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Hassan RA, Heng LY, Ahmad A, Tan LL. Rapid determination of kappa-carrageenan using a biosensor from immobilized Pseudomonas carrageenovora cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214580. [PMID: 30990847 PMCID: PMC6467376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A potentiometric whole cell biosensor based on immobilized marine bacterium, Pseudomonas carrageenovora producing κ-carrageenase and glycosulfatase enzymes for specific and direct determination of κ-carrageenan, is described. The bacterial cells were immobilized on the self-plasticized hydrogen ion (H+)-selective acrylic membrane electrode surface to form a catalytic layer. Hydrogen ionophore I was incorporated in the poly(n-butyl acrylate) [poly(nBA)] as a pH ionophore. Catalytic decomposition of κ-carrageenan by the bienzymatic cascade reaction produced neoagarobiose, an inorganic sulfate ion and a proton. The latter was detectable by H+ ion transducer for indirect potentiometric quantification of κ-carrageenan concentration. The use of a disposable screen-printed Ag/AgCl electrode (SPE) provided no cleaning requirement and enabled κ-carrageenan detection to be carried out conveniently without cross contamination in a complex food sample. The SPE-based microbial biosensor response was found to be reproducible with high reproducibility and relative standard deviation (RSD) at 2.6% (n = 3). The whole cell biosensor demonstrated a broad dynamic linear response range to κ-carrageenan from 0.2-100 ppm in 20 mM phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at pH 7.5 with a detection limit at 0.05 ppm and a Nernstian sensitivity of 58.78±0.87 mV/decade (R2 = 0.995). The biosensor showed excellent selectivity towards κ-carrageenan compared to other types of carrageenans tested e.g. ι-carrageenan and λ-carrageenan. No pretreatment to the food sample was necessary when the developed whole cell biosensor was employed for direct assay of κ-carrageenan in dairy product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh Abdulmalek Hassan
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, Ibb, Republic of Yemen
| | - Lee Yook Heng
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), LESTARI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Asmat Ahmad
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ling Ling Tan
- Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), LESTARI, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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McKim JM, Willoughby JA, Blakemore WR, Weiner ML. Clarifying the confusion between poligeenan, degraded carrageenan, and carrageenan: A review of the chemistry, nomenclature, and in vivo toxicology by the oral route. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3054-3073. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1481822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Addendum to Weiner, M.L. (2016) Parameters and Pitfalls to Consider in the Conduct of Food Additive Research, Carrageenan as a Case Study. Food Chemical Toxicology 87, 31-44. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:208-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Munyaka PM, Sepehri S, Ghia JE, Khafipour E. Carrageenan Gum and Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli in a Piglet Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Impact on Intestinal Mucosa-associated Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:462. [PMID: 27092122 PMCID: PMC4820460 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathotype has been increasingly implicated in the etiopathogenesis of IBD. In a 21-day study, we investigated the effects of AIEC strain UM146 inoculation on microbiota profile of the ileal, cecal, ascending and descending colon in a pig model of experimental colitis. Carrageenan gum (CG) was used to induce colitis in weaner piglets whereas AIEC strain UM146 previously isolated from a CD patient was included to investigate a cause or consequence effect in IBD. Treatments were: (1) control; (2) CG; (3) AIEC strain UM146; and (4) CG+UM146. Pigs in groups 2 and 4 received 1% CG in drinking water from day 1 of the study while pigs in groups 3 and 4 were inoculated with UM146 on day 8. Following euthanization on day 21, tissue mucosal scrapings were collected and used for DNA extraction. The V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was then subjected to Illumina sequencing. Microbial diversity, composition, and the predicted functional metagenome were determined in addition to short chain fatty acids profiles in the digesta and inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal tissue. CG-induced colitis decreased bacterial species richness and shifted community composition. At the phylum level, an increase in Proteobacteria and Deferribacteres and a decrease in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were observed in CG and CGUM146 compared to control and UM146. The metabolic capacity of the microbiome was also altered in CG and CGUM146 compared to UM146 and control in the colon. We demonstrated that CG resulted in bacterial dysbiosis and shifted community composition similar to what has been previously observed in IBD patients. However, AIEC strain UM146 alone did not cause any clear changes compared to CG or control in our experimental IBD pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peris M Munyaka
- Department of Immunology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Animal Science, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shadi Sepehri
- Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Department of Immunology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal MedicineWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical & Research Centre, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
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Carrageen in Diätprodukten für Kinder und Jugendliche mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-007-1475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Goto M, Okamoto Y, Yamamoto M, Aki H. Anti-inflammatory effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid conjugates with chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on carrageenan-induced colitis in guinea-pigs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1711-20. [PMID: 11804402 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011778115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Two epimeric bile acid conjugates, 5-aminosalicylic acid-chenodeoxycholic acid (5-ASA-CDCA) and 5-aminosalicylic acid-ursodeoxycholic acid (5-ASA-UDCA), were synthesized to deliver 5-ASA to the large intestine by oral administration. The movement of the conjugates down the gastrointestinal tract and the anti-inflammatory effects on ulcerative colitis were investigated by administering the conjugates to guinea-pigs with an inflammatory bowel disease induced by 2% degraded carrageenan solution. The conjugates were protected from deconjugation in stomach and small intestine and reached the caecum and the colon, where 5-ASA was more easily liberated from 5-ASA-CDCA than from 5-ASA-UDCA. The conjugates at doses equivalent to 50 or 150 mg kg(-1) 5-ASA were orally administered once a day for 4 weeks from the 15th day after starting carrageenan treatment. The body weights and the bleeding scores of occult blood in faeces were measured during the experiment. The number of ulcers in the caecum and the colon were counted after killing the guinea-pigs at the end of the experiment. Rapid onset of efficacy was shown by a significant reduction in bleeding scores within a week after administration of the conjugates. Treatment with the lower dose of 5-ASA-CDCA showed a recovery of body weight and a significantly decreased number of ulcers in the caecum, and the ulcers in the colon had completely disappeared bythe end of the experiment. There was a good correlation found between the number of ulcers in the caecum and the bleeding scores of occult blood in faeces. The findings indicate that both conjugates were sufficiently delivered to the large intestine without deconjugation and that the lower dose of 5-ASA-CDCA is enough for treatment of ulcerative colitis in colonic inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Tobacman JK. Review of harmful gastrointestinal effects of carrageenan in animal experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2001; 109:983-94. [PMID: 11675262 PMCID: PMC1242073 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.01109983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article I review the association between exposure to carrageenan and the occurrence of colonic ulcerations and gastrointestinal neoplasms in animal models. Although the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1982 identified sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of degraded carrageenan in animals to regard it as posing a carcinogenic risk to humans, carrageenan is still used widely as a thickener, stabilizer, and texturizer in a variety of processed foods prevalent in the Western diet. I reviewed experimental data pertaining to carrageenan's effects with particular attention to the occurrence of ulcerations and neoplasms in association with exposure to carrageenan. In addition, I reviewed from established sources mechanisms for production of degraded carrageenan from undegraded or native carrageenan and data with regard to carrageenan intake. Review of these data demonstrated that exposure to undegraded as well as to degraded carrageenan was associated with the occurrence of intestinal ulcerations and neoplasms. This association may be attributed to contamination of undegraded carrageenan by components of low molecular weight, spontaneous metabolism of undegraded carrageenan by acid hydrolysis under conditions of normal digestion, or the interactions with intestinal bacteria. Although in 1972, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration considered restricting dietary carrageenan to an average molecular weight > 100,000, this resolution did not prevail, and no subsequent regulation has restricted use. Because of the acknowledged carcinogenic properties of degraded carrageenan in animal models and the cancer-promoting effects of undegraded carrageenan in experimental models, the widespread use of carrageenan in the Western diet should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Tobacman
- College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA.
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Kitsukawa Y, Saito H, Suzuki Y, Kasanuki J, Tamura Y, Yoshida S. Effect of ingestion of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester on carrageenan-induced colitis in guinea pigs. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1859-66. [PMID: 1316857 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90306-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-E) on colitis was investigated using a guinea pig model. The technique for preparing a degraded carrageenan with a molecular weight of about 30,000 from commercial iota-carrageenan was first refined. When this degraded carrageenan was fed to guinea pigs, localized ulcerations occurred in the cecum with infiltration of numerous mononuclear phagocytes. Oral administration of 300 mg.kg-1.day-1 of EPA-E for 3 weeks significantly prevented the development of colitis. The amounts of prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, and leukotriene B4 released from the cecal mucosa were also measured. The release of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 was significantly decreased in the animals fed EPA-E compared with those given olive oil or a vehicle alone. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the amounts of these eicosanoids and the degree of ulcer formation. However, there was no difference in the amount of leukotriene B4 among various experimental groups of animals. Furthermore, EPA-E feeding induced a significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid and a significant increase in that of EPA in peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that EPA has a prophylactic effect on the development of carrageenan-induced colitis, which may be ascribed in part to reduced eicosanoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitsukawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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Friend DR, Phillips S, Tozer TN. Colon-specific drug delivery from a glucoside prodrug in the guinea-pig. Efficacy study. J Control Release 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(91)90102-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pintauro SJ, Gilbert SW. The effects of carrageenan on drug-metabolizing enzyme system activities in the guinea-pig. Food Chem Toxicol 1990; 28:807-11. [PMID: 2125969 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(90)90053-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carrageenans are seaweed extracts comprising high molecular weight sulphated polygalactosides. They are used in foods at concentrations of up to 2.5% as thickening and gelling agents. When degraded to lower molecular weight forms, they have been shown to induce ulcerative colitis and colon cancer in laboratory animals. Furthermore, undegraded carrageenan (CG) has been shown to promote azoxymethane and methylnitrosourea initiated carcinogenesis, but the promotion mechanism is unclear. To determine if this mechanism involves alterations of tissue drug-metabolizing enzyme system (DMES) activities, six groups of five guinea-pigs each were administered 0.2% kappa undegraded, 0.2% i undegraded, 1% kappa degraded or 1% i degraded CG, or control solutions in the drinking-water for 8 wk. Microsomal and cytosolic DMES activities of the liver, small intestine and colon were determined. The kappa undegraded CG group exhibited significant (P less than 0.05) increases in small intestine cytochrome P-450 levels and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activities. These data suggest that undegraded CG may selectively induce DMES activities in the small intestine mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Pintauro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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Marcus AJ, Marcus SN, Marcus R, Watt J. Rapid production of ulcerative disease of the colon in newly-weaned guinea-pigs by degraded carrageenan. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989; 41:423-6. [PMID: 2570843 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a dose-response study, degraded carrageenan (Eucheuma spinosum) was supplied in the drinking fluid at 1.2 and 3% concentrations over two weeks to young adult guinea-pigs. Ulceration of the large bowel was produced in 100% of animals, the severity and extent of damage probably being dose-related. In a time-course study, 3% degraded carrageenan solution supplied to newly-weaned guinea-pigs produced in 100% of animals ulceration in the caecum by four days and in the ascending colon by seven days. The onset of ulceration occurred as early as the second day. This model is convenient and economic for the screening of drugs of potential therapeutic value in human ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Marcus
- Department of Pathology, University of Liverpool, UK
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Abstract
Based on epidemiological and biological data, Laminaria, a brown kelp seaweed, is proposed as an important factor contributing to the relatively low breast cancer rates reported in Japan. Several possible mechanisms for the influence of Laminaria on breast cancer are proposed: Laminaria is a source of nondigestible fiber, thereby increasing fecal bulk and decreasing bowel transit time; it changes the posthepatic metabolism of sterols; it contains an antibiotic substance that may influence fecal ecology; it contains 1-3 beta glucan, which alters enzymatic activity of fecal flora; and it stimulates the host-mediated immune response. It is suggested that Laminaria may play a role in preventing either the initiation of breast cancer or its promotion by endogenous physiological factors.
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Norris AA, Lewis AJ, Zeitlin IJ. Inability of degraded carrageenan fractions to induce inflammatory bowel ulceration in the guinea-pig. J Pharm Pharmacol 1981; 33:612-3. [PMID: 6117647 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Watt J, Marcus SN, Marcus AJ. The comparative prophylactic effects of sulphasalazine, prednisolone and azathioprine in experimental colonic ulceration. J Pharm Pharmacol 1980; 32:873-4. [PMID: 6110761 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb13100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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