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Bakker J, Maaskant A, Wegman M, Zijlmans DGM, Hage P, Langermans JAM, Remarque EJ. Reference Intervals and Percentiles for Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Values in Captive Bred Rhesus ( Macaca mulatta) and Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030445. [PMID: 36766334 PMCID: PMC9913310 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, were designed specifically to document the effect of a particular condition on the normal range of hematologic and serum biochemical values, or used parametric assumptions to calculate hematologic and serum biochemical reference intervals. We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study to estimate reference intervals for hematologic and serum biochemical values in clinically healthy macaques based on observed percentiles without parametric assumptions. Data were obtained as part of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (Rijswijk, The Netherlands) health monitoring program between 2018 and 2021. In total, 4009 blood samples from 1475 macaques were analyzed with a maximum of one repeat per year per animal. Data were established by species, gender, age, weight-for-height indices, pregnancy, sedation protocol, and housing conditions. Most of the parameters profoundly affected just some hematologic and serum biochemical values. A significant glucose difference was observed between the ketamine and ketamine-medetomidine sedation protocols. The results emphasize the importance of establishing uniform experimental groups with validated animal husbandry and housing conditions to improve the reproducibility of the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-152842579
| | - Annemiek Maaskant
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Wegman
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dian G. M. Zijlmans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Patrice Hage
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science & Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Li X, Li D, Biddle KE, Portugal SS, Li MR, Santos R, Burkhardt JE, Khan NK. Age- and sex-related changes in body weights and clinical pathology analytes in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca Fascicularis) of Mauritius origin. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:356-375. [PMID: 35608195 PMCID: PMC9541124 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical pathology and body weight information for the cynomolgus monkey in the literature is primarily derived from a small number of animals with limited age ranges, varying geographic origins, and mixed genders. Objectives This study aimed to summarize the age‐ and sex‐related changes in clinical pathology analytes and body weights in cynomolgus monkeys of Mauritian origin. Methods Pre‐study age and body weight data were reviewed in 1819 animals, and pre‐study hematologic, coagulation, and serum biochemical analytes were reviewed in 1664 animals. Results Body weights were statistically higher (P < 0.01) in males than females in all age groups (2–10 years). These measurements became prominent after 4 years of age and peaked at 7 to 8 years of age in both sexes. Sex‐related differences were noted in reticulocyte (RETIC) counts, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Age‐related differences were noted in RETIC and lymphocyte counts, creatinine, triglyceride, phosphorus, and globulin concentrations, and ALP and GGT activities. The youngest (2 to <3 year) age group had the fewest number of clinical pathologic analyte differences including ALP and GGT activity differences which occurred in all age groups from 2 to 10 years; they also had age‐related lower globulin concentrations. There were no age‐ or sex‐related differences in coagulation measurands. Conclusions Sexual dimorphism in body weight was apparent for all ages from 2 to 10 years of age. The only difference in clinical pathology analytes unique to the 2 to <3 years of age group were age‐related lower globulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiantang Li
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Dingzhou Li
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen E Biddle
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Susan S Portugal
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark R Li
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rosemary Santos
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - John E Burkhardt
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nasir K Khan
- Drug Safety Research & Development and Comparative Medicine. Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Weinbauer G, Mecklenburg L. Does Geographical Origin of Long-Tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) Matter in Drug Safety Assessment?: A Literature Review and Proposed Conclusion. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:552-559. [PMID: 35608013 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221095443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-tailed macaques are the predominant nonhuman primate species for the nonclinical safety testing of biopharmaceuticals. This species comprises 9 subspecies with Macaca fascicularis fascicularis naturally occurring in Southeast Asia. Since the 17th century, M. f. fascicularis also occurs on Mauritius. Cynomolgus macaques do not naturally occur in China, but are bred in many farms across the country. The current shortage in animal supply raises the question whether geographical animal origin matters and if animals from different geographical regions can be combined on a drug development program or even a single experiment. This article reviews geographical animal origin in relation to selected endpoints that are relevant in nonclinical drug safety testing. Animals from different countries within Asia mainland do not appear to show any meaningful difference. Very little data are available for animals from Asia island. Mauritian animals show consistent differences from Asian animals in several clinical and anatomical pathology parameters. For developmental parameters, animals from Mauritius and Asia are comparable with the exception that Mauritian animals mature faster. In the authors' view, differences between the geographical clusters can be accounted for as long as baseline and reference data are available.
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Bolon B, Everitt JI. Selected Resources for Pathology Evaluation of Nonhuman Primates in Nonclinical Safety Assessment. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:725-732. [PMID: 35481786 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs) share numerous anatomical and physiological characteristics, thereby explaining the importance of NHPs as essential animal models for translational medicine and nonclinical toxicity testing. Researchers, toxicologic pathologists, toxicologists, and regulatory reviewers must be familiar with normal and abnormal NHP biological traits when designing, performing, and interpreting data sets from NHP studies. The current compilation presents a list of essential books, journal articles, and websites that provide context to safety assessment and research scientists working with NHP models. The resources used most frequently by the authors have been briefly annotated to permit readers to rapidly ascertain their applicability to particular research endeavors. The references are aimed primarily for toxicologic pathologists working with cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and common marmosets in efficacy and safety assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Duke University, Department of Pathology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Arndt T, Meindel M, Clarke J, Shaw A, Gregori M. Comparison of Routine Hematology, Coagulation, and Clinical Chemistry Parameters of Cynomolgus Macaques of Mauritius Origin With Cynomolgus Macaques of Cambodia, China, and Vietnam Origin. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:591-606. [PMID: 35467458 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221089843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are commonly used in safety assessment and as translational models for drug development. Recent supply chain pressures, exportation bans, and increased demand for drug safety assessment studies exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic have prompted the investigation of utilizing macaques of different geographic origin in preclinical toxicity studies. This study compares routine hematology, coagulation, and clinical chemistry endpoints of 3 distinct subpopulations of mainland Asia origin (Cambodia, China, and Vietnam) with Mauritius origin macaques compiling results of 3,225 animals from 123 regulatory toxicology studies conducted at North American and European Union contract research organization facilities between 2016 and 2019. Results were generally similar amongst the subpopulations compared in this study. Few notable differences in hematology test results and several minor differences in serum biochemistry and coagulation test results were identified when 3 distinct subpopulations of mainland Asia origin macaques were compared with Mauritius origin macaques. Our findings support the use of different origin macaques in drug development programs; however, emphasizes the importance of maintaining consistency in geographic origin of animals within a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Arndt
- Labcorp Drug Development, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Koo BS, Lee DH, Kang P, Jeong KJ, Lee S, Kim K, Lee Y, Huh JW, Kim YH, Park SJ, Jin YB, Kim SU, Kim JS, Son Y, Lee SR. Reference values of hematological and biochemical parameters in young-adult cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta) anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:7. [PMID: 32257895 PMCID: PMC7081622 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models are valuable in biomedical research. However, reference data for clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys are limited. In the present study, we established hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for healthy cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. A total of 142 cynomolgus monkeys (28 males and 114 females) and 42 rhesus monkeys (22 males and 20 females) were selected and analyzed in order to examine reference intervals of 20 hematological and 16 biochemical parameters. The effects of sex were also investigated. Reference intervals for hematological and biochemical parameters were separately established by species (cynomolgus and rhesus) and sex (male and female). No sex-related differences were determined in erythrocyte-related parameters for cynomolgus and rhesus monkey housed in indoor laboratory conditions. Alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyltransferase were significantly lower in females than males in both cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys aged 48–96 months. The reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters established herein might provide valuable information for researchers using cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys in experimental conditions for biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Sang Koo
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Lee
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- 3Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Lee
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Kijin Kim
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- 3Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungbuk, 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- 1Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 351-33, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonbuk 56216 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- 2National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Chungwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28116 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
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Rhu J, Lee KW, Kim KS, Lee JS, Kim SJ, Park JB. Coagulation biomarkers in healthy male Cynomolgus macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Xenotransplantation 2018; 26:e12457. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Rhu
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyo Won Lee
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Kim
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Ji Soo Lee
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung Joo Kim
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae Berm Park
- Department of Surgery; Samsung Medical Center; Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Sharpe SA, White AD, Sibley L, Gleeson F, Hall GA, Basaraba RJ, McIntyre A, Clark SO, Gooch K, Marsh PD, Williams A, Dennis MJ. An aerosol challenge model of tuberculosis in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171906. [PMID: 28273087 PMCID: PMC5342172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New interventions for tuberculosis are urgently needed. Non-human primate (NHP) models provide the most relevant pre-clinical models of human disease and play a critical role in vaccine development. Models utilising Asian cynomolgus macaque populations are well established but the restricted genetic diversity of the Mauritian cynomolgus macaques may be of added value. Methods Mauritian cynomolgus macaques were exposed to a range of doses of M. tuberculosis delivered by aerosol, and the outcome was assessed using clinical, imaging and pathology-based measures. Results All macaques developed characteristic clinical signs and disease features of tuberculosis (TB). Disease burden and the ability to control disease were dependent on exposure dose. Mauritian cynomolgus macaques showed less variation in pulmonary disease burden and total gross pathology scores within exposure dose groups than either Indian rhesus macaques or Chinese cynomolgus macaques Conclusions The genetic homogeneity of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques makes them a potentially useful model of human tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - A. D. White
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - L. Sibley
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - F. Gleeson
- The Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - G. A. Hall
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - R. J. Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - A. McIntyre
- The Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S. O. Clark
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - K. Gooch
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - P. D. Marsh
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - A. Williams
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
| | - M. J. Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom
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Naiken S, Griffiths MA, Hurdial JR, Narainapoulle S, Honess P. Reference intervals for biochemical and haematological analytes of juvenile captive-bred long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from Mauritius with examination of the effects of individual characteristics using principal component analysis. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:277-289. [PMID: 27506181 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mauritian cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is widely used in biomedical research. Determining reference intervals for biochemical and haematological analytes provides an important tool for clinical diagnosis and pre-clinical research. METHODS Blood samples from 736 Mauritian long-tailed macaques were analysed to determine reference intervals of 13 biochemical and 10 haematological analytes. The need for partitioning the reference interval between males and females was determined. To examine the variation associated with age, body weight and sex on the analytes, our correlating, multivariate data set was first reduced using principal component analysis, and then the effect of these characteristics on factor scores was examined using GLM analysis. RESULTS Partitioning of reference intervals, based on sex, was recommended for albumin, alkaline phosphatase and mean corpuscular haemoglobin. Sex significantly influenced the concentration of lymphocytes, granulocytes and white blood cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide useful reference data for research involving Mauritian long-tailed macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul Honess
- Bioculture (Mauritius) Ltd, Senneville, Mauritius
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10
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Rosso MC, Badino P, Ferrero G, Costa R, Cordero F, Steidler S. Biologic Data of Cynomolgus Monkeys Maintained under Laboratory Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157003. [PMID: 27280447 PMCID: PMC4900550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) is a well-known non-human primate species commonly used in non-clinical research. It is important to know basal clinical pathology parameters in order to have a reference for evaluating any potential treatment-induced effects, maintaining health status among animals and, if needed, evaluating correct substantiative therapies. In this study, data from 238 untreated cynomolgus monkeys (119 males and 119 females of juvenile age, 2.5 to 3.5 years) kept under laboratory conditions were used to build up a reference database of clinical pathology parameters. Twenty-two hematology markers, 24 clinical chemistry markers and two blood coagulation parameters were analyzed. Gender-related differences were evaluated using statistical analyses. To assess the possible effects of stress induced by housing or handling involved in treatment procedures, 78 animals (35 males and 35 females out of 238 juvenile monkeys and four adult males and four adult females) were used to evaluate cortisol, corticosterone and behavioral assessment over time. Data were analyzed using a non-parametric statistical test and machine learning approaches. Reference clinical pathology data obtained from untreated animals may be extremely useful for investigators employing cynomolgus monkeys as a test system for non-clinical safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Caterina Rosso
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- RBM SpA - Merck Serono, Ivrea, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giulio Ferrero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Cordero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Center for Molecular Systems Biology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- * E-mail:
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11
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Ogawa LM, Vallender EJ. Genetic substructure in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of Mauritius. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:748. [PMID: 25174998 PMCID: PMC4167525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonhuman primates are commonly used in biomedical research as animal models of human disease and behavior. Compared to common rodent models, nonhuman primates are genetically, physiologically, behaviorally and neurologically more similar to humans owing to more recent shared ancestry and therefore provide the advantage of greater translational validity in preclinical studies. The cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is one of the most commonly used nonhuman primates in academic and industry settings, yet population genetic research has revealed significant substructure throughout the species distribution that may confound studies. Cynomolgus monkeys introduced to Mauritius specifically have previously been thought to maintain the least genetic heterogeneity of all cynomolgus monkeys, although recent work, including work from our lab, suggests macaques from Mauritius too may harbor cryptic substructure. RESULTS To evaluate putative substructure in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, we designed a panel of 96 single nucleotide polymorphisms based on preliminary findings from previous work to screen 246 of cynomolgus monkeys from two primary suppliers. Results from this study support substructure in Mauritian macaques and suggest a minimum of two populations and maybe three on Mauritius, with moderate admixture. CONCLUSION These findings inform the natural history of these monkeys suggesting either a previously unrecognized physical or ecological barrier to gene flow on Mauritius and/or the breakdown of historic substructure resulting from the history of macaque introduction to the island. These findings are relevant to ongoing research using these models in part because of increased appreciation of segregating common variation with functional effects and may be used to better inform animal selection in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Ogawa
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772 USA
| | - Eric J Vallender
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772 USA
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