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Varshney S, Alam MA, Kaur A, Dhoundiyal S. Niosomes: A Smart Drug Delivery System for Brain Targeting. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 12:108-125. [PMID: 37226788 DOI: 10.2174/2211738511666230524143832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Niosomes are lipid-based nanovesicles that have the potential to act as drug-delivery vehicles for a variety of agents. They are effective drug delivery systems for both ASOs and AAV vectors, with advantages such as improved stability, bioavailability, and targeted administration. In the context of brain-targeted drug delivery, niosomes have been investigated as a drug delivery system for brain targeting, but more research is needed to optimize their formulation to improve their stability and release profile and address the challenges of scale-up and commercialization. Despite these challenges, several applications of niosomes have demonstrated the potential of novel nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery to the brain. This review briefly overviews the current use of niosomes in treating brain disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Varshney
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awaneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivang Dhoundiyal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Witika BA, Bassey KE, Demana PH, Siwe-Noundou X, Poka MS. Current Advances in Specialised Niosomal Drug Delivery: Manufacture, Characterization and Drug Delivery Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179668. [PMID: 36077066 PMCID: PMC9455955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of nanomaterials for drug delivery has received considerable attention due to their potential for achieving on-target delivery to the diseased area while the surrounding healthy tissue is spared. Safe and efficiently delivered payloads have always been a challenge in pharmaceutics. Niosomes are self-assembled vesicular nanocarriers formed by hydration of a non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol or other molecules that combine to form a versatile drug delivery system with a variety of applications ranging from topical delivery to targeted delivery. Niosomes have advantages similar to those of liposomes with regards to their ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads. Moreover, niosomes have simple manufacturing methods, low production cost and exhibit extended stability, consequently overcoming the major drawbacks associated with liposomes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of niosomal research to date, including the types of niosomes and critical material attributes (CMA) and critical process parameters (CPP) of niosomes and their effects on the critical quality attributes (CQA) of the technology. Furthermore, physical characterisation techniques of niosomes are provided. The review then highlights recent applications of specialised niosomes in drug delivery. Finally, limitations and prospects for this technology are discussed.
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pH-Responsive PEGylated Niosomal Nanoparticles as an Active-Targeting Cyclophosphamide Delivery System for Gastric Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175418. [PMID: 36080186 PMCID: PMC9457647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A PEGylated niosomal formulation of cyclophosphamide (Nio-Cyclo-PEG) was prepared using a central composite design and characterized in terms of drug loading, size distribution, and average size. The stability of formulations was also studied at different conditions. In vitro cytotoxicity of drug delivery formulations was assessed on gastric cancer cells using MTT assay. The mechanism of cytotoxicity was studied at the transcriptional level by real-time PCR on Caspase3, Caspase9, CyclinD, CyclinE, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes, while apoptosis was investigated with flow cytometry. The anti-metastatic property was evaluated using the scratch method. Propidium iodide staining was used to study the cell cycle. The results indicated that the as-designed nanocarrier exhibited a controlled drug release pattern with improved nanoparticle stability. It was found that the living cancer cells treated with Nio-Cyclo-PEG showed a significant decrease in number when compared with the niosomal carrier without PEG (Nio-Cyclo) and free drug (Cyclo). Moreover, the drug-loaded nanocarrier induced planned death (apoptosis) in the cancer cells through the regulation of Caspase3, Caspase9, CyclinD, CyclinE, MMP-9, and MMP-2 gene expression, indicating that the Nio-Cyclo-PEG formulation could significantly inhibit the cell cycle at the sub G1 phase as well as prevent the migration of cancer cells. In conclusion, Nio-Cyclo-PEG as developed in this study could serve as an active-targeting drug delivery nanocarriers for gastric cancer therapy with high efficacy and minimal side effects on healthy tissues/cells.
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Kuroki H, Aida E, Komine T, Matsuoka K. Solubilization of fullerene in polyoxyethylene tetradecyl ether type nonionic surfactants. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Recent update of toxicity aspects of nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 161:100-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Le NMN, Steinbring C, Le-Vinh B, Jalil A, Matuszczak B, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Polyphosphate coatings: A promising strategy to overcome the polycation dilemma. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 587:279-289. [PMID: 33360901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM It was the aim of this study to develop a zeta potential changing drug delivery system by decorating lipid-based nanocarriers with a polycationic cell penetrating peptide (CPP) and subsequently masking these cationic substructures with polyphosphates. METHODS In order to anchor the CPP poly-l-lysine (PLL) on the surface of the oily droplets of an o/w nanoemulsion, stearic acid was covalently attached to the peptide. The resulting CPP-decorated oily droplets were coated with phytic acid and tripolyphosphate. The elimination of these polyphosphates due to cleavage by alkaline phosphatase was monitored by the release of monophosphate from the surface of the nanocarriers, by the change in zeta potential and by cellular uptake studies on Caco-2 cells. RESULTS Polyphosphate coated PLL-decorated nanocarriers exhibited a pronounced conversion of zeta potential from -14.1 mV to +4.2 mV in case of tripolyphosphate coated nanocarriers and from -9.9 mV to -2.6 mV in case of phytic acid coated nanocarriers. The cellular uptake on Caco-2 cells of the polyphosphate coated nanocarriers was 4-fold improved compared to the control nanocarriers. Furthermore, confocal images showed that the majority of nanodroplets distributed in cytoplasm not being internalized into lysosomes. CONCLUSION Polyphosphate coating of CPP-decorated nanocarriers seems to be a promising and simple strategy to overcome the polycation dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyet-Minh Nguyen Le
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Christian Steinbring
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bao Le-Vinh
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Aamir Jalil
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Verkoyen P, Dreier P, Bros M, Hils C, Schmalz H, Seiffert S, Frey H. “Dumb” pH-Independent and Biocompatible Hydrogels Formed by Copolymers of Long-Chain Alkyl Glycidyl Ethers and Ethylene Oxide. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3152-3162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Verkoyen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Dreier
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Chen S, Hanning S, Falconer J, Locke M, Wen J. Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Fabrication, characterization, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:18-39. [PMID: 31446046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of nanocarriers for drug delivery has received considerable attention due to their potential in achieving targeted delivery to the diseased site while sparing the surrounding healthy tissue. Safe and efficient drug delivery has always been a challenge in medicine. During the last decade, a large amount of interest has been drawn on the fabrication of surfactant-based vesicles to improve drug delivery. Niosomes are self-assembled vesicular nano-carriers formed by hydration of non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules that serve as a versatile drug delivery system with a variety of applications ranging from dermal delivery to brain-targeted delivery. A large number of research articles have been published reporting their fabrication methods and applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Niosomes have the same advantages as liposomes, such as the ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. Besides, niosomes can be fabricated with simple methods, require less production cost and are stable over an extended period, thus overcoming the major drawbacks of liposomes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of niosomal research to date, it provides a detailed overview of the formulation components, types of niosomes, effects of components on the formation of niosomes, fabrication and purification methods, physical characterization techniques of niosomes, recent applications in pharmaceutical field such as in oral, ocular, topical, pulmonary, parental and transmucosal drug delivery, and cosmetic applications. Finally, limitations and the future outlook for this delivery system have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sara Hanning
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - James Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Level 4, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Michelle Locke
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Private Bag 93311, Otahuhu, Auckland 1640, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Mishra M, Kumar P, Rajawat JS, Malik R, Sharma G, Modgil A. Nanotechnology: Revolutionizing the Science of Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5086-5107. [PMID: 30727873 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206222415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing interest in the field of nanotechnology has led to its emergence in the field of medicine too.
Nanomedicines encompass the various medical tools, diagnostic agents and the drug delivery vehicles being
evolved with the advancements in the aura of nanotechnology. This review emphasizes on providing a cursory
literature on the past events that led to the procession of nanomedicines, various novel drug delivery systems
describing their structural features along with the pros and cons associated with them and the nanodrugs that
made a move to the clinical practice. It also focuses on the need of the novel drug delivery systems and the challenges
faced by the conventional drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gitanjali Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Amit Modgil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Ammar HO, Ibrahim M, Mahmoud AA, Shamma RN, El Hoffy NM. Non-ionic Surfactant Based In Situ Forming Vesicles as Controlled Parenteral Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1001-1010. [PMID: 29110291 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ionic surfactant (NIS) based in situ forming vesicles (ISVs) present an affordable alternative to the traditional systems for the parenteral control of drug release. In this work, NIS based ISVs encapsulating tenoxicam were prepared using the emulsion method. Tenoxicam-loaded ISVs were prepared using a 22.31 full factorial experimental design, where three factors were evaluated as independent variables; type of NIS (A), molar ratio of NIS to Tween®80 (B), and phase ratio of the internal ethyl acetate to the external Captex® oil phase (C). Percentage drug released after 1 h, particle size of the obtained vesicles and mean dissolution time were chosen as the dependent variables. Selected formulation was subjected to morphological investigation, injectability, viscosity measurements, and solid state characterization. Optimum formulation showed spherical nano-vesicles in the size of 379.08 nm with an initial drug release of 37.32% in the first hour followed by a sustained drug release pattern for 6 days. DSC analysis of the optimized formulation confirmed the presence of the drug in an amorphous form with the nano-vesicles. Biological evaluation of the selected formulation was performed on New Zealand rabbits by IM injection. The prepared ISVs exhibited a 45- and 28-fold larger AUC and MRT values, respectively, compared to those of the drug suspension. The obtained findings boost the use of ISVs for the treatment of many chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Nomura Y, Lee M, Fukui C, Watanabe K, Olsen D, Turley A, Morishita Y, Kawakami T, Yuba T, Fujimaki H, Inoue K, Yoshida M, Ogawa K, Haishima Y. Proof of concept testing of a positive reference material for in vivo and in vitro skin irritation testing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2807-2814. [PMID: 29226582 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro irritation testing is important for evaluating the biological safety of medical devices. Here, the performance of positive reference materials for skin irritation testing was evaluated. Four reference standards, referred to as Y-series materials, were analyzed: a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet spiked with 0 (Y-1), 1.0 (Y-2), 1.5 (Y-3), or 10 (Y-4) parts of Genapol X-080 per 100 parts of PVC by weight. Y-1, Y-2, and Y-3 did not induce skin irritation responses in an in vitro reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) tissue model, as measured by tissue viability or interleukin-1α release, or in an in vivo intracutaneous response test using rabbits. In contrast, Y-4 extracts prepared with saline or sesame oil at 37°C and 50°C clearly elicited positive irritation responses, including reduced viability (< 50%) and significantly higher interleukin-1α release compared with the solvent alone group, in the RhE tissue model and an intracutaneous response test, where substantial necrosis was observed by histopathology. The positive skin irritation responses induced in vitro under various extraction conditions, as well as those elicited in vivo, indicate that Y-4 is an effective extractable positive control material for in vivo and in vitro skin irritation tests of medical devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2807-2814, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nomura
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Michelle Lee
- Business Unit of Sterigenics International, Nelson Laboratories, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, 84123
| | - Chie Fukui
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- Research Department, Public Welfare Institute of Scientific Research Foundation, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-0015, Japan
| | - Daniel Olsen
- Business Unit of Sterigenics International, Nelson Laboratories, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, 84123
| | - Audrey Turley
- Business Unit of Sterigenics International, Nelson Laboratories, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, 84123
| | - Yuki Morishita
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Yuba
- Kawasumi Laboratories, INC., Corporate Research and Development Division, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-6109, Japan
| | - Hideo Fujimaki
- Research Department, Public Welfare Institute of Scientific Research Foundation, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-0015, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inoue
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Midori Yoshida
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Haishima
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
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Khatoon M, Shah KU, Din FU, Shah SU, Rehman AU, Dilawar N, Khan AN. Proniosomes derived niosomes: recent advancements in drug delivery and targeting. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:56-69. [PMID: 29130758 PMCID: PMC8812579 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1384520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular drug delivery systems have gained wide attention in the field of nanotechnology. Among them proniosomes become the superior over other vesicular carriers. Proniosomes are dry formulations of water soluble nonionic surfactant coated carrier system which immediately forms niosomes upon hydration. They have the capability to overcome the instability problems associated with niosomes and liposomes and have the potential to improve solubility, bioavailability, and absorption of various drugs. Furthermore, they offer versatile drug delivery concept for enormous number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They have the potential to deliver drugs effectively through different routes at specific site of action to achieve controlled release action and reduce toxic effects associated with drugs. This review discusses the general preparation techniques of proniosomes and mainly focus on the applications of proniosomes in drug delivery and targeting. Moreover, this review demonstrates critical appraisal of the literature for proniosomes. Additionally, this review extensively explains the potential of proniosomes in delivering drugs via different routes, such as oral, parenteral, dermal and transdermal, ocular, oral mucosal, vaginal, pulmonary, and intranasal. Finally, the comparison of proniosomes with niosomes manifests the clear distinction between them. Moreover, proniosomes need to be explored for proteins and peptide delivery and in the field of nutraceuticals and develop pilot plant scale up studies to investigate them in industrial set up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khatoon
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Fakhar Ud Din
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Pakistan
| | - Asim Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naz Dilawar
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Nawaz Khan
- School of Chemical and materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Development of dual drug loaded solid self microemulsifying drug delivery system: Exploring interfacial interactions using QbD coupled risk based approach. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sahub C, Tumcharern G, Chirawatkul P, Ruangpornvisuti V, Ekgasit S, Wanichweacharungruang S, Tuntulani T, Palaga T, Tomapatanaget B. Self-assembly of Gd 3+/SDS/HEPES complex and curcumin entrapment for enhanced stability, fluorescence image in cellular system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 156:254-261. [PMID: 28538196 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
At present, strategies to disperse hydrophobic molecules in water without altering their chemical structures include conventional surfactant-based micellar and vesicular systems, encapsulation into water dispersible polymeric nanoparticles, and loading onto the surface of various metal nanoparticles. Here, we report a simple and low cost platform to incorporate hydrophobic molecules into a stable water dispersible nanostructure that can significantly increase the stability of the encapsulated materials. The platform is based on the incorporation of hydrophobic molecules into the self-assembled complex of gadolinium ion (Gd3+), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) called GdSH. After being incorporated, the two model hydrophobic dyes, curcumin and curcumin borondifluoride show approximately 50% and 30% improved stability, respectively. Investigation of the self-assembled 10-14 multilayered 60nm spheres with inter-layer distances of 4.25nm indicates coordination of SDS and HEPES with Gd3+. Incorporation of the hydrophobic molecules into the multilayered spheres results in reduction of the interlayer distance of the multilayer spheres to 4.17nm, suggesting enhanced packing of the hydrophobic chain of SDS and HEPES around the Gd3+. The incorporation of the two curcuminoids into the self-assembled complex also causes an increase in fluorescence quantum yield of the two dyes, thus suggesting spatial confinement of the packed dye molecules. The better cellular uptake of the nanoparticles is responsible for the expected enhancement in fluorescence image of the encapsulated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonticha Sahub
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Gamolwan Tumcharern
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Prae Chirawatkul
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Vithaya Ruangpornvisuti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sanong Ekgasit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Thawatchai Tuntulani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Singh N, Parashar P, Tripathi CB, Kanoujia J, Kaithwas G, Saraf SA. Oral delivery of allopurinol niosomes in treatment of gout in animal model. J Liposome Res 2017; 27:130-138. [PMID: 28067087 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2016.1174943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gout is a painful disorder which does not have an efficient delivery system for its treatment. OBJECTIVE Development and in vitro, in vivo evaluation of allopurinol-loaded nonionic surfactant-based niosomes was envisaged. MATERIALS AND METHODS Niosomes were prepared with Span 20 and Tween 20 (1:1 molar ratio) using ether injection method. The formulations were screened for entrapment efficiency, particle size analysis, zeta potential, release kinetics, in vivo activity, and stability studies. RESULT Stable, spherical vesicles of average particle size 304 nm with zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency of 22.2 mV and 79.44 ± 0.02%, respectively, were produced. In vitro release study revealed 82.16 ± 0.04% release of allopurinol within 24 h. The niosomal formulation was further evaluated for its antigout potential in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal induced gout animal model. The formulation demonstrated significant uric acid level reduction and enhanced antigout activity when compared with the pure allopurinol. DISCUSSION The better antigout activity displayed by niosomal formulation could be attributed to sustained release of drug, higher drug solubility within biological fluids, better membrane interaction, smaller size, and presence of cholesterol and surfactant. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that niosomes can be an efficient delivery system for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Singh
- a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India
| | - Poonam Parashar
- a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India
| | - Chandra Bhushan Tripathi
- a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India
| | - Jovita Kanoujia
- a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India
| | - Shubhini A Saraf
- a Department of pharmaceutical sciences , Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (Central University) , Lucknow , India
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Abstract
Lipid vesicular systems composed of hydrated amphihiles with or without bilayer inducing agents such as cholesterol. On the basis of used amphiphilic molecule different nomenclature are used as liposomes, ufasomes and niosomes. Nonionic surfactants with mono-, di- or trialkyl chains form niosomes which are lipid vesicles with more chemical stability in comparison with phospholipids of liposomes. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals can be encapsulated in niosomes as a new drug delivery system. This drug carrier system could have administered via injection, oral, pulmonary, vaginal, rectal, ophthalmic, nasal or transdermal routes with penetration enhancing potential. This chapter presents a detailed explain about niosome forming components, methods of preparation and routes of administration. Many examples for drug delivery potential of niosomes are also available in this review. Vaccine adjuvant and genetic substances vector capabilities are not given here.
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Nematollahi MH, Pardakhty A, Torkzadeh-Mahanai M, Mehrabani M, Asadikaram G. Changes in physical and chemical properties of niosome membrane induced by cholesterol: a promising approach for niosome bilayer intervention. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the self-assembly property of nonionic surfactants has been utilized to create vesicles as alternatives to liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center
- Institute of Neuropharmacology
- Kerman University of Medical Science
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center
- Institute of Neuropharmacology
- Kerman University of Medical Science
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahanai
- Biotechnology Department
- Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences
- Graduate University of Advanced Technology
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabani
- Physiology Research Center
- Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences
- Kerman
- Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Department of Biochemistry
- School of Medicine
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences
- Kerman
- Iran
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Pardakhty A. Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles (Niosomes) as New Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0751-2.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid vesicular systems composed of hydrated amphihiles with or without bilayer inducing agents such as cholesterol. On the basis of used amphiphilic molecule different nomenclature are used as liposomes, ufasomes and niosomes. Nonionic surfactants with mono-, di- or trialkyl chains form niosomes which are lipid vesicles with more chemical stability in comparison with phospholipids of liposomes. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals can be encapsulated in niosomes as a new drug delivery system. This drug carrier system could have administered via injection, oral, pulmonary, vaginal, rectal, ophthalmic, nasal or transdermal routes with penetration enhancing potential. This chapter presents a detailed explain about niosome forming components, methods of preparation and routes of administration. Many examples for drug delivery potential of niosomes are also available in this review. Vaccine adjuvant and genetic substances vector capabilities are not given here.
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Perinelli DR, Cespi M, Casettari L, Vllasaliu D, Cangiotti M, Ottaviani MF, Giorgioni G, Bonacucina G, Palmieri GF. Correlation among chemical structure, surface properties and cytotoxicity of N-acyl alanine and serine surfactants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 109:93-102. [PMID: 27693676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity is one of the main concerns limiting the use of surfactants. Many efforts have been devoted to the development of new amphiphilic molecules characterized by a lower toxicological profile and environmental impact. N-acyl amino acids are a class of anionic surfactants that can find applications in different technological fields as an alternative to sulphate-based surfactants (e.g., sodium dodecyl sulphate). The understanding of the relationship between chemical structure and toxicological profile is fundamental for the disclosure of the full potential of these amphiphiles. With this aim, two series of N-acyl surfactants, with different length of the hydrophobic tails and serine or alanine as polar head, were synthesized and fully characterized. The correlation between the surface and toxicological parameters allowed highlighting the role exerted by the length of the hydrocarbon chain and the polar head on cytotoxicity. The length of the hydrocarbon chain mainly influences surface properties and toxicological parameters, while the amino acid polar head may play a key role only on cellular toxicity. Overall, our data suggest that minor differences in the polar head, not significantly affecting CMC values, may have an impact on cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Driton Vllasaliu
- School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino 61029, Italy
| | | | | | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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20
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Hönzke S, Gerecke C, Elpelt A, Zhang N, Unbehauen M, Kral V, Fleige E, Paulus F, Haag R, Schäfer-Korting M, Kleuser B, Hedtrich S. Tailored dendritic core-multishell nanocarriers for efficient dermal drug delivery: A systematic top-down approach from synthesis to preclinical testing. J Control Release 2016; 242:50-63. [PMID: 27349353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug loaded dendritic core-multishell (CMS) nanocarriers are of especial interest for the treatment of skin diseases, owing to their striking dermal delivery efficiencies following topical applications. CMS nanocarriers are composed of a polyglycerol core, connected by amide-bonds to an inner alkyl shell and an outer methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) shell. Since topically applied nanocarriers are subjected to biodegradation, the application of conventional amide-based CMS nanocarriers (10-A-18-350) has been limited by the potential production of toxic polyglycerol amines. To circumvent this issue, three tailored ester-based CMS nanocarriers (10-E-12-350, 10-E-15-350, 10-E-18-350) of varying inner alkyl chain length were synthesized and comprehensively characterized in terms of particle size, drug loading, biodegradation and dermal drug delivery efficiency. Dexamethasone (DXM), a potent drug widely used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, was chosen as a therapeutically relevant test compound for the present study. Ester- and amide-based CMS nanocarriers delivered DXM more efficiently into human skin than a commercially available DXM cream. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies identified CMS (10-E-15-350) as the most biocompatible carrier system. The anti-inflammatory potency of DXM-loaded CMS (10-E-15-350) nanocarriers was assessed in TNFα supplemented skin models, where a significant reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 was seen, with markedly greater efficacy than commercial DXM cream. In summary, we report the rational design and characterization of tailored, biodegradable, ester-based CMS nanocarriers, and their subsequent stepwise screening for biocompatibility, dermal delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy in a top-down approach yielding the best carrier system for topical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hönzke
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gerecke
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anja Elpelt
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivian Kral
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Florian Paulus
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Toxicology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Hedtrich
- Institute for Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Sadhukhan S, Bakshi P, Datta R, Maiti S. Poly(ethylene oxide)-g-gellan polysaccharide nanocarriers for controlled gastrointestinal delivery of simvastatin. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Sadhukhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Gupta College of Technological Sciences; Ashram More, G.T Road, Asansol-713301 West Bengal India
| | - Paromita Bakshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Gupta College of Technological Sciences; Ashram More, G.T Road, Asansol-713301 West Bengal India
| | - Rana Datta
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Gupta College of Technological Sciences; Ashram More, G.T Road, Asansol-713301 West Bengal India
| | - Sabyasachi Maiti
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Gupta College of Technological Sciences; Ashram More, G.T Road, Asansol-713301 West Bengal India
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22
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Haishima Y, Hasegawa C, Nomura Y, Kawakami T, Yuba T, Shindo T, Sakaguchi K, Tanigawa T, Inukai K, Takenouchi M, Isama K, Matsuoka A, Niimi S. Development and performance evaluation of a positive reference material for hemolysis testing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:1809-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Haishima
- Division of Medical Devices; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Chie Hasegawa
- Division of Medical Devices; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Nomura
- Division of Medical Devices; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Chemistry; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Yuba
- Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc.; Corporate Research and Development Division; Shinagawa Intercity Tower B, Konan Minato-ku Tokyo 108-6109 Japan
| | - Tomoko Shindo
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center; 729-5 Ochiai Hadano Kanagawa 257-8523 Japan
| | - Keisuke Sakaguchi
- R&D Headquarters, Evaluation Center, TERUMO Corporation; 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa 259-0151 Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanigawa
- R&D Headquarters, Evaluation Center, TERUMO Corporation; 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa 259-0151 Japan
| | - Kaori Inukai
- R&D Headquarters, Evaluation Center, TERUMO Corporation; 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa 259-0151 Japan
| | - Mika Takenouchi
- R&D Headquarters, Evaluation Center, TERUMO Corporation; 1500 Inokuchi, Nakai-machi Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa 259-0151 Japan
| | - Kazuo Isama
- Division of Environmental Chemistry; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
| | - Atsuko Matsuoka
- Office of Standards and Guidelines Development; Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-0013 Japan
| | - Shingo Niimi
- Division of Medical Devices; National Institute of Health Sciences; 1-18-1 Kamiyoga Setagaya-ku Tokyo 158-8501 Japan
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23
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Zarei M, Norouzian D, Honarvar B, Mohammadi M, Shamabadi HE, Akbarzadeh A. Paclitaxel loaded niosome nanoparticle formulation prepared via reverse phase evaporation method: an in vitro evaluation. Pak J Biol Sci 2014; 16:295-8. [PMID: 24498794 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.295.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Niosoms are nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems. Niosomes are prepared by various methods. In this research niosoms were prepared by reverse phase evaporation and the factors affecting the niosomes formation were studied. Percent of paclitaxel pegylated and non-pegylated prepared with Span 60 were 95 and 92, respectively while for those of pegylated and non-pegylated niosomes with Span 20, 94 and 90, respectively. In addition, the average diameters of pegylated and no-pegylated prepared with Span 60 and 20 were determined to be 191, 214, 244 and 284 nm, respectively. The amount of released drug (48 h) from pegylated and non pegylated formulations in the presence of Spans 60 and 20 were 8, 10, 6, 7%, respectively. Cytotoxicities ofpaclitaxel niosom polyethyleneglycol, paclitaxel niosome and free paclitaxel on MCF-7 cell line after 48 hours were studied by MTT assay. The results showed the formulation prepared with Span 60 is more effective than that of Span 20 and the IC50 of the former was decreased twice while IC50 of the later decreased 1.5 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zarei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahrood Unit, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - D Norouzian
- Department of Pilot Nano-Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran-13164, Iran
| | - B Honarvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marvdasht Unit, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Marvdasht Unit, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - H Ebrahimi Shamabadi
- Department of Pilot Nano-Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran-13164, Iran
| | - A Akbarzadeh
- Department of Pilot Nano-Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran-13164, Iran
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24
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Abdelkader H, Alani AWG, Alany RG. Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): self-assembly, fabrication, characterization, drug delivery applications and limitations. Drug Deliv 2013; 21:87-100. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.838077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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25
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Yeh MI, Huang HC, Liaw JH, Huang MC, Wu TH, Huang KF, Hsu FL. Ethosomes in hair dye products as carriers of the major compounds of black tea extracts. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:868-75. [PMID: 23676188 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study describes a novel carrier, the ethosome-based system, which is composed of non-ionic surfactants, ethanol, and water. METHODS Brij(®) 52 (non-ionic surfactants), soya phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol, and the major compounds (caffeine and gallic acid) of black tea extracts were dissolved in the ethanolic phase. The aqueous phase containing Paragon III was heated to 60 °C and mixed with the previous solution. Finally, 3.4 ml NaOH (6.5 N) was added to adjust the pH level to 4.05. The mixture was centrifuged at 2000 g for two minutes, and the precipitate was taken as the end product. Black tea extracts were applied in ethosome-based formulations, and the efficacy of these formulations in penetrating nude mouse skin and in dyeing white hairs was investigated. RESULTS Compared with an ethanolic solution and black tea extracts, the non-ionic ethosomal delivery system dramatically enhanced the adsorption of black tea extracts onto hair surfaces in vitro. The non-ionic ethosomal system was much more efficient in delivering and facilitating the adsorption of black tea extracts to the hair surface than hydroalcoholic black tea extracts. CONCLUSIONS This formulation may have potential for development as a hair dye and protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-I Yeh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Junyaprasert VB, Singhsa P, Jintapattanakit A. Influence of chemical penetration enhancers on skin permeability of ellagic acid-loaded niosomes. Asian J Pharm Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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27
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Physicochemical properties and skin permeation of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes of ellagic acid. Int J Pharm 2011; 423:303-11. [PMID: 22155414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a potent antioxidant phytochemical substance which has limitation to use due to its poor biopharmaceutical properties, low solubility and low permeability. The aim of the present study was to develop niosomal formulations obtained from the mixture of Span 60 and Tween 60 that could encapsulate EA for dermal delivery. The EA-loaded niosomes were prepared with 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 0:1 Span 60 and Tween 60, using polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), propylene glycol (PG) or methanol (MeOH) as a solubilizer. The influence of formulations on vesicle size, entrapment efficiency and stability of EA-loaded niosomes was investigated. It was found that all ratios of surfactants could produce EA-loaded niosomes when using 15% (v/v) PG, 15% (v/v) PEG 400 or 20% (v/v) MeOH. The niosomes were spherical multilamellar vesicles showing the localization of EA in the vesicles. The vesicle sizes of the niosomes after extrusion were 124-752 nm with PI less than 0.4. The percentages of entrapment efficiency (% E.E.) of all EA-loaded niosomes varied between 1.35% and 26.75% while PEG 400 niosomes gave the highest % E.E. The most stable and highest entrapped formulation was 2:1 Span 60 and Tween 60 niosomes. Additionally, the in vitro skin permeation revealed that penetration of EA from the niosomes depended on vesicle size, the amount of EA entrapped and the added solubilizers which could act as a permeation enhancer. From skin distribution study, the EA-loaded niosomes showed more efficiency in the delivery of EA through human epidermis and dermis than EA solution. The results indicated that the Span 60 and Tween 60 niosomes may be a potential carrier for dermal delivery of EA.
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El-Ridy MS, Abdelbary A, Essam T, Abd EL-Salam RM, Aly Kassem AA. Niosomes as a potential drug delivery system for increasing the efficacy and safety of nystatin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1491-508. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.587431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Paolino D, Cosco D, Molinaro R, Celia C, Fresta M. Supramolecular devices to improve the treatment of brain diseases. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:311-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Azeem A, Anwer MK, Talegaonkar S. Niosomes in sustained and targeted drug delivery: some recent advances. J Drug Target 2009; 17:671-89. [PMID: 19845484 DOI: 10.3109/10611860903079454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Niosomes represent an emerging class of novel vesicular systems. They are composed of nonionic surfactants which are biodegradable and relatively nontoxic. They were developed as stable and inexpensive alternatives to liposomes. Since their early introduction to cosmetic industry their role has diversified to other application areas. They are now being ardently explored as potential carriers for sustained and targeted drug delivery. In addition to conventional, oral, and parenteral routes, they are amenable to be delivered by ocular, transdermal, vaginal, and inhalation routes. Delivery of biotechnological products including vaccine delivery with niosomes is also an interesting and promising research area. The introduction of provesicular approach in the form of proniosomes has further increased the relevance of these systems. More concerted research efforts, however, are still required to realize the full potential of these novel systems. This review considers the current status and explores the potential of niosomes in drug delivery with special attention to their role in drug targeting. Their methods of preparation, formulation aspects, advantages, limitations, and applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Azeem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
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31
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Forgács E, Cserháti T, Farkas O, Eckhardt A, Miksik I, Deyl Z. Interaction Between Cholesterol and Non‐ionic Surfactants Studied by Thin‐Layer Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120039411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Forgács
- a Research Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 17, H‐1525 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - T. Cserháti
- a Research Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 17, H‐1525 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - O. Farkas
- a Research Laboratory of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 17, H‐1525 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - A. Eckhardt
- b Institute of Physiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - I. Miksik
- b Institute of Physiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Z. Deyl
- b Institute of Physiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
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Cheng W, Lim LY. Lipeo-sCT: A novel reversible lipidized salmon calcitonin derivative, its biophysical properties and hypocalcemic activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Herpes viruses (herpes simplex, varicella zoster, cytomegalovirus) are the main cause of a wide variety of human infections. Although the development of successful antiviral agents against infections caused by herpes viruses had been slow until the last decade, the production of delivery systems for acyclovir are a promising alternative. The present review summarizes the principal advances made in developing carriers for the delivery of acyclovir by different routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cortesi
- University of Ferrara, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CoReS Techno Group, Via Fossato di Mortara, 19-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Harvey RD, Lawrence MJ, Bui TT. Probing the steric barrier of nonionic surfactant vesicles with melittin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:2081-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hofland HEJ, Bouwstra JA, Spies F, Boddé HE, Nagelkerke JF, Cullander C, Junginger HE. Interactions Between non-ionic Surfactant Vesicles and human stratum corneumin vitro. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109509018629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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36
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Francis MF, Cristea M, Yang Y, Winnik FM. Engineering polysaccharide-based polymeric micelles to enhance permeability of cyclosporin A across Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 2005; 22:209-19. [PMID: 15783068 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-004-1188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess and compare the effectiveness of two types of polysaccharide-based micelles as delivery vehicles for poorly water soluble drugs by monitoring their permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. METHODS Dextran (DEX) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) were hydrophobically modified (HM) by grafting polyoxyethylene cetyl ether (POE-C16, 15 mol% and 5.4 mol%, respectively). The onset of micellization and mean diameter of polymeric micelles formed by HM-DEX and HM-HPC were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively. Cyclosporin A (CsA)-loaded polymeric micelles were prepared by a dialysis procedure, and the amount of incorporated CsA was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The stability of micelles in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was studied as a function of contact time, and their cytotoxicity toward Caco-2 cells was evaluated using the MTT colorimetric assay. The bidirectional transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers of CsA entrapped in HM-DEX and HM-HPC micelles and of the polymers themselves was evaluated in the presence and absence of P-glycoprotein inhibitor. RESULTS The amount of CsA incorporated in HM-HPC and HM-DEX micelles reached 5.5 and 8.5% w/w, respectively (entrapment efficiency of 22% or more). The polymeric micelles exhibited high stability in gastric and intestinal fluids and no significant cytotoxicity toward Caco-2 cells. The apical to basal permeability of CsA across Caco-2 cells increased significantly when loaded in polymeric micelles compared to free CsA. CONCLUSIONS Polysaccharide-based polymeric micelles are promising carriers for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. In vitro tests indicate that, overall, HM-HPC micelles are more effective compared to HM-DEX micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira F Francis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Li GL, Danhof M, Frederik PM, Bouwstra JA. Pretreatment with a water-based surfactant formulation affects transdermal iontophoretic delivery of R-apomorphine in vitro. Pharm Res 2003; 20:653-9. [PMID: 12739775 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023211219118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To further increase the transdermal transport rate of R-apomorphine, a nonocclusive pretreatment with an aqueous surfactant formulation in combination with iontophoresis was explored in vitro. METHODS The human stratum corneum was pretreated nonocclusively with formulations composed of laureth-3 oxyethylene ether (C12EO3), laureth-7 oxyethylene ether (C12EO7), and cholesterol sulfate (CSO4) prior to iontophoresis. The effect on the flux of the following parameters was examined: the composition, the charge, and the applied amount of surfactant formulations. RESULTS The iontophoretic flux of R-apomorphine was appreciably increased by pretreatment with surfactant formulations. A formulation containing C12EO3/C12EO7/CSO4 at a molar ratio of 70:30:5 was very stable and increased the iontophoretic flux of R-apomorphine from 92.2 +/- 13.9 nmol/cm2 x h to 181.5 +/- 22.6 nmol/cm2 x h. When further increasing the negative charge of this formulation the iontophoretic transport rate was slightly inhibited. A dose of 40 microL/cm2 of the formulation with a total surfactant concentration of 5% (w/w) was sufficient for a maximum enhancing effect. CONCLUSIONS The results obviously show that nonocclusive pretreatment with the surfactant formulation enhances the iontophoretic transport of R-apomorphine, and is a promising approach to achieve therapeutic concentrations of R-apomorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai Ling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, University of Leiden, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Balasubramaniam A, Kumar VA, Pillai KS. Formulation and in vivo evaluation of niosome-encapsulated daunorubicin hydrochloride. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2002; 28:1181-93. [PMID: 12476864 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120015351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The central aim of this present study was to modify the reverse evaporation process, such that an enhanced entrapment, with increased storage stability and prolonged release, could be achieved, and to translate these advantages to increased therapeutic efficacy of daunorubicin hydrochloride on Dalton's ascitic lymphoma. Niosomes prepared exhibited entrapment efficiency 20% higher than theoretically possible by the reverse evaporation process. The niosomes were found to be very stable at a storage temperature of 4 degrees C for a duration of three months. Even the drug leakage was restricted to just 10%. The in vivo studies suggested a prolonged release of 20 hr. Niosomal daunorubicin hydrochloride exhibited an enhanced anti-tumor efficacy when compared to free drug. The niosomal formulation was able to destroy the Dalton's ascitic lymphoma cells in the peritoneum within the third day of treatment, while free drug took around six days and the process was incomplete. The hematological studies also prove that the niosomal formulation was superior to free drug treatment. An enhanced mean survival time was achieved by the niosomal formulation that finally substantiates the overall efficacy of the niosomal formulation. This study suggests that the multilamellar vesicles obtained by the presently utilized reverse evaporation process resulted in vesicles that resisted the immediate lysis in the Kupffer cells, whereby a prolonged drug concentration was achieved which enhanced the cell lysis. But the major factor responsible for the quicker onset of action could be the increased permeability of the niosomes into the cell membrane and the cytoplasm of the Dalton's ascitic lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balasubramaniam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vel's College of Pharmacy, Old Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Bjerregaard S, Wulf-Andersen L, Stephens RW, Røge Lund L, Vermehren C, Söderberg I, Frokjaer S. Sustained elevated plasma aprotinin concentration in mice following intraperitoneal injections of w/o emulsions incorporating aprotinin. J Control Release 2001; 71:87-98. [PMID: 11245910 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was initiated to test the feasibility of w/o emulsions as a sustained release system for aprotinin following intraperitoneal injection in mice. The emulsion was well tolerated in mice and sustained release was observed over a period of 96 h. The time for maximum plasma concentration of aprotinin was 10 min and 12 h after injection of a control solution and the emulsion dosage form, respectively. Furthermore, the hemolytic activity of the emulsion constituents was low indicating a low acute toxicological potential of the emulsion. The present study also showed that the lipolytic activity in peritoneal exudate from mice is important for the clearance of oily vehicles from the peritoneal cavity with lipolytic rate constants ranging from 50 to 130 nmol free fatty acid released/min/mg exudate protein at 37 degrees C, pH 8.5. It was concluded that the w/o emulsion was well suited to provide sustained elevated plasma aprotinin concentrations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bjerregaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Balcan M, Cserháti T, Forgács E, Anghel DF. Determination of the relative impact of chromatographic conditions and solute structures on the retention behaviour of non-ionic surfactants in RP-HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 1999; 13:225-8. [PMID: 10375123 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199905)13:3<225::aid-bmc824>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The retention behaviour of non-ionic surfactants containing different hydrophobic moiety and various lengths of polar ethylene oxide chain was studied on RP-8 and RP-18 columns using methanol and acetonitrile as organic modifiers. The relative impact of the chromatographic conditions on the retention strength was determined using stepwise regression analysis. Non-ionic surfactants can be separated according to the character of the hydrophobic moiety, but not according to the length of the polar ethylene oxide chain. Calculations proved that the organic modifier exerted the highest impact on the retention; the effect of the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic moiety, column temperature and the length of the hydrophobic ligand on the surface of silica support are of secondary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balcan
- Central Research Institute for Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
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Cserháti T, Forgács E. Separation and quantitative determination of non-ionic surfactants used as pesticide additives. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lindgren Ã, Sjöström M, Wold S. QSAR Modelling of the Toxicity of some Technical Non-ionic Surfactants towards Fairy Shrimps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.19960150305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Uchegbu IF, Florence AT. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Physical and pharmaceutical chemistry. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-8686(95)00242-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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The use of high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry to characterise dilute aqueous dispersions of surfactants: 2. Further studies on polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Touitou E, Junginger HE, Weiner ND, Nagai T, Mezei M. Liposomes as carriers for topical and transdermal delivery. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83:1189-203. [PMID: 7830230 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600830902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of active agents to the skin by liposome carriers is an interdisciplinary topic of great interest today. Data accumulated over the last decade strongly point to important advantages of these drug delivery systems. A symposium devoted to classic and new approaches in the use of liposomal systems was organized and chaired by M. Mezei and E. Touitou as a part of the Jerusalem Conference on Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacology, held on May 24-30, 1992, in Jerusalem, Israel. The presentations focused on liposomes as tools in the mechanistic study of absorption promoters (T. Nagai), drug liposomal delivery in the skin strata and structures (N. Weiner), interaction of liposomes and niosomes with the human skin (H.E. Junginger), and design and characterization of caffeine liposomal systems for use in hyperproliferative diseases (E. Touitou). Mezei reviewed biodisposition and clinical studies on liposomal dosage forms containing various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Touitou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Hofland HE, van der Geest R, Bodde HE, Junginger HE, Bouwstra JA. Estradiol permeation from nonionic surfactant vesicles through human stratum corneum in vitro. Pharm Res 1994; 11:659-64. [PMID: 8058633 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018963910260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The permeation of estradiol from vesicular formulations through human stratum corneum was studied in vitro. The vesicles were composed of nonionic n-alkyl polyoxyethylene ether surfactants (CnEOm). The thermodynamic activity of estradiol present in each formulation was kept constant by saturating all formulations with estradiol. The effects of both the particle size and the composition of the formulation on estradiol permeation across excised human stratum corneum were investigated. Stratum corneum that was pretreated with empty surfactant carriers allowed for significantly higher estradiol fluxes compared with untreated stratum corneum. However, estradiol fluxes obtained in these pretreatment experiments appeared to be significantly lower than those obtained by the direct application of the estradiol-saturated carrier formulation on top of the stratum corneum. Furthermore, in the case of pretreatment of the stratum corneum, an increase in carrier size resulted in a decrease in estradiol flux. For direct application the opposite was found. Two mechanisms are proposed to play an important role in vesicle-skin interactions, i.e., the penetration enhancing effect of surfactant molecules and the effect of the vesicular structures that are most likely caused by adsorption of the vesicles at the stratum corneum-suspension interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Hofland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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48
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Charge-transfer chromatographic study of the interaction of non-ionic surfactants with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)87026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Complex formation of some nonionic surfactants with hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin and with heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-?-cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00708729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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