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Chew XZ, Gibson-Kueh S. The haematology of clinically healthy, farmed juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch)-reference intervals, and indicators of subclinical disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:1109-1124. [PMID: 37452465 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study establishes the blood reference intervals (RIs) for clinically healthy and farmed juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), within 4-6 weeks after stocking into flow-through, marine aquaculture systems. The 90% percentile RIs (n = 156, mean bodyweight 41.8 g) are as follows: glucose (GLU) 2.4-11.3 mmol/L, haematocrit (Hct) 18.9%-39.2%, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) 56.0-85.0 g/L, total plasma protein (TPP) 56.0-77.0 g/L, total red blood cell (RBC) count 4.1-11.2 × 1012 /L, total white blood cell (WBC) count 5.3-69.9 × 109 /L, total lymphocytes 4.7-51.4 × 109 /L, monocytes 0.3-16.2 × 109 /L and heterophils count 0.6-8.4 × 109 /L. Pearson's method analysis showed weak but significantly positive correlations between fish bodyweight and Hct, Hb, TPP and total RBC count (p < 0.05). Histopathology of 42 of the 156 clinically healthy fish used to derive the RIs, with blood values within the 90% percentile range, did not exhibit any abnormal pathology. In contrast, histopathology from a different group of clinically healthy L. calcarifer (n = 72, mean bodyweight 31.3 g) with blood values falling outside of these established 90% percentile RIs showed that 25% of these fish had severe, chronic granulomatous enteritis, and 13% had severely depleted lipid stores in their liver. Point biserial correlation analysis of blood values from this second group of 72 fish showed that elevated total WBC, monocyte and heterophil counts and reduced Hct levels are significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of severe, chronic granulomatous enteritis and depleted lipid stores in their liver. Reduced blood GLU and TPP levels in the second group of fish were significantly associated with fish that had depleted lipid stores in liver (p < 0.05), corroborating a period of malnutrition. This study is among the first to establish blood RIs for clinically healthy, farmed juvenile L. calcarifer and detection of subclinical diseases in fish to support early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhe Chew
- James Cook University Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Susan Gibson-Kueh
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University, Singapore City, Singapore
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Rozas-Serri M, Correa R, Walker-Vergara R, Coñuecar D, Barrientos S, Leiva C, Ildefonso R, Senn C, Peña A. Reference Intervals for Blood Biomarkers in Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Coho Salmon and Rainbow Trout in Chile: Promoting a Preventive Approach in Aquamedicine. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071066. [PMID: 36101444 PMCID: PMC9312075 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary We report the integrated reference intervals (RIs) of 44 blood biomarkers for presmolts, smolts, postsmolts and adults of intensively farmed Atlantic salmon, coho salmon and rainbow trout species in Chile. Overall, RIs were obtained from 3.059 healthy salmon and trout from 78 different culture centers. Our results indicate that the variability of most blood biomarkers depends on the salmonid species, age range and/or interaction between them, but they are often biologically related to each other. Finally, we provide a standardized pre-analytical protocol to improve preventive vision in aquamedicine. RIs for blood biomarkers specific to salmonid species and age ranges are essential to help improve clinical, zootechnical and nutritional management for the health and welfare of farmed fish. Abstract The mission of veterinary clinical pathology is to support the diagnostic process by using tests to measure different blood biomarkers to support decision making about farmed fish health and welfare. The objective of this study is to provide reference intervals (RIs) for 44 key hematological, blood biochemistry, blood gasometry and hormones biomarkers for the three most economically important farmed salmonid species in Chile (Atlantic salmon, coho salmon and rainbow trout) during the freshwater (presmolt and smolt age range) and seawater stages (post-smolt and adult age range). Our results confirmed that the concentration or activity of most blood biomarkers depend on the salmonid species, age range and/or the interaction between them, and they are often biologically related to each other. Erythogram and leukogram profiles revealed a similar distribution in rainbow trout and coho salmon, but those in Atlantic salmon were significantly different. While the activity of the most clinically important plasma enzymes demonstrated a similar profile in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, coho salmon demonstrated a significantly different distribution. Plasma electrolyte and mineral profiles showed significant differences between salmonid species, especially for rainbow trout, while Atlantic salmon and coho salmon demonstrated a high degree of similarity. Furthermore, electrolytes, minerals and blood gasometry biomarkers were significantly different between age ranges, suggesting a considerably different distribution between freshwater and seawater-farmed fish. The RIs of clinically healthy fish described in this study take into account the high biological variation of farmed fish in Chile, as the 3.059 individuals came from 78 different fish farms, both freshwater and seawater, and blood samples were collected using the same pre-analytical protocol. Likewise, our study provides the Chilean salmon farming industry with standardized protocols that can be used routinely and provides valuable information to improve the preventive vision of aquamedicine through the application of blood biomarkers to support and optimize health, welfare and husbandry management in the salmon farming industry.
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Dang M, Pittman K, Sonne C, Hansson S, Bach L, Søndergaard J, Stride M, Nowak B. Histological mucous cell quantification and mucosal mapping reveal different aspects of mucous cell responses in gills and skin of shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:334-344. [PMID: 32173449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In teleosts, the mucosal epithelial barriers represent the first line of defence against environmental challenges such as pathogens and environmental contaminants. Mucous cells (MCs) are specialised cells providing this protection through mucus production. Therefore, a better understanding of various MC quantification methods is critical to interpret MC responses. Here, we compare histological (also called traditional) quantification of MCs with a novel mucosal mapping method to understand the differences between the two methods' assessment of MC responses to parasitic infections and pollution exposure in shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius). Overall, both methods distinguished between the fish from stations with different levels of pollutants and detected the links between MC responses and parasitic infection. Traditional quantification showed relationship between MC size and body size of the fish whereas mucosal mapping detected a link between MC responses and Pb level in liver. While traditional method gave numerical density, mucosal mapping gave volumetric density of the mucous cells in the mucosa. Both methods differentiated MC population in skin from those in the gills, but only mucosal mapping pointed out the consistent differences between filament and lamellar MC populations within the gills. Given the importance of mucosal barriers in fish, a better understanding of various MC quantification methods and the linkages between MC responses, somatic health and environmental stressors is highly valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Dang
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia; Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Veterinary Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Km 4, 2/4 Street, Vinh Hoa, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, 57000, Viet Nam
| | - Karin Pittman
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box, 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Sophia Hansson
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box, 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Ecolab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Avenue de l'Agrobipole, 31326, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Lis Bach
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box, 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box, 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Megan Stride
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia
| | - Barbara Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia; Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box, 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
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Young T, Walker SP, Alfaro AC, Fletcher LM, Murray JS, Lulijwa R, Symonds J. Impact of acute handling stress, anaesthesia, and euthanasia on fish plasma biochemistry: implications for veterinary screening and metabolomic sampling. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1485-1494. [PMID: 31240506 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of pre-sampling practices on fish plasma biochemistry may bias the outcome of a study if not considered within the general sampling strategy. Acute handling stresses can be imposed on fish during capture, and it is common practice to immobilise fish via sedation prior to obtaining blood samples for non-lethal extraction purposes, and/or to reduce stress, pain, or suffering before being euthanised. We investigated these potential influences using a Chinook salmon model (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by measuring levels of 119 biochemical targets comprising ions, metabolites, and enzymes in plasma. Multivariate analyses showed that 2 min of confinement with mild handling manipulation led to a significant departure from baseline metabolism, which was further exasperated during a prolonged 5-min challenge. These changes were characterised by a disruption in osmoregulation, a switch towards anaerobic metabolism, and shifts in ammonia recycling, among others. Sedation of fish with clove oil and AQUI-S® had major impacts on plasma biochemical profiles, with alterations signalling changes in glycolytic metabolism, respiratory modes, carbon flux through the TCA cycle, and lipid compartmentalisation. Sedation also enhanced levels of plasma amino acids, revealing a key difference between responses to handling stress and sedation. These results demonstrate that pre-harvest practices should be carefully managed during fish sampling for biochemical/metabolomic-based analyses, and if manipulations are essential, they should be standardised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | | | | | - Ronald Lulijwa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Rwebitaba Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Rwebitaba-ZARDI), National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO), P. O. Box 96, Fort Portal, Uganda
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Eshar D, Avni-Magen N, Kaufman E, Beaufrère H. Effects of time and storage temperature on selected biochemical analytes in plasma of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:852-857. [PMID: 30058847 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.8.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of storage duration and temperature on biochemical analytes in plasma from red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). ANIMALS 8 red-eared sliders. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected. Plasma was harvested and analyzed at room temperature (approx 23°C; time = 1 hour) and then fractioned into 0.1-mL aliquots that were stored at room temperature or were refrigerated (4°C) or frozen (-20°C). Biochemical analysis of stored samples was performed at 4 (room temperature), 8 (4°C), 24 (4°C), 48 (4° and -20°C), and 72 (-20°C) hours and at 7 days (-20°C). For each time point for each storage temperature, bias was calculated by subtracting values from the value obtained at 1 hour. Bias was modeled by use of a linear mixed model. RESULTS Storage temperature had a significant effect on several plasma biochemical analytes. In general, aspartate aminotransferase activity and uric acid, total protein, and potassium concentrations increased after storage at 4° and -20°C. Differences in values after storage were mostly within the acceptable range for allowable total error, except for calcium and potassium concentrations for samples stored at -20°C. Both storage temperatures increased variability of measurement results. Results for samples stored at room temperature for 4 hours did not differ significantly from values at 1 hour. Results differed significantly between refrigerated and frozen samples stored for 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Short-term storage conditions influenced results for some biochemical analytes. These effects should be considered when performing biochemical analyses of plasma samples obtained from red-eared sliders.
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Braceland M, Tinsley J, Cockerill D, Bickerdike R, McLoughlin MF, Eckersall PD. Selective precipitation reaction: a novel diagnostic test for tissue pathology in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, infected with salmonid alphavirus (SAV3). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1077-1087. [PMID: 27905123 PMCID: PMC5516131 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
While investigating biomarkers for infection with salmonid alphavirus (SAV), the cause of pancreas disease (PD), a selective precipitation reaction (SPR) has been discovered in serum which could be an on-farm qualitative test and an in-laboratory quantitative assay for health assessments in aquaculture. Mixing serum from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with SAV infection with a sodium acetate buffer caused a visible precipitation which does not occur with serum from healthy salmon. Proteomic examination of the precipitate has revealed that the components are a mix of muscle proteins, for example enolase and aldolase, along with serum protein such as serotransferrin and complement C9. The assay has been optimized for molarity, pH, temperature and wavelength so that the precipitation can be measured as the change in optical density at 340 nm (Δ340 ). Application of the SPR assay to serum samples from a cohabitation trial of SAV infection in salmon showed that the Δ340 in infected fish rose from undetectable to a maximum at 6 weeks post-infection correlating with histopathological score of pancreas, heart and muscle damage. This test may have a valuable role to play in the diagnostic evaluation of stock health in salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braceland
- Institute of Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Present address:
Center for Aquaculture Technologies20 Hope StreetSourisPECanada
| | | | | | | | | | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Abbas M, Siddiqi MH, Khan K, Zahra K, Naqvi AUN. Haematological evaluation of sodium fluoride toxicity in oryctolagus cunniculus. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:450-454. [PMID: 28959673 PMCID: PMC5615144 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is promptly affected by environmental pollutants and toxicants that can cause many metabolic disorders. The high level of fluoride acts as a potential pollutant, insecticide and rodenticide with very high toxicity, associated with the hematological damage. This study aimed to determine the toxicity of Sodium Fluoride on hematological parameters in Oryctolagus cunniculus. Twenty rabbits were acclimatized and divided in to control group and three experimental groups.Experimental group-I, II and III were treated with 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg body weight doses of Sodium Fluoride orally. Various blood parameters such as TEC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, TLC and PLT count were investigated. Result findings showed that values of blood indices in experimental groups were significantly lower than the control group. Oneway ANOVA was applied for statistical analysis. The outcomes of the current studies indicated the reduction in RBC counts (anemia), leukocyte count (leukocytopenia), monocytosis, eosinopenia, neutrophilia and thrombocytosis on fluoride intoxication. Hematological disruptions like microcytic hypochromic anemia and decreased leukocyte count may be linked to the inflammatory effects of Sodium Fluoride on lymphatic organs.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Fluoride intoxication
- Fluorosis
- HCT, hematocrit
- Hb, hemoglobin
- Hematological
- Hypochromic anemia
- LC, leukocyte count
- Leukocyte alterations
- MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean Corpuscular Volume
- NaF, Sodium Fluoride
- PCV, Packed Cell Volume
- PLT, platelets count
- Parameters
- RBCs, red blood cells
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TLC, total leukocyte count
- WBCs, white blood cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abbas
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Government Post-graduate, Islamia College for Women, Cooper Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassan Siddiqi
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Zahra
- Department of Zoology, Government Post-graduate, Islamia College for Women, Cooper Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif-un-Nisa Naqvi
- Karakoram International University, Main Campus University Road, Gilgit, (15100), Pakistan
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