1
|
Khamesipour F, Taktaz‐Hafshejani T, Tebit KE, Razavi SM, Hosseini SR. Prevalence of endo- and ecto-parasites of equines in Iran: A systematic review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:25-34. [PMID: 32644306 PMCID: PMC7840198 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Equines are subject to infection with many parasites, which threaten their health. In the present study, we systematically reviewed existing literature on the prevalence of endo- and ectoparasites of equines in Iran. Major electronic databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scientific Information Database (SID), were searched (Last updated 11/05/2018) for relevant literature of parasites that have been identified from equines in Iran. Of the 1809 titles produced by bibliographic search, 38 were included in the review. Twenty-seven of the studies were on horses, six on donkeys, three on both horses and donkeys, and one study was on both horses and mules. Furthermore, 24 of the studies reported infections caused by protozoa, thirteen by helminths, two by ectoparasites, and one by both protozoa and helminths. The overall pooled prevalence of parasitic infection was 28.8% (95%CI: 22.9-35.7, I2 = 93.4%). Helminths were the most prevalent parasites 46.7% (95% CI: 24.1-70.7, I2 = 96.0%). Furthermore, donkeys were the most affected equine, with a prevalence of 70.7% (95% CI: 53.2-83.7, I2 = 92.5%). The protozoa frequently reported included nine species belonging to the genera: Neospora, Toxoplasma, Theileria, Babesia and Eimeria. Also, the helminths frequently reported included 21 species belonging to the genera: Strongylus, Dicrocoelium, Oxyuris, Habronema, Echinococcus, Dictyocaulus, Cyathostomum, Probstmayria, Anoplocephala, Setaria and Fasciola. Ticks were the only ectoparasites frequently reported. Parasitic fly species of the genera Gasterophilus were also reported. The study-level risk of bias was likely to be high because of differences in study design. Parasitic infections of equines in Iran are frequent and caused by a diversity of parasites, which threatens the health and well-being of these animals. Further research is needed in the area to identify the risk factors of infection for effective control of the parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Taghi Taktaz‐Hafshejani
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Kwenti E. Tebit
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini
- Department of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elata A, Mossaad E, Satti R, Matar N, Ohari Y, Xuan X, Inoue N, Suganuma K. Serological and molecular detection of selected hemoprotozoan parasites in donkeys in West Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:286-293. [PMID: 31969541 PMCID: PMC7118482 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Sudan, donkeys are important animals, providing transportation and income
possibilities. However, the prevalence of parasites in donkeys in Sudan has not been
thoroughly characterized. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to detect selected
hemoprotozoan parasites in donkeys in West Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan, wherein people
depend mainly on donkeys for their daily life. In total, 198 blood samples collected from
donkeys in a local market in West Omdurman, were screened using serological and molecular
diagnostic techniques. Serologically, 52 (26.3%), 56 (28.3%), and 19 (9.6%) samples were
positive for trypanosomosis using Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosoma
evansi, Trypanosoma evansi crude antigen -based enzyme-linked
immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and recombinant Trypanosoma evansi
GM6-4r-based ELISA, respectively. ELISA for equine piroplasmosis revealed 156 (78.8%) and
10 (5.1%)Theileria equi- and Babesia caballi-positive
samples, respectively. PCR detected Trypanosoma congolense, subgenus
Trypanozoon, Theileria equi, and Babesia caballi in 18
(9.1%), 77 (38.9%), 18 (9.1%), and 8 (4%) samples, respectively. Of the 77
Trypanozoon-positive samples, 35 (45.5%) were confirmed as
Trypanosoma evansi type A. To our knowledge, this is the first report
of detection of Trypanosoma congolense in donkeys outside of
tsetse-infested areas in Sudan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afraa Elata
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.,Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, 13314, Sudan
| | - Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Rawan Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Nadia Matar
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, P.O. Box 204, Sudan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mungun-Ochir B, Horiuchi N, Altanchimeg A, Koyama K, Suganuma K, Nyamdolgor U, Watanabe KI, Baatarjargal P, Mizushima D, Battur B, Yokoyama N, Battsetseg B, Inoue N, Kobayashi Y. Polyradiculoneuropathy in dourine-affected horses. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:437-443. [PMID: 31101461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dourine is an equine protozoan disease caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. Dourine-afflicted animals die after developing neurological clinical signs, such as unilateral paresis. The disease has been a problem for many years; however, the pathogenesis regarding the neurological clinical signs of dourine has been unclear. In the present study, we conducted a histopathological examination in order to investigate the mechanisms by which dourine-afflicted horses develop the accompanying neurological clinical signs. Four dourine-afflicted horses in Mongolia were evaluated. An apparently healthy horse exhibited multifocal neuritis without axonal or myelin degeneration. The other horses, which had obvious neurological clinical signs, also exhibited multifocal neuritis. In particular, the nerves that innervated areas associated with neurological clinical signs exhibited neuritis with demyelination in the latter horses. Inflamed, non-demyelinating nerves were infiltrated with B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes; while inflamed, demyelinating nerves were infiltrated with mononuclear phagocytes. Our observations revealed lesion progression in the nerves, such that polyradiculoneuropathy could explain the accompanying neurological clinical signs of dourine. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe a pathogenic mechanism for the development of the neurological clinical signs found in dourine-afflicted horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bayasgalan Mungun-Ochir
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Noriyuki Horiuchi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Adilbish Altanchimeg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Kenji Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inadacho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Uranbileg Nyamdolgor
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Purevdorj Baatarjargal
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Banzragch Battur
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar 844818, Mongolia
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, OIE Reference Laboratory for Surra, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-11, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Dourine is a venereal transmitted trypanosomosis causing a major health problem threatening equines worldwide. The origin and identification of Trypanosoma equiperdum within the subgenus Trypanozoon is still a subject of debate. Unlike other trypanosomal infections, dourine is transmitted almost exclusively by coitus. Diagnosis of dourine has continued to be a challenge, due to limited knowledge about the parasite and host-parasite interaction following infection. The pathological lesions caused by the diseases are poorly described and are observed mainly in the reproductive organs, in the nervous system, and on the skin. Dourine has been neglected by research and current knowledge on the disease, and the parasite is very deficient despite its considerably high burden. This paper looks in to the challenges in identification of T. equiperdum and diagnosis techniques with the aim to update our current knowledge of the disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gari FR, Ashenafi H, Tola A, Goddeeris BM, Claes F. Comparative diagnosis of parasitological, serological, and molecular tests in dourine-suspected horses. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:1649-54. [PMID: 20526860 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-010-9615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Study on comparative sensitivity of parasitological, serological, and molecular tests on 237 horses originating from two dourine-suspected districts of Arsi-Bale highlands of Ethiopia was conducted to determine the prevalence of the disease and degree of agreement of the diagnostic tests. Accordingly, the prevalence of the disease was found to be 4.6%, 36.7%, and 47.6% by parasitological Woo test, RoTat 1.2 and 18S PCR tests, respectively. The seroprevalence of the disease was 27.6% in CATT/Trypanosoma evansi test. In Ethiopia, it was for the first time that trypanosomes from dourine suspected horses were demonstrated in 4.6% of the animals using Woo test. The findings of the present study disclosed that dourine is highly prevalent and one of the major diseases of horses in the area. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence of the disease between districts, sexes, and age groups of the animals. However, there was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of the disease between emaciated and animals with good body condition. Assessment of the degree of agreement of the diagnostic tests employed revealed low to fair (k = 0·1 - 0·4) with significantly higher sensitivity by PCR than other tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fikru Regassa Gari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Claes F, Ilgekbayeva GD, Verloo D, Saidouldin TS, Geerts S, Buscher P, Goddeeris BM. Comparison of serological tests for equine trypanosomosis in naturally infected horses from Kazakhstan. Vet Parasitol 2005; 131:221-5. [PMID: 15951112 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the complement fixation test (CFT), the horse complement fixation test (HCFT) and a card agglutination test for trypanosomosis (CATT/T. evansi) for the diagnosis of equine trypanosomosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Cohen's kappa test was used to evaluate the concordance between the three tests. Kappa scores for CFT versus HCFT and CATT are both 0.6165 (95% Confidence Interval CI 0.414--0.819) indicating a "substantial" agreement between CFT and HCFT or CATT, respectively. Kappa for HCFT versus CATT is 0.395 (CI 0.142--0.648) indicating a "fair" agreement between the two tests. In the absence of a golden standard, seroprevalence and sensitivity and specificity of the three tests were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation. CFT has a sensitivity of 57.2% (CI 31.5--79.5%) and a specificity of 95.8% (CI 89.2--98.5%), HCFT has a sensitivity of 80.6% (CI 44.1--95.6%) and a specificity of 99.5% (CI 90.7--100%), CATT has a sensitivity of 80.2% (CI 44.5--95.2%) and a specificity of 98.5% (CI 79.5--99.9%). The seroprevalence of equine trypanosomosis in Kazakhstan was estimated at 16.4% (CI 9.4--27.0%). The data suggest that for epidemiological studies and the control of equine trypanosomosis serological tests prove useful since they have a high specificity and a satisfactory sensitivity. Field applicable tests, such as CATT/T. evansi may be used to replace laboratory-based tests, such as CFT and HCFT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Claes
- Faculty of Applied Bioscience and Engineering, K.U.Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Monzon CM, Mancebo OA, Russo AM. Antibody levels by indirect ELISA test in Trypanosoma evansi infected horses following treatment with quinapyramine sulphate. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:59-63. [PMID: 12523979 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An ELISA test was used to determine the persistence of antibody levels in horses following treatment for Trypanosoma evansi. In 17 horses with T. evansi from two farms treated and cured with quinapyramine sulphate, ELISA antibody levels fell progressively post-treatment, but remained with positive results for 22.6 months in one horse, 12.8 months in a second, 4.1 months in another four and 2.3 months in three, whilst the rest became negative at 2.3 months. In two horses that suffered a post-treatment infection relapse the decrease in ELISA levels was only temporary, and a new increase in antibody levels was proven. The follow-up of these antibody levels could prove useful in clinical cases and in epidemiological studies, as well as for assessing the efficacy of drug treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Monzon
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias Formosa, Cátedra de Parasitología-Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud-Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Ruta Nac. No. 11, km 1164, C.C. 73 (P3600BCW), Formosa, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wernery U, Zachariah R, Mumford JA, Luckins T. Preliminary Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests Using Horses Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet J 2001; 161:287-300. [PMID: 11352486 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seven surra negative horses were intravenously inoculated with 3 x 10(6)Trypanosoma evansi parasites derived from a camel. One horse was maintained as an uninfected negative control. Three antigen and three antibody detection tests were evaluated for diagnosis of infection in horses. The microhaematocrit centrifugation test (MHCT) was the most sensitive, first detecting parasites between one and three days (x 2.4) post infection (p.i.). The antigen (ag)-ELISA detected antigen between three and ten days (x 6.6) p.i. The latex agglutination test (LAT) first gave positive results on day 3 (x 3.0) p.i. Following the treatment of horses with trypanocidal drugs, the MCHT and the mouse inoculation test (MIT) became negative. Antigen levels using LAT declined and reached pre-infection levels in five out of six horses during the period of observation (92-279 days). Antigen levels using the ag-ELISA declined as well but did not reach pre-infection levels in any of the six horses.Three antibody detection techniques, ab-ELISA, card agglutination test (CATT), and immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) detected antibodies in the blood of all seven infected horses but not in the uninfected control. However, the ab-ELISA did not discriminate clearly between sera from infected and uninfected horses because unacceptably high ELISA background readings were detected in 15% of the surra negative horses shipped to the UAE from the UK. The ELISA antibody increased above pre-infection levels in the six horses experimentally infected, but not in one horse. In this horse the ELISA antibody level exceeded the cut-off level only after the reoccurrence of the T. evansi infection. The IFAT detected antibodies 15.7 days p.i. in all infected horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tuntasuvan D, Mimapan S, Sarataphan N, Trongwongsa L, Intraraksa R, Luckins AG. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in brains of the naturally infected hog deer by streptavidine-biotin immunohistochemistry. Vet Parasitol 2000; 87:223-30. [PMID: 10622614 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four percent of hog deer (Cervus porcinus) that ranged free on a farm in Samut Prakarn province, Thailand, died showing nervous signs between September 1997 and February 1998. The nervous signs shown by most of them included ataxis, paresis of hind limbs, lateral recumbency, excitation and convulsion. Six animals and one carcass were submitted for diagnosis at the National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok. Trypanosoma evansi was detected in blood and cerebrospinal fluid of four and five animals, respectively. Antibodies to T. evansi were found in all the hog deer by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histopathological observation revealed a generalised non-suppurative meningoencephalitis affecting the white and grey matter at all levels of the brain. Typically, there were broad perivascular cuffs of mononuclear inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, and some Mott cells. No trypanosomes were found in any tissue examined by conventional histopathology. However, numerous T. evansi were demonstrated by streptavidine-biotin immunohistochemistry in neuropil and Virchow-Robin spaces of brain in three animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Tuntasuvan
- National Institute of Animal Health, Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection among camels and horses in Jordan was studied using thick blood smears and inoculation techniques with mice and rats. A total of 437 camels and 83 horses from four climatic zones were surveyed. In addition, 40 donkeys, 32 cattle and 35 goats in contact with infected camels and horses were also tested in the same way. Clinical disease was evident in 8.2% of the camels (36 out of 437) and in 9.6% of the horses (8 out of 83). Infection was limited only to the Sweama area on the Dead Sea (within the warm desert-climatic zone), with prevalence of 30.5% and 33.3%, respectively, for camels and horses. Donkeys, cattle and goats examined were all free from T. evansi. Clinically affected camels were positive by both, thick blood smear and mouse and rat inoculations. Rat and mouse inoculations revealed (X2 = 3.2, df = 1, exact p = 0.07) greater number of positive cases in horses than those revealed by thick blood smears. T. evansi-infected camels and horses showed all the clinical signs known for Surra. In addition, it was observed that 100% of infected camels stared at the sun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M N Abo-Shehada
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|