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Pilkington E, Goncalves R, Henze L, Grapes N, Volk H, De Decker S. Determining the prevalence and risk factors for positive bacterial culture in canine discospondylitis: 120 cases. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3053. [PMID: 37211971 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the aetiologic agent in canine discospondylitis is infrequent; and risk factors for a positive bacterial culture have not previously been reported. METHODS Medical records at three institutions were searched to identify clinical features of dogs with discospondylitis diagnosed via radiography or cross-sectional imaging. Inclusion in this retrospective case-control study required culture of one or more samples. Multivariable binary logistic regression identified features associated with a positive culture. RESULTS Fifty (42%) of 120 dogs had one or more positive culture results obtained from either urine (28/115), blood (25/78), intervertebral disc aspiration (10/34) or cerebrospinal fluid (1/18). A positive culture was associated with higher bodyweight (p = 0.002, odds ratio [OR] = 1.054, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.019-1.089), more sample types cultured (p = 0.037, OR = 1.806, 95% CI: 1.037-3.147) and institution (p = 0.021). The presence of possibly associated preceding events (e.g., surgery), pyrexia, number of disc sites affected and serum C-reactive protein result, among other features, were not statistically significant. LIMITATIONS All isolates cultured were included since differentiation of true aetiologic agents from contaminants was not possible without histological confirmation and culture from surgical or postmortem biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Clinical features typically associated with infection were not identified as risk factors for positive culture in canine discospondylitis. The statistical significance of the institution suggests that standardisation of sampling protocols is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Pilkington
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rita Goncalves
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lea Henze
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nick Grapes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Holger Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Polak S, Karalus W, Worth AJ, Cave NJ. Disseminated Rasamsonia argillacea infection in a dog. N Z Vet J 2023; 71:267-274. [PMID: 37173868 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2214511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A 4-year-old, male neutered Borzoi presented for unlocalised pain and frequent episodes of vocalisation. CLINICAL FINDINGS Pain was localised to the lumbar spine and radiographs revealed a L3-L4 lesion consistent with discospondylitis. The dog was treated for presumptive bacterial discospondylitis with surgical debridement, spinal stabilisation, and cephalexin. Samples collected from the affected intervertebral disc at the time of surgery revealed lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with no causative agent identified on histopathology or bacterial culture. After an initial period of improvement, signs recurred despite an 8-week antibiotic course, with the development of inappetence, weight loss, polydipsia, and polyuria. Repeat radiographs revealed a new cervical intervertebral lesion, and concurrent pyelonephritis was diagnosed based on blood and urine results. Fungal culture of urine resulted in growth of Rasamsonia argillacea species complex and disseminated fungal disease was clinically diagnosed. Antifungal treatment was commenced, however the dog deteriorated, and euthanasia was performed. PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS Multifocal white plaques were grossly visualised in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, cervical vertebrae, and kidneys. Periodic acid-Schiff-positive, fine, parallel-walled, occasionally branching, septate hyphae 5-10 μm in diameter, and conidia 5-7 μm in diameter were found on sectioning all organs. R. argillacea species complex was identified by fungal culture of urine and was considered the species of fungal organism seen histologically. The isolate was subsequently confirmed as R. argillacea by DNA sequencing. DIAGNOSIS Disseminated Rasamsonia argillacea infection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rasamsonia argillacea species complex is a recognised invasive mycosis in veterinary medicine, with disseminated disease causing significant clinical complications and death. This is believed to be the first report of infection caused by R. argillacea in a dog in Australasia and highlights the importance of awareness of a potential fungal aetiology in dogs with discospondylitis.Abbreviations: CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; CRI: Constant rate infusion; MEC: Minimum effective concentration; MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration; PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Polak
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - W Karalus
- Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A J Worth
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - N J Cave
- Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Van Hoof C, Davis NA, Carrera‐Justiz S, Kahn AD, De Decker S, Grapes NJ, Beasley M, Du J, Pancotto TE, Suñol A, Shinn R, DeCicco B, Burkland E, Cridge H. Clinical features, comparative imaging findings, treatment, and outcome in dogs with discospondylitis: A multi-institutional retrospective study. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1438-1446. [PMID: 37288966 PMCID: PMC10365064 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited recent data exists regarding discospondylitis in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES (i) Describe the signalment, clinical and imaging findings, etiologic agents, treatment, and outcome of dogs with discospondylitis, (ii) determine diagnostic agreement between radiographs, CT, and MRI with regard to the presence of discospondylitis and its location, and (iii) determine risk factors for relapse and progressive neurological deterioration. ANIMALS Three hundred eighty-six dogs. METHODS Multi-institutional retrospective study. Data extracted from medical records were: signalment, clinical and examination findings, diagnostic results, treatments, complications, and outcome. Potential risk factors were recorded. Breed distribution was compared to a control group. Agreement between imaging modalities was assessed via Cohen's kappa statistic. Other analyses were performed on categorical data, using cross tabulations with chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS Male dogs were overrepresented (236/386 dogs). L7-S1 (97/386 dogs) was the most common site. Staphylococcus species (23/38 positive blood cultures) were prevalent. There was a fair agreement (κ = 0.22) between radiographs and CT, but a poor agreement (κ = 0.05) between radiographs and MRI with regard to evidence of discospondylitis. There was good agreement between imaging modalities regarding location of disease. Trauma was associated with an increased risk of relapse (P = .01, OR: 9.0, 95% CI: 2.2-37.0). Prior steroid therapy was associated with an increased risk of progressive neurological dysfunction (P = .04, OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.2-18.6). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Radiograph and MRI results could be discrepant in dogs with discospondylitis. Prior trauma and corticosteroids could be associated with relapse and progressive neurological dysfunction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Van Hoof
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Nicole A. Davis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Sheila Carrera‐Justiz
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Alisha D. Kahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
| | - Nicholas J. Grapes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonHatfieldUK
| | - Michaela Beasley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA
| | - John Du
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA
| | - Theresa E. Pancotto
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Anna Suñol
- AniCura Ars Veterinaria HospitalBarcelonaSpain
| | - Richard Shinn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Barry DeCicco
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting (CSTAT)Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Erica Burkland
- ACCESS Specialty Animal Hospitals—South BayTorranceCaliforniaUSA
| | - Harry Cridge
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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González-Martín M, Silva V, Poeta P, Corbera JA, Tejedor-Junco MT. Microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in veterinary medicine: drawing parallels to the infection in human medicine. Vet Q 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 34936853 PMCID: PMC8725753 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.2022244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a challenging infectious disease affecting humans and animals. It is difficult to diagnose because, in many cases, symptoms are non-specific and, for example in implant-related cases, can appear long time after surgery. In addition to this, it is also difficult to treat due to the need to find the appropriate antibiotic regime and delivery system to reach the site of infection and to avoid development of bacterial resistance. The central purpose of this review is to compare the microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in human and veterinary medicine, with the aim of improving the microbiological diagnosis and treatment of this infection in animals. Furthermore, the study of osteomyelitis in animals may help to improve the development of animal models for testing new treatments in humans. Host factors and underlying conditions have been studied mainly in humans, although aspects as immunodeficiency have been described in some veterinary cases. Even when Staphylococcus aureus is still considered the most prevalent causing microorganism, this prevalence should be reviewed using molecular diagnostic techniques, and this could affect treatment options. New approaches to treatment include local delivery of antibiotics using different biomaterials, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and new antimicrobial compounds. We would like to remark the need of large, high-quality clinical trials and of the development of guides for the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Animal Production and Food Science and Technology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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Long C, Burgers E, Copple C, Stainback L, Packer RA, Kopf K, Schmidt J, Emch S, Windsor R. Brucella canis discospondylitis in 33 dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1043610. [PMID: 36406064 PMCID: PMC9672337 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1043610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical and imaging findings of 33 dogs with Brucella canis discospondylitis (BDS). Animals 33 client owned dogs from four veterinary specialty hospitals within Colorado and Arizona with at least one positive B. canis test and spinal diagnostic imaging. Procedures Retrospective review of signalment, physical and neurological examination findings, laboratory results, B. canis serology, and diagnostic imaging of 33 dogs with BDS. All imaging was reviewed by a board-certified veterinary neurologist. Radiographs were reviewed by a board-certified veterinary radiologist blinded to MRI and CT findings. Results 31/33 (94%) dogs were <5 years old (median = 2.5 years, mean = 2.9 years, range 0.5–10 years). 21/29 (72%) dogs had signs of nonspecific pain, spinal pain, or lameness for >3 months (median = 6 months, mean = 8.2 months, range 5 days−4 years). Fever was seen in only 4/28 (14%) dogs. Multifocal lesions were evident on radiographs in 21/29 (72%) dogs and MRI in 12/18 (67%) dogs. Smooth, round, central end-plate lysis, defined as “hole punch” lesions, were identified radiographically in 25/29 (86%) dogs. Vertebral physitis or spondylitis without discitis was evident on MRI in 7/18 (39%) dogs. Clinical relevance Dogs with BDS typically present at a young age with a long duration of clinical signs. Identification of radiographic “hole punch” lesions and MRI evidence of vertebral physitis, spondylitis, and paravertebral inflammation without discitis should increase suspicion for BDS. BDS may be increasing in frequency in the southwestern United States, and dogs with signs of chronic spinal pain and/or lameness should be screened for B. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Long
- Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO, United States
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca A. Packer
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelli Kopf
- VCA Alameda East Veterinary Hospital, Denver, CO, United States
| | | | - Samantha Emch
- VCA Alameda East Veterinary Hospital, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca Windsor
- Wheat Ridge Animal Hospital, Wheat Ridge, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Rebecca Windsor
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Graham LT, Vitale SN, Foss KD, Hague DW, Anderson KM, Maddox CW. Canine brucellosis in three littermates, case report. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:958390. [PMID: 36277065 PMCID: PMC9583169 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.958390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three adult littermates were diagnosed with Brucella canis, two of which were diagnosed with discospondylitis. The first littermate, a 2-year-old spayed-female Labrador Retriever, was evaluated for progressive episodes of cervical pain, lethargy, reported circling to the right, and a right-sided head tilt. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine revealed changes consistent with discospondylitis at C6-C7. MRI of the brain was unremarkable and cerebrospinal fluid analysis was declined. Brucella spp. was isolated from aerobic and Brucella blood cultures. PCR performed on the isolate identified Brucella canis and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) testing for Brucella canis also confirmed the species. Patient #1 was treated with doxycycline and marbofloxacin for 1 year. Clinical signs returned 2-years after diagnosis. Following the diagnosis of patient #1, a known littermate (patient #2) was tested for Brucella canis. Patient #2 was 2 years old and asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Aerobic and Brucella spp. cultures, PCR, and IFA were obtained and were diagnostic for Brucella canis. A 6-month course of marbofloxacin and doxycycline was implemented. The patient remained PCR positive following 4 months of treatment and repeat cultures were planned following 6 months of treatment; however, the patient was lost to follow-up. A third littermate (patient #3) was identified by the family of patient #1. Patient #3 was evaluated at 18 months of age for a 6-month history of progressive lumbosacral pain. Spinal radiographs revealed discospondylitis of the C3-C4, T12-T13, and L7-S1 vertebral endplates. Computed tomography (CT) of the lumbosacral spine was also consistent with discospondylitis at L7-S1. Brucella canis serologic testing consisting of rapid slide agglutination test, 2ME-rapid slide agglutination test, and cytoplasmic agar gel immunodiffusion was positive. Enrofloxacin was administered for 7 months and was discontinued thereafter based on radiographic evidence of healing and resolution of clinical signs. Although Brucella canis is not a rare disease in dogs, the documentation of two out of three adult littermates with associated discospondylitis is an interesting feature. In addition, this report highlights available diagnostic and treatment options, as each patient was managed differently based on clinical signs and the preference of the managing clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey T. Graham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Samantha N. Vitale
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kari D. Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Devon W. Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Devon W. Hague
| | - Kimberly M. Anderson
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Laborda-Vidal P, Martín M, Orts-Porcar M, Vilalta L, Melendez-Lazo A, de Carellán AG, Ros C. Computed Tomography-Guided Fine Needle Biopsies of Vertebral and Paravertebral Lesions in Small Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131688. [PMID: 35804586 PMCID: PMC9265075 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine needle biopsy (FNB) is an effective, minimally invasive and inexpensive diagnostic technique. Under computed tomography (CT)-guidance, lesions that have a difficult approach can be sampled to reach a diagnosis. The aim of this study is to describe the use of CT-guidance to obtain FNB from vertebral and paravertebral lesions in small animals. Ten dogs and one ferret that had undergone CT-guided FNB of vertebral and paravertebral lesions and had a cytological or a histological diagnosis were included in this retrospective study. The FNB samples were taken in four cases from the vertebra, in two cases from the intervertebral disc and in five cases from the intervertebral foramen. Two infectious and nine neoplastic lesions were diagnosed. The percentage of successful FNB was 91%. The percentage of samples with a cytological diagnosis was 80%. The percentage of complications was 9%. Limitations were the small number of animals in the study, the lacking complementary percutaneous biopsies for comparison, the lacking final histological diagnoses in some cases and the intervention of multiple operators. Computed tomography-guided FNB is a useful and safe technique for the diagnosis of vertebral and paravertebral lesions in small animals. However, a degree of expertise is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Laborda-Vidal
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Calle Tirant lo Blanch 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Myriam Martín
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | | | - Laura Vilalta
- Servicio de Animales Exóticos, Hospital Veterinari Canis, 17006 Girona, Spain;
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Avenida Pérez Galdós 51, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (A.G.d.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Antonio Melendez-Lazo
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Avenida Pérez Galdós 51, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (A.G.d.C.); (C.R.)
- T-Cito, Avenida Pérez Galdós 51, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandra García de Carellán
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Avenida Pérez Galdós 51, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (A.G.d.C.); (C.R.)
- Servicio de Anestesia y Unidad del Dolor, Memvet Centro de Referencia Veterinaria, 07003 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carlos Ros
- Hospital Veterinario UCV, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Avenida Pérez Galdós 51, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-L.); (A.G.d.C.); (C.R.)
- Servicio de Neurología, Memvet Centro de Referencia Veterinaria, 07003 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Gomes SA, Garosi LS, Behr S, Toni C, Tabanez J, Rusbridge C, Targett M, Lowrie M. Clinical features, treatment and outcome of discospondylitis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:311-321. [PMID: 34100660 PMCID: PMC10812237 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a paucity of information on feline discospondylitis. This study aimed to describe the signalment, clinical and laboratory findings, aetiological agents, treatment and outcome in cats affected by discospondylitis. METHODS This was a retrospective review of the medical records of cats diagnosed with discospondylitis at four referral institutions. RESULTS A total of 17 cats were identified. Most were domestic shorthair cats (76.5%) and male (58.8%), with a median age of 9 years (range 0.9-14) and a median duration of clinical signs of 3 weeks (range 0.3-16). All cats presented with spinal hyperaesthesia; 3/17 had pyrexia. Neurological dysfunction was found in 64.7% of cats, which was indicative of a T3-L3 or L4-S2 spinal segment, associated nerve root or associated nerve neurolocalisation. Haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis revealed occasional inconsistent non-specific changes. All cats underwent urine culture; 9/17 cats also had a distinct tissue cultured. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in two cats (11.8%) for Staphylococcus species (urine, blood and intradiscal fine-needle aspirate) and Escherichia coli (urine); both presented with multifocal discospondylitis. Treatment was non-surgical in all cats, with sustained antibiotic therapy for a median of 3 months (range 1-9). Analgesia provided included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or in combination with gabapentin. Restricted exercise was advised for a minimum of 4 weeks. Outcome information available in 12 cats was excellent in terms of pain control and neurological function in 10 cats (83.3%) at the time of stopping antibiotics. Recurrence occurred in one case, which had received a single antibiotic for 6 weeks, and relapsed 4 months after presentation. One other case failed to improve and was euthanased during the course of hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Feline discospondylitis is uncommon and no obvious signalment predisposition was found in this study. Spinal hyperaesthesia was universally present, with neurological dysfunction also highly prevalent. Bacterial culture was unrewarding in most cases. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid or cephalosporins are reasonable choices for first-line antibiotics. Prognosis was favourable, with no long-term evidence of recurrence in cats on sustained antibiotic therapy, for a mean duration of 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gomes
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Castle Donington, Derby, UK
| | | | - Sebastien Behr
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | - Cristina Toni
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull, West Midlands, UK
| | | | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, Surrey, UK
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Mike Targett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Castle Donington, Derby, UK
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Liatis T, Hammond G, Cloquell Miro A, Rincon Alvarez J. Presumptive coccygeal diskospondylitis in a cat. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theophanes Liatis
- Neurology & Neurosurgery ServiceSmall Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Gawain Hammond
- Diagnostic Imaging ServiceSmall Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Ana Cloquell Miro
- Neurology & Neurosurgery ServiceSmall Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Javier Rincon Alvarez
- Soft Tissue & Orthopaedics ServiceSmall Animal HospitalSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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10
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Nye G, Liebel FX, Harcourt-Brown T. C-reactive protein in dogs with suspected bacterial diskospondylitis: 16 cases (2010-2019). Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000386. [PMID: 32704377 PMCID: PMC7373310 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein used in multiple canine inflammatory conditions including steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis, immune-mediated polyarthritis and bronchopneumonia. The aim of this study was to assess whether serum CRP is elevated in cases of diskospondylitis. Methods Medical records from 2010 to 2019 were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with diskospondylitis based on findings consistent on CT or MRI and with CRP tested. Results A total of 16 dogs met the inclusion criteria. All cases had back pain. Fourteen cases had elevated CRP, with a median value of 100.7 mg/l (reference range for CRP values: 0-10 mg/l), 12 were pyrexic and six had leucocytosis. The two dogs with normal CRP were normothermic and did not have leucocytosis. CRP was measured four to six weeks into antimicrobial treatment in eight of 14 dogs and was normal in all cases. One dog developed a suspected bacterial empyema diagnosed on MRI; this occurred two weeks after antibiotic treatment was discontinued based on a normal CRP level at follow-up. Conclusions Serum CRP is elevated in cases of diskospondylitis and may be clinically more useful to screen dogs with back pain than pyrexia or leucocytosis alone. Further long-term clinical evaluation in a prospective study is needed to assess its use as a treatment monitoring tool and in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Nye
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Bristol, Somerset, UK
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11
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Gomes SA, Behr S, Garosi LS, Carrera I, Targett M, Lowrie M. Imaging features of discospondylitis in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:631-640. [PMID: 31418630 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19869705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes the imaging features of feline discospondylitis on MRI, comparing them with CT and radiographic findings where available. METHODS The medical records of cats diagnosed with discospondylitis, presented to three referring institutions, were reviewed. MRI, CT and radiographic features were assessed by two of the authors independently. RESULTS Fourteen sites of discospondylitis were retrospectively identified in 13 cats. The L7-S1 intervertebral disc space (IVDS) was affected in 7/14 (50%) cases. Characteristic MRI features included a hyperintense nucleus pulposus signal on T2-weighted (T2W) imaging (n = 10/14 [71%]) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging (n = 11/13 [85%]), with contrast enhancement in all (n = 11/11); involvement of adjacent vertebral endplates (n = 11/14 [79%]) and hyperintense neighbouring soft tissue on T2W (n = 11/14 [79%]) and STIR (n = 10/13 [77%]), with contrast enhancement in all (n = 11/11); and the presence of spondylosis deformans (n = 10/14 [71%]). Other features included narrowed or collapsed IVDS (n = 8/14 [57%]), contrast enhancement of vertebral bodies (n = 5/11 [46%]), epidural space involvement (n = 5/14 [36%]), compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots (n = 5/14 [36%]), paraspinal abscessation (n = 3/14 [21%]) and meningeal signal intensity abnormalities with contrast enhancement (n = 5/6 [83%]). These latter findings may indicate secondary focal meningitis. Radiographs were available covering five sites (in four cats) and CT covering three sites (in two cats). The most common radiological features were collapse or narrowing of the affected IVDS (80%) and endplate erosion (60%). No changes suggestive of discospondylitis were identifiable on radiography or CT in two sites (one cat), despite being identifiable on MRI. Repeated radiography in one case did not reveal complete radiological resolution following 9 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study indicate consistent MRI features of feline discospondylitis that should be considered in the diagnosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastien Behr
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull, UK
| | | | - Ines Carrera
- Diagnostic Imaging, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Centre, Solihull, UK
| | - Mike Targett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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12
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Arai S, Rist P, Clancey N, Gilroy C, Stryhn H, Amsellem P. Fine-needle aspiration of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and intracavitary masses in dogs and cats using 22- vs 25-gauge needles. Vet Clin Pathol 2019; 48:287-292. [PMID: 31210389 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a common procedure as a diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine. However, it is unclear whether the gauge of the needle affects the quality of cytology. OBJECTIVE This study compared the quality of cytologic samples obtained via FNA using 22- or 25-gauge needles. METHODS Fine-needle aspiration was performed on 50 masses (cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intracavitary) obtained from client-owned animals. The size of the needle was randomly assigned using either of the following two sequences: 22-25-22 gauge or 25-22-25 gauge. Samples were evaluated by two board-certified clinical pathologists to assess cellularity, blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, degree of cellular trauma, and the overall ability to make a diagnosis for each sample. RESULTS No significant difference was detected between the 22- and 25-gauge needle samples for cellularity, whereas a significant difference was present for blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, and degree of cellular trauma. The overall ability to make a diagnosis was not significantly affected by the needle gauge. The degree of cellular trauma was significantly increased in intracavitary samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Needle gauge is a contributing factor to FNA sample quality. However, it did not affect the overall ability to make a diagnosis. Samples obtained using 25-gauge needles resulted in less blood contamination yet increased cellular trauma compared to 22-gauge needle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Arai
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Paul Rist
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Noel Clancey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Cornelia Gilroy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Pierre Amsellem
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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13
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Buhmann G, Paul F, Herbst W, Melzer F, Wolf G, Hartmann K, Fischer A. Canine Brucellosis: Insights Into the Epidemiologic Situation in Europe. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:151. [PMID: 31214601 PMCID: PMC6554662 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella canis is one of many responsible pathogens of discospondylitis in dogs and infections require specific management. Little is known about the epidemiologic situation in Europe. The purpose of the study was to get insights into the occurrence of brucellosis in dogs in Europe. The database of a European veterinary laboratory was screened for Brucella positive samples. Additionally, medical records of a veterinary hospital in Germany were screened for diagnosis of discospondylitis and brucellosis. The laboratory received samples from 20 European countries for Brucella testing in dogs: 3.7% of submitted samples were Brucella spp. PCR-positive (61/1,657), and Brucella canis antibodies were identified in 5.4% of submitted samples (150/2,764). Brucella spp. PCR-positive samples originated from Spain (11.1% of submitted samples), Poland (6.7% of submitted samples) and rarely from Italy and France. Samples with Brucella canis antibodies originated from 13 European countries (Sweden, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Finland, Germany, Denmark, Hungary, Norway, Poland, France, Netherlands). Young dogs (0–24 months) had a 5.4-fold increased risk of PCR positive samples. The supplementary medical records search identified four young female dogs (7–30 months) with Brucella canis discospondylitis in Germany. The four dogs had been imported to Germany from Eastern European countries (Moldavia, Romania, Macedonia). In conclusion, infection with Brucella canis needs to be considered in dogs in Europe and diagnostics for Brucella canis infection appear indicated in young dogs with discospondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Buhmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Werner Herbst
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, University of Giessen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacteriological Infections and Zoonosis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Discospondylitis can affect dogs of any age and breed and may be seen in cats. Although radiography remains the gold standard, advanced imaging, such as CT and MRI, has benefits and likely allows earlier diagnosis and identification of concurrent disease. Because discospondylitis may affect multiple disk spaces, imaging of the entire spine should be considered. There is a lengthening list of causative etiologic agents, and successful treatment hinges on correct identification. Image-guided biopsy should be considered in addition to blood and urine cultures and Brucella canis screening and as an alternative to surgical biopsy in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ruoff
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA
| | - Sharon C Kerwin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - Amanda R Taylor
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Greene Hall, 1130 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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15
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James DR, Golovsky G, Thornton JM, Goodchild L, Havlicek M, Martin P, Krockenberger MB, Marriott DJE, Ahuja V, Malik R, Mor SM. Clinical management ofBrucella suisinfection in dogs and implications for public health. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:19-25. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DR James
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; North Ryde NSW Australia
| | | | - JM Thornton
- West Cessnock Veterinary Hospital; Cessnock NSW Australia
| | - L Goodchild
- Quirindi Veterinary Clinic; Quirindi NSW Australia
| | - M Havlicek
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; North Ryde NSW Australia
| | - P Martin
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - MB Krockenberger
- Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
| | - DJE Marriott
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology; St Vincent's Hospital; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - V Ahuja
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, ICPMR; Westmead Hospital; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - R Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Conference Centre, B22; The University of Sydney; New South Wales 2006 Australia
- School of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - SM Mor
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Sydney; New South Wales 2006 Australia
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16
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Tellegen AR, Willems N, Tryfonidou MA, Meij BP. Pedicle screw-rod fixation: a feasible treatment for dogs with severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:299. [PMID: 26642756 PMCID: PMC4672470 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis is a common problem in large breed dogs. For severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis, conservative treatment is often not effective and surgical intervention remains as the last treatment option. The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the middle to long term outcome of treatment of severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with pedicle screw-rod fixation with or without evidence of radiological discospondylitis. Results Twelve client-owned dogs with severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis underwent pedicle screw-rod fixation of the lumbosacral junction. During long term follow-up, dogs were monitored by clinical evaluation, diagnostic imaging, force plate analysis, and by using questionnaires to owners. Clinical evaluation, force plate data, and responses to questionnaires completed by the owners showed resolution (n = 8) or improvement (n = 4) of clinical signs after pedicle screw-rod fixation in 12 dogs. There were no implant failures, however, no interbody vertebral bone fusion of the lumbosacral junction was observed in the follow-up period. Four dogs developed mild recurrent low back pain that could easily be controlled by pain medication and an altered exercise regime. Conclusions Pedicle screw-rod fixation offers a surgical treatment option for large breed dogs with severe degenerative lumbosacral stenosis with or without evidence of radiological discospondylitis in which no other treatment is available. Pedicle screw-rod fixation alone does not result in interbody vertebral bone fusion between L7 and S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Tellegen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Willems
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Björn P Meij
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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MacKenzie SD, Caswell JL, Brisson BA, Gaitero L, Chalmers HJ. COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, FLUOROSCOPY, AND ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR GUIDING PERCUTANEOUS INJECTION OF THE CANINE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:571-81. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. MacKenzie
- Departments of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Jeff L. Caswell
- Departments of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Brigitte A. Brisson
- Departments of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Luis Gaitero
- Departments of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Heather J. Chalmers
- Departments of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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18
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Foster JD, Trepanier LA, Ginn JA. Use of linezolid to treat MRSP bacteremia and discospondylitis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 50:53-8. [PMID: 24216492 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 1.5 yr old male German shepherd dog was evaluated for recurrent intermittent episodes of fever and lethargy. Clinicopathologic abnormalities were suggestive of a discospondylitis at the seventh and eighth thoracic vertebrae. Blood and urine cultures yielded growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) that was resistant to all commonly used antibiotics. Extralabel antibiotic susceptibility testing demonstrated susceptibility of both blood and urine isolates to linezolid. The prescribed dose was extrapolated from pharmacokinetic (PK) studies and the isolate's plasma minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Linezolid was administered for 23 wk and resulted in successful resolution of bacteremia, bacteriuria, and discospondylitis. When justified, linezolid should be considered to treat methicillin-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Foster
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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19
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Harris JM, Chen AV, Tucker RL, Mattoon JS. Clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of diskospondylitis in dogs: 23 cases (1997–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:359-65. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Image-guided interventional procedures in the dog and cat. Vet J 2011; 187:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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CARRERA INÉS, SULLIVAN MARTIN, MCCONNELL FRASER, GONÇALVES RITA. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF DISCOSPONDYLITIS IN DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 52:125-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Schwartz M, Boettcher IC, Kramer S, Tipold A. Two dogs with iatrogenic discospondylitis caused by meticillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:201-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Zanolari P, Konar M, Tomek AI, Hoby S, Meylan M. Paraparesis in an Adult Alpaca with Discospondylitis. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Burkert BA, Kerwin SC, Hosgood GL, Pechman RD, Fontenelle JP. Signalment and clinical features of diskospondylitis in dogs: 513 cases (1980-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:268-75. [PMID: 16047665 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine signalment, clinical features of the disease, and treatment in dogs with diskospondylitis. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 513 dogs with diskospondylitis (cases) and 236,109 canine hospital accessions (controls) from 12 veterinary teaching hospitals. PROCEDURE Information retrieved from the medical records of 123 dogs with diskospondylitis at the Louisiana State University veterinary teaching hospital between 1980 and 2001 included sex, age, breed, primary complaint, neurologic status, location of lesions, causative organism, treatment, and outcome. The signalment of 390 additional cases from 11 other veterinary teaching hospitals was accessed from the Veterinary Medical Database. Comparisons were made with controls from the same time periods. RESULTS Male dogs were twice as likely as female dogs to be affected (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 2.4). Dogs were significantly more likely to be affected as age increased. Purebred dogs, especially Great Danes, were more likely than mixed-breed dogs to be affected (OR, 73; CI, 4.3 to 12.6). For dogs from Louisiana State University, Staphylococcus spp, Brucella spp, Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli were isolated most often; multiple organisms were detected via microbial culture in 11 dogs. The mean duration of treatment was 53.7 weeks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Male dogs, older dogs, and Great Danes appeared more likely to be affected with diskospondylitis than female dogs, dogs < 1 year of age, and mixed-breed dogs, respectively. Long-term administration of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of diskospondylitis may be expected. Identification of the causative organism and early treatment are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A Burkert
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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26
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Packer RA, Coates JR, Cook CR, Lattimer JC, O'Brien DP. SUBLUMBAR ABSCESS AND DISKOSPONDYLITIS IN A CAT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46:396-9. [PMID: 16250397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diskospondylitis is uncommon in cats. We describe a cat with diskospondylitis of the L7-S1 intervertebral disk, and a concurrent sublumbar abscess. Radiographic, computed tomographic and ultrasonographic findings are presented. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures of blood and spinal fluid yielded no growth. Aerobic and anaerobic urine cultures resulted in growth of an Enterococcus sp. and Clostridium perfringens, respectively. The cat was successfully treated with enrofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Clinical signs resolved completely, and based on follow-up ultrasonography there was no remaining evidence of the sublumbar abscess. Etiologic agents and outcome from other cats with diskospondylitis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Packer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Kinzel S, Koch J, Buecker A, Krombach G, Stopinski T, Afify M, Kupper W. Treatment of 10 dogs with discospondylitis by fluoroscopy‐guided percutaneous discectomy. Vet Rec 2005; 156:78-81. [PMID: 15689036 DOI: 10.1136/vr.156.3.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ten dogs suffering from discospondylitis were treated by percutaneous discectomy and local and systemic antibiotic therapy. With fluoroscopic guidance, a cylinder 5 mm in diameter was removed from the centre of the intervertebral space, yielding a fenestration and decompressing the disc without producing any spinal instability. The causative bacteria were identified in nine of the 10 biopsy specimens, but in only three urine cultures and four blood cultures. In two cases, the antibiotics used initially had to be changed owing to the organisms' antibiotic resistance. The clinical signs of the dogs improved markedly after two to nine days (mean 4.2 days) and had resolved completely after five to 14 days (mean 9.1 days). In all the cases the disease could be classified histologically as either acute or chronic, and the disease was classified as chronic in one dog. No side effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kinzel
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Technology Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Germany
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28
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Cherubini GB, Cappello R, Lu D, Targett M, Wessmann A, Mantis P. MRI findings in a dog with discospondylitis caused by Bordetella species. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:417-20. [PMID: 15352413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A case of discospondylitis in a dog secondary to Bordetella species, diagnosed early with the assistance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is reported. The history and clinical signs were suggestive of possible discospondylitis. MRI identified changes and allowed a presumptive diagnosis of discospondylitis, which was subsequently confirmed by bacterial culture of biopsy material. Discospondylitis associated with Bordetella species infection has not, to the authors' knowledge, been previously reported in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Cherubini
- The Royal Veterinary College, The Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire
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29
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Abstract
The neurologic patient is considered a neurosurgical emergency when delay of treatment may influence the patient's outcome. Diseases of the spinal cord, brain, and peripheral nerves are presented in this article. Diagnostic tools (i.e., advanced imaging and electrophysiologic tests), differential diagnoses, treatment options (conventional and controversial), whether the patient requires surgery, and the optimal time for surgical intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kapatkin
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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30
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Abstract
This article discusses infections of the spine, including diskospondylitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, and vertebral physitis. Spinal pain is the most common clinical sign. Plain radiography is usually diagnostic; computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful when the diagnosis is unclear. Serology for Brucella canis and cultures of blood and urine are important in identifying the cause. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is successful in the majority of cases of bacterial spinal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Thomas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
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31
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Auger J, Dupuis J, Quesnel A, Beauregard G. Surgical treatment of lumbosacral instability caused by discospondylitis in four dogs. Vet Surg 2000; 29:70-80. [PMID: 10653497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2000.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a surgical technique involving distraction and stabilization of the lumbo-sacral vertebral segment using an external skeletal fixator in dogs with lumbosacral instability caused by discospondylitis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS Four client-owned dogs. METHODS Medical records of all dogs diagnosed with discospondylitis from 1994 to 1997 were identified and reviewed. Four dogs with lumbosacral discospondylitis requiring surgical treatment were then specifically studied. Surgical technique, clinical signs, preoperative diagnostic investigation, radiographic findings, and the results of short-term and long-term reevaluations were recorded. RESULTS Twelve dogs with discospondylitis were identified, 4 of which had lumbosacral discospondylitis. These 4 dogs underwent surgical distraction and stabilization because they failed to respond to medical treatment. Three dogs received a cancellous bone graft between L7 and S1 and had rapid interbody fusion of this vertebral segment. The dog that did not receive a graft did not have interbody fusion at the time of fixator removal. This did not affect the final clinical outcome. Lumbosacral pain and neurological deficits present before surgery rapidly subsided after the procedure. All dogs received concurrent antibiotic treatment for a minimum of 4 weeks. All dogs were clinically normal at the time of fixator removal and all continued to do well during the follow-up period (8-48 months; mean, 27.5 months). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lumbosacral discospondylitis may not respond well to conservative treatment because of the mobility of the affected space. Surgical treatment involving distraction and stabilization to obtain intervertebral fusion is very effective in treating lumbosacral instability caused by discospondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Auger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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32
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Walker MC, Platt SR, Graham JP, Clemmons RM. Vertebral physitis with epiphyseal sequestration and a portosystemic shunt in a Pekingese dog. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:525-8. [PMID: 10649596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vertebral physitis with bone sequestration and a portosystemic shunt were diagnosed in an 18-month-old female Pekingese dog. The latter was determined by the presence of low blood urea nitrogen, elevated serum bile acids, microhepatica and an increased portosystemic shunt fraction. It was managed with a home-cooked low protein diet. Vertebral physitis and bone sequestration was diagnosed by the presence of thoracolumbar hyperaesthesia, radiographic and scintigraphic changes, isolation of Staphylococcus intermedius from blood and the third lumbar vertebra, and histopathological examination of a surgical biopsy. A partial sequestrectomy was performed and a six-month course of amoxycillin-clavulanate was prescribed. The dog was pain-free and showed partial resolution of the radiographic signs four months after the discontinuation of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Walker
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0126, USA
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