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Brani P, Manzoor HZ, Spezia PG, Vigezzi A, Ietto G, Dalla Gasperina D, Minosse C, Bosi A, Giaroni C, Carcano G, Maggi F, Baj A. Torque Teno Virus: Lights and Shades. Viruses 2025; 17:334. [PMID: 40143262 PMCID: PMC11945719 DOI: 10.3390/v17030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 02/21/2025] [Accepted: 02/25/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a highly prevalent non-pathogenic DNA virus whose plasma levels may be related to the host's immune status. TTV gained attention about 25 years ago, but its replication is not fully understood, nor is its relationship with the host's immune system. Despite this lack of knowledge, TTV is currently being investigated as a functional biomarker of the immune system in patients with immunological damage and inflammatory diseases. Monitoring TTV viral load over time may help clinicians in making therapeutic decisions regarding immunosuppression as well as the likelihood of infectious complications. This review summarizes what we do and do not know about this enigmatic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brani
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Hafza Zahira Manzoor
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Vigezzi
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ietto
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Dalla Gasperina
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giulio Carcano
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”-IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Lasagna A, Piralla A, Borgetto S, Quaccini M, Baldanti F, Pedrazzoli P. Torque teno virus and cancers: current knowledge. Future Virol 2023. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2022-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to assess the current knowledge about the relationship between Torque teno virus (TTV) and cancer in different settings. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library from the inception to the end of January 2023. Results: 34 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of this review and 2145 patients with solid tumors have been analyzed. The most prevalent cancer types were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and lung cancer. Conclusion: TTV has proven its role as a marker of functional immune competence in the setting of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but in the oncological field is yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angioletta Lasagna
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology & Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Borgetto
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Quaccini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology & Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Dept. of Clinical Surgical Diagnostic & Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Dept. of Internal Medicine & Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Isaeva OV, Il'chenko LY, Saryglar AA, Karlsen AA, Kyuregyan KK, Mikhailov MI. [Clinical course and outcomes of chronic viral hepatitis D in patients from Republic of Tuva as endemic region]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 66:74-83. [PMID: 33683068 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis D (delta, 5) is caused by an RNA virus (hepatitis D virus, HDV) from genus Deltavirus, and is the most severe and difficult to treat disease among both viral hepatitis and infectious diseases in general. The development of HDV infection in the host organism is possible only in the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Coinfection with HBV and HDV is associated with a more rapid progression of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) to liver cirrhosis (LC) and an unfavorable outcome in comparison with HBV monoinfection. Data on the influence of clinical, biochemical and virological factors on the infectious process in patients with hepatitis D are limited due to the insufficient amount of research on this theme.The study aimed to determine demographic, clinical, biochemical, and virological factors influencing the course and progression of CVH D in patients followed during 10 years, residing in the territory of the Tuva Republic, one of the endemic regions of the Russian Federation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Changes in clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed in dynamics in 121 HDV infected patients with a different course of the disease, who were under observation from 2009 to 2019. Three groups of patients were identified: group 1 - 61 patients with disease progression of chronic hepatitis to LC (Child-Pugh class B-C), group 2 - 49 patients with non-progressive chronic hepatitis, and group 3 - 11 patients with slowly progressive LC (class A). Demographic data, the presence of detectable HBV DNA, indicators of the functional state of the liver: alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and total bilirubin content were analyzed. The severity of hepatic encephalopathy was assessed by the duration of the numbers connection test (NCT). RESULTS All patients belonged to the same ethnic group (Tuvinians), were infected with HDV genotype 1 and were positive for HDV RNA throughout the entire follow-up period. There were no significant differences in sex ratio and mean age at the time of inclusion in the study between the groups. In group 1, the average number of years from inclusion in the study to the formation of LC was 3.65 ± 2.3 years, years to the lethal outcome: 4.5 ± 3 years. Significantly higher levels of AST/GOT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin (TB) and NCT grade were found in group 1 compared to group 2. ALT/GPT levels did not differ significantly in these groups. When comparing groups with disease progression and slowly progressive LC (groups 1 and 3), no significant differences were found in any of the clinical and biochemical parameters. ALT/GPT, GGT, TB and NCT values were significantly higher in patients with slowly progressive LC (group 3) compared to group 2. No differences in AST/GOT and ALP levels were found between these groups. Detectable HBV DNA was significantly more frequent in patients with progressive disease and with chronic viral hepatitis than in patients with slowly progressive LC. There were no significant differences in the frequency of HBV DNA detection in patients from groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION The results obtained on a relatively homogeneous cohort demonstrated that age and gender are not the factors influencing the progression of chronic viral hepatitis D to cirrhosis. The lack of detectable HBV DNA is associated with the slow progression of LC. The revealed differences in clinical and biochemical parameters reflect the degree of functional liver damage in chronic viral hepatitis D and HDV-associated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Isaeva
- FSBSI I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - L Yu Il'chenko
- FSBSI I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; FSBSI M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences; FSAEI HE N.I. Pirogov Russian Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | | | - A A Karlsen
- FSBSI I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - K K Kyuregyan
- FSBSI I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M I Mikhailov
- FSBSI I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; FSBEI FPE Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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Coppola N, Alessio L, Onorato L, Sagnelli C, Sagnelli E, Pisaturo M. HDV infection in immigrant populations. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2049-2058. [PMID: 31429940 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Little data have been published so far on the epidemiological aspects of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection in immigrant populations and even poorer is the information on the virological, phylogenetic, and clinical aspects of this infection in these populations. This review article, aimed primarily at physicians caring for immigrants, summarizes the information available on HDV infection and analyzes data on this topic concerning the immigrant populations. METHODS AND RESULTS The prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg-positive immigrants varies according to the country of origin. For example, in immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, this prevalence is higher in those born in Equatorial Guinea (24.4%) than those from other African countries (10.3%). The epidemiological impact of HDV infection linked to migratory flows is a function of the different endemicity between countries of origin and countries in which a new existence has been established. This impact is high when immigrants from areas endemic to HDV infection (eg, Equatorial Guinea) settle in areas of low endemicity (eg, Germany or England, with a prevalence of around 4%), while the impact is lesser or nonexistent if the migratory flows are directed toward countries with intermediate endemicity (eg, Italy and Greece, with a prevalence of around 10%). CONCLUSION This impact of immigration on HDV epidemiology can be strong when HDV endemicity is high in the country of origin and low in the host country and slight when immigrants move to high or medium endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Coppola
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Infectious Disease Unit, AORN Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Onorato
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- Infectious Disease Unit, AORN Caserta, Caserta, Italy
| | - Evangelista Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonietta Pisaturo
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Kelishadi M, Hashemi P, Ashrafi G, Behnampour N, Tabarraei A. Presence of GB Virus C in Whole-Blood Derivatives: A Pilot Study. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.5.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Tapper EB, Curry MP. Hepatitis Caused by Other Viruses. HANDBOOK OF LIVER DISEASE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152265 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-47874-8.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
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Ifeorah IM, Bakarey AS, Adeniji JA, Onyemelukwe FN. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and delta viruses among HIV-infected population attending anti-retroviral clinic in selected health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2017; 38:608-619. [PMID: 28854102 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1372474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) is rare. There is limited data on the seroprevalence of HIV/HBV/HDV tri-infection especially in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalences of HBsAg and HDV among HIV-infected individuals attending anti-retroviral (ARV) clinics in Abuja, Nigeria. METHODS In this cohort study, blood samples were collected from 1102 (male = 450; female = 652), with age range <20 to ≥51 years (mean age = 34.0; SD = 11.5), consenting HIV-infected population attending ARV clinics at selected health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria, between April and October 2016. A well-structured questionnaire was used to capture demographic information from the respondents. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HDV. The result was interpreted according to manufacturer's instruction. Statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, and chi-square (χ2) test was used to determine association with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Overall seroprevalences of 10.3%, 7.1%, and 0.7% for HBV, HBV/HDV, and HIV/HBV/HDV, respectively, were found among the study population. The infection rate (13.3%) peaked at age range of 31-40 years for HBV (P = 0.002), 50% at <20 years for HBV/HDV (P = 0.049), and 1.5% at 31-40 years for HIV/HBV/HDV (P = 0.202). By gender, the rate was higher in males (10.9%, 10.2%, 1.1%) than females (9.8%, 4.9%, 0.5%) for HBV, HBV/HDV, and HIV/HBV/HDV infections, respectively. However, there was no significant association between infection rate and gender. CONCLUSION This study has established that HBV and HDV prevalence is still high in the population studied and that the rate of triple infection is low. We advocate for more robust control measures for HBV which should be extended to HDV in HIV population through screening and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ifeorah
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Nigeria , Enugu , Nigeria
| | - A S Bakarey
- b Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - J A Adeniji
- c Department of Virology, College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - F N Onyemelukwe
- a Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , University of Nigeria , Enugu , Nigeria
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Yang TO, Cairns BJ, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V, for the Million Women Study collaborators. Cancer risk among 21st century blood transfusion recipients. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:393-399. [PMID: 28426101 PMCID: PMC5391695 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some carcinogenic viruses are known to be transmissible by blood transfusion. Intensive viral screening of transfused blood now exists in most countries. In the UK, high-sensitivity nucleic acid amplification tests for hepatitis C virus were introduced in 1999 and it was thought that this would reduce, and possibly eliminate, transfusion-related liver cancer. We aimed to investigate cancer risk in recipients of blood transfusion in 2000 or after. Methods A total of 1.3 million UK women recruited in 1998 on average were followed for hospital records of blood transfusion and for cancer registrations. After excluding women with cancer or precancerous conditions before or at the time of transfusion, Cox regression yielded adjusted relative risks of 11 site-specific cancers for women with compared to without prior blood transfusion. Results During follow up, 11 274 (0.9%) women had a first recorded transfusion in 2000 or after, and 1648 (14.6%) of them were subsequently diagnosed with cancer, a mean 6.8 years after the transfusion. In the first 5 years after transfusion there were significant excesses for most site-specific cancers examined, presumably because some had preclinical cancer. However, 5 or more years (mean 8 years) after blood transfusion, there were significant excess risks only for liver cancer (adjusted relative risk = 2.63, 95%CI 1.45-4.78) and for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (adjusted relative risk = 1.74, 1.21-2.51). When analyses were restricted to those undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery, the commonest procedure associated with transfusion, these relative risks were not materially altered. Conclusions In a large cohort of UK women, transfusions in the 21st century were associated with long-term increased risks of liver cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Some of these malignancies may have been caused by carcinogenic agents that are not currently screened for in transfused blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. O. Yang
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Hepatocarcinogenesis associated with hepatitis B, delta and C viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:1-10. [PMID: 27504999 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over half a billion people are persistently infected with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C viruses. Chronic HBV and HCV infection frequently lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Co-infections with hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a subviral satellite requiring HBV for its propagation, accelerates the progression of liver disease toward HCC. The mechanisms by which these viruses cause malignant transformation, culminating in HCC, remain incompletely understood, partially due to the lack of adequate experimental models for dissecting these complex disease processes in vivo.
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Viral metagenomics applied to blood donors and recipients at high risk for blood-borne infections. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2016; 14:400-7. [PMID: 27136432 DOI: 10.2450/2016.0160-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterisation of human-associated viral communities is essential for epidemiological surveillance and to be able to anticipate new potential threats for blood transfusion safety. In high-resource countries, the risk of blood-borne agent transmission of well-known viruses (HBV, HCV, HIV and HTLV) is currently considered to be under control. However, other unknown or unsuspected viruses may be transmitted to recipients by blood-derived products. To investigate this, the virome of plasma from individuals at high risk for parenterally and sexually transmitted infections was analysed by high throughput sequencing (HTS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Purified nucleic acids from two pools of 50 samples from recipients of multiple transfusions, and three pools containing seven plasma samples from either HBV-, HCV- or HIV-infected blood donors, were submitted to HTS. RESULTS Sequences from resident anelloviruses and HPgV were evidenced in all pools. HBV and HCV sequences were detected in pools containing 3.8×10(3) IU/mL of HBV-DNA and 1.7×10(5) IU/mL of HCV-RNA, respectively, whereas no HIV sequence was found in a pool of 150 copies/mL of HIV-RNA. This suggests a lack of sensitivity in HTS performance in detecting low levels of virus. In addition, this study identified other issues, including laboratory contaminants and the uncertainty of taxonomic assignment of short sequence. No sequence suggestive of a new viral species was identified. DISCUSSION This study did not identify any new blood-borne virus in high-risk individuals. However, rare and/or viruses present at very low titre could have escaped our protocol. Our results demonstrate the positive contribution of HTS in the detection of viral sequences in blood donations.
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Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an uncommon, defective, single-stranded circular RNA virus that is dependent on the hepatitis B virus' surface antigen envelope proteins for transmission. It is highly pathogenic and associated with high rates of progression to cirrhosis and associated complications. HDV continues to ravage endemic parts of Asia and Europe, and its prevalence in the United States, although low, has not decreased in frequency, despite universal hepatitis B virus vaccination, because of lack of testing and underrecognition. There are few reports on the prevalence and characteristics of HDV infection in the pediatric population. We present 2 patients with HDV infection at our institution; both were from eastern Europe and were treated with pegylated interferon-α. The present standard of care treatment for HDV yields suboptimal results, but insights into the virology of hepatitis D are stimulating the search for novel therapeutic approaches, particularly the development of prenylation inhibitors and viral entry inhibitors.
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Motamedifar M, Taheri M, Lankarani KB, Gholami M, Lari MA, Faramarzi H, Sarvari J. The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis Delta Virus in HIV/HBV Co-Infected Patients in Shiraz, Iran, 2012. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 40:448-53. [PMID: 26379352 PMCID: PMC4567605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that liver disease caused by hepatitis viruses can be more aggressive and severe in HIV infected subjects. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of HDV infection among HIV/HBV co-infected clients in Shiraz, southwest Iran. In this study, 178 patients co-infected with HBV and HIV individuals were enrolled. The diagnosis of HIV infection was documented based on serological assays. The demographic and complementary data were collected by a questionnaire. HBsAg and HDV Ab were detected by commercial quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were also measured. The mean age of the participants was 37.4±7.4 years (range 22-63). 175 (98.4 %) patients were male and 3 (1.6 %) were female. Among 178 patients co-infected with HIV/HBV, 35 cases (19.7%, 95% CI: 14%-25%) were anti-HDV positive and 143 (80.3%) were negative for anti-HDV. HDV exposure in HIV/HBV co-infected patients was associated with blood transfusion (P=0.002, OR: 14.3) and prison history (P=0.01, OR: 2.31) but not with age, marital status, unsafe sex contact, and injection drug abuse. Our data showed a relatively high prevalence of HDV infection in HIV infected population in Shiraz, Iran. The high frequency of HDV Ab in patients with blood transfusion and prison history reveals that HDV transmission occurs more frequently in the parental route than sexual contacts; therefore, blood screening for HDV diagnosis in the high-risk group is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Motamedifar
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center (SHARC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center (HPRC), School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Amini Lari
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center (SHARC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Faramarzi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center (SHARC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Jamal Sarvari, PhD; Assistant Professor of Virology, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71348- 45794, Shiraz, Iran Tel/Fax: +98 71 32304356
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Sun Y, Zhu D, Wang G, Wang D, Zhou H, Liu X, Jiang M, Liao L, Zhou Z, Hu J. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β Up-Regulates CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 via Notch and ERK Signaling Pathways in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132677. [PMID: 26176534 PMCID: PMC4503771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to tumor development through the induction of oncogenic mutations, genomic instability, early tumor promotion, and enhanced angiogenesis. Here, we report that IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) was expressed in 40 of 41 human tongue squamous cell carcinomas (TSCC). IL-1β up-regulated the expression of CXCR4, a CXC chemokine receptor that mediates cancer growth and metastasis, at both mRNA and protein levels in Tca8113 TSCC cells. IL-1β treatment of Tca8113 cells promoted migration in response to CXCR4 ligand stromal-derived factor α (SDF-1α). The inhibition of IL-1R1 by its antagonist IL-1Ra or RNA interference significantly reversed the up-regulation of CXCR4 induced by IL-1β. IL-1R1 activation also up-regulated the expression of IL-1β itself, suggesting a positive feedback regulation of CXCR4 expression. Furthermore, IL-1β induced the activation of Notch, which was originally considered a stem cell regulator. Pharmacological inhibition of Notch signaling reversed the up-regulation of CXCR4 induced by IL-1β, suggesting that Notch signaling may be involved in the growth and metastasis of cancers via up-regulation of CXCR4. In addition, IL-1β induced the activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and ERK inhibition decreased the up-regulation of CXCR4 induced by IL-1β, suggesting the involvement of ERK signaling in cancer metastasis. Taken together these data suggest that IL-1β and IL-1R1 promote cancer growth and metastasis by up-regulating CXCR4 expression and that CXCR4 may be a link between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Demao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of Oncology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Oncology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Huashan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lingjuan Liao
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (JH)
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (JH)
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Nahla ME, Elham AH, Asmaa OA, Abeer SAER, Noha AER, Sahar MH. Does SEN virus (SENV) infection affect the progression of chronic hepatitis C or B among Egyptian patients? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2014.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Öcal S, Korkmaz M, Harmancı Ö, Ensaroğlu F, Akdur A, Selçuk H, Moray G, Haberal M. Hepatitis B- and hepatitis D-virus-related liver transplant: single-center data. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2015; 13 Suppl 1:133-138. [PMID: 25894142 DOI: 10.6002/ect.mesot2014.o80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis B and D virus coinfection or superinfection lead to chronic liver disease and have poor treatment results and poor prognosis. After transplant, these patients have difficult problems. We aimed to report long-term data of liver transplant recipients who had hepatitis B and D virus-related chronic liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective, longitudinal study included 25 consecutive hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients with antihepatitis D virus antibodies. Patient data (age, sex, antiviral treatment, posttransplant use of hepatitis B hyperimmunoglobulin and/or nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, age at transplant, follow-up) were extracted from patient records. RESULTS Females comprised 32% patients. The median age was 44 years (range, 23-63 y). The serum Hepatitis B envelope antigen level was negative in all patients. At the time of transplant, 4 patients were positive for hepatitis B virus DNA and 11 patients also had hepatocellular carcinoma. Posttransplant follow-up was 59 months (range, 3-120 mo). During follow-up, 4 patients died, 4 patients were lost to follow-up, and 17 patients were alive. Posttransplant survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was 50.45 months (range, 3-84 mo) and without hepatocellular carcinoma was 65.8 months (range, 4-120 mo). There were 3 patients who had acute rejection and were treated successfully with pulse doses of prednisolone. Hyperimmunoglobulin therapy was used in conjunction with oral nucleotide/nucleoside analogues for 12 months (range, 3-24 mo) and then stopped. After transplant, 4 patients had antiviral medicine changed to adefovir or entecavir because of drug resistance, and otherwise all patients remained negative for hepatitis B virus DNA during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Patients transplanted for hepatitis B and D virus cirrhosis, even with hepatocellular carcinoma, had favorable prognosis and good longterm results. Close follow-up of patients and effective viral suppression with suitable drugs were key factors for efficient patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Öcal
- From the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Ji YR, Kim HJ, Yu DH, Bae KB, Park SJ, Park SJ, Jang WY, Kang MC, Jeong J, Sung YH, Choi M, Park T, Park T, Yun JW, Lee HS, Lee S, Kim MO, Ryoo ZY. Over-expression of Roquin aggravates T cell mediated hepatitis in transgenic mice using T cell specific promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:822-7. [PMID: 25201726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis is a major cause of liver cancer, so earlier treatment of hepatitis might be reducing liver cancer incidence. Hepatitis can be induced in mice by treatment with Concanavalin A (Con A); the resulting liver injury causes significant CD4(+) T cell activation and infiltration. In these T cells, Roquin, a ring-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, is activated. To investigate the role of Roquin, we examined Con A-induced liver injury and T cell infiltration in transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing Roquin specifically in T cells. In Roquin Tg mice, Con A treatment caused greater increases in both the levels of liver injury enzymes and liver tissue apoptosis, as revealed by TUNEL and H&E staining, than wild type (WT) mice. Further, Roquin Tg mice respond to Con A treatment with greater increases in the T cell population, particularly Th17 cells, though Treg cell counts are lower. Roquin overexpression also enhances increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-6, upon liver injury. Furthermore, Roquin regulates the immune response and apoptosis in Con A induced hepatitis via STATs, Bax and Bcl2. These findings suggest that over-expression of Roquin exacerbates T-cell mediated hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Rae Ji
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hei Jung Kim
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Yu
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jin Park
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Jun Park
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Jang
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Jeong
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hun Sung
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Choi
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyungsan, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyungsan, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggyu Lee
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- Departments of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Science, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus project), Kyungpook National University, Buk-ku, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Soriano V, de Mendoza C, Fernández-Montero JV, Labarga P, Barreiro P. Management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in HIV-positive patients. Ann Med 2014; 46:290-6. [PMID: 24716736 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.899103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is common in HIV-positive individuals, mainly among those with sexually risky behaviors. Although HBV vaccination is mandatory in all HIV-infected persons with negative HBV markers, lower rates of protection due to abnormal immune responses are achieved. HIV accelerates the course of liver disease caused by chronic HBV infection, leading rapidly to end-stage hepatic illness and increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Treatment of HIV including nucleos(t)ide analogues active against HBV highly improves outcomes, especially when tenofovir is part of the antiviral regimen. The use of lamivudine as the only active anti-HBV agent in HIV-HBV co-infected patients should be limited to individuals with low serum HBV-DNA levels. Otherwise, selection of drug resistance may eliminate any clinical benefit, produce cross-resistance to other antivirals, and favor the emergence of HBV vaccine escape mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Hospital Carlos III, Madrid , Spain
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19
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Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C, Pisaturo M, Macera M, Coppola N. Epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis B and delta over the last 5 decades in Italy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7635-7643. [PMID: 24976701 PMCID: PMC4069292 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has gradually decreased in Italy in the last 5 decades as shown by the steady reduction in the incidence rates of acute hepatitis B, from 10/100000 inhabitants in 1984 to 0.85/100000 in 2012, and by the reduced prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive cases among chronic hepatitis patients with different etiologies, from 60% in 1975 to about 10% in 2001. The prevalence of HBsAg chronic carriers in the general population also decreased from nearly 3% in the 1980s to 1% in 2010. Linked to HBV by its characteristics of defective virus, the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has shown a similar epidemiological impact on the Italian population over time. The incidence of acute HDV infection decreased from 3.2/100000 inhabitants in 1987 to 0.8/100000 in 2010 and the prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg chronic carriers decreased from 24% in 1990 to 8.5% in 2006. Before the beneficial effects of HBV mass vaccination introduced in 1991, the decreased endemicity of HBV and HDV infection in Italy paralleled the improvement in screening blood donations, the higher standard of living and impressive reduction in the birth rate associated with a marked reduction in the family size. A further contribution to the decline in HBV and HDV infections most probably came from the media campaigns to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection by focusing the attention of the general population on the same routes of transmission of viral infections such as unsafe sexual intercourse and parenteral exposures of different kinds.
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Noureddin M, Gish R. Hepatitis delta: epidemiology, diagnosis and management 36 years after discovery. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2014; 16:365. [PMID: 24293018 PMCID: PMC3918112 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-013-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
With recent studies showing increased prevalence of hepatitis delta (HDV) even in the US, Australia, and some countries in Europe, and very high prevalence in endemic regions, HDV infection is far from being a disappearing disease. Although immigrants from endemic countries have been shown to have increased risk, studies have clearly shown that the disease is not solely appearing in traditional high-risk groups. Recent studies provide increasing evidence that sexual transmission may be an important factor in HDV infection spread. Based on the totality of evidence showing increased disease progression and substantially increased risk of cirrhosis in HDV-infected CHB patients, and the current studies showing higher than expected prevalence, it is time to call for HDV screening of all CHB patients. HDV viral load detection and measurement should be considered in all patients whether or not they are anti-HDV-positive. With universal screening of CHB patients for HDV, earlier diagnosis and consideration of treatment would be possible. Current treatment of HDV is IFN-based therapy with or without HBV antivirals, but current research indicates the possibility that prenylation inhibitors, entry inhibitors, HBsAg release inhibitors, or other therapies currently in the pipeline may provide more effective therapy in the future. In addition, universal screening would serve the important public health goal of allowing patients to be educated on their status and on the need for HDV-negative patients to protect themselves against superinfection and for HDV-infected patients to protect against transmission to others. Further studies and global awareness of HDV infection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Noureddin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 101, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Robert Gish
- Robert G. Gish Consultants, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
- St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ USA
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 6022 La Jolla Mesa Drive, San Diego, CA 92037 USA
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Zheng R, Zhao W, Dai D, Li C. Associations between MTHFR Ala222Val polymorphism and risks of hepatitis and hepatitis-related liver cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1313-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is common in HIV-positive individuals. Although HBV vaccination is mandatory for HIV-positive individuals with negative-HBV markers, lower rates of protection are achieved. HIV infection accelerates the course of liver disease caused by chronic HBV infection, leading to end-stage hepatic illness and increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anti-HBV active agents, especially tenofovir, improve outcomes. Lamivudine alone should be limited to patients with low serum HBV-DNA levels, since selection of drug resistance often compromises long-term benefits, leads to cross-resistance with other antivirals, and favors the potential emergence of HBV-vaccine escape mutants.
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