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Malika N, Palimaru AI, Rodriguez A, Brown R, Dickerson DL, Holmes P, Kennedy DP, Johnson CL, Sanchez VA, Schweigman K, Klein DJ, D’Amico EJ. Voices of Identity: Exploring Identity Development and Transformation among Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Emerging Adults. IDENTITY (MAHWAH, N.J.) 2024; 24:112-138. [PMID: 38699070 PMCID: PMC11064810 DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2023.2300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Emerging adulthood shapes personal, professional, and overall well-being through identity exploration. This study addresses a gap in the minority identity literature by investigating how urban AI/AN emerging adults think about their identity and discussing challenges and protective factors associated with exploring their identity holistically. This mixed-methods study created a sampling framework based on discrimination experiences, cultural identity, social network support, mental health, and problematic substance use. We recruited 20 urban AI/AN emerging adults for interviews. We sought to gain deeper insights into their experiences and discussions surrounding identity formation and exploration. We provide descriptives for demographic characteristics and conducted a thematic analysis of the qualitative data from the interviews. Four themes emerged: a) being an urban AI/AN emerging adult means recognizing that one's identity is multifaceted; b) a multifaceted identity comes with tension of living in multiple worlds; c) the trajectory of one's identity grows over time to a deeper desire to connect with Native American culture; and d) understanding one's Native American background affects one's professional trajectory. Findings underscore the importance of developing programs to support well-being and identity development through cultural connection for urban AI/AN emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan Brown
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Daniel L. Dickerson
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Carrie L. Johnson
- Sacred Path Indigenous Wellness Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Kurt Schweigman
- Public Health Consultant, Santa Rosa, California, United States
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Yu X, Zhao J. How rumination influences meaning in life among Chinese high school students: the mediating effects of perceived chronic social adversity and coping style. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1280961. [PMID: 38106898 PMCID: PMC10722437 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1280961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Meaning in life can be affected by many factors during adolescence. This study explored the relationship between rumination and meaning in life among high school students, as well as the mediating effect of perceived chronic social adversity and coping style. A sample of 1,275 Chinese high school students were surveyed using four questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using Harman's single-factor test, Pearson's correlation coefficient with confidence intervals (CI), and a structural equation model. We found that rumination significantly negatively affected meaning in life among high school students (β = -0.28, 95% CI = -0.33-0.23). Perceived chronic social adversity (β = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.29-0.02) and negative coping style (β = -0.09, 95% CI = -0.16-0.04) each had mediating effects between rumination and meaning in life. Further, perceived chronic social adversity and coping style had chain-mediating effects between rumination and meaning in life, with both positive (β = -0.11, 95% CI = -0.17-0.07) and negative (β = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.13-0.04) coping styles showing significant effects. To enhance the meaning in life among high school students, appropriate strategies to reduce the levels of rumination and perceived chronic social adversity are needed, while also fostering appropriate coping styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yu
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Cook SH, Wood EP, Risner E, Weng CA, Xin Y. A national examination of discrimination, resilience, and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: the All of Us Research Program. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1175452. [PMID: 37823074 PMCID: PMC10562571 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the impact of resilience on the association between discrimination and trajectories of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic across racial and ethnic groups. Methods Data were drawn from 5 waves of the All of Us Research Program's survey on the impact of COVID-19 on the lives of American adults. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess the association between discrimination exposure throughout the pandemic and depressive symptoms over time. An interaction term was introduced between resilience and discrimination exposure to assess if resilience buffered the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms over time. Race-stratified linear mixed-effects models examined racial/ethnic differences in the association between resilience, discrimination, and depressive symptoms over time. Results Fifty-one thousand nine hundred fifty-eight participants completed surveys between May and December of 2020. Results indicated that exposure to more discrimination was associated with increasing trajectories of depressive symptoms over time (b = 0.48, p < 0.001). However, resilience moderated the association between discrimination and well-being over time such that higher resilience mitigated the detrimental effect of experiencing discrimination on depressive symptoms across time (b = -0.02, p < 0.001). Conclusion Identifying protective features such as resilience can promote the development of culturally tailored interventions to address mental health in the context of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H. Cook
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erica P. Wood
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emma Risner
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenziheng Allen Weng
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yao Xin
- Department of Biostatistics, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, United States
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Williams R, Romm KF, LoParco CR, Berg CJ. Experiences of Microaggressions, Attributions, and Impact Among US Young Adults: An Intersectional Perspective Regarding Sexual/Gender and Racial/Ethnic Minorities. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01710-6. [PMID: 37531018 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding discrimination (e.g., microaggressions) toward sexual/gender minorities (SGM) and racial/ethnic minorities (REM) from an intersectional perspective is critical in informing interventions to reduce such experiences and their impacts. PURPOSE This study examined US young adults identifying as SGM, REM, both, or neither in relation to microaggression experiences, and these factors in relation to mental health. METHODS Using 2022 data from 932 US adults (Mage = 27.61) in an online survey study, we compared subgroups (SGM-only, REM-only, both, neither) in relation to microaggression experiences and mental health symptoms, stratified by sex (male, female). Multivariable linear regression examined: 1) sex and intersectional subgroup in relation to number of microaggressions experienced; and 2) sex, subgroup, and number of microaggression experiences in relation to mental health symptoms. RESULTS Among females (n = 612), 42.0% were SGM-only, 17.3% REM-only, 15.2% both, and 25.5% neither. Among males (n = 320), 25.0% were SGM-only, 25.0% REM-only, 8.4% both, and 41.6% neither. Females (vs. males) reported more microaggressions (M = 5.67, SD = 3.00 vs. M = 3.95, SD = 3.46, p < .001). Those with intersecting minority identities experienced the most microagressions (females: M = 6.98, SD = 2.64; males: M = 6.44, SD = 2.95, respectively). In multivariable analyses, females and those in any of the 3 minority-identifying subgroups experienced more microaggressions; those with intersecting minority identities experienced more microaggressions than SGM-only and REM-only. Identifying as SGM-only or both SGM and REM, as well as experiencing more microaggressions, was associated with greater mental health symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Intersecting minority identities increase risk for microaggressions and mental health consequences. Multilevel interventions must reduce minority subgroups' experiences of microaggressions and their impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- River Williams
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Cassidy R LoParco
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Opara I, Martin R, Hill AV, Calhoun A. Addressing Gendered Racism Against Black Girls Using a Strengths-Based Empowerment-Intersectional Framework for Sexual Health and Substance Use Prevention Programming. Health Promot Pract 2023; 24:617-622. [PMID: 37166152 DOI: 10.1177/15248399231171145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although Black girls use substances at lower rates than boys and girls from various other racial groups, they tend to have worse health outcomes associated with substance use that can also impact their sexual health. The association between substance use and sexual risk behaviors is usually attributed to lack of access to quality health care and lack of culturally specific prevention programming and treatment options tailored to this group. Accordingly, the theoretical frameworks for health promotion for Black girls often focus on addressing deficits, ignoring the powerful and intersecting social forces that can impact identity, agency, and behavioral options. Key among these forces is gendered racism. We propose a strengths-based conceptual framework to address and challenge gendered racism as a critical foundation for promoting health and wellbeing for Black girls. Our approach integrates Intersectionality Theory and Empowerment Theory, with psychological and intrapersonal empowerment identified as critical mediators of behavior and health outcomes, supported by protective factors of positive racial identity and gendered racial socialization. This framework has been developed with and for Black girls but can be adapted for health promotion efforts with other minoritized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Opara
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ashley V Hill
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Calhoun
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wray-Lake L, Witherspoon DP, Halgunseth LC, Morris AS. Dismantling systems of racism and oppression during adolescence: An agenda for anti-racist research. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:1285-1297. [PMID: 36519422 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In reflecting on the collection of work in the recent Journal of Research on Adolescence special series and what it means for research to dismantle systems of racism and oppression, we call for adolescent development researchers to embrace anti-racist research. We describe a set of strategies for conceptualizing, conducting, and disseminating research with adolescents using an anti-racist lens. These strategies flow from tenets of anti-racist research that include recognizing racism as systemic and being critically self-reflective on power and privilege, committed to doing no harm to adolescents, action-oriented, and community-centered. Despite obstacles to anti-racist research in academic and public ecosystems, anti-racist research is essential if we are interested in equity in adolescent' development and the well-being of all adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wray-Lake
- Social Welfare, University of California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dawn P Witherspoon
- Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linda C Halgunseth
- Human Development & Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Lazaridou F, Fernando S. Deconstructing institutional racism and the social construction of whiteness: A strategy for professional competence training in culture and migration mental health. Transcult Psychiatry 2022; 59:175-187. [PMID: 35373653 PMCID: PMC9026223 DOI: 10.1177/13634615221087101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The position presented in this article draws on the professional insights of the authors, reflecting on issues of global political importance in culture and migration mental health. As institutional theory perspectives continue to develop, solutions to complex social problems such as racism require embodied knowledge if the lines of authority and basic occupational routines are to be meaningfully renegotiated. Embodied knowledge is socially situated and self-reflexive and reflects cumulative and marginalized experiences that contribute to a better understanding of institutional racism and the social construction of whiteness. The authors foreground the development of critical consciousness and emotional literacy in order to be more professionally competent in institutional contexts of mental health training, education and practice. To this end, elements of due process, transparency, inclusiveness, community engagement and accountability are at the center of a political and intellectual movement towards epistemological justice to promote antiracism and social justice in culture and migration mental health. The authors define decolonial intersectionality as a clear philosophical vision outlining how best to respond to those at risk of experiencing racism and the associated mental health burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Lazaridou
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 14903Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Suman Fernando
- School of Social Sciences, 4904London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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Smith-Bynum MA. It's About Time Black Lives Matter: The Urgency of Research on Black Youth Development. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:302-306. [PMID: 35152503 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The events of the past decade underscore with withering banality the depth of American racism and the disturbing normalcy of racial trauma Black adolescents endure every day. I comment on the significance of the timing and scope of the Special Issue. I also highlight the contributions that push new boundaries on established topics such as ethnic-racial identity, racial socialization, emotional development, gender, and via application intersectionality theory. These articles illuminate the multilayered, textured lives of Black adolescents in the early 21st century. The commentary concludes with a call for researchers to leverage the findings from empirical studies on Black adolescents to foster anti-racist institutional change.
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Murry VM. Blurred Eras: Historical and Contemporary Socio-Ecological Contexts of Development and Adjustment of Black American Adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:290-294. [PMID: 35165975 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This commentary reflects on research studies included in this special issue, Black Lives Matter! Systems of Oppression Affecting Black Youth. A key finding in these studies is significance of developmental and social behavioral sciences to center systemic racism and oppression in studies of Black youth to more fully understand and explain how contextual factors and processes impact their everyday life experiences. This collection of papers offers insights and recommendations of ways advance research studies by expanding research to include upstream policies and practices and explain their roles in perpetuating oppression and discrimination. Applying multi-socio-ecological theoretical frameworks may demonstrate effective pathways to reduce environmental toxins that hinder positive health and well-being for adolescents, their families, and communities.
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Witherspoon DP, Wray-Lake L, Halgunseth LC. Black Lives Matter! Adolescent Research Incrementally Dismantles Racism and Systems of Oppression. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2022; 32:4-12. [PMID: 35188307 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This Black Lives Matter! Special Issue uses diverse methods to examine how multiple systems of oppression at different levels (individual, institutional, and structural) affect Black youth. Through an intersectionality lens, scholars examine how gender, sexual orientation, skin tone, and socioeconomic status create unique experiences for Black youth. Collectively, the 17 papers address the sweeping impact of racism and other systems of oppression on Black youth by examining structural factors (e.g., policing), interpersonal experiences (e.g., teacher-student), and developmental processes (e.g., socialization). Commentaries provide a historical view and future perspective to contextualize how far we have come and how much farther we need to go in our quest to combat racism and other systems of oppression and improve the lives of Black adolescents.
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