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Sherri N, Assaf R, Bitar ER, Znait S, Borghol AH, Kassem A, Rahal EA. Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Exacerbates Arthritis in a Mouse Model via Toll-like Receptor 9. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4661. [PMID: 38731877 PMCID: PMC11083462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA is known to be shed upon reactivation of latent EBV. Based on our previous findings linking Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) to an EBV DNA-driven surge in IL-17A production, we aimed to examine the therapeutic potential of TLR9 inhibition in EBV DNA-exacerbated arthritis in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were administered either collagen, EBV DNA + collagen, EBV DNA + collagen + TLR9 inhibitor, or only the TLR9 inhibitor. After 70 days, paw thicknesses, clinical scores, and gripping strength were recorded. Moreover, affected joints, footpads, and colons were histologically scored. Furthermore, the number of cells co-expressing IL-17A, IFN-γ, and FOXP3 in joint sections was determined by immunofluorescence assays. Significantly decreased paw thicknesses, clinical scores, and histological scores with a significantly increased gripping strength were observed in the group receiving EBV DNA + collagen + TLR9 inhibitor, compared to those receiving EBV DNA + collagen. Similarly, this group showed decreased IL-17A+ IFN-γ+, IL-17A+ FOXP3+, and IL-17A+ IFN-γ+ FOXP3+ foci counts in joints. We show that inhibiting TLR9 limits the exacerbation of arthritis induced by EBV DNA in a CIA mouse model, suggesting that TLR9 could be a potential therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis management in EBV-infected individuals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/metabolism
- Mice
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/virology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Disease Models, Animal
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Male
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Sherri
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Rayan Assaf
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Elio R. Bitar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Sabah Znait
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Abdul Hamid Borghol
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Aya Kassem
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Elias A. Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (N.S.); (R.A.); (E.R.B.); (S.Z.); (A.H.B.); (A.K.)
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR), American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon
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2
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Schneider AH, Taira TM, Públio GA, da Silva Prado D, Donate Yabuta PB, Dos Santos JC, Machado CC, de Souza FFL, Rodrigues Venturini LG, de Oliveira RDR, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Louzada-Júnior P, Aparecida da Silva T, Fukada SY, Cunha FQ. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis by enhancing RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:429-446. [PMID: 37625900 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause bone erosion due to increased osteoclastogenesis. Neutrophils involvement in osteoclastogenesis remains uncertain. Given that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can act as inflammatory mediators in rheumatoid arthritis, we investigated the role of NETs in stimulating bone loss by potentiating osteoclastogenesis during arthritis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The level of NETs in synovial fluid from arthritis patients was assessed. Bone loss was evaluated by histology and micro-CT in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA)-induced WT mice treated with DNase or in Padi4-deficient mice (Padi4flox/flox LysMCRE ). The size and function of osteoclasts and the levels of RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG) released by osteoblasts that were incubated with NETs were measured. The expression of osteoclastogenic marker genes and protein levels were evaluated by qPCR and western blotting. To assess the participation of TLR4 and TLR9 in osteoclastogenesis, cells from Tlr4-/- and Tlr9-/- mice were cultured with NETs. KEY RESULTS Rheumatoid arthritis patients had higher levels of NETs in synovial fluid than osteoarthritis patients, which correlated with increased levels of RANKL/OPG. Moreover, patients with bone erosion had higher levels of NETs. Inhibiting NETs with DNase or Padi4 deletion alleviated bone loss in arthritic mice. Consistently, NETs enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis that was dependent on TLR4 and TLR9 and increased osteoclast resorptive functions in vitro. In addition, NETs stimulated the release of RANKL and inhibited osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts, favouring osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Inhibiting NETs could be an alternative strategy to reduce bone erosion in arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaise Mayumi Taira
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Azevedo Públio
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas da Silva Prado
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paula Barbim Donate Yabuta
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cristina Dos Santos
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Neurosciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Caio Cavalcante Machado
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Falcão Lima de Souza
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Rodrigues Venturini
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renê Donizeti Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Júnior
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology Division, Medicine Faculty of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tarcília Aparecida da Silva
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yasuyo Fukada
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Bio-Molecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiróz Cunha
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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3
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Panzer B, Kopp CW, Neumayer C, Koppensteiner R, Jozkowicz A, Poledniczek M, Gremmel T, Jilma B, Wadowski PP. Toll-like Receptors as Pro-Thrombotic Drivers in Viral Infections: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:1865. [PMID: 37508529 PMCID: PMC10377790 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a critical role in the pathogenesis and disease course of viral infections. The induced pro-inflammatory responses result in the disturbance of the endovascular surface layer and impair vascular homeostasis. The injury of the vessel wall further promotes pro-thrombotic and pro-coagulatory processes, eventually leading to micro-vessel plugging and tissue necrosis. Moreover, TLRs have a direct role in the sensing of viruses and platelet activation. TLR-mediated upregulation of von Willebrand factor release and neutrophil, as well as macrophage extra-cellular trap formation, further contribute to (micro-) thrombotic processes during inflammation. The following review focuses on TLR signaling pathways of TLRs expressed in humans provoking pro-thrombotic responses, which determine patient outcome during viral infections, especially in those with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Panzer
- Department of Cardiology, Wilhelminenspital, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph W Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia P Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Jing W, Liu C, Su C, Liu L, Chen P, Li X, Zhang X, Yuan B, Wang H, Du X. Role of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial damage in rheumatoid arthritis and targeted drugs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107670. [PMID: 36845127 PMCID: PMC9948260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, pannus formation, and bone and cartilage damage. It has a high disability rate. The hypoxic microenvironment of RA joints can cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial damage, which not only affect the metabolic processes of immune cells and pathological changes in fibroblastic synovial cells but also upregulate the expression of several inflammatory pathways, ultimately promoting inflammation. Additionally, ROS and mitochondrial damage are involved in angiogenesis and bone destruction, thereby accelerating RA progression. In this review, we highlighted the effects of ROS accumulation and mitochondrial damage on inflammatory response, angiogenesis, bone and cartilage damage in RA. Additionally, we summarized therapies that target ROS or mitochondria to relieve RA symptoms and discuss the gaps in research and existing controversies, hoping to provide new ideas for research in this area and insights for targeted drug development in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyao Jing
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenghong Su
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Rheumatic and Bone Disease, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Rheumatic and Bone Disease, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Acupuncture and Pain, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- Department of Rheumatic and Bone Disease, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Haidong Wang, ; Xiaozheng Du,
| | - Xiaozheng Du
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Haidong Wang, ; Xiaozheng Du,
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5
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Saber MM, Monir N, Awad AS, Elsherbiny ME, Zaki HF. TLR9: A friend or a foe. Life Sci 2022; 307:120874. [PMID: 35963302 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a primary protective line in our body. It confers its protection through different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), especially toll like receptors (TLRs). Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an intracellular TLR, expressed in different immunological and non-immunological cells. Release of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleotides, and DNA confers a beneficial inflammatory response and maintains homeostasis for removing cellular debris during normal physiological conditions. However, during pathological cellular damage and stress signals, engagement between mtDNA and TLR9 acts as an alarm for starting inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The controversial role of TLR9 in different diseases baffled scientists if it has a protective or deleterious effect after activation during insults. Targeting the immune system, especially the TLR9 needs further investigation to provide a therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Saber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nada Monir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza S Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa E Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Ding P, Tan Q, Wei Z, Chen Q, Wang C, Qi L, Wen L, Zhang C, Yao C. Toll-like receptor 9 deficiency induces osteoclastic bone loss via gut microbiota-associated systemic chronic inflammation. Bone Res 2022; 10:42. [PMID: 35624094 PMCID: PMC9142495 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play pivotal roles in inflammation and provide important links between the immune and skeletal systems. Although the activation of TLRs may affect osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism, whether and how TLRs are required for normal bone remodeling remains to be fully explored. In the current study, we show for the first time that TLR9-/- mice exhibit a low bone mass and low-grade systemic chronic inflammation, which is characterized by the expansion of CD4+ T cells and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, RANKL, and IL1β. The increased levels of these cytokines significantly promote osteoclastogenesis and induce bone loss. Importantly, TLR9 deletion alters the gut microbiota, and this dysbiosis is the basis of the systemic inflammation and bone loss observed in TLR9-/- mice. Furthermore, through single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified myeloid-biased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow of TLR9-/- mice and determined that the increase in myelopoiesis, likely caused by the adaptation of hematopoietic stem cells to systemic inflammation, also contributes to inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss in TLR9-/- mice. Thus, our study provides novel evidence that TLR9 signaling connects the gut microbiota, immune system, and bone and is critical in maintaining the homeostasis of inflammation, hematopoiesis, and bone metabolism under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyuan Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanying Wei
- Department of Osteoporosis and Skeletal Disorders, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Osteoporosis and Skeletal Disorders, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyue Qi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Systematic review of robust experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis for basic research. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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8
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Targeting Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Pathways in Inflammatory Arthritis: Two Better Than One? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091291. [PMID: 34572504 PMCID: PMC8464963 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is a cluster of diseases caused by unregulated activity of the immune system. The lost homeostasis is followed by the immune attack of one’s self, what damages healthy cells and tissues and leads to chronic inflammation of various tissues and organs (e.g., joints, lungs, heart, eyes). Different medications to control the excessive immune response are in use, however, drug resistances, flare-reactions and adverse effects to the current therapies are common in the affected patients. Thus, it is essential to broaden the spectrum of alternative treatments and to develop disease-modifying drugs. In the last 20 years, the involvement of the innate immune receptors TLRs in inflammatory arthritis has been widely investigated and targeting either the receptor itself or the proteins in the downstream signalling cascades has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Yet, concerns about the use of pharmacological agents that inhibit TLR activity and may leave the host unprotected against invading pathogens and toxicity issues amid inhibition of downstream kinases crucial in various cellular functions have arisen. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on the role of TLRs in inflammatory arthritis; in addition, the likely druggable related targets and the developed inhibitors, and discusses the pros and cons of their potential clinical use.
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Unterberger S, Davies KA, Rambhatla SB, Sacre S. Contribution of Toll-Like Receptors and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathophysiology. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:285-298. [PMID: 34350135 PMCID: PMC8326786 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s288547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune disease that is characterized by inflammation of the synovial joints leading to cartilage and bone damage. The pathogenesis is sustained by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6, which can be targeted therapeutically to alleviate disease severity. Several innate immune receptors are suggested to contribute to the chronic inflammation in RA, through the production of pro-inflammatory factors in response to endogenous danger signals. Much research has focused on toll-like receptors and more recently the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin containing protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is required for the processing and release of IL-1β. This review summarizes the current understanding of the potential involvement of these receptors in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation and tissue damage in RA and experimental arthritis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Unterberger
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
| | - Kevin A Davies
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
| | | | - Sandra Sacre
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PS, UK
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10
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Wong XK, Yeong KY. A Patent Review on the Current Developments of Benzoxazoles in Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3237-3262. [PMID: 34289258 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The benzoxazole moiety is widely found in various natural compounds, which are often found to be biologically active. Due to its versatile biological properties, benzoxazole has been incorporated as an essential pharmacophore and substructure in many medicinal compounds. In the past years, numerous benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesised and evaluated for their biological potential. The wide range in therapeutic potential of benzoxazole derivatives is related to the favourable interactions of the benzoxazole moiety with different protein targets. Herein we review the biological activities of benzoxazole derivatives patented within the past six years. Using the Lens database, granted patents issued from 2015 to 2020 were retrieved. The patented benzoxazole derivatives demonstrated excellent activity against various protein targets and diseases, with some reaching clinical trial stage. Pharmacological and medicinal aspects of patented benzoxazole derivatives are discussed. The recent development and drawbacks are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Overexpression of TLR7 and TLR9 Occurs Before Onset Symptoms In First-Degree Relatives of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Edilova MI, Akram A, Abdul-Sater AA. Innate immunity drives pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed J 2020; 44:172-182. [PMID: 32798211 PMCID: PMC8178572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease affecting ∼1% of the general population. This disease is characterized by persistent articular inflammation and joint damage driven by the proliferating synovial tissue fibroblasts as well as neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte trafficking into the synovium. The factors leading to RA pathogenesis remain poorly elucidated although genetic and environmental factors have been proposed to be the main contributors to RA. The majority of the early studies focused on the role of lymphocytes and adaptive immune responses in RA. However, in the past two decades, emerging studies showed that the innate immune system plays a critical role in the onset and progression of RA pathogenesis. Various innate immune cells including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are involved in inflammatory responses seen in RA patients as well as in driving the activation of the adaptive immune system, which plays a major role in the later stages of the disease. Here we focus the discussion on the role of different innate immune cells and components in initiation and progression of RA. New therapeutic approaches targeting different inflammatory pathways and innate immune cells will be highlighted here. Recent emergence and the significant roles of innate lymphoid cells and inflammasomes will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Edilova
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Akram
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario Canada; The University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, Ontario Canada.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which a variety of circulating pro-inflammatory cells and dysregulated molecules are involved in disease aetiology and progression. Platelets are an important cellular element in the circulation that can bind several dysregulated molecules (such as collagen, thrombin and fibrinogen) that are present both in the synovium and the circulation of patients with RA. Platelets not only respond to dysregulated molecules in their environment but also transport and express their own inflammatory mediators, and serve as regulators at the boundary between haemostasis and immunity. Activated platelets also produce microparticles, which further convey signalling molecules and receptors to the synovium and circulation, thereby positioning these platelet-derived particles as strategic regulators of inflammation. These diverse functions come together to make platelets facilitators of cellular crosstalk in RA. Thus, the receptor functions, ligand binding potential and dysregulated signalling pathways in platelets are becoming increasingly important for treatment in RA. This Review aims to highlight the role of platelets in RA and the need to closely examine platelets as health indicators when designing effective pharmaceutical targets in this disease.
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Emami J, Ansarypour Z. Receptor targeting drug delivery strategies and prospects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:471-487. [PMID: 32038727 PMCID: PMC6937749 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.272534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease, is characterized by cartilage damage, bone tissue destruction, morphological changes in synovial fluids, and synovial joint inflammation. The inflamed synovial tissue has potential for passive and active targeting because of enhanced permeability and retention effect and the existence of RA synovial macrophages and fibroblasts that selectively express surface receptors such as folate receptor β, CD44 and integrin αVβ. Although there are numerous interventions in RA treatment, they are not safe and effective. Therefore, it is important to develop new drug or drug delivery systems that specifically targets inflamed/swollen joints but attenuates other possible damages to healthy tissues. Recently some receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, and Fc-γ receptor have been identified in synovial tissue and immune cells that are involved in induction or suppression of arthritis. Analysis of the TLR pathway has moreover suggested new insights into the pathogenesis of RA. In the present paper, we have reviewed drug delivery strategies based on receptor targeting with novel ligand-anchored carriers exploiting CD44, folate and integrin αVβ as well as TLRs expressed on synovial monocytes and macrophages and antigen presenting cells, for possible active targeting in RA. TLRs could not only open a new horizon for developing new drugs but also their antagonists or humanized monoclonal antibodies that block TLRS specially TLR4 and TLR9 signaling could be used as targeting agents to antigen presenting cells and dendritic cells. As a conclusion, common conventional receptors and multifunctional ligands that arte involved in targeting receptors or developing nanocarriers with appropriate ligands for TLRs can provide profoundly targeting drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Emami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Zahra Ansarypour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Heat-killed probiotic regulates the body’s regulatory immunity to attenuate subsequent experimental autoimmune arthritis. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fischer A, Abdollahi‐Roodsaz S, Böhm C, Niederreiter B, Meyer B, Yau ACY, Lönnblom E, Joosten LAB, Koenders M, Lehmann CHK, Dudziak D, Krönke G, Holmdahl R, Steiner G. The involvement of Toll-like receptor 9 in the pathogenesis of erosive autoimmune arthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4399-4409. [PMID: 29992753 PMCID: PMC6111819 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous nucleic acids and their receptors may be involved in the initiation of systemic autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As the role of the DNA sensing Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 in RA is unclear, we aimed to investigate its involvement in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis using three different experimental models of RA. The data obtained revealed involvement of TLR9 in the T cell-dependent phase of inflammatory arthritis. In rats with pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), TLR9 inhibition before disease onset reduced arthritis significantly and almost completely abolished bone erosion. Accordingly, serum levels of IL-6, α-1-acid-glycoprotein and rheumatoid factor were reduced. Moreover, in TLR9-/- mice, streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis was reduced in the T cell-dependent phase, whereas T cell-independent serum-transfer arthritis was not affected. Remarkably, while TLR7 expression did not change during in vitro osteoclastogenesis, TLR9 expression was higher in precursor cells than in mature osteoclasts and partial inhibition of osteoclastogenesis was achieved only by the TLR9 antagonist. These results demonstrate a pivotal role for TLR9 in the T cell-dependent phases of inflammatory arthritis and additionally suggest some role during osteoclastogenesis. Hence, endogenous DNA seems to be crucially involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Fischer
- Division of RheumatologyInternal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Shahla Abdollahi‐Roodsaz
- Department of RheumatologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Division of RheumatologyDepartment of MedicineNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Christina Böhm
- Division of RheumatologyInternal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Birgit Niederreiter
- Division of RheumatologyInternal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brigitte Meyer
- Division of RheumatologyInternal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Anthony C. Y. Yau
- Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of RheumatologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Marije Koenders
- Department of RheumatologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Christian H. K. Lehmann
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of DermatologyUniversity Hospital ErlangenFriedrich‐Alexander University of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 ‐ Rheumatology and ImmunologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation ResearchDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Günter Steiner
- Division of RheumatologyInternal Medicine IIIMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Arthritis and RehabilitationViennaAustria
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