1
|
Aguiar SO, Ortiz FR, Hoffmam GDFEB, Souza GLN, Prado IM, Abreu LG, Auad SM, Serra-Negra JM. Probable sleep and awake bruxism in adolescents: A path analysis. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024. [PMID: 38424469 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruxism has a multifactorial etiology, including the influence of sleep characteristics and chronotypes. AIM To identify the pathways that influence the occurrence of probable sleep bruxism (PSB) and probable awake bruxism (PAB) in adolescents. DESIGN A total of 403 adolescents, aged 12-19 years, participated in the study. Parents/caregivers filled out a questionnaire about sociodemographic issues and the adolescent's health conditions, and the adolescents about sleep characteristics, occurrence of bruxism (based on previous study and the International Consensus of Bruxism), and chronotype (Circadian Energy Scale). Clinical examinations were performed. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and path analysis. RESULTS PSB and PAB are related to each other, with moderate and positive correlation (β = .390). Poor sleep quality and higher household income had a direct effect on both PSB (β = -.138; β = .123, respectively) and PAB (β = -.155; β = .116, respectively). Chronotype had a direct effect on PSB, in such a way that adolescents with a morningness chronotype tend to have PSB (β = -.102). Adolescents that drool on the pillow (β = .184) and/or have agitated sleep (β = .104) tend to have PSB. CONCLUSION Poor sleep quality, household income, morningness chronotype profile, drooling on the pillow, and agitated sleep influence the paths taken by PSB. PAB was influenced by the quality of sleep and family income.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oliveira Aguiar
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ivana Meyer Prado
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sheyla Márcia Auad
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Junia Maria Serra-Negra
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gómez-Gómez SL, Sánchez-Uribe LA, Villarraga-Ossa JA, Llano-Posada MC, Guzmán-Velásquez Y, Arango-Hincapie CA, Ardila CM. A finite element study comparing Advansync® and Twin Block in mandibular anterior repositioning. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024. [PMID: 38247223 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to utilize the finite element method (FEM) to compare the dentoalveolar and mandibular effects associated with anterior mandibular repositioning using AdvanSync® (ADV) and Twin Block (TB). METHODS A patient with Class II skeletal malocclusion and mandibular retrognathism was selected. A TB appliance was subsequently applied. Computed Tomography (CT) scans were acquired at the beginning of treatment (T1) and 8 months later (T2). Concurrently, a numerical TB model was validated through FEM simulations, which were compared with the T2 results. The ADV appliance was virtually simulated to evaluate stress and deformation on the condyle, symphysis, first lower molar and lower central incisors. RESULTS Both simulations demonstrated significant mandibular advancement. However, ADV led to less incisor proclination and more molar intrusion compared to TB. ADV exhibited increased stress in the lower molar area, while TB had higher stress in the lower incisor region. Stress and deformations in the condyle and mandibular symphysis were similar in both simulations, with the highest stress observed at the condylar neck and the lowest at the upper pole of the condylar head. CONCLUSIONS Both appliances achieved similar levels of mandibular advancement, with greater proclination of the lower central incisors and more widespread distribution of stress and molar intrusion when using ADV compared to TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yeison Guzmán-Velásquez
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos M Ardila
- Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, School of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bargellini A, Castroflorio T, Graziano V, Cugliari G, Deregibus A. Effects on Sleep Bruxism Activity of Three Different Oral Appliances: One Year Longitudinal Cohort Study. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1151-1159. [PMID: 35598244 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220519123754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different oral appliances (OAs) have been proposed to control sleep bruxism (SB) detrimental effects on the stomatognathic system. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different OAs on SB activity and masticatory muscle activity (sMMA) measured by EMG. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study was conducted on 51 patients (21 M, 30 F, mean age 26,5 ± 3,5) suffering from SB diagnosed with a validated portable EMG-ECG holter and wearing different OAs: occlusal splints, functional appliance with metallic bites and clear aligners followed after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months from delivery. A control group of 16 non-treated SB patients (6 M, 10 F mean age 27,1 ± 1,4) was used as a reference. A multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the differences between groups. The level of significance was set as P value <0,05. RESULTS Occlusal splint reduced sleep bruxism index after 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months from delivery while functional appliance only after 12 months. Occlusal splints reduced general phasic contractions only in the first week and sleep bruxism-related phasic contractions at 1 week, 3 and 6 months after delivery with no significant reductions after 12 months. Patients wearing clear aligners showed a reduction in general tonic contractions after 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSION Resin and metal bites can reduce sleep bruxism index, while resin bites can reduce sleep bruxism-related phasic contractions. Clear aligners do not influence sleep bruxism index but can reduce tonic contractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bargellini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Gnathology Unit, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Tommaso Castroflorio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Gnathology Unit, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vanessa Graziano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Deregibus
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Specialization School of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Gnathology Unit, Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
da Costa SV, de Souza BK, Cruvinel T, Oliveira TM, Lourenço Neto N, Machado MAAM. Factors associated with preschool children's sleep bruxism. Cranio 2024; 42:48-54. [PMID: 33764285 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2021.1903663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism, related factors, and quality of life of preschool children and their families. METHOD The sample was 475 children between 4 and 5 years old enrolled in schools in the city of Bauru-Brazil. Parents/legal guardians answered two questionnaires, one to assess the presence of bruxism and related factors and another that was the validated Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). Intraoral clinical examination was performed by two trained examiners (Kappa = 0.82) within the school environment. The data were analyzed using statistics and the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient. The significance level was p < 0.05. RESULTS The prevalence of sleep bruxism was 47.4%. The highest prevalence was related to Class I canines and marked overjet, oral habits, such as nail biting, lip biting, chewing gum, and mouth breathing. Children with agitated sleep, reports of headache, and those considered aggressive, anxious, and/or shy were also more related.Conclusion: In the studied sample, sleep bruxism prevalence was high and related to important oral and general factors. Data also indicated SB as the main factor that interfered in the OHRQoL of children and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bianca Katsumata de Souza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Cruvinel
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Marchini Oliveira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalino Lourenço Neto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Andrade Moreira Machado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiong X, Gao X, Zhong J, Hu S, Li Y, Zheng Y, Liu Y. Bibliometric Analysis of Research on Temporomandibular Joint and Occlusion from 2000 to 2022. J Pain Res 2023; 16:2847-2860. [PMID: 37605745 PMCID: PMC10440111 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s418362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study conducted a bibliometric analysis that comprehensively described publications on temporomandibular joint and occlusion from 1 January 2000 to 31 October 2022, aiming to reveal hotspots and predict future research trends. Methods A total of 2985 articles and reviews were retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). Excel 2019, VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used for visualizing analysis of research trends, authors, journals, institutions, countries, keywords and cited references. Results Both the annual publication counts and citation times increased significantly. Wang MQ was the most active author. Moreover, Manfredini D and Okeson JP were the most influential two. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation was the core journal. University of Sao Paulo was the most productive institutions. "Temporomandibular disorders" (TMDs), "temporomandibular joint" and "occlusion" were the top 3 keywords with the most frequencies. Keywords and references with burst showed that the causes of TMDs, diagnosis and treatments for TMDs as well as bruxism may be hotspots currently and in the future. Conclusion In this study, the research trends, the most productive and influential authors, journals, institutions, countries, in addition to keywords and cited references with burst in the field of temporomandibular joint and occlusion were revealed by a bibliometric analysis, which could help scholars to understand recent hotspots and future trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Temporomandibular Joint, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shoushan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Temporomandibular Joint, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lei Q, Lin D, Liu Y, Lin K, Huang W, Wu D. Neuromuscular and occlusion analysis to evaluate the efficacy of three splints on patients with bruxism. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:325. [PMID: 37231466 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occlusal splints are always applied on individuals with bruxism to reduce tooth wear and relieve orofacial symptoms such as myofascial pain. The stomatognathic system is mainly composed of tooth, occlusion, masticatory muscles, and temporomandibular joint. The occlusion and masticatory muscles function are regarded as the important parameters for evaluating the stomatognathic system state objectively. However, the effects of occlusal splints on individuals with bruxism is rarely elucidated from accurate neuromuscular analysis and occlusion evaluation. The aim of the present study was to estimate the effects of three different splints (two clinically common full coverage occlusal splint and an modified anterior splint) on subjects with bruxism using K7-J5 neuromuscular analysis system and Dental Prescale II (DP2) to evaluate occlusion. METHODS Sixteen subjects claimed to be suffering from nocturnal bruxism,with complete dentition and stable occlusal relationship, were selected for study.The intermaxillary space and the baselines of EMG-activity of the anterior temporalis and masseter were recorded for all the subjects. The participants was treated with three different splints, and outcomes were estimated by comfort index, occlusion and surface electromyography of anterior temporalis and masseter. RESULTS At teeth clenched position, EMG data were significantly lower in the participants with use of modified anterior splint than with hard, soft occlusal splint or without splint (p < 0.05). The maximum bite force and bite area occur in subjects without use of splint, while the minimal occur in subjects with use of modified anterior splint. Intermaxillary space increased and masticatory muscles presented significant reduction of EMG data at rest position as a result of J5 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Modified anterior splint seems to be more comfortable and effective in reducing occlusion force and electromyographic activity of anterior temporalis and masseter for subjects with bruxism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Dong Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kaijin Lin
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiu Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diéguez-Pérez M, Ticona-Flores JM, Prieto-Regueiro B. Prevalence of Possible Sleep Bruxism and Its Association with Social and Orofacial Factors in Preschool Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101450. [PMID: 37239736 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of bruxism in the preschool population varies according to different investigations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep bruxism and its relationship with social and orofacial factors in children aged 3 to 5 years. Three hundred forty-three preschool children were divided into two groups, one with nocturnal bruxism, as reported by parents, and another without this disorder. Questionnaires were distributed to the parents to determine the children's family social status and parafunctional habits at the time of the study. The clinical inspection confirmed the presence of certain parafunctional habits and the children's occlusal characteristics. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency chi-square tests to identify the influence of qualitative variables. Of the total sample, 28.9% of preschoolers presented sleep bruxism. The highest prevalence was observed in boys (61.6%) at the age of 5 years (41.4%). Characteristics associated with this pathology were lip incompetence, open bite, crossbite, and overbite, with p < 0.05. Sleep bruxism in preschool children has a higher prevalence in boys and is more frequently expressed from 5 years of age. Open bite, overbite, and crossbite should be considered factors associated with parafunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Diéguez-Pérez
- Department of Preclinical Dentistry, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Miguel Ticona-Flores
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Regueiro
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Can Botulinum Toxin-A Contribute to Reconstructing the Physiological Homeostasis of the Masticatory Complex in Short-Faced Patients during Occlusal Therapy? A Prospective Pilot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060374. [PMID: 35737035 PMCID: PMC9227267 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological homeostasis of the masticatory complex in short-faced patients is too robust to be disintegrated and reconstructed due to the powerful masseter muscle. This study innovatively introduced the botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) into the field of dental occlusal treatment, providing a novel and minimally invasive therapy perspective for the two major clinical problems in these patients (low treatment efficiency and high rates of complications). In total, 10 adult patients with skeletal low angle seeking occlusal treatment (age: 27.0 ± 6.1 years; 4 males and 6 females) were administered 30−50 U of BTX-A in each masseter muscle and evaluated before and 3 months after injection based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). We found a significant reduction in the thickness of the masseter muscle (MMT) (p < 0.0001). With regards to occlusion, we found a significant increase in the height of the maxillary second molar (U7-PP) (p < 0.05) with significantly flattened occlusal curves (the curve of Spee [COS] (p < 0.01), and the curve of Wilson [COW] (p < 0.05)). Furthermore, the variations in the temporomandibular joint exhibited a significant reduction in the anterior joint space (AJS) (p < 0.05) and superior joint space (SJS) (p < 0.05). In addition, the correlation analysis of the masticatory complex provided the basis for the following multiple regression equation: MMT = 10.08 − 0.11 COW + 2.73 AJS. The findings from our pilot study indicate that BTX-A, as a new adjuvant treatment attempt of occlusal therapy for short-faced patients, can provide a more favorable muscular environment for subsequent occlusal therapy through the adjustment of the biting force and may contribute to the reconstruction of healthier homeostasis of the masticatory complex. However, further research is required to establish the reliability and validity of these findings.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cagna DR, Donovan TE, McKee JR, Eichmiller F, Metz JE, Albouy JP, Marzola R, Murphy KG, Troeltzsch M. Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 126:276-359. [PMID: 34489050 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry offers this review of the 2020 professional literature in restorative dentistry to inform busy dentists regarding noteworthy scientific and clinical progress over the past year. Each member of the committee brings discipline-specific expertise to this work to cover this broad topic. Specific subject areas addressed include prosthodontics; periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; implant dentistry; dental materials and therapeutics; occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs); sleep-related breathing disorders; oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and dental caries and cariology. The authors focused their efforts on reporting information likely to influence day-to-day dental treatment decisions with a keen eye on future trends in the profession. With the tremendous volume of dentistry and related literature being published today, this review cannot possibly be comprehensive. The purpose is to update interested readers and provide important resource material for those interested in pursuing greater detail. It remains our intent to assist colleagues in navigating the extensive volume of important information being published annually. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in successfully managing the dental patients they encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Cagna
- Professor, Associate Dean, Chair and Residency Director, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn.
| | - Terence E Donovan
- Professor, Department of Comprehensive Oral Health, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Frederick Eichmiller
- Vice President and Science Officer, Delta Dental of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, Wis
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Albouy
- Assistant Professor of Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Kevin G Murphy
- Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Periodontics, University of Maryland College of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md; Private practice, Baltimore, Md
| | - Matthias Troeltzsch
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Private practice, Ansbach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|