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Jacqmarcq C, Picot A, Flon J, Lebrun F, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Naveau M, Bernay B, Goux D, Rubio M, Malzert-Fréon A, Michel A, Proamer F, Mangin P, Gauberti M, Vivien D, Bonnard T. MRI-based microthrombi detection in stroke with polydopamine iron oxide. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5070. [PMID: 38871729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In acute ischemic stroke, even when successful recanalization is obtained, downstream microcirculation may still be obstructed by microvascular thrombosis, which is associated with compromised brain reperfusion and cognitive decline. Identifying these microthrombi through non-invasive methods remains challenging. We developed the PHySIOMIC (Polydopamine Hybridized Self-assembled Iron Oxide Mussel Inspired Clusters), a MRI-based contrast agent that unmasks these microthrombi. In a mouse model of thromboembolic ischemic stroke, our findings demonstrate that the PHySIOMIC generate a distinct hypointense signal on T2*-weighted MRI in the presence of microthrombi, that correlates with the lesion areas observed 24 hours post-stroke. Our microfluidic studies reveal the role of fibrinogen in the protein corona for the thrombosis targeting properties. Finally, we observe the biodegradation and biocompatibility of these particles. This work demonstrates that the PHySIOMIC particles offer an innovative and valuable tool for non-invasive in vivo diagnosis and monitoring of microthrombi, using MRI during ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Jacqmarcq
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Audrey Picot
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Jules Flon
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Florent Lebrun
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Mikaël Naveau
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, CNRS UMS 3408, Caen, France
| | - Benoît Bernay
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, SF 4206 ICORE, Plateforme Proteogen, Caen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, US EMerode, CMAbio3: Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la Biologie, Caen, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Aurélie Malzert-Fréon
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, EA 4258, CERMN: Centre d'études et de recherche sur le médicament de Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Anita Michel
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabienne Proamer
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Mangin
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Gauberti
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen, Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Caen, Department of Clinical Research, Caen, France.
| | - Thomas Bonnard
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, Université Caen Normandie, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), GIP Cyceron, Institute Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France.
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2
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Abstract
Recent evidence shows that when ischemic stroke (IS) occurs, the BBB would be destructed, thereby promoting the immune cells to migrate into the brain, suggesting that the immune responses can play a vital role in the pathology of IS. As an essential subpopulation of immunosuppressive T cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis and suppressing immune responses in the pathophysiological conditions of IS. During the past decades, the regulatory role of Treg cells has attracted the interest of numerous researchers. However, whether they are beneficial or detrimental to the outcomes of IS remains controversial. Moreover, Treg cells exert distinctive effects in the different stages of IS. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate how Treg cells modulate the immune responses induced by IS. In this review, we describe how Treg cells fluctuate and play a role in the regulation of immune responses after IS in both experimental animals and humans, and summarize their biological functions and mechanisms in both CNS and periphery. We also discuss how Treg cells participate in poststroke inflammation and immunodepression and the potential of Treg cells as a novel therapeutic approach.
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CD4 +CD25 + Regulatory T Cells in Intracranial Thrombi Are Inversely Correlated with Hemorrhagic Transformation after Thrombectomy: A Clinical-Immunohistochemical Analysis of Acute Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3143248. [PMID: 34055193 PMCID: PMC8149217 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3143248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy is not only effective for managing patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but it also enables a valuable histological analysis of thrombi. Previous studies indicated that regulatory T cells (Treg) adoptive transfer might alleviate the hemorrhagic transformation. However, whether Treg in intracranial thrombi correlates with hemorrhagic transformation after mechanical thrombectomy remains unclear. This study mainly analyzed the colocation of Treg markers in serial thrombus sections stained serially for CD4 and CD25 in groups of hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic transformation. Second, to investigate whether these immunohistochemical parameters could provide any additional information beyond hemorrhagic transformation, we compared the overlap between Treg markers among other groups, such as functional outcomes, stroke subtypes, and gender. Our results showed that the number of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells was lower in the hemorrhagic transformation thrombi than in the nonhemorrhagic group (p < 0.001) but there were no significant differences otherwise. The present finding of CD4+CD25+ Treg cell reductions in thrombi associated with hemorrhagic transformation provides the histological evidence supporting that thromboinflammation might involve in the pathological process of an acute stroke after mechanical thrombectomy.
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Nikitin D, Choi S, Mican J, Toul M, Ryu WS, Damborsky J, Mikulik R, Kim DE. Development and Testing of Thrombolytics in Stroke. J Stroke 2021; 23:12-36. [PMID: 33600700 PMCID: PMC7900387 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2020.03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in recanalization therapy, mechanical thrombectomy will never be a treatment for every ischemic stroke because access to mechanical thrombectomy is still limited in many countries. Moreover, many ischemic strokes are caused by occlusion of cerebral arteries that cannot be reached by intra-arterial catheters. Reperfusion using thrombolytic agents will therefore remain an important therapy for hyperacute ischemic stroke. However, thrombolytic drugs have shown limited efficacy and notable hemorrhagic complication rates, leaving room for improvement. A comprehensive understanding of basic and clinical research pipelines as well as the current status of thrombolytic therapy will help facilitate the development of new thrombolytics. Compared with alteplase, an ideal thrombolytic agent is expected to provide faster reperfusion in more patients; prevent re-occlusions; have higher fibrin specificity for selective activation of clot-bound plasminogen to decrease bleeding complications; be retained in the blood for a longer time to minimize dosage and allow administration as a single bolus; be more resistant to inhibitors; and be less antigenic for repetitive usage. Here, we review the currently available thrombolytics, strategies for the development of new clot-dissolving substances, and the assessment of thrombolytic efficacies in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Nikitin
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Seungbum Choi
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jan Mican
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Toul
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wi-Sun Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Mikulik
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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5
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Filling the gaps on stroke research: Focus on inflammation and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:649-667. [PMID: 33017613 PMCID: PMC7531595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last two decades, researchers have placed hopes in a new era in which a combination of reperfusion and neuroprotection would revolutionize the treatment of stroke. Nevertheless, despite the thousands of papers available in the literature showing positive results in preclinical stroke models, randomized clinical trials have failed to show efficacy. It seems clear now that the existing data obtained in preclinical research have depicted an incomplete picture of stroke pathophysiology. In order to ameliorate bench-to-bed translation, in this review we first describe the main actors on stroke inflammatory and immune responses based on the available preclinical data, highlighting the fact that the link between leukocyte infiltration, lesion volume and neurological outcome remains unclear. We then describe what is known on neuroinflammation and immune responses in stroke patients, and summarize the results of the clinical trials on immunomodulatory drugs. In order to understand the gap between clinical trials and preclinical results on stroke, we discuss in detail the experimental results that served as the basis for the summarized clinical trials on immunomodulatory drugs, focusing on (i) experimental stroke models, (ii) the timing and selection of outcome measuring, (iii) alternative entry routes for leukocytes into the ischemic region, and (iv) factors affecting stroke outcome such as gender differences, ageing, comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, obesity, tobacco, alcohol consumption and previous infections like Covid-19. We can do better for stroke treatment, especially when targeting inflammation following stroke. We need to re-think the design of stroke experimental setups, notably by (i) using clinically relevant models of stroke, (ii) including both radiological and neurological outcomes, (iii) performing long-term follow-up studies, (iv) conducting large-scale preclinical stroke trials, and (v) including stroke comorbidities in preclinical research.
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6
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Drieu A, Buendia I, Levard D, Hélie P, Brodin C, Vivien D, Rubio M. Immune Responses and Anti-inflammatory Strategies in a Clinically Relevant Model of Thromboembolic Ischemic Stroke with Reperfusion. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:481-495. [PMID: 31522409 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The poor clinical relevance of experimental models of stroke contributes to the translational failure between preclinical and clinical studies testing anti-inflammatory molecules for ischemic stroke. Here, we (i) describe the time course of inflammatory responses triggered by a thromboembolic model of ischemic stroke and (ii) we examine the efficacy of two clinically tested anti-inflammatory drugs: Minocycline or anti-CD49d antibodies (tested in stroke patients as Natalizumab) administered early (1 h) or late (48 h) after stroke onset. Radiological (lesion volume) and neurological (grip test) outcomes were evaluated at 24 h and 5 days after stroke. Immune cell responses peaked 48 h after stroke onset. Myeloid cells (microglia/macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils) were already increased 24 h after stroke onset, peaked at 48 h, and remained increased-although to a lesser extent-5 days after stroke onset. CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes infiltrated the ipsilateral hemisphere later on (only from 48 h). These responses occurred together with a progressive blood-brain barrier leakage at the lesion site, starting 24 h after stroke onset. Lesion volume was maximal 24-48 h after stroke onset. Minocycline reduced both lesion volume and neurological deficit only when administered early after stroke onset. The blockade of leukocyte infiltration by anti-CD49d had no impact on lesion volume or long-term neurological deficit, independently of the timing of treatment. Our data are in accordance with the results of previous clinical reports on the use of Minocycline and Natalizumab on ischemic stroke. We thus propose the use of this clinically relevant model of thromboembolic stroke with recanalization for future testing of anti-inflammatory strategies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Drieu
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France, Normandie Université, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Izaskun Buendia
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Damien Levard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France, Normandie Université, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Pauline Hélie
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France, Normandie Université, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Camille Brodin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France, Normandie Université, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France, Normandie Université, 14000, Caen, France
- Department of Clinical Research, CHU de Caen Normandy, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Marina Rubio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, U1237, PhIND "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie, Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France, Normandie Université, 14000, Caen, France.
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7
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Gauberti M, Fournier AP, Docagne F, Vivien D, Martinez de Lizarrondo S. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Endothelial Activation in the Central Nervous System. Theranostics 2018; 8:1195-1212. [PMID: 29507614 PMCID: PMC5835930 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the central nervous system over-express surface proteins during neurological disorders, either as a cause, or a consequence, of the disease. Since the cerebral vasculature is easily accessible by large contrast-carrying particles, it constitutes a target of choice for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in molecular MRI of brain endothelial activation and focus on the development of micro-sized particles of iron oxide (MPIO) targeting adhesion molecules including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), P-Selectin and E-Selectin. We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for the clinical application of this technology in neurovascular disorders (ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, diabetes mellitus), neuroinflammatory disorders (multiple sclerosis, brain infectious diseases, sepsis), neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, aging) and brain cancers (primitive neoplasms, metastasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Department of diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Antoine P. Fournier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Fabian Docagne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, 14000 Caen, France
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8
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Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (mMRI) enables the detection of a protein of interest in vivo, in a noninvasive manner. The general concept of mMRI is to target a contrast agent to a protein of interest, and to perform a contrast-sensitive MRI sequence. Typically, contrast agents are made of a "contrastophore" (the part of the construct responsible for the contrast on the images) and a targeting moiety ("pharmacophore"). Recently, the development of a new family of contrastophore carrying a high payload of iron oxide (micro-sized particles of iron oxide, MPIO) has led to a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of mMRI. Here, we describe the production of targeted MPIO using commercially available reagents and the MRI protocols to allow their detection in vivo.
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Mao L, Li P, Zhu W, Cai W, Liu Z, Wang Y, Luo W, Stetler RA, Leak RK, Yu W, Gao Y, Chen J, Chen G, Hu X. Regulatory T cells ameliorate tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain haemorrhage after stroke. Brain 2017; 140:1914-1931. [PMID: 28535201 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed thrombolytic treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) may exacerbate blood-brain barrier breakdown after ischaemic stroke and lead to lethal haemorrhagic transformation. The immune system is a dynamic modulator of stroke response, and excessive immune cell accumulation in the cerebral vasculature is associated with compromised integrity of the blood-brain barrier. We previously reported that regulatory T cells, which function to suppress excessive immune responses, ameliorated blood-brain barrier damage after cerebral ischaemia. This study assessed the impact of regulatory T cells in the context of tPA-induced brain haemorrhage and investigated the underlying mechanisms of action. The number of circulating regulatory T cells in stroke patients was dramatically reduced soon after stroke onset (84 acute ischaemic stroke patients with or without intravenous tPA treatment, compared to 115 age and gender-matched healthy controls). Although stroke patients without tPA treatment gradually repopulated the numbers of circulating regulatory T cells within the first 7 days after stroke, post-ischaemic tPA treatment led to sustained suppression of regulatory T cells in the blood. We then used the murine suture and embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion models of stroke to investigate the therapeutic potential of adoptive regulatory T cell transfer against tPA-induced haemorrhagic transformation. Delayed administration of tPA (10 mg/kg) resulted in haemorrhagic transformation in the ischaemic territory 1 day after ischaemia. When regulatory T cells (2 × 106/mouse) were intravenously administered immediately after delayed tPA treatment in ischaemic mice, haemorrhagic transformation was significantly decreased, and this was associated with improved sensorimotor functions. Blood-brain barrier disruption and tight junction damages were observed in the presence of delayed tPA after stroke, but were mitigated by regulatory T cell transfer. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that regulatory T cells completely abolished the tPA-induced elevation of MMP9 and CCL2 after stroke. Using MMP9 and CCL2 knockout mice, we discovered that both molecules partially contributed to the protective actions of regulatory T cells. In an in vitro endothelial cell-based model of the blood-brain barrier, we confirmed that regulatory T cells inhibited tPA-induced endothelial expression of CCL2 and preserved blood-brain barrier integrity after an ischaemic challenge. Lentivirus-mediated CCL2 knockdown in endothelial cells completely abolished the blood-brain barrier protective effect of regulatory T cells in vitro. Altogether, our studies suggest that regulatory T cell adoptive transfer may alleviate thrombolytic treatment-induced haemorrhage in stroke victims. Furthermore, regulatory T cell-afforded protection in the tPA-treated stroke model is mediated by two inhibitory mechanisms involving CCL2 and MMP9. Thus, regulatory T cell adoptive transfer may be useful as a cell-based therapy to improve the efficacy and safety of thrombolytic treatment for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Mao
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Life Science Research Centre of Taishan Medical University, Taishan 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Zongjian Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wenli Luo
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Company, Waltham, Massachusetts 02452, USA
| | - Ruth A Stetler
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
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Hyperfibrinolysis increases blood–brain barrier permeability by a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Blood 2016; 128:2423-2434. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-705384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Hydrodynamic transfection of plasmids encoding for plasminogen activators leads to a hyperfibrinolytic state in mice. Hyperfibrinolysis increases BBB permeability via a plasmin- and bradykinin-dependent mechanism.
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11
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Ma Y, Li L, Niu Z, Song J, Lin Y, Zhang H, Du G. Effect of recombinant plasminogen activator timing on thrombolysis in a novel rat embolic stroke model. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:291-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Liesz A, Kleinschnitz C. Regulatory T Cells in Post-stroke Immune Homeostasis. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Briens A, Gauberti M, Parcq J, Montaner J, Vivien D, de lizarrondo SM. Nano-zymography Using Laser-Scanning Confocal Microscopy Unmasks Proteolytic Activity of Cell-Derived Microparticles. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:610-26. [PMID: 27022410 PMCID: PMC4805657 DOI: 10.7150/thno.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-derived microparticles (MPs) are nano-sized vesicles released by activated cells in the extracellular milieu. They act as vectors of biological activity by carrying membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic constituents of the parental cells. Although detection and characterization of cell-derived MPs may be of high diagnostic and prognostic values in a number of human diseases, reliable measurement of their size, number and biological activity still remains challenging using currently available methods. In the present study, we developed a protocol to directly image and functionally characterize MPs using high-resolution laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Once trapped on annexin-V coated micro-wells, we developed several assays using fluorescent reporters to measure their size, detect membrane antigens and evaluate proteolytic activity (nano-zymography). In particular, we demonstrated the applicability and specificity of this method to detect antigens and proteolytic activities of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase and plasmin at the surface of engineered MPs from transfected cell-lines. Furthermore, we were able to identify a subset of tPA-bearing fibrinolytic MPs using plasma samples from a cohort of ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolytic therapy and in an experimental model of thrombin-induced ischemic stroke in mice. Overall, this method is promising for functional characterization of cell-derived MPs.
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Gauberti M, De Lizarrondo SM, Vivien D. The "inflammatory penumbra" in ischemic stroke: From clinical data to experimental evidence. Eur Stroke J 2016; 1:20-27. [PMID: 31008264 DOI: 10.1177/2396987316630249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of the available clinical and preclinical data supporting the existence of an "inflammatory penumbra" in ischemic stroke. Findings Recent data from clinical trials suggest the existence of an inflammatory area at risk, surrounding the initial ischemic lesion and secondarily infiltrated by lymphocytes, that is ultimately recruited by the ischemic core: called the "inflammatory penumbra." Experimental results support this concept. Lymphocytes, especially T-cells, enter the brain in the perilesional area in a vascular-cell adhesion molecule-1 dependent manner and participate in delayed neuronal cell death. Methods For writing this review, we used the more recent publications in the field, including the preclinical and clinical studies. We have also used our own experise in the field of in vivo imaging of inflammatory processes. Discussion Consequently, the intensity of the inflammatory reaction and the size of the inflammatory penumbra may vary considerably in patients, as it is the case in experimental stroke models in mice. By analogy with the ischemic penumbra of the acute phase of stroke, this secondary inflammatory penumbra represents a therapeutic opportunity during the subacute phase of stroke. Large clinical trials that target lymphocyte trafficking are currently taking place. However, to improve the benefit of such therapeutic strategies, adequate patient selection may be mandatory. Conclusion In this context, innovative imaging methods including magnetic resonance imaging of adhesion molecules may contribute to noninvasively detect this inflammatory penumbra and thus to select patients eligible for such therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), INSERM UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France. University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez De Lizarrondo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), INSERM UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France. University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), INSERM UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France. University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
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Desilles JP, Loyau S, Syvannarath V, Gonzalez-Valcarcel J, Cantier M, Louedec L, Lapergue B, Amarenco P, Ajzenberg N, Jandrot-Perrus M, Michel JB, Ho-Tin-Noe B, Mazighi M. Alteplase Reduces Downstream Microvascular Thrombosis and Improves the Benefit of Large Artery Recanalization in Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:3241-8. [PMID: 26443832 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Downstream microvascular thrombosis (DMT) is known to be a contributing factor to incomplete reperfusion in acute ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the timing of DMT with intravital imaging and to test the hypothesis that intravenous alteplase infusion could reduce DMT in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat stroke model. METHODS Rats were subjected to 60-minute transient MCAO. Alteplase (10 mg/kg) was administered 30 minutes after the beginning of MCAO. Real-time intravital fluorescence microscopy through a dura-sparing craniotomy was used to visualize circulating blood cells and fibrinogen. Cerebral microvessel patency was quantitatively evaluated by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran perfusion. RESULTS Immediately after MCAO, platelet and leukocyte accumulation were observed mostly in the venous compartment. Within 30 minutes after MCAO, microthrombi and parietal fibrin deposits were detected in postcapillary microvessels. Alteplase treatment significantly (P=0.006) reduced infarct volume and increased the percentage of perfused vessels during MCAO (P=0.02) compared with saline. Plasma levels of fibrinogen from alteplase-treated rats showed a rapid and profound hypofibrinogenemia. In vitro platelet aggregation demonstrated that alteplase reduced platelet aggregation (P=0.0001) and facilitated platelet disaggregation (P=0.001). These effects were reversible in the presence of exogenous fibrinogen. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that DMT is an early phenomenon initiated before recanalization. We further show that alteplase-dependent maintenance of downstream perfusion during MCAO improves acute ischemic stroke outcome through a fibrinogen-dependent platelet aggregation reduction. Our results indicate that early targeting of DMT represents a therapeutic strategy to improve the benefit of large artery recanalization in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Desilles
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.).
| | - Stephane Loyau
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Varouna Syvannarath
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Jaime Gonzalez-Valcarcel
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Marie Cantier
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Liliane Louedec
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Bertrand Lapergue
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Nadine Ajzenberg
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Martine Jandrot-Perrus
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Benoit Ho-Tin-Noe
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- From the Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratory of Vascular Translational Science, U1148 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France (J.-P.D., S.L., V.S., J.G.-V., M.C., L.L., P.A., N.A., M.J.-P., J.-B.M., B.H.-T.-N., M.M.); Division of Neurology, Stroke Center, Foch Hospital, University Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Paris, France (B.L.); Departments of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A.) and Hematology (N.A.), AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France; and Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, DHU Neurovasc, Paris, France (M.M.)
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Belliere J, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Choudhury RP, Quenault A, Le Béhot A, Delage C, Chauveau D, Schanstra JP, Bascands JL, Vivien D, Gauberti M. Unmasking Silent Endothelial Activation in the Cardiovascular System Using Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:1187-202. [PMID: 26379785 PMCID: PMC4568447 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial activation is a hallmark of cardiovascular diseases, acting either as a cause or a consequence of organ injury. To date, we lack suitable methods to measure endothelial activation in vivo. In the present study, we developed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method allowing non-invasive endothelial activation mapping in the vasculature of the main organs affected during cardiovascular diseases. In clinically relevant contexts in mice (including systemic inflammation, acute and chronic kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus and normal aging), we provided evidence that this method allows detecting endothelial activation before any clinical manifestation of organ failure in the brain, kidney and heart with an exceptional sensitivity. In particular, we demonstrated that diabetes mellitus induces chronic endothelial cells activation in the kidney and heart. Moreover, aged mice presented activated endothelial cells in the kidneys and the cerebrovasculature. Interestingly, depending on the underlying condition, the temporospatial patterns of endothelial activation in the vascular beds of the cardiovascular system were different. These results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting silent endothelial activation occurring in conditions associated with high cardiovascular risk using molecular MRI.
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El Amki M, Clavier T, Perzo N, Bernard R, Guichet PO, Castel H. Hypothalamic, thalamic and hippocampal lesions in the mouse MCAO model: Potential involvement of deep cerebral arteries? J Neurosci Methods 2015. [PMID: 26213218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intraluminal monofilament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) in mice is the most used rodent model to study the pathophysiology of stroke. However, this model often shows brain damage in regions not supplied by the MCA such as the hypothalamus, hippocampus and thalamus. Several studies have suggested some explanations on these localized infarcts. We aim to provide an alternative explanation which could allow each experimenter to better grasp the MCAO model. We propose that the MCA occlusion by the monofilament also occludes deep and small cerebral arteries arising directly from the internal carotid artery, proximally to the origin of MCA. Then, drawbacks and pitfalls of the MCAO model must be appreciated and the almost systematic risk of inducing lesions in some unwanted territories for neuroanatomical reasons, i.e. vascular connections between deep arteries and hypothalamic, thalamic and hippocampal areas in rodents has to be integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Amki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Thomas Clavier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Perzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - René Bernard
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hélène Castel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U982, Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Lemarchand E, Gauberti M, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Villain H, Repessé Y, Montagne A, Vivien D, Ali C, Rubio M. Impact of alcohol consumption on the outcome of ischemic stroke and thrombolysis: role of the hepatic clearance of tissue-type plasminogen activator. Stroke 2015; 46:1641-50. [PMID: 25922513 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.007143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only acute treatment for ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, the benefit of tPA-driven thrombolysis is not systematic, and understanding the reasons for this is mandatory. The balance between beneficial and detrimental effects of tPA might explain the limited overall efficiency of thrombolysis. Here, we investigated whether this balance could be influenced by excessive alcohol intake. METHODS We used a murine model of thromboembolic stroke, coupled to an array of biochemical assays, near-infrared or magnetic resonance imaging scans, 2-photon microscopy, hydrodynamic transfections, and immunohistological techniques. RESULTS We found that 6 weeks of alcohol consumption (10% in drinking water) worsens ischemic lesions and cancels the beneficial effects of tPA-induced thrombolysis. We accumulate in vivo and in vitro evidence showing that this aggravation is correlated with a decrease in lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-mediated hepatic clearance of tPA in alcohol-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS An efficient liver-driven clearance of tPA might influence the safety of thrombolysis after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Lemarchand
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Maxime Gauberti
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Hélène Villain
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Yohann Repessé
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Axel Montagne
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Denis Vivien
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Carine Ali
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.)
| | - Marina Rubio
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 "serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit" - SP2U Université Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP CYCERON, Caen, France (E.L., M.G., S.M.d.L., H.V., Y.R., A.M., D.V., C.A., M.R.); Service d'Hématologie CHU Caen, France (Y.R.); and Délégation Recherche Clinique et Innovation (DRCI), CHU de Caen, Caen, France (M.R.).
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Liesz A, Hu X, Kleinschnitz C, Offner H. Functional role of regulatory lymphocytes in stroke: facts and controversies. Stroke 2015; 46:1422-30. [PMID: 25791715 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Liesz
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.).
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.)
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.)
| | - Halina Offner
- From the Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany (A.L.); Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany (A.L.); Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, PA (X.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.O.); and Neuroimmunology Research, Portland, OR (H.O.)
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Gauberti M, Vivien D. Letter by Gauberti and Vivien Regarding Article, “Amplification of Regulatory T Cells Using a CD28 Superagonist Reduces Brain Damage After Ischemic Stroke in Mice”. Stroke 2015; 46:e50-1. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, University Caen Lower-Normandy, Bd Henri Becquerel, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, University Caen Lower-Normandy, Bd Henri Becquerel, Caen, France
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21
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Joshi AU, Orset C, Engelhardt B, Baumgart-Vogt E, Gerriets T, Vivien D, Kanse SM. Deficiency of Factor VII activating protease alters the outcome of ischemic stroke in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:965-75. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. U. Joshi
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
- Chemical & Systems Biology; School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - C. Orset
- Inserm; Inserm UMR-S U919; Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Caen France
| | - B. Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - E. Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - T. Gerriets
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - D. Vivien
- Inserm; Inserm UMR-S U919; Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Caen France
| | - S. M. Kanse
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
- Institute for Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Sognvannsveien 9 Oslo 0372 Norway
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22
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Gauberti M, Montagne A, Quenault A, Vivien D. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of brain-immune interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:389. [PMID: 25505871 PMCID: PMC4245913 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was thought to protect the brain from the effects of the immune system, immune cells can nevertheless migrate from the blood to the brain, either as a cause or as a consequence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, thus contributing to their evolution and outcome. Accordingly, as the interface between the CNS and the peripheral immune system, the BBB is critical during neuroinflammatory processes. In particular, endothelial cells are involved in the brain response to systemic or local inflammatory stimuli by regulating the cellular movement between the circulation and the brain parenchyma. While neuropathological conditions differ in etiology and in the way in which the inflammatory response is mounted and resolved, cellular mechanisms of neuroinflammation are probably similar. Accordingly, neuroinflammation is a hallmark and a decisive player of many CNS diseases. Thus, molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of inflammatory processes is a central theme of research in several neurological disorders focusing on a set of molecules expressed by endothelial cells, such as adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, …), which emerge as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for neurological diseases. In this review, we will present the most recent advances in the field of preclinical molecular MRI. Moreover, we will discuss the possible translation of molecular MRI to the clinical setting with a particular emphasis on myeloperoxidase imaging, autologous cell tracking, and targeted iron oxide particles (USPIO, MPIO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauberti
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Axel Montagne
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Inserm, Inserm UMR-S U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - GIP Cyceron Caen, France
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Recombinant T cell receptor ligand treatment improves neurological outcome in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator in experimental ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:612-7. [PMID: 24953050 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RTL1000 is a partial human MHC molecule coupled to a human myelin peptide. We previously demonstrated that RTL1000 was protective against experimental ischemic stroke in HLA-DR2 transgenic (DR2-Tg) mice. Since thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is a standard therapy for stroke, we determined if RTL1000 efficacy is altered when combined with t-PA in experimental stroke. Male DR2-Tg mice underwent 60 min of intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). t-PA or vehicle was infused intravenously followed by either a single or four daily subcutaneous injections of RTL1000 or vehicle. Infarct size was measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 24 or 96 h of reperfusion. Our data showed that t-PA alone reduced infarct size when measured at 24 h but not at 96 h after MCAO. RTL1000 alone reduced infarct size both at 24 and 96 h after MCAO. Combining RTL1000 with t-PA did not alter its ability to reduce infarct size at either 24 or 96 h after MCAO and provides additional protection in t-PA treated mice at 24 h after ischemic stroke. Taken together, RTL1000 treatment alone improves outcome and provides additional protection in t-PA-treated mice in experimental ischemic stroke.
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Von Willebrand factor regulation in patients with acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease: a pilot, case-control study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99851. [PMID: 24937073 PMCID: PMC4061052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In animal models, von Willebrand factor (VWF) is involved in thrombus formation and propagation of ischemic stroke. However, the pathophysiological relevance of this molecule in humans, and its potential use as a biomarker for the risk and severity of ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study had two aims: to identify predictors of altered VWF levels and to examine whether VWF levels differ between acute cerebrovascular events and chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD). METHODS A case-control study was undertaken between 2010 and 2013 at our University clinic. In total, 116 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transitory ischemic attack (TIA), 117 patients with CCD, and 104 healthy volunteers (HV) were included. Blood was taken at days 0, 1, and 3 in patients with AIS or TIA, and once in CCD patients and HV. VWF serum levels were measured and correlated with demographic and clinical parameters by multivariate linear regression and ANOVA. RESULTS Patients with CCD (158 ± 46%) had significantly higher VWF levels than HV (113 ± 36%, P<0.001), but lower levels than AIS/TIA patients (200 ± 95%, P<0.001). Age, sex, and stroke severity influenced VWF levels (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS VWF levels differed across disease subtypes and patient characteristics. Our study confirms increased VWF levels as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and, moreover, suggests that it may represent a potential biomarker for stroke severity, warranting further investigation.
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