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Swaroop AK, Negi P, Kar A, Mariappan E, Natarajan J, Namboori P K K, Selvaraj J. Navigating IL-6: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic breakthroughs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:48-76. [PMID: 38220583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This concise review navigates the intricate realm of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important member of the cytokine family. Beginning with an introduction to cytokines, this narrative review unfolds with the historical journey of IL-6, illuminating its evolving significance. A crucial section unravels the three distinct signaling modes employed by IL-6, providing a foundational understanding of its versatile interactions within cellular landscapes. Moving deeper, the review meticulously dissects IL-6's signaling mechanisms, unraveling the complexities of its pleiotropic effects in both physiological responses and pathological conditions. A significant focus is dedicated to the essential role IL-6 plays in inflammatory diseases, offering insights into its associations and implications for various health conditions. The review also takes a therapeutic turn by exploring the emergence of anti-IL-6 monoclonal inhibitors, marking a profound stride in treatment modalities. Diving into the molecular realm, the review explores small molecules as agents for IL-6 inhibition, providing a nuanced perspective on diverse intervention strategies. As the review embarks on the final chapters, it contemplates future aspects, offering glimpses into potential research trajectories and the evolving landscape of IL-6-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akey Krishna Swaroop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preeya Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayushi Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esakkimuthukumar Mariappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jawahar Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Namboori P K
- Amrita Molecular Modeling and Synthesis (AMMAS) Research lab, Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Amrita Nagar, Ettimadai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Fragoulis GE, Ntouros PA, Nezos A, Vlachogiannis NI, McInnes IB, Tektonidou MG, Skarlis C, Souliotis VL, Mavragani CP, Sfikakis PP. Type-I interferon pathway and DNA damage accumulation in peripheral blood of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274060. [PMID: 38124740 PMCID: PMC10731026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The abnormal DNA damage response is associated with upregulation of the type-1 interferon (IFN-I) pathway in certain rheumatic diseases. We investigated whether such aberrant mechanisms operate in psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Methods DNA damage levels were measured by alkaline comet assay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 52 PsA patients and age-sex-matched healthy individuals. RNA expression of IFIT1, MX1 and IFI44, which are selectively induced by IFN-I, was quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and their composite normalized expression resulted in IFN-I score calculation. RNA expression of IL1β, IL6, TNF, IL17A and IL23A was also assessed in PsA and control subgroups. Results In PsA, DNA damage accumulation was increased by almost two-fold compared to healthy individuals (olive tail moment arbitrary units, mean ± SD; 9.42 ± 2.71 vs 4.88 ± 1.98, p<0.0001). DNA damage levels significantly correlated with serum C-Reactive-protein and IL6 RNA expression in PBMCs. Despite increased DNA damage, the IFN-I score was strikingly lower in PsA patients compared to controls (-0.49 ± 6.99 vs 4.24 ± 4.26; p<0.0001). No correlation was found between IFN-I pathway downregulation and DNA damage. However, the IFN-I score in a PsA subgroup was lower in those patients with higher IL1β expression, as well as in those with higher TNF/IL23A PBMCs expression. Conclusion DNA damage in PsA correlates with measures of inflammation but is not associated with the IFN-I pathway induction. The unexpected IFN-I downregulation, albeit reminiscent to findings in experimental models of spondyloarthritis, may be implicated in PsA pathogenesis and explained by operation of other cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Fragoulis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis A. Ntouros
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrianos Nezos
- Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I. Vlachogiannis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maria G. Tektonidou
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Skarlis
- Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L. Souliotis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Clio P. Mavragani
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Physiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, First Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Kamata M, Tada Y. Crosstalk: keratinocytes and immune cells in psoriasis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286344. [PMID: 38022549 PMCID: PMC10665858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past, psoriasis was considered a skin disease caused only by keratinocyte disorders. However, the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs and biologics used to treat psoriasis proves that psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease. Indeed, a variety of immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including dendritic cells, Th17 cells, and resident memory T cells. Furthermore, keratinocytes play a role in the development of psoriasis as immune cells by secreting antibacterial peptides, chemokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-36, and IL-23. These immune cells and skin cells interact and drive the aberrant differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes. This crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells critical in the pathogenesis of psoriasis forms an inflammatory loop, resulting in the persistence or exacerbation of psoriasis plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yayoi Tada
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Antonatos C, Asmenoudi P, Panoutsopoulou M, Vasilopoulos Y. Pharmaco-Omics in Psoriasis: Paving the Way towards Personalized Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087090. [PMID: 37108251 PMCID: PMC10139144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of high-throughput approaches has had a profound impact on personalized medicine, evolving the identification of inheritable variation to trajectory analyses of transient states and paving the way for the unveiling of response biomarkers. The utilization of the multi-layered pharmaco-omics data, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and relevant biological information, has facilitated the identification of key molecular biomarkers that can predict the response to therapy, thereby optimizing treatment regiments and providing the framework for a tailored treatment plan. Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic options for chronic diseases, the highly heterogeneous clinical response hinders the alleviation of disease signals and exacerbates the annual burden and cost of hospitalization and drug regimens. This review aimed to examine the current state of the pharmaco-omic approaches performed in psoriasis, a common inflammatory disease of the skin. We sought to identify central studies that investigate the inter-individual variability and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of drug response progression via biological profiling in psoriatic patients administered with the extended therapeutic armamentarium of psoriasis, incorporating conventional therapies, small molecules, as well as biological drugs that inhibit central pathogenic cytokines involved in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalabos Antonatos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Paschalia Asmenoudi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Mariza Panoutsopoulou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Yiannis Vasilopoulos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Section of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Gu H, Zhang Y, Zeng W, Xia Y. Participation of interferons in psoriatic inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 64:12-20. [PMID: 34953718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are multifunctional cytokines not expressed in the skin under normal physiological conditions. However, they are overexpressed in serum and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis and play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Interferons act directly on skin resident cells and recruit and modulate inflammatory cells, thereby exacerbating psoriatic inflammation. They upregulate the expression of relevant cytokines and chemokines, facilitate excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, and enhance the formation of poorly differentiated dermal microvessels. In this review, we summarized the pathogenic effect of interferons on psoriasis and also discussed the therapeutic strategies targeting interferons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Gu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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6
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Quantitative structure property relationship assisted development of Fluocinolone acetonide loaded transfersomes for targeted delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zwain A, Aldiwani M, Taqi H. The Association Between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Eur Cardiol 2021; 16:e19. [PMID: 34040653 PMCID: PMC8145074 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2020.15.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases and psoriasis have been well established as separate entities, however, there is uncertainty with regards to a link between the two diseases. A few environmental, psychological and social factors have been implicated as potential common risk factors that may exacerbate the two diseases, and an array of complex immune and non-immune inflammatory mediators can potentially explain a plausible link. Pharmacotherapy has also played a role in establishing a potential association, especially with the advent of biological agents which directly act on inflammatory factors shared by the two diseases. This review will look at existing evidence and ascertain a potential correlation between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zwain
- North West Deanery, Aintree University Hospital Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohanad Aldiwani
- East Midlands Deanery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Leicester, UK
| | - Hussein Taqi
- East Midlands Deanery, Royal Derby Hospital Derby, UK
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Zhang X, Shi L, Sun T, Guo K, Geng S. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and its correlation with dysregulation of cytokines in psoriasis patients. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:78. [PMID: 33685393 PMCID: PMC7941898 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease associated with multiple comorbidities and substantially diminishes patients’ quality of life. The gut microbiome has become a hot topic in psoriasis as it has been shown to affect both allergy and autoimmunity diseases in recent studies. Our objective was to identify differences in the fecal microbial composition of patients with psoriasis compared with healthy individuals to unravel the microbiota profiling in this autoimmune disease. Results We collected fecal samples from 30 psoriasis patients and 30 healthy controls, sequenced them by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and identified the gut microbial composition using bioinformatic analyses including Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). Our results showed that different relative abundance of certain bacterial taxa between psoriasis patients and healthy individuals, including Faecalibacterium and Megamonas, were increased in patients with psoriasis. It’s also implicated that many cytokines act as main effect molecules in the pathology of psoriasis. We selected the inflammation-related indicators that were abnormal in psoriasis patients and found the microbiome variations were associated with the level of them, especially interleukin-2 receptor showed a positive relationship with Phascolarctobacterium and a negative relationship with the Dialister. The relative abundance of Phascolarctobacterium and Dialister can be regard as predictors of psoriasis activity. The correlation analysis based on microbiota and Inflammation-related indicators showed that microbiota dysbiosis might induce an abnormal immune response in psoriasis. Conclusions We concluded that the gut microbiome composition in psoriasis patients has been altered markedly and provides evidence to understand the relationship between gut microbiota and psoriasis. More mechanistic experiments are needed to determine whether the differences observed in gut microbiota are the cause or consequences of psoriasis and whether the relationship between gut microbiota and cytokines was involved. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02125-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an City, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Linjing Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an City, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an City, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an City, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of Dermatology, Northwest Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an City, 710004, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Interleukin 22 and 6 serum concentrations decrease under long-term biologic therapy in psoriasis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2020; 37:705-711. [PMID: 33240010 PMCID: PMC7675072 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psoriasis, affecting approximately 2% of the worldwide population, is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease in which overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines is observed. Most of the available data on the influence of antipsoriatic therapy on the cytokine serum concentration are inconsistent and based on short-term observations. Aim To evaluate the influence of long-term biologic therapy with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) blockers (adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab) and IL-12/23 inhibitor (ustekinumab) on the level of IL-6, IL-22 in the sera of patients with psoriasis. Material and methods Blood samples were collected from 42 psoriatic patients in order to determine IL-6 and IL-22 serum concentrations prior to and at the 3rd, 12th, 24th and 36th month of biologic therapy. Psoriasis Activity and Severity Index (PASI) was assessed at the same time points. The control group consisted of 30 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers. Results Mean PASI index at baseline was 14.49 ±3.69 and decreased significantly until the end of the observation. Mean IL-6 serum concentration decreased significantly in all study groups (p < 0.05). A statistically significant decrease in IL-22 concentrations was demonstrated during the treatment with adalimumab and infliximab but not etanercept or ustekinumab. Conclusions According to obtained results, IL-6 and IL-22 serum concentration may be an accurate marker of response to antipsoriatic therapy, even though not correlated with PASI index. Biologic therapy in psoriasis allows for long-term clinical improvement expressed not only by the remission of skin lesions, but also by lowering serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory interleukins.
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Kapniari E, Papadimitriou P, Dalamaga M, Makavos G, Piaserico S, Egeberg A, Ikonomidis I, Papadavid E. Investigating the Link between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Disease: Current Evidence, Therapeutic Implications and Perspectives. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:592-609. [DOI: 10.2174/1570161118666200523154318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis; a chronic inflammatory disease is characterized by symmetric hyperkeratotic
plaques affecting any part of the body. Psoriasis is nowadays considered as a systemic inflammation
linked with several comorbidities as metabolic syndrome, depression, anxiety and increased prevalence
of cardiovascular (CV) disease. The hypothesis that psoriasis is an independent CV risk factor leading to
atherosclerosis via inflammation is now widely accepted. Deciphering the underlying mechanisms interconnecting
psoriasis and CV disease may have significant implications in treatment decisions. Accumulating
evidence suggests that systematic therapies and recently introduced biologic agents, that control
psoriasis by suppressing the chronic and systemic inflammation, may alter the progression of CV disease.
We herein attempt a review of current evidence analysing the relationship between psoriasis and
CV comorbidities, comment on the mechanisms underlying this association and investigate the consequences
for the management of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kapniari
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marianna Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Makavos
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alexander Egeberg
- Departments of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Papadavid
- 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Di Caprio R, Caiazzo G, Cacciapuoti S, Fabbrocini G, Scala E, Balato A. Safety concerns with current treatments for psoriasis in the elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:523-531. [PMID: 32056449 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1728253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The approach to manage psoriasis in the elderly (ages ≥65 years) patients can be challenging. They often suffer from multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy with possible adverse effects and undergo a progressive functional impairment of the immune system that increases susceptibility to infections as well as to auto-reactivity. Despite the increasing aging of the general population and although several therapies are currently available for psoriasis treatment, data regarding their use and tolerability in the elderly are quite limited.Areas covered: This review focuses on topical and systemic therapies that have been investigated in elderly patients in order to provide their safety profile in this population.Expert opinion: Conventional systemic therapies in elderly patients should be carefully dispensed and the correct dosage individually determined, taking into account the metabolism changes, organ impairment, comorbidities, concomitant medications, and contraindications. Apremilast, due to its satisfactory safety profile and low risk of drug interactions, results as an appropriate treatment option for elderly patients. Biologics (TNF-α, IL-12/23, IL-17, and IL-23 inhibitors) come out as safe and long-term options for the management of these patients resulting not associated with a higher risk of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Di Caprio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery - Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caiazzo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Cacciapuoti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery - Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery - Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scala
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery - Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Deficiency of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist: A Case with Late Onset Severe Inflammatory Arthritis, Nail Psoriasis with Onychomycosis and Well Responsive to Adalimumab Therapy. Case Reports Immunol 2019; 2019:1902817. [PMID: 31467740 PMCID: PMC6699325 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1902817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DIRA (deficiency of the IL-1Ra) is a rare condition that usually presents in the neonatal period. Patients with DIRA present with systemic inflammation, respiratory distress, joint swelling, pustular rash, multifocal osteomyelitis, and periostitis. Previously, we reported a patient with a novel mutation in IL1RN with a healthy neonatal period, a late-onset of pustular dermatosis, inflammatory arthritis, and excellent response to canakinumab treatment. Herein, we are presenting a new case of late-onset DIRA syndrome, carrying a different mutation and showing different clinical findings. This patient is the first one in the literature with the inflammatory arthritis, nail psoriasis, and onychomycosis and with her remarkable response to monoclonal antibodies. The case responded well and fully recovered after treatment with adalimumab, but not with canakinumab. The DIRA disease can lead to death from multiple organ failures and if recognized early, the treatment with replacement of the deficient protein with biologic agents induces rapid and complete remission. Therefore, clinical symptoms should be learned exactly by the pediatricians, pediatric rheumatologists, and immunologists; and molecular analysis targeting this defect must be performed as early as possible.
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Liu L, Liu W, Zheng Y, Chen J, Zhou J, Dai H, Cai S, Liu J, Zheng M, Ren Y. Anti-TNF- αtreatment-related pathways and biomarkers revealed by transcriptome analysis in Chinese psoriasis patients. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2019; 13:29. [PMID: 30953507 PMCID: PMC6449888 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-019-0698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) therapy has made a significant impact on treating psoriasis. Despite these agents being designed to block TNF- α activity, their mechanism of action in the remission of psoriasis is still not fully understood at the molecular level. RESULTS To better understand the molecular mechanisms of Anti-TNF- α therapy, we analysed the global gene expression profile (using mRNA microarray) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were collected from 6 psoriasis patients before and 12 weeks after the treatment of etanercept. First, we identified 176 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) before and after treatment by using paired t-test. Then, we constructed the gene co-expression modules by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), and 22 co-expression modules were found to be significantly correlated with treatment response. Of these 176 DEGs, 79 DEGs (M_DEGs) were the members of these 22 co-expression modules. Of the 287 GO functional processes and pathways that were enriched for these 79 M_DEGs, we identified 30 pathways whose overall gene expression activities were significantly correlated with treatment response. Of the original 176 DEGs, 19 (GO_DEGs) were found to be the members of these 30 pathways, whose expression profiles showed clear discrimination before and after treatment. As expected, of the biological processes and functionalities implicated by these 30 treatment response-related pathways, the inflammation and immune response was the top pathway in response to etanercept treatment, and some known TNF- α related pathways, such as molting cycle process, hair cycle process, skin epidermis development, regulation of hair follicle development, were implicated. Furthermore, additional novel pathways were also suggested, such as heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process, vascular endothelial growth factor production, whose transcriptional regulation may mediate the response to etanercept treatment. CONCLUSION Through global gene expression analysis in PBMC of psoriasis patient and subsequent co-expression module based pathway analyses, we have identified a group of functionally coherent and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related pathways, which has not only provided new biological insight about the molecular mechanism of anti-TNF- α treatment, but also identified several genes whose expression profiles can be used as potential biomarkers for anti-TNF- α treatment response in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunfei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jisu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huatuo Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Cai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Caiazzo G, Fabbrocini G, Di Caprio R, Raimondo A, Scala E, Balato N, Balato A. Psoriasis, Cardiovascular Events, and Biologics: Lights and Shadows. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1668. [PMID: 30150978 PMCID: PMC6099159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is well established a link between psoriasis and cardiovascular (CV) diseases. A series of different overlapping mechanisms including inflammation, homeostasis dysregulation, and genetic susceptibility are thought to underlie this association. Advances in understanding the molecular patterns involved in the complex scenario of psoriasis have highlighted a tight correlation with atherosclerosis. Indeed, common profiles are shared in term of inflammatory cytokines and cell types. In the last decade, the management of psoriasis patients has been revolutionized with the introduction of biological therapies, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-12/23, and IL-17 inhibitors. In clinical setting, the effectiveness of these therapies as well as the incidence of CV events is related to the type of biologics. In particular, anti-TNF-α agents seem to reduce these events in psoriasis patients whereas anti-IL-12/23 agents related CV events reduction still remain to clarify. It has to be taken into account that IL-12/23 inhibitors have a shorter post-marketing surveillance period. An even more restricted observational time is available for anti-IL-17 agents. IL-17 is associated with psoriasis, vascular disease, and inflammation. However, IL-17 role in atherosclerosis is still debated, exerting both pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic effects depending on the specific context. In this review, we will discuss the differences between the onset of CV events in psoriasis patients, referred to specific biological therapy and the underlying immunological mechanism. Given the development of new therapeutic strategies, the investigation of these inhibitors impact on heart failure outcome is extremely important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Caiazzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Di Caprio
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scala
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Balato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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15
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Fitz L, Zhang W, Soderstrom C, Fraser S, Lee J, Quazi A, Wolk R, Mebus CA, Valdez H, Berstein G. Association between serum interleukin-17A and clinical response to tofacitinib and etanercept in moderate to severe psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:790-797. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Fitz
- Pfizer Early Clinical Development; Cambridge MA USA
| | - W. Zhang
- Pfizer Early Clinical Development; Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - S. Fraser
- Pfizer Early Clinical Development; Groton CT USA
| | - J. Lee
- Pfizer Early Clinical Development; Cambridge MA USA
| | - A. Quazi
- Pfizer Early Clinical Development; Cambridge MA USA
| | - R. Wolk
- Pfizer Global Innovative Pharmaceuticals; Groton CT USA
| | - C. A. Mebus
- Pfizer Global Innovative Pharmaceuticals; New York NY USA
| | - H. Valdez
- Pfizer Global Innovative Pharmaceuticals; New York NY USA
| | - G. Berstein
- Pfizer Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit; Cambridge MA USA
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16
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Psoriatic disease treatment nowadays: unmet needs among the “jungle of biologic drugs and small molecules”. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 37:1739-1741. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Biological therapy downregulates the heterodimer S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) expression in psoriatic patients. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:609-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Yang EJ, Sekhon S, Beck KM, Bhutani T, Koo J. Neuromodulation in Inflammatory Skin Disease. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2018; 8:1-4. [PMID: 29427206 PMCID: PMC5825332 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-018-0227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases are difficult to treat because of a lack of available treatment options for severe disease. However, recent advances have shown that vagus nerve stimulation can be used to decrease inflammation and reduce disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Changes in cytokine profiles observed in these studies are similar to those seen with use of biologics in inflammatory skin disease, suggesting that they act along similar pathways to disrupt chronic inflammation and treat inflammatory disease. This commentary explores the existing evidence demonstrating the efficacy of neuromodulation in inflammatory disease, and outlines reasons why these findings could translate to the dermatology setting to treat inflammatory skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sahil Sekhon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristen M Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Koo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Scanning the Immunopathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010179. [PMID: 29316717 PMCID: PMC5796128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, the immunologic model of which has been profoundly revised following recent advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology. In the current model, a crosstalk between keratinocytes, neutrophils, mast cells, T cells, and dendritic cells is thought to create inflammatory and pro-proliferative circuits mediated by chemokines and cytokines. Various triggers, including recently identified autoantigens, Toll-like receptor agonists, chemerin, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin may activate the pathogenic cascade resulting in enhanced production of pro-inflammatory and proliferation-inducing mediators such as interleukin (IL)-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-23, IL-22, interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ by immune cells. Among these key cytokines lie therapeutic targets for currently approved antipsoriatic therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the immune-mediated mechanisms characterizing the current pathogenic model of psoriasis.
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20
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Frieder J, Kivelevitch D, Fiore CT, Saad S, Menter A. The impact of biologic agents on health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 14:1-19. [PMID: 29110556 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1401468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a common, immune-mediated skin disease often associated with significant physical and psychosocial impairment. Antipsoriatic biologic agents offer patients unparalleled treatment potential in regard to greater skin clearance and overall improved quality of life. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of biologic agents on the full psoriasis disease burden must account for their impact on both physical symptoms, as well as patient-reported, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurements. Areas covered: Results from numerous clinical trials demonstrate the significant clinical efficacy of biological agents targeting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and the interleukin (IL)-12/23 and IL-17 immune pathways. However, relatively limited data is available evaluating their full effect on quality of life outcomes. This review will discuss the most relevant and up-to-date clinical data on HRQoL measurements related to treatment with these aforementioned biologic agents. Expert commentary: Patient-reported outcomes (i.e. Dermatology Life Quality Index) are being used with increasing frequency in clinical trials, and provide valuable information on the impact of psoriasis on numerous aspects of day-to-day living. These outcomes must also be incorporated in clinical practice, in addition to physical assessment of disease severity, treatment decisions, and therapeutic response in the psoriasis patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Frieder
- a Division of Dermatology , Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Dario Kivelevitch
- a Division of Dermatology , Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Connie Tran Fiore
- a Division of Dermatology , Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Saadeddine Saad
- b Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine , Bryan , TX , USA
| | - Alan Menter
- a Division of Dermatology , Baylor University Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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21
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Zhou L, Du GS, Pan LC, Zheng YG, Liu ZJ, Shi HD, Yang SZ, Shi XJ, Xuan M, Feng LK, Zhu ZD. Sirolimus treatment for cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma patients accompanied by psoriasis after liver transplantation: A single center experience. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7817-7824. [PMID: 29344227 PMCID: PMC5755223 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no consensus on the most suitable therapeutic approach for psoriasis (PS) co-existing with posthepatic cirrhosis (PCs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following liver transplantation (LT). The present study provides an analysis of the therapeutic experience of such patients. Five LT recipients (two with PC and three with HCC) with accompanying PS were included. The induction program consisted of methylprednisolone plus basiliximab treatment. The initial postoperative treatment scheme consisted of tacrolimus (FK506) plus mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and hormone; the latter was withdrawn 1 week after LT. The patients with PC had been using FK506 with or without a postoperative MMF program; the patients with HCC and recurrence of PS had been switched to a sirolimus (SRL)-based replacement therapy. Furthermore, all patients received anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapy. The patients were followed up after 8.3±1.5 years. There was a positive correlation between HBV-DNA copy numbers, and psoriatic area and severity index (PASI) scores (r=0.97; P=0.006). The PASI scores were decreased significantly at 6 months following surgery compared with pre-transplantation (P<0.05). The patients who had received the FK506-based treatment experienced PS recurrence two years post-transplantation. The PASI scores increased significantly (P<0.05) and then declined gradually, maintaining a stable level (P<0.05) by 1 year after switching to the SRL-based treatment. The patients who had received the SRL-based treatment exhibited no recurrence of PS. The results of the present study suggest that SRL therapy provides a promising novel treatment method for patients with PS following LT that may be superior to tacrolimus treatment. When co-existing HBV is present pre-transplantation, regular injection of human hepatitis B immunoglobulin should be used to prevent the HBV from relapsing or aggravating the PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Sheng Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Li-Chao Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Gen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jia Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Da Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Zhen Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jie Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Li-Kui Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Institute, Chinese PLA 309th Hospital, Beijing 100091, P.R. China
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22
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Cheng HM, Wu YC, Wang Q, Song M, Wu J, Chen D, Li K, Wadman E, Kao ST, Li TC, Leon F, Hayden K, Brodmerkel C, Chris Huang C. Clinical efficacy and IL-17 targeting mechanism of Indigo naturalis as a topical agent in moderate psoriasis. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:439. [PMID: 28865459 PMCID: PMC5581407 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1947-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Indigo naturalis is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ingredient long-recognized as a therapy for several inflammatory conditions, including psoriasis. However, its mechanism is unknown due to lack of knowledge about the responsible chemical entity. We took a different approach to this challenge by investigating the molecular profile of Indigo naturalis treatment and impacted pathways. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was conducted using Indigo naturalis as topical monotherapy to treat moderate plaque psoriasis in a Chinese cohort (n = 24). Patients were treated with Indigo naturalis ointment (n = 16) or matched placebo (n = 8) twice daily for 8 weeks, with 1 week of follow-up. Results At week 8, significant improvements in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores from baseline were observed in Indigo naturalis-treated patients (56.3% had 75% improvement [PASI 75] response) compared with placebo (0.0%). A gene expression signature of moderate psoriasis was established from baseline skin biopsies, which included the up-regulation of the interleukin (IL)-17 pathway as a key component; Indigo naturalis treatment resulted in most of these signature genes returning toward normal, including down-regulation of the IL-17 pathway. Using an in vitro keratinocyte assay, an IL-17-inhibitory effect was observed for tryptanthrin, a component of Indigo naturalis. Conclusions This study demonstrated the clinical efficacy of Indigo naturalis in moderate psoriasis, and exemplified a novel experimental medicine approach to understand TCM targeting mechanisms. Trial registration NCT01901705. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-017-1947-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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23
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Balato A, Scala E, Balato N, Caiazzo G, Di Caprio R, Monfrecola G, Raimondo A, Lembo S, Ayala F. Biologics that inhibit the Th17 pathway and related cytokines to treat inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1363-1374. [PMID: 28791896 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1363884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the understanding of TNF-α and IL-17 synergistic functions have recently led to the concept that patients who do not respond or who respond inadequately to TNF-α inhibitors may have IL-17-driven diseases, opening up the way for a new class of therapeutic development: Th17-inhibitors. Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the central role that the IL-23/Th17 axis plays in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, highlighting its position as a relevant therapeutic target. In particular, the authors start by giving a brief historical excursus on biologic agent development up until the success of TNF-α inhibitors, and continue with an overview of IL12/23 pathway inhibition. Next, they describe Th17 cell biology, focusing on the role of IL-17 in host defense and in human immune-inflammatory diseases, discussing the use and side effects of IL-17 inhibitors. Expert opinion: The IL-23/Th17 signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis. Recent data has demonstrated that biologics neutralizing IL-17 (ixekizumab, secukinumab) or its receptor (brodalumab) are highly effective with a positive safety profile in treating moderate to severe psoriasis, offering new treatment possibilities, especially for patients who do not respond adequately to anti-TNF-α therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balato
- a Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Emanuele Scala
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Balato
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppina Caiazzo
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberta Di Caprio
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Serena Lembo
- c Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry , "Scuola Medica Salernitana" University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Fabio Ayala
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
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24
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Varma SR, Sivaprakasam TO, Mishra A, Prabhu S, M R, P R. Imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in differentiated Human keratinocytes: Its evaluation using curcumin. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 813:33-41. [PMID: 28736282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is considered to be a systemic disease of immune dysfunction. It is still unclear what triggers the inflammatory cascade associated with psoriasis but recent evidences suggest the vital role of IL-23/IL-17A cytokine axis in etiology of psoriasis. Several studies have been conducted in psoriatic-like animal models but ethical issues and complexity surrounding it halts the screening of new anti-psoriatic drug candidates. Hence, in this study, we developed a new in-vitro model for psoriasis using imiquimod (IMQ) induced differentiated HaCaT cells which could be used for screening of new anti-psoriatic drug candidates. The differentiated HaCaT cells were treated with IMQ (100μM) to induce psoriatic like inflammation and its effect was investigated using a natural anti-psoriatic compound, curcumin. The proliferation of psoriatic-like cells was inhibited by curcumin at 25 and 50µM concentrations. The psoriatic-like cells decreased in number with increase in apoptotic and dead cells upon curcumin treatment. Curcumin inhibited the proliferation of IMQ-induced differentiated HaCaT cells (Psoriatic-like cells) by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, and interleukin-6. Apart from this, curcumin significantly enhanced the skin-barrier function by up-regulation of involucrin (iNV) and filaggrin (FLG), the regulators of epidermal skin barrier. The IMQ-induced differentiated HaCaT in vitro model recapitulated some aspects of the psoriasis pathogenesis similar to murine model. Henceforth, we conclude that this model may be used for rapid screening of anti-psoriatic drug candidates and warrant further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R Varma
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore 562162, India.
| | | | - Abheepsa Mishra
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Sunil Prabhu
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Rafiq M
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore 562162, India
| | - Rangesh P
- Research and Development, The Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore 562162, India
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25
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Kim J, Bissonnette R, Lee J, Correa da Rosa J, Suárez-Fariñas M, Lowes MA, Krueger JG. The Spectrum of Mild to Severe Psoriasis Vulgaris Is Defined by a Common Activation of IL-17 Pathway Genes, but with Key Differences in Immune Regulatory Genes. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2173-2182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Hafeez F, Miteva M. SnapshotDx Quiz: October 2016. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:e105. [PMID: 30477727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhaan Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami L. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mariya Miteva
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami L. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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27
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Chow M, Lai K, Ahn R, Gupta R, Arron S, Liao W. Effect of Adalimumab on Gene Expression Profiles of Psoriatic Skin and Blood. J Drugs Dermatol 2016; 15:988-994. [PMID: 27538000 PMCID: PMC5995115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adalimumab is an anti-TNF biologic drug that is efficacious in the treatment of psoriasis. However, the effect of adalimumab on genome-wide gene expression changes in skin and peripheral blood is not well characterized.<BR /> METHODS Thirty adult subjects with > 10% body surface area of chronic plaque psoriasis were recruited for the study. Lesional skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples prior to and one month following treatment with adalimumab were collected. The skin samples were analyzed using genome-wide RNAseq, and the blood samples were analyzed using genome-wide Affymetrix microarrays. Data preprocessing and analysis were conducted using the EdgeR and Affy packages in R/Bioconductor.<BR /> RESULTS In the skin, paired analysis before and after treatment revealed changes in pathways important to epidermal development and keratinocyte differentiation. Such important genes as keratin 6A and 6B, tubulin B6, desmocollin, and desmoglein 3 were among the top differentially expressed genes. In peripheral blood, pathways involved in hematopoetic cell lineage and immune response were found to be differentially expressed, including genes such as the Fc receptor-like A and 5, as well as immunoglobulin heavy chains. Using a principal components approach, we show that expression of genes in post-treatment skin more closely resembles that of healthy controls.<BR /> CONCLUSION Treatment of psoriasis with adalimumab appears to be associated with modulation of keratinocyte and epidermal proliferation in the skin and with immunologic changes in the blood. We discuss the ramifications of these findings for the treatment for psoriasis.<BR /><BR /> <em>J Drugs Dermatol</em>. 2016;15(8):988-994.
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28
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Sutherland A, Power RJ, Rahman P, O'Rielly DD. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in psoriasis treatment: current challenges and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:923-35. [PMID: 27266955 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1194394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Topical, systemic, oral disease modifying, and biologic agents are part of the armamentarium to manage psoriatic disease. The choice of therapy depends upon disease severity, relevant co-morbidities and patient preference. There is great variability in patient response with these agents, and there is still no clear method of selecting the preferred therapeutic agent for efficacy or lack of adverse events. AREAS COVERED This article will review the pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic targets that are currently known with respect to psoriasis vulgaris, and the most frequent co-morbidity of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis. EXPERT OPINION Presently, no clinically actionable biomarker exists for any therapeutic agent used to treat psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. The lack of validated outcome measures and conflicting results of open-label studies conducted may be attributed to a multitude of issues that confound discovery. Consequently, studies have been underpowered to identify genes or genetic variants worth translating to clinical practice. In order to achieve a pharmacogenetic/pharmacogenomic signature, improvements in study design of future investigations are required, including carefully designed prospective studies. It is imperative to combine known clinical, serological, and molecular markers with consistent outcomes and an adequate health economic evaluation before they can be adopted widely in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Sutherland
- a Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada
| | - Rebecca J Power
- a Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada
| | - Proton Rahman
- a Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada
| | - Darren D O'Rielly
- a Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , NL , Canada
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29
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Lembo S, Balato N, Caiazzo G, Megna M, Ayala F, Balato A. The effects of etanercept on replication, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis markers in moderate to severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 31:e9-e11. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Lembo
- Department of Dermatology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - N. Balato
- Department of Dermatology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - G. Caiazzo
- Department of Dermatology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - M. Megna
- Department of Dermatology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - F. Ayala
- Department of Dermatology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. Balato
- Department of Dermatology; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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30
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Luan L, Han S, Wang H, Liu X. Down-regulation of the Th1, Th17, and Th22 pathways due to anti-TNF-α treatment in psoriasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:278-284. [PMID: 26585971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory dermatosis. Th1, Th17 and Th22 cells are suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether treatment with the anti-tumor-necrosis-factor antagonist, adalimumab, induces significant modulation of the Th1, Th17 and Th22 pathways, and correlates cellular activity with clinical response. METHODS This study included 21 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis who were treated with adalimumab, and 10 healthy control subjects. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at week 12. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the frequency of circulating Th1, Th17 and Th22 cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the expression of T-bet (Th1-related), retinoid-acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt, Th17-related) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR, Th22-related). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). RESULTS At baseline, the frequencies of Th1, Th17 and Th22 cells were higher in psoriasis patients compared to the healthy controls. The expression of transcription factors T-bet, RORγt and AHR, and the serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22, IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in psoriasis patients compared to the healthy controls. After adalimumab therapy, there was a significant decline in the frequencies of Th1, Th17 and Th22 cells, and a concomitant decrease in the levels of their associated transcription factors and cytokines. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the anti-tumor-necrosis-factor antagonist, adalimumab, disrupts the Th1, Th17 and Th22 pathways, resulting in clinical improvement of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of DaLian University, 116001, China
| | - Shixin Han
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of DaLian Medical University, 116011, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of DaLian Medical University, 116011, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of DaLian Medical University, 116011, China; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Shenzhen Hospital of Hong Kong University, 518053, China.
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Goldminz AM, Suárez-Fariñas M, Wang AC, Dumont N, Krueger JG, Gottlieb AB. CCL20 and IL22 Messenger RNA Expression After Adalimumab vs Methotrexate Treatment of Psoriasis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151:837-46. [PMID: 25946554 PMCID: PMC5788701 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Methotrexate is a first-line systemic agent for treating of psoriasis, although its onset of effects is slower and overall it is less effective than tumor necrosis factor blockers. OBJECTIVE To differentiate the response of psoriatic disease to adalimumab and methotrexate sodium. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Single-center, randomized, assessor-blind, 2-arm clinical trial of 30 patients from the outpatient dermatology center of Tufts Medical Center, enrolled from August 18, 2009, to October 11, 2011. Patients aged 18 to 85 years with chronic plaque-type psoriasis, a minimum Physician Global Assessment score of 3 (higher scores indicate more severe disease), and a psoriatic plaque of at least 2 cm were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to receive subcutaneous adalimumab or oral methotrexate. Skin biopsy specimens obtained at baseline and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 16 were given a histologic grade by blinded assessors to evaluate treatment response. Analyses were conducted from April 16, 2013, to January 5, 2015. INTERVENTIONS A 16-week course of subcutaneous adalimumab (40 mg every 2 weeks after a loading dose) or low-dosage oral methotrexate sodium (7.5-25 mg/wk). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Changes in genomic, immunohistochemical, and messenger RNA (mRNA) profiles. RESULTS Methotrexate responders experienced significant downregulation of helper T-cell-related (T(H)1, T(H)17, and T(H)22) mRNA expression compared with methotrexate nonresponders. Comparisons among adalimumab-treated patients were limited by the number of nonresponders (n = 1). Between adalimumab and methotrexate responders, we found no significant differences in gene expression at any study point or in the expression of T-cell-related mRNA at week 16. Adalimumab responders demonstrated early downregulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) mRNA (mean [SE] at week 2, -1.83 [0.52], P < .001; week 16, -3.55 [0.54], P < .001) compared with late downregulation for methotrexate responders (week 2, 0.02 [0.51], P = .96; week 16, -2.96 [0.51], P < .001). Similar differences were observed with interleukin 22 (IL22) mRNA showing early downregulation for adalimumab responders (week 2, -3.17 [1.00], P < .001; week 16, -3.58 [1.00], P < .001) compared with late downregulation for methotrexate responders (week 2, -0.44 [0.68], P = .64; week 16, -5.14 [0.68], P < .001). Analysis of variance findings for key mRNA and immunohistochemical marker expression over the study course were significant only for CCL20 (P = .03) and IL22 (P = .006) mRNA comparing adalimumab and methotrexate responders. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Methotrexate is an immunomodulator with effects on helper T-cell signaling in psoriasis. Similar genomic and immunohistochemical response signatures and levels of mRNA downregulation at study completion among adalimumab and methotrexate responders suggest a disease-driven instead of therapeutic-driven pathway regulation. Adalimumab and methotrexate responses are differentiated by patterns of normalization of CCL20 and IL22 mRNA expression and may explain the varied onset and degree of clinical responses by each treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00932113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari M Goldminz
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Andrew C Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Dumont
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alice B Gottlieb
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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D'Amico F, Trovato C, Skarmoutsou E, Rossi GA, Granata M, Longo V, Gangemi P, Pettinato M, Mazzarino MC. Effects of adalimumab, etanercept and ustekinumab on the expression of psoriasin (S100A7) in psoriatic skin. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:38-44. [PMID: 26276441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. It is characterized by immune cell activation and altered epidermal differentiation. S100A7 (psoriasin) is overexpressed in psoriasis, suggesting a determinant role of this protein in inflammation and keratinocyte differentiation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of S100A7 in the skin from psoriatic patients undergoing biological therapy with adalimumab, etanercept or ustekinumab. METHODS S100A7 expression and distribution were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS S100A7, overexpressed in epidermal keratinocytes of psoriatic lesions, was downregulated, under the biological therapy with adalimumab, etanercept or ustekinumab, only in patients achieving a PASI score<15. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of S100A7 may represent a non-negligible player in the maintenance of psoriasis and the relative epidermal changes. Blockage of S100A7 may represent an additional therapeutic approach in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio D'Amico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Chiara Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Evangelia Skarmoutsou
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Giulio A Rossi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Granata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Longo
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Dermatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Gangemi
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pettinato
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Dermatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele, Catania, Italy
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Expression of interleukin-17 in lesions of erythema multiforme may indicate a role for T helper 17 cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2014; 39:370-6. [PMID: 26155150 PMCID: PMC4439997 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2014.45950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in the serum of patients with erythema multiforme (EM) and to search for the presence of IL-17-expressing cells in lesional samples of EM. Material and methods A total of 32 patients (22 females and 10 males) diagnosed with EM of the minor or major type were included in the study. Levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A and IFN-γ in the serum were determined and compared with healthy controls. Biopsy specimens were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and monoclonal antibodies to CD4, CD8 and IL-17 for immunohistochemical examination. Results IL-2, 6, 8 and 17A were significantly higher in the patient group (p = 0.016, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.006, respectively) and levels of IL-10 were significantly lower than in the control group (p = 0.046). The cellular infiltrate in lesions of EM was composed mainly of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The presence of IL-17-expressing cells, at proportion of 5 to 50%, was observed in the infiltrate. Conclusions The demonstration of IL-17-expressing cells in lesions of EM in this study has brought forth the assumption that Th17 cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of EM.
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Li L, Fu L, Lu Y, Wang W, Liu H, Li F, Chen T. TNF-like ligand 1A is associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris and contributes to IL-17 production in PBMCs. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:927-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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IL-6 as a druggable target in psoriasis: focus on pustular variants. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:964069. [PMID: 25126586 PMCID: PMC4122019 DOI: 10.1155/2014/964069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris (PV) is a cutaneous inflammatory disorder stemming from abnormal, persistent activation of the interleukin- (IL-)23/Th17 axis. Pustular psoriasis (PP) is a clinicopathological variant of psoriasis, histopathologically defined by the predominance of intraepidermal collections of neutrophils. Although PP pathogenesis is thought to largely follow that of (PV), recent evidences point to a more central role for IL-1, IL-36, and IL-6 in the development of PP. We review the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of PV and PP, focusing on its cross-talk with cytokines of the IL-23/Th17 axis. Clinical inhibitors of IL-6 signaling, including tocilizumab, have shown significant effectiveness in the treatment of several inflammatory rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis; accordingly, anti-IL-6 agents may potentially represent future promising therapies for the treatment of PP.
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