nose was swollen and hard. Mucous membranes in both nostrils were hyperemic and edematous. Diagnostic investigation revealed severe nasal osteolysis and pyogranulomatous rhinitis and nasopharyngitis attributable to blastomycosis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Oral administration of itraconazole was initiated (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], q 12 h for 5 days and then q 24 h). After a treatment period of 3 months, the nose had regained its normal appearance. After 5 months of treatment, the Blastomyces infection was eliminated as confirmed by results of rhinoscopy and biopsy specimen examination. No relapse was evident within 1 year after discontinuation of treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs, nasal and nasopharyngeal blastomycosis can result in severe osteolysis of the nasal bone. Resolution of disease can be achieved with oral administration of itraconazole for a period of at least 5 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Wehner
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, Bemis D, Rohrbach B, Taboada J, Durkin M. Antigen and Antibody Testing for the Diagnosis of Blastomycosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:839-43. [PMID: 18482276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Spector
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Abstract
The clinical signs of uveitis occur as a result of inflammation within the vascular coat of the eye, which causes breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and blood-retinal barrier. Many infectious and noninfectious causes can incite episodes of uveitis. Although a complete diagnostic evaluation is highly recommended to identify any underlying etiologic agent, many cases remain idiopathic in nature. The goals of therapy are preserving vision, minimizing pain, and halting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Townsend
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, D208 Veterinary Medical Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA.
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Crews LJ, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, Newman AB, Sharkey LC. Utility of diagnostic tests for and medical treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs: 125 cases (1989–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:222-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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